Artykuły w czasopismach: „Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici”

1

Simon, A., i K. Sivasithamparam. "Interactions among Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Trichoderma koningii, and soil bacteria". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, nr 7 (1.07.1988): 871–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-150.

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Interactions among Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Trichoderma koningii, and soil bacteria were studied in vitro and in soils suppressive and conducive of the saprophytic growth of G. graminis var. tritici. Fifty-four percent of bacteria isolated from the suppressive soil and 10% from the conducive soil were antagonistic to G. graminis var. tritici in vitro. The reduction in the growth of T. koningii in vitro by metabolite(s) produced in pure culture by soil bacteria was 14 and 28% for the bacteria isolated from the suppressive and conducive soil, respectively. Metabolite(s) produced by T. koningii in pure culture inhibited the growth in vitro of 8 and 65% of the bacteria isolated from the suppressive and conducive soils, respectively. All isolates of Trichoderma tested produced metabolite(s) that inhibited growth of G. graminis var. tritici in pure culture. The metabolite(s) produced by one isolate of T. koningii inhibited growth of all isolates of Trichoderma in vitro. Trichoderma koningii suppressed saprophytic growth of G. graminis var. tritici in irradiated conducive soil in the absence but not in the presence of bacteria isolated from the same soil. The results suggest that the suppressive soil may be more suppressive of the saprophytic growth of G. graminis var. tritici and less suppressive of the growth of T. koningii than the conducive soil.

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Mohammadi, Seddighe, i Leila Ghanbari. "In vitro Antagonistic Mechanisms of Trichoderma spp. and Talaromyces flavus to Control Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici the Causal Agent of Wheat Take-all Disease". Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 3, nr 8 (29.07.2015): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v3i8.629-634.271.

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Wheat take-all disease caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici has recently been detected in different regions of Iran. With respect to biocontrol effect of Trichoderma spp. on many pathogenic fungi, seven isolates of Trichoderma and four isolates of Talaromyces were in vitro evaluated in terms of their biological control against the disease causal agent. In dual culture test the five isolates showed efficient competition for colonization against pathogenic fungus and the highest percentages of inhibition belonging to Talaromyces flavus 60 and Talaromyces flavus 136 were 59.52 and 57.61%, respectively. Microscopic investigations showed that in regions where antagonistic isolates and Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici coincide, hyphal contact, penetration and fragmentation of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici were observed. Investigating the effect of volatile and non-volatile compounds at 10 ml concentration showed that the highest inhibition percentage on mycelium growth of the pathogen caused by T. harzianum (44.76%) and T. longibrachiatum (52.38%) respectively.

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Mathre, D. E. "Take-all Disease on Wheat, Barley, and Oats". Plant Health Progress 1, nr 1 (styczeń 2000): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2000-0623-01-dg.

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This diagnostic guide is on Take-all Disease on Wheat, Barley, and Oats, by: Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) causes disease in wheat and barley, G. graminis var. avena causes disease in oats, and G. graminis var. graminis causes disease in grasses. Accepted for publication 30 May 2000. Published 23 June 2000.

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Fouly, H. M., i H. T. Wilkinson. "Detection of Gaeumannomyces graminis Varieties Using Polymerase Chain Reaction with Variety-Specific Primers". Plant Disease 84, nr 9 (wrzesień 2000): 947–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.9.947.

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The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for detection of Gaeumannomyces graminis, the causal agent of take-all disease in wheat, oats, and turfgrass. NS5 and NS6 universal primers amplified the middle region of 18S ribosomal DNA of Gaeumannomyces species and varieties. Primers GGT-RP (5′ TGCAATGGCTTCGTGAA 3′) and GGA-RP (5′ TTTGTGTGTGAC CATAC 3′) were developed by sequence analysis of cloned NS5-NS6 fragments. The primer pair NS5:GGT-RP amplified a single 410-bp fragment from isolates of G. graminis var. tritici, a single 300-bp fragment from isolates of G. graminis var. avenae, and no amplification products from isolates of G. graminis var. graminis or other species of Gaeumannomyces. The primer pair NS5:GGA-RP amplified a single 400-bp fragment from isolates of varieties tritici and avenae. Two sets of primer pairs (NS5:GGT-RP and NS5:GGA-RP) were used in PCR reactions to detect and identify the varieties tritici and avenae either colonizing wheat, oats, or grass roots, or in culture. No amplification products were observed using DNA extracted from plants infected with eight other soilborne fungal pathogens or from uninoculated plants.

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Thomas, S. L., P. Bonello, P. E. Lipps i M. J. Boehm. "Avenacin Production in Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) and Its Influence on the Host Range of Gaeumannomyces graminis". Plant Disease 90, nr 1 (styczeń 2006): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0033.

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Avenacinase activity has been shown to be a key factor determining the host range of Gaeumannomyces graminis on oats (Avena sativa). G. graminis var. avenae produces avenacinase, which detoxifies the oat root saponin avenacin, enabling it to infect oats. G. graminis var. tritici does not produce avenacinase and is unable to infect oats. G. graminis var. avenae is also reported to incite take-all patch on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). It is unknown whether creeping bentgrass produces avenacin and if the avenacin-avenacinase interaction influences G. graminis pathogenicity on creeping bentgrass. The root extracts of six creeping bentgrass cultivars were analyzed by fluorimetry, thin-layer chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography for avenacin content. Avenacin was not detected in any creeping bentgrass cultivars, and pathogenicity assays confirmed that both G. graminis var. avenae and G. graminis var. tritici can infect creeping bentgrass and wheat (Triticum aestivum), but only G. graminis var. avenae incited disease on oats. These results are consistent with the root analyses and confirm that avenacinase activity is not required for creeping bentgrass infection by G. graminis.

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Kwak, Youn-Sig, Peter A. H. M. Bakker, Debora C. M. Glandorf, Jennifer T. Rice, Timothy C. Paulitz i David M. Weller. "Diversity, Virulence, and 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol Sensitivity of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici Isolates from Washington State". Phytopathology® 99, nr 5 (maj 2009): 472–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-99-5-0472.

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We determined whether isolates of the take-all pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici become less sensitive to 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) during wheat monoculture as a result of exposure to the antibiotic over multiple growing seasons. Isolates of G. graminis var. tritici were baited from roots of native grasses collected from noncropped fields and from roots of wheat from fields with different cropping histories near Lind, Ritzville, Pullman, and Almota, WA. Isolates were characterized by using morphological traits, G. graminis variety-specific polymerase chain reaction and pathogenicity tests. The sensitivity of G. graminis var. tritici isolates to 2,4-DAPG was determined by measuring radial growth of each isolate. The 90% effective dose value was 3.1 to 4.4 μg ml–1 for 2,4-DAPG-sensitive isolates, 4.5 to 6.1 μg ml–1 for moderately sensitive isolates, and 6.2 to 11.1 μg ml–1 for less sensitive isolates. Sensitivity of G. graminis var. tritici isolates to 2,4-DAPG was normally distributed in all fields and was not correlated with geographic origin or cropping history of the field. There was no correlation between virulence on wheat and geographical origin, or virulence and sensitivity to 2,4-DAPG. These results indicate that G. graminis var. tritici does not become less sensitive to 2,4-DAPG during extended wheat monoculture.

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Friebe, A., V. Vilich, L. Hennig, M. Kluge i D. Sicker. "Detoxification of Benzoxazolinone Allelochemicals from Wheat byGaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, G. graminis var. graminis, G. graminis var.avenae, and Fusarium culmorum". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, nr 7 (1.07.1998): 2386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.7.2386-2391.1998.

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ABSTRACT The ability of phytopathogenic fungi to overcome the chemical defense barriers of their host plants is of great importance for fungal pathogenicity. We studied the role of cyclic hydroxamic acids and their related benzoxazolinones in plant interactions with pathogenic fungi. We identified species-dependent differences in the abilities of Gaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici, Gaeumannomyces graminis var.graminis, Gaeumannomyces graminis var.avenae, and Fusarium culmorum to detoxify these allelochemicals of gramineous plants. The G. graminisvar. graminis isolate degraded benzoxazolin-2(3H)-one (BOA) and 6-methoxy-benzoxazolin-2(3H)-one (MBOA) more efficiently than did G. graminis var.tritici and G. graminis var. avenae. F. culmorum degraded BOA but not MBOA.N-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-malonamic acid andN-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-malonamic acid were the primary G. graminis var. graminis andG. graminis var. tritici metabolites of BOA and MBOA, respectively, as well as of the related cyclic hydroxamic acids. 2-Amino-3H-phenoxazin-3-one was identified as an additional G. graminis var. triticimetabolite of BOA. No metabolite accumulation was detected forG. graminis var. avenae and F. culmorum by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The mycelial growth of the pathogenic fungi was inhibited more by BOA and MBOA than by their related fungal metabolites. The tolerance ofGaeumannomyces spp. for benzoxazolinone compounds is correlated with their detoxification ability. The ability ofGaeumannomyces isolates to cause root rot symptoms in wheat (cultivars Rektor and Astron) parallels their potential to degrade wheat allelochemicals to nontoxic compounds.

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Castellanos-Morales, V., R. Cárdenas-Navarro, J. M. García-Garrido, A. Illana, J. A. Ocampo, S. Steinkellner i H. Vierheilig. " Bioprotection against Gaeumannomyces graminis in barley a comparison between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi". Plant, Soil and Environment 58, No. 6 (18.06.2012): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/622/2011-pse.

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Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici causes take-all disease, the most important root disease of cereal plants. Cereal plants are able to form a symbiotic association with soil-borne arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi which can provide bioprotection against soil-borne fungal pathogens. However, the bioprotective effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi against soil-borne fungal pathogens might vary. In the present study we tested the systemic bioprotective effect of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and Gigaspora rosea against the soil-borne fungal pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in a barley split-root system. Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora rosea colonized the split-root system of barley plants at different levels; however, all arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi clearly reduced the level of root lesions due to the pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis. Our data indicate that some arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi need high root colonization rates to protect plants against fungal pathogens, whereas others act already at low root colonization rates.    

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Thompson, Ian A., Don M. Huber i Darrell G. Schulze. "Evidence of a Multicopper Oxidase in Mn Oxidation by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici". Phytopathology® 96, nr 2 (luty 2006): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-96-0130.

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Manganese (Mn) oxidation by the plant-pathogenic fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici has been correlated with virulence in take-all disease. The mechanism of Mn oxidation has not, however, been investigated adequately. Research on bacteria and other fungi indicates that Mn oxidation is most often the result of the activity of multicopper oxidases. To determine if G. graminis var. tritici oxidizes Mn by similar means, the Mn oxidizing factor (MOF) produced by G. graminis var. tritici was characterized by cultural, spectrophotometric, and cellulose acetate electrophoresis methods. Based on our results, the MOF is an extracellular enzyme with an estimated molecular weight of 50 to 100 kDa. Electrophoresis and spectrophotometry indicate that the MOF is a multicopper oxidase with laccase activity.

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Kang, Xingxing, Lanhua Wang, Yu Guo, Muhammad Zain ul Arifeen, Xunchao Cai, Yarong Xue, Yuanqin Bu, Gang Wang i Changhong Liu. "A Comparative Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of Hexaploid Wheat’s Responses to Colonization by Bacillus velezensis and Gaeumannomyces graminis, Both Separately and Combined". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 32, nr 10 (październik 2019): 1336–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-03-19-0066-r.

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Tritrophic interactions involving a biocontrol agent, a pathogen, and a plant have been analyzed predominantly from the perspective of the biocontrol agent. To explore the adaptive strategies of wheat in response to beneficial, pathogenic, and combined microorganisms, we performed the first comprehensive transcriptomic, proteomic, and biochemical analysis in wheat roots after exposure to Bacillus velezensis CC09, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, and their combined colonization, respectively. The transcriptional or translational programming of wheat roots inoculated with beneficial B. velezensis showed mild alterations compared with that of pathogenic G. graminis var. tritici. However, the combination of B. velezensis and G. graminis var. tritici activated a larger transcriptional or translational program than for each single microorganism, although the gene expression pattern was similar to that of individual infection by G. graminis var. tritici, suggesting a prioritization of defense against G. graminis var. tritici infection. Surprisingly, pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity made wheat pretreated with B. velezensis more sensitive to subsequent G. graminis var. tritici infection. Additionally, B. velezensis triggered a salicylic acid (SA)-dependent mode of induced systemic resistance that resembles pathogen-induced systemic acquired resistance. Wheat plants mainly depend on SA-mediated resistance, and not that mediated by jasmonic acid (JA), against the necrotrophic pathogen G. graminis var. tritici. Moreover, SA–JA interactions resulted in antagonistic effects regardless of the type of microorganisms in wheat. Further enhancement of SA-dependent defense responses such as lignification to the combined infection was shown to reduce the level of induced JA-dependent defense against subsequent infection with G. graminis var. tritici. Altogether, our results demonstrate how the hexaploid monocot wheat responds to beneficial or pathogenic microorganisms and prolongs the onset of take-all disease through modulation of cell reprogramming and signaling events.

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Conner, R. L., M. D. MacDonald i E. D. P. Whelan. "Evaluation of take-all resistance in wheat–alien amphiploid and chromosome substitution lines". Genome 30, nr 4 (1.08.1988): 597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g88-100.

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A series of field and controlled environment tests of 'Winalta' – Aegilops squarrosa substitutions for the D genome found that only the 6D substitution line was significantly more resistant to take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) than 'Winalta'. Substitutions in 'Winalta' for chromosomes 5D and 6D by homeologous chromosomes from Agropyron elongatum and chromosome 4B for chromosome 4 from Agropyron intermedium had no effect on resistance to take-all. The wheat – Agropyron trichophorum amphiploid 'Agrotana' was also found to be susceptible to take-all. Vernalization increased take-all severity and obscured differences between 'Winalta' – Ae. squarrosa 6D and susceptible lines and cultivars. 'Winalta' – Ae. squarrosa 6D had significantly less disease and a higher plant weight than 'Winalta' at low and moderate inoculum concentrations, but the resistance of 'Winalta' – Ae. squarrosa 6D was not effective at the highest inoculum concentration. There was a strong negative correlation between take-all severity and plant weight.Key words: Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Aegilops squarrosa, Agropyron elongatum, Agropyron intermedium, Triticum aestivum, chromosome substitution, resistance.

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Maciá-Vicente, Jose G., Hans-Börje Jansson, Kurt Mendgen i Luis V. Lopez-Llorca. "Colonization of barley roots by endophytic fungi and their reduction of take-all caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 54, nr 8 (sierpień 2008): 600–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w08-047.

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Fungal root endophytes obtained from natural vegetation were tested for antifungal activity in dual culture tests against the root pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. Fifteen isolates, including Acremonium blochii , Acremonium furcatum , Aspergillus fumigatus , Cylindrocarpon sp., Cylindrocarpon destructans , Dactylaria sp., Fusarium equiseti, Phoma herbarum , Phoma leveillei , and a sterile mycelium, selected based on the dual culture test, were inoculated on barley roots in growth tubes under axenic conditions, both in the absence and presence of G. graminis var. tritici. All isolates colonized the rhizosphere and very often the root cortex without causing disease symptoms and without affecting plant growth. Eight isolates significantly reduced the symptoms caused by G. graminis var. tritici, and 6 of them reduced its presence in the roots.

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Simon, A., K. Sivasithamparam i G. C. MacNish. "Biological suppression of the saprophytic growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in soil". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 33, nr 6 (1.06.1987): 515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m87-086.

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The biological suppression of the saprophytic growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in soil in the absence of host roots appeared to be related to suppression of take-all disease of wheat seedlings. When soil collected from a plot which in 1984 and 1985 had grown wheat continuously for 7 and 8 years, respectively, was added at a level of 1% (w/w) to the same soil treated by γ-radiation, saprophytic growth of pigmented hyphae of G. graminis var. tritici on a filter membrane in a soil sandwich was suppressed relative to that occurring in irradiated soil. A soil of the same type from an adjacent area with a history of cereal–pasture alternate rotation did not significantly suppress saprophytic growth of G. graminis var. tritici. Biological suppression of disease of wheat caused by G. graminis var. tritici was tested in a pot bioassay by adding the same two soils, collected in 1985, at a level of 1% (w/w) to fumigated sand infested with oat kernels axenically colonized by the pathogen. Disease severity, measured as the percentage of the seminal root axes with discoloured stele, was reduced by 42 and 6% with the addition of continuous wheat and cereal–pasture rotation soils, respectively, to infested sand, compared with disease severity in unamended, infested sand alone.

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Bithell, Sean L., Alan McKay, Ruth C. Butler, Herdina, Kathy Ophel-Keller, Diana Hartley i Matthew G. Cromey. "Predicting Take-All Severity in Second-Year Wheat Using Soil DNA Concentrations of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici Determined with qPCR". Plant Disease 96, nr 3 (marzec 2012): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-11-0445.

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The lack of accurate detection of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici inoculum in soil has hampered efforts to predict the risk of severe take-all for wheat growers. The current study used a molecular method to quantify soil G. graminis var. tritici concentrations in commercial wheat fields in New Zealand and to compare them with the proportion of crops surpassing the thresholds for visible and moderate to severe take-all over three growing seasons. The study evaluated a soil G. graminis var. tritici DNA-based take-all prediction system developed in Australia, with four take-all risk categories. These categories were found to be useful for predicting disease severity in second wheat but did not clearly separate risk between fields in medium- and high-risk categories. A sigmoidal relationship was identified between inoculum concentration and the proportion of fields exceeding the two disease thresholds. A logistic response curve was used to further examine this relationship and evaluate the boundaries between take-all risk categories. G. graminis var. tritici boundaries between medium- and high-risk categories were clustered near or within the upper plateau of the relationship. Alternative G. graminis var. tritici boundaries for a three-category system were identified that provided better separation of take-all risk between categories. This information could improve prediction of the risk of severe take-all.

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Barret, Matthieu, Pascale Frey-Klett, Anne-Yvonne Guillerm-Erckelboudt, Morgane Boutin, Gregory Guernec i Alain Sarniguet. "Effect of Wheat Roots Infected with the Pathogenic Fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici on Gene Expression of the Biocontrol Bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf29Arp". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 22, nr 12 (grudzień 2009): 1611–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-22-12-1611.

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Traits contributing to the competence of biocontrol bacteria to colonize plant roots are often induced in the rhizosphere in response to plant components. These interactions have been studied using the two partners in gnotobiotic systems. However, in nature, beneficial or pathogenic fungi often colonize roots. Influence of these plant–fungus interactions on bacterial behavior remains to be investigated. Here, we have examined the influence of colonization of wheat roots by the take-all fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici on gene expression of the biocontrol bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf29Arp. Bacteria were inoculated onto healthy, early G. graminis var. tritici-colonized and necrotic roots and transcriptomes were compared by shotgun DNA microarray. Pf29Arp decreased disease severity when inoculated before the onset of necrosis. Necrotic roots exerted a broader effect on gene expression compared with early G. graminis var. tritici-colonized and healthy roots. A gene encoding a putative type VI secretion system effector was only induced in necrotic conditions. A common pool of Pf29Arp genes differentially expressed on G. graminis var. tritici-colonized roots was related to carbon metabolism and oxidative stress, with a highest fold-change with necrosis. Overall, the data showed that the association of the pathogenic fungus with the roots strongly altered Pf29Arp adaptation with differences between early and late G. graminis var. tritici infection steps.

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Eastwood, RF, JF Kollmorgen i M. Hannah. "Triticum tauschii: reaction to the take-all fungus (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici)". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, nr 4 (1993): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9930745.

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Reactions of 398 accessions of Triticum tawchii to the take-all fungus [Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt] were assessed. Nineteen accessions were selected for more detailed studies. T. tauschii accessions were identified that had less tissue blackening and more remaining green tissue when challenged by the fungus than the susceptible T. aestivum cv. Condor. However, tissue blackening in the T. tauschii accessions was much greater than that in Avena sativa cv. New Zealand Cape. Synthetic allohexaploid wheats produced from different Triticum turgidum var. durum (genome AABB) accessions and accessions of T. tauschii (genome DD) which had low tissue blackening or high remaining green tissue had more tissue blackening and less remaining green tissue than the T. tauschii parents. The potential of this material for breeding take-all resistant wheats together with experimental methods to minimize the possible confounding effects of seed weight, seed source and genetic effects are discussed.

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Kwak, Youn-Sig, Peter A. H. M. Bakker, Debora C. M. Glandorf, Jennifer T. Rice, Timothy C. Paulitz i David M. Weller. "Isolation, Characterization, and Sensitivity to 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol of Isolates of Phialophora spp. from Washington Wheat Fields". Phytopathology® 100, nr 5 (maj 2010): 404–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-100-5-0404.

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Dark pigmented fungi of the Gaeumannomyces–Phialophora complex were isolated from the roots of wheat grown in fields in eastern Washington State. These fungi were identified as Phialophora spp. on the basis of morphological and genetic characteristics. The isolates produced lobed hyphopodia on wheat coleoptiles, phialides, and hyaline phialospores. Sequence comparison of internal transcribed spacer regions indicated that the Phialophora isolates were clearly separated from other Gaeumannomyces spp. Primers AV1 and AV3 amplified 1.3-kb portions of an avenacinase-like gene in the Phialophora isolates. Phylogenetic trees of the avenacinase-like gene in the Phialophora spp. also clearly separated them from other Gaeumannomyces spp. The Phialophora isolates were moderately virulent on wheat and barley and produced confined black lesions on the roots of wild oat and two oat cultivars. Among isolates tested for their sensitivity to 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG), the 90% effective dose values were 11.9 to 48.2 μg ml–1. A representative Phialophora isolate reduced the severity of take-all on wheat caused by two different isolates of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. To our knowledge, this study provides the first report of an avenacinase-like gene in Phialophora spp. and demonstrated that the fungus is significantly less sensitive to 2,4-DAPG than G. graminis var. tritici.

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Shankar, M., D. I. Kurtböke i K. Sivasithamparam. "Nutritional and environmental factors affecting growth and antifungal activity of a sterile red fungus against Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici". Canadian Journal of Botany 72, nr 2 (1.02.1994): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-027.

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Growth and antifungal activity of a sterile red fungus against Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (the take-all fungus) in vitro was greatly influenced by nutritional and environmental conditions. The utilization by the sterile red fungus of various carbon and nitrogen sources differed considerably at pH 5.5 and 6.5. Maximum growth of the sterile red fungus occurred when pectin was supplied as the carbon source at both pH levels. As nitrogen sources, NH4H2PO4 supported maximum growth at pH 5.5, whereas Ca(NO3)2 was the best at pH 6.5. Pectin strongly enhanced the antifungal activity of the sterile red fungus towards the take-all fungus as did Ca(NO3)2 supplied as a N source. There was, however, little or no antagonism in the presence of calcium citrate, arabinose, leucine, or arginine. In general, antagonism was optimal at 20 °C and at pH 5.5. Key words: sterile red fungus, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, biological control.

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GLENN, O., i C. PARKER. "Growth and infectivity of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in soil". Soil Biology and Biochemistry 20, nr 4 (1988): 575–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(88)90076-4.

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Thornton, Christopher R., Frances M. Dewey i Christopher A. Gilligan. "Production and Characterization of a Monoclonal Antibody Raised Against Surface Antigens from Mycelium of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici: Evidence for an Extracellular Polyphenol Oxidase". Phytopathology® 87, nr 1 (styczeń 1997): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1997.87.1.123.

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A murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) of immunoglobulin class M (IgM) was raised against surface antigens from Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, recognized isolates of G. graminis var. tritici, G. graminis var. avenae and G. graminis var. graminis. Characterization of the antigen by heat and protease treatments showed that the epitope recognized by the MAb was a protein. Antigen production was detected only in live mycelia. Immunofluorescence studies showed that the antigen was associated with both the broad melanized macrohyphae and hyaline mycelia of G. graminis var. tritici. Secretion of antigen into an aqueous minimal medium was promoted only by exposure of live mycelia to certain phenolic substrates, including monophenols ortho-, para-, and meta-cresol; 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (gallic acid); and phenolic amino acid L-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) alanine (L-DOPA). Antigen secretion was not promoted by 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) alanine (L-tyrosine). The MAb reacted strongly with purified enzyme laccase (polyphenol oxidase, EC 1.10.3.2) but did not recognize purified tyrosinase (monophenol oxidase, EC 1.14.18.1). Moreover, chemicals that bind to copper and inhibit copper-containing enzymes such as laccase completely inhibited antigen secretion in response to L-DOPA. The MAb was tested for specificity against a wide range of fungi, common yeast species, and gram positive and negative bacteria. It did not recognize antigens from a broad range of unrelated fungi, including Gliocladium roseum, Fusarium sp., Phoma exigua, Phialophora fastigiata, Penicillium crustosum, Pythium ultimum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizoctonia carotae, R. oryzae, R. tuliparum, and Trichoderma viride, nor did it recognize surface antigens from yeasts or bacteria. The MAb cross-reacted with antigens from Botrytis spp., Chaetomium globosum, R. cerealis, and R. solani. However, secretion of antigen by R. solani and R. cerealis was not promoted by L-DOPA, and secretion by C. globosum in response to the phenolic amino acid was significantly less compared to G. graminis var. tritici.

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21

Grose, M. J. "Nitrogen form and growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in soil". Mycological Research 93, nr 1 (lipiec 1989): 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(89)80147-9.

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BRISBANE, P. G., i A. D. ROVIRA. "Mechanisms of inhibition of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici by fluorescent pseudomonads". Plant Pathology 37, nr 1 (marzec 1988): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1988.tb02201.x.

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Simon, A., A. D. Rovira i R. C. Foster. "Inocula of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. Tritici for field and glasshouse studies". Soil Biology and Biochemistry 19, nr 4 (styczeń 1987): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(87)90024-1.

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PENROSE, L. D. J. "Disease in wheat genotypes naturally infected with Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici". Annals of Applied Biology 118, nr 3 (czerwiec 1991): 513–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1991.tb05341.x.

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Xu, Wen, Lingling Xu, Xiaoxu Deng, Paul H. Goodwin, Mingcong Xia, Jie Zhang, Qi Wang i in. "Biological Control of Take-All and Growth Promotion in Wheat by Pseudomonas chlororaphis YB-10". Pathogens 10, nr 7 (17.07.2021): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070903.

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Wheat is a worldwide staple food crop, and take-all caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici can lead to a tremendous decrease in wheat yield and quality. In this study, strain YB-10 was isolated from wheat rhizospheric soil and identified as Pseudomonas chlororaphis by morphology and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Pseudomonas chlororaphis YB-10 had extracellular protease and cellulase activities and strongly inhibited the mycelium growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in dual cultures. Up to 87% efficacy of Pseudomonas chlororaphis YB-10 in controlling the take-all of seedlings was observed in pot experiments when wheat seed was coated with the bacterium. Pseudomonas chlororaphis YB-10 was also positive for indole acetic acid (IAA) and siderophore production, and coating wheat seed with the bacterium significantly promoted the growth of seedlings at 107 and 108 CFU/mL. Furthermore, treatment with Pseudomonas chlororaphis YB-10 increased activities of the wheat defense-related enzymes POD, SOD, CAT, PAL and PPO in seedlings, indicating induced resistance against pathogens. Overall, Pseudomonas chlororaphis YB-10 is a promising new seed-coating agent to both promote wheat growth and suppress take-all.

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26

Litvintseva, Anastasia P., i Joan M. Henson. "Cloning, Characterization, and Transcription of Three Laccase Genes from Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, the Take-All Fungus". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, nr 3 (marzec 2002): 1305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.3.1305-1311.2002.

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ABSTRACT Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, a filamentous ascomycete, is an important root pathogen of cereals that causes take-all disease and results in severe crop losses worldwide. Previously we identified a polyphenol oxidase (laccase) secreted by the fungus when induced with copper. Here we report cloning and partial characterization of three laccase genes (LAC1, LAC2, and LAC3) from G. graminis var. tritici. Predicted polypeptides encoded by these genes had 38 to 42% amino acid sequence identity and had conserved copper-binding sites characteristic of laccases. The sequence of the LAC2 predicted polypeptide matched the N-terminal sequence of the secreted laccase that we purified in earlier studies. We also characterized expression patterns of these genes by reverse transcription-PCR. LAC1 was transcribed constitutively, and transcription of LAC2 was Cu inducible. All three genes were transcribed in planta; however, transcription of LAC3 was observed only in planta or in the presence of host (wheat) plant homogenate.

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27

Martyniuk, Stefan, i Marian Jurzysta. "Antifungal (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) activity of various glycosides of medicagenic acid". Acta Agrobotanica 58, nr 2 (2012): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2005.034.

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Different concentrations of medicagenic acid and five glycosides of this acid isolated from alfalfa (Medicago sativa) were added to agar medium (corn meal agar, CMA) inoculated with cultures of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt). After 7 days of incubation at 25oC colony radius was measured and % of inhibition calculated in relation to the control medium (CMA enriched with the solvent of the tested compounds). Within the tested concentrations, only 3-O-β -D -glucopiranoside medicagenate (monoglucoside) significantly reduced the growth of Ggt on CMA medium. This compound at 0.05 mM concentration completely inhibited the development of the fungus and the effect was shown to be fungi-toxic.

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28

Wildermuth, G. B., A. D. Rovira i J. H. Warcup. "Mechanism and site of suppression of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in soil". Transactions of the British Mycological Society 84, nr 1 (styczeń 1985): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(85)80213-8.

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Simon, A., i K. Sivasithamparam. "Crop rotation and biological suppression of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in soil". Transactions of the British Mycological Society 91, nr 2 (styczeń 1988): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(88)80216-x.

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Prade, K., i G. Trolldenier. "Incidence of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and K deficiency increase rhizospheric denitrification". Plant and Soil 124, nr 1 (maj 1990): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00010942.

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Yang, Ming-Ming, Shan-Shan Wen, Dmitri V. Mavrodi, Olga V. Mavrodi, Diter von Wettstein, Linda S. Thomashow, Jian-Hua Guo i David M. Weller. "Biological Control of Wheat Root Diseases by the CLP-Producing Strain Pseudomonas fluorescens HC1-07". Phytopathology® 104, nr 3 (marzec 2014): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-05-13-0142-r.

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Pseudomonas fluorescens HC1-07, previously isolated from the phyllosphere of wheat grown in Hebei province, China, suppresses the soilborne disease of wheat take-all, caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. We report here that strain HC1-07 also suppresses Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-8. Strain HC1-07 produced a cyclic lipopeptide (CLP) with a molecular weight of 1,126.42 based on analysis by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Extracted CLP inhibited the growth of G. graminis var. tritici and R. solani in vitro. To determine the role of this CLP in biological control, plasposon mutagenesis was used to generate two nonproducing mutants, HC1-07viscB and HC1-07prtR2. Analysis of regions flanking plasposon insertions in HC1-07prtR2 and HC1-07viscB revealed that the inactivated genes were similar to prtR and viscB, respectively, of the well-described biocontrol strain P. fluorescens SBW25 that produces the CLP viscosin. Both genes in HC1-07 were required for the production of the viscosin-like CLP. The two mutants were less inhibitory to G. graminis var. tritici and R. solani in vitro and reduced in ability to suppress take-all. HC1-07viscB but not HC-07prtR2 was reduced in ability to suppress Rhizoctonia root rot. In addition to CLP production, prtR also played a role in protease production.

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Bateman, G. L., E. Ward i J. F. Antoniw. "Identification of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and G. graminis var. avenae using a DNA probe and non-molecular methods". Mycological Research 96, nr 9 (wrzesień 1992): 737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80442-5.

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Simon, A., i K. Sivasithamparam. "The soil environment and the suppression of saprophytic growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, nr 7 (1.07.1988): 865–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-149.

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The effect of the soil environment on the transferable suppression of the saprophytic growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (pathogen suppression) was studied in a field soil acidified to pH 4.3 by annual treatment with ammonium sulphate for 9 years and in the same soil further amended with a single application of lime (pH 5.4). Pathogen suppression and the activity of Trichoderma spp. were greater when (i) the unlimed (pathogen-suppressive) soil was added at a rate of 1% (w/w) to the same soil treated with γ-radiation than when added at the same rate to the irradiated limed soil; (ii) the limed (pathogen-conducive) soil was added at 1% (w/w) to the irradiated unlimed soil than when added at the same rate to the irradiated limed soil. Pathogen suppression and the activity of Trichoderma spp. were increased in both soils with the addition of an antibacterial agent. The saprophytic growth of G. graminis var. tritici was reduced in the unsterile pathogen-suppressive but not in the pathogen-conducive soil, following the addition of inoculum of T. koningii. It is proposed that both the abiotic and biotic environments of soil can influence the expression of transferable pathogen suppression which, in the soils tested, is related to the activity of Trichoderma spp.

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Schalchli, H., F. Pardo, E. Hormazábal, R. Palma, J. Guerrero i E. Bensch. "Antifungal activity of wheat root exudate extracts on Gaeumannomyces graminis var. Tritici growth". Journal of soil science and plant nutrition 12, nr 2 (2012): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-95162012000200012.

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Campbell, R., i A. Clor. "Soil moisture affects the interaction between Gaeumannomyces graminis var. Tritici and antagonistic bacteria". Soil Biology and Biochemistry 17, nr 4 (styczeń 1985): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(85)90006-9.

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Coombs, Justin T., Philip P. Michelsen i Christopher M. M. Franco. "Evaluation of endophytic actinobacteria as antagonists of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in wheat". Biological Control 29, nr 3 (marzec 2004): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2003.08.001.

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Wang, Miao, Yuwan Xing, Junfang Wang, Yubin Xu i Gang Wang. "The role of the chi1 gene from the endophytic bacteria Serratia proteamaculans 336x in the biological control of wheat take-all". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 60, nr 8 (sierpień 2014): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2014-0212.

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Take-all, a disease caused by the fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, is the most important root disease of wheat and causes severe yield losses worldwide. Using microorganisms as biological agents to control the disease is important because no resistant cultivars or effective chemical fungicides are available. In this study, we tested the biological control capability of a chitinase produced by the endophytic bacterium Serratia proteamaculans 336x against wheat take-all. The chitinase gene chi1 of S. proteamaculans 336x was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein exhibited chitinase activity and in vitro antifungal activity against G. graminis var. tritici. With in-frame deletion of the chi1 gene by homologous recombination, the chi1-deleted mutant was devoid of chitinase activity and the biocontrol efficacy was reduced by 42.5%. The complementation of the Δchi1 mutant strain by the chi1 gene resulted in the partial restoration of the chitinase activity and biocontrol efficacy. These results support a role for the Chi1 protein in the biocontrol process of S. proteamaculans 336x against wheat take-all.

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Bienkowski, D., E. E. Hicks i M. Braithwaite. "Wheat takeall lessons learned during a search for effective biological control". New Zealand Plant Protection 68 (8.01.2015): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2015.68.5836.

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Takeall (causal agent Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici) is one of the most important soilborne diseases of wheat Greenhouse screening of microorganisms for disease suppression was conducted using a targeted approach that focused on the fungal genus Trichoderma In spite of indications of disease suppression in preliminary assays effective biocontrol was not observed in subsequent tests Explanations for this apparent loss of disease suppression could include insufficient numbers of potential biocontrol agents screened during the selection process or the issue of falsepositive (type 1 error) results

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39

Demirci, Fatih, Gökalp İşcan, Kiymet Güven, Neş′e Kirimer i Kemal Hüsnü Can Başer. "Antimicrobial Activities of Ferulago Essential Oils¥". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 55, nr 11-12 (1.12.2000): 886–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2000-11-1207.

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Essential oils from Ferulago asparagifolia Boiss., F. galbanifera (Miller) W. Koch, F. humilis Boiss. (Endemic), F. trachycarpa Boiss. growing in Turkey were evaluated against 15 microorganisms for their antifungal and antibacterial activity using an agar tube dilution and microdilution broth susceptibility assay, respectively. The essential oil compositions were investigated by GC/MS. Inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Candida albicans, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Sclerotium rolfsii and Fusarium moniliforme were remarkable. Results are discussed in comparison with the chemical composition of the essential oils.

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Milus, Eugene A., Richard D. Cartwright, Craig S. Rothrock, Merle Anders i Nathan Slaton. "Impact of Cropping Sequences and Alternative Hosts on Take-all Management of Winter Wheat in Arkansas". Plant Health Progress 10, nr 1 (styczeń 2009): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2009-0512-02-rs.

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Cultural practices are the principle means for managing take-all of wheat caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. This research identified cropping sequences that can be used to manage take-all in Arkansas. For dryland fields where the opportunity to grow rotational crops is limited, summer fallow was the best option for managing take-all. For irrigated fields, rotation out of wheat for at least one year reduced incidence and severity of take-all, and rice was the most effective rotational crop. Summer fallow or a rice crop was more detrimental to survival of take-all inoculum compared to corn or soybean. Reductions in inoculum were associated with elevated soil temperatures during the summer in fallow fields and with soil anoxia in flooded rice fields. Managing grassy weeds is important during rotations out of wheat. Rescuegrass was the most susceptible grassy weed to G. graminis var. tritici in this study. Although Italian ryegrass was only moderately susceptible, it likely plays a major role in maintaining inoculum because of its wide distribution and large population size. Accepted for publication 11 April 2009. Published 12 May 2009.

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Zapata, Nelson, Marisol Vargas, Manuel Monsálvez i Ricardo Ceballos. "Crude extracts of Drimys winteri bark to inhibit growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici". Chilean journal of agricultural research 71, nr 1 (marzec 2011): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392011000100006.

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Osbourn, A. E., B. R. Clarke, P. Lunness, P. R. Scott i M. J. Daniels. "An oat species lacking avenacin is susceptible to infection by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici". Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 45, nr 6 (grudzień 1994): 457–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0885-5765(05)80042-6.

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Jamil, N., i K. W. Buck. "Capsid Polypeptides in a Group III Virus from Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici Are Related". Journal of General Virology 67, nr 8 (1.08.1986): 1717–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-67-8-1717.

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Yun, Yingzi, Fangwei Yu, Ning Wang, Huaigu Chen, Yanni Yin i Zhonghua Ma. "Sensitivity to silthiofam, tebuconazole and difenoconazole of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici isolates from China". Pest Management Science 68, nr 8 (12.03.2012): 1156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.3277.

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Andrade, Orlando A., D. E. Mathre i D. C. Sands. "Suppression of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in Montana soils and its transferability between soils". Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26, nr 3 (marzec 1994): 397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(94)90289-5.

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Dori, S., Z. Solel, Y. Kashman i I. Barash. "Characterization of hydroxamate siderophores and siderophore-mediated iron uptake in Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici". Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 37, nr 2 (sierpień 1990): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0885-5765(90)90002-f.

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Yang, Lirong, Xiaoyun Han, Fan Zhang, Paul H. Goodwin, Yanyan Yang, Jia Li, Mingcong Xia i in. "Screening Bacillus species as biological control agents of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. Tritici on wheat". Biological Control 118 (marzec 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2017.11.004.

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Zhang, Yi, Kedong Xu, Deshui Yu, Zhihui Liu, Chunfeng Peng, Xiaoli Li, Ju Zhang i in. "The Highly Conserved Barley Powdery Mildew Effector BEC1019 Confers Susceptibility to Biotrophic and Necrotrophic Pathogens in Wheat". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, nr 18 (6.09.2019): 4376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184376.

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Effector proteins secreted by plant pathogens play important roles in promoting colonization. Blumeria effector candidate (BEC) 1019, a highly conserved metalloprotease of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), is essential for fungal haustorium formation, and silencing BEC1019 significantly reduces Bgh virulence. In this study, we found that BEC1019 homologs in B. graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) and Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) have complete sequence identity with those in Bgh, prompting us to investigate their functions. Transcript levels of BEC1019 were abundantly induced concomitant with haustorium formation in Bgt and necrosis development in Ggt-infected plants. BEC1019 overexpression considerably increased wheat susceptibility to Bgt and Ggt, whereas silencing this gene using host-induced gene silencing significantly enhanced wheat resistance to Bgt and Ggt, which was associated with hydrogen peroxide accumulation, cell death, and pathogenesis-related gene expression. Additionally, we found that the full and partial sequences of BEC1019 can trigger cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. These results indicate that Bgt and Ggt can utilize BEC1019 as a virulence effector to promote plant colonization, and thus these genes represent promising new targets in breeding wheat cultivars with broad-spectrum resistance.

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Chng, S. F., M. G. Cromey i R. C. Butler. "Evaluation of the susceptibility of various grass species to Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici". New Zealand Plant Protection 58 (1.08.2005): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4291.

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Takeall caused by the soilborne pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici (Ggt) is a devastating root disease of wheat As well as infected host residues from previous wheat crops grass crop or weed species also play an important role in the carryover of inoculum to the next wheat crop However the survival and spread of inoculum on different grasses differs considerably depending on their susceptibility to the pathogen Using Triticum aestivum (wheat) and Avena sativa (oat) as susceptible and resistant standards the susceptibility to Ggt of 24 grass species commonly found within wheat crops in New Zealand was examined in a simple laboratory assay Of all the grass species evaluated 83 were susceptible to Ggt with Bromus diandrus Bromus willdenowii Bromus inermis and Pennisetum clandestinum being highly susceptible while Cynosurus cristatus Cynodon dactylon and Paspalum dilatatum were highly resistant to the pathogen

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Senn M., Romina, Emma Bensch T., Jaime Guerrero C. i Enrique Ferrada Q. "POTENCIAL ALELOPATICO DE CULTIVARES DE Lupinus albus L., SOBRE CRECIMIENTO MICELIAL in vitro DE Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici Walker". Agro Sur 39, nr 2 (sierpień 2011): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4206/agrosur.2011.v39n2-02.

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