Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / G+7 BUILDING

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „G+7 BUILDING”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 11 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "G+7 BUILDING"

Baikhan, Sairam, K. Lakshmi Shiva Priya, N. V. N. Santhoshi Srija, CH Nikhil Kumar i G. Sri Nath. "Experimental Investigation of (G+7) Building Using Viscous Dampers". Emperor Journal of Applied Scientific Research 02, nr 09 (2020): 01–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35338/ejasr.2020.2901.

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Patel, Meet, Nirmal Mehta i Arjun Butala. "Comparative Study of G+7 Storey Residential Building in Seismic Zone 5". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, nr 7 (31.07.2022): 1453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45462.

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Abstract: The important objective of Structural engineers is to design and build a structure in such a way that damage to the structure and its structural component during the earthquake is minimize. This report aims towards the Seismic analysis of a multi- storey RCC building with symmetrical configuration. For the analysis purpose model of seven storey RCC with symmetrical floor plan is consider. Seismic Zone 5 is considering for this Research work. The analysis is carried by using Seismic Coefficient Method & Response Spectrum Analysis. Seismic Coefficient Method is a part of a Linear Static Method, where Response Spectrum Analysis is a part of a Linear Dynamic Method. E-TABS Software are used for the Analysis work. For this study, Two Models are prepared. (1) G+7 Residential Building with Columns & (2) G+7 Residential Building with Shear Walls. Various response parameters such as Story Displacement, Story Drift, Time Period and Story Stiffness can be determined. Above all factors are comprised between two models. The main parameters of the seismic analysis of structures are load carrying capacity, ductility, stiffness, damping and mass.

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Kumbhare, Samiksha. "Seismic Analysis of Multistorey (G+7) Building using Staad-Pro and Manually". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 7, nr 4 (30.04.2019): 1287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.4231.

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Shinde Sanket i Vaibhav Shelar. "Behavior of Flood Resistant Building and Ductile Detailing of G +7 RC Building Using IS 13920-2016". World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 9, nr 1 (30.06.2023): 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2023.9.1.0158.

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Floods are one of the most widespread and destructive natural disasters occurring in the world and with the increase in constructions along river courses and concentration of population around floodplain areas, flood-induced damages have been continuously increasing. The annual disaster record reveals that flood occurrence increased about ten folds over the past five decades. Thus, floods are posing a great threat and challenge to planers, design engineers, insurance industries, policymakers, and to the governments. Structural and non-structural measures can be used to deal with floods. Structural measures include a set of works aiming to reduce one or more hydraulic parameters like runoff volume, peak discharge, rise in water level, duration of flood, flow velocity, etc. Non-structural measures involve a wide range of measures to reduce flood risk through flood forecasting and early warning systems, emergency plans, and posing land use regulations and policies. The futuristic reinforced concrete buildings can be considered as a symbol of modern civilization. These buildings are usually constructed based on the guide lines given by the standard code books(like IS: 456:2000 and IS 13920:2016).Unfortunately, the code provisions consider the seismic loads and wind effects alone, while accounting the dead and live design loads, and exclude the flood loads. This implies the necessity to bring out corrective measures that can be adopted to reduce vulnerability before harm occurrences. In this project focuses on both the incorporation of flood loads during the analysis and design in CSI-ETABS software and the assessment of flood vulnerability of reinforced concrete residential buildings. Vulnerability is expressed as a fraction of ground floor height and maximum flood level at most immerse the building up to ground floor and first floor level. The importance of the outcome arises from the need of a strengthening solution to avoid failure of new or existing structures during floods.

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Seela, Frank, i Karin Mersmann. "7-Deazaguanosine: Synthesis of an oligorbonucleotide building block and disaggregation of the U-G-G-G-G-U G4 structure by the modified base". Helvetica Chimica Acta 76, nr 4 (30.06.1993): 1435–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19930760404.

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Harmathy, Norbert. "Energy Performance Estimation of ASHRAE 90.1 App. G System 7 VAV with Reheat using Dynamic B-SIM". E3S Web of Conferences 135 (2019): 03078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913503078.

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The research presents an energy strategy during the design process using advanced energy performance simulation technology. Team coordination and building performance efficiency during the design process is aided by conducting a performance based assessment with comprehensive fully incorporated design, construction, energy, HVAC and annual building operation. Performance based decision making is demonstrated through an office building complex. The engineering decisions were based on performance enhancement and overall energy demand reduction, which was evaluated on an annual basis. The building envelope’s dominant curtain wall system was analyzed in detail in order to demonstrate qualitative energy performance improvement. ASHRAE 90.1 App. G System 7 VAV with reheat HVAC’s annual energy performance was estimated and evaluated from the aspect of end-use energy which is usually the baseline system for achieving LEED energy performance credits.

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Shekh, Imam Usman, i Pallavi Vangari. "Analysis, Design and Estimation of G +7 Storey Building Structure By Using Is Code Methods and By Using Softwares". Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education 15, nr 2 (1.04.2018): 570–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.29070/15/56899.

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SEELA, F., i K. MERSMANN. "ChemInform Abstract: 7-Deazaguanosine: Synthesis of an Oligoribonucleotide Building Block and Disaggregation of the U-G-G-G-G-U G4 Structure by the Modified Base." ChemInform 25, nr 19 (19.08.2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199419273.

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Kene, Piyush. "A Comparative Study on Analysis of a Conventional Multi-Storey Building & a Monocolumn Building". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, nr VI (30.06.2021): 3851–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35964.

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The comparative study on analysis of RCC Frame structure supported on a single column and multi-column is done in this project. Cost comparison , Ground space comparison is done between RCC single column and RCC multi column structure .This paper presents structural modelling, stress, bending moment, shear force and displacement, deflection design considerations for a structure and it is analysed using STAAD-Pro. Various steps involved in designing of RCC Frame structure supported on a single column and multi-column by using software are Geometric Modelling, providing material properties and sectional Properties, fixing supports and boundary Conditions, providing loads & load combinations, Special Commands, Analysis Specification , Design Command and Report. The influence of plan geometry has an important role in static analysis. Maximum values of stresses, bending moments, shear forces and displacements and deflection are presented. The acting loads considered in the present analysis were dead load, Live load, floor load, and wind load. The project is to planning & analysis by using software for a multi storied building and single column building of G+3, G+7, G+15 floors. The design is done by taking in to account the requirements and standards recommended by IS code and national building rules.

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Prajapati, Shivam. "“Analysis of Seismic Behaviours of RC Frame Structure With Bracing System and Without Bracing System”". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, nr 6 (30.06.2022): 1614–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43868.

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Abstract: This work time history analysis is carried out for G+23 storey steel frame building with different pattern of bracing system. The member property of beams 300mm X 400mm and columns 300mm X 500mm and ISLB250 sections are used to compare for same patterns of beam, column and bracings. A software package ETABS SOFTWARE is using for the analysis of steel buildings and different parameters are compared. The property of the section is used as IS 456:2016 and per IS 800:2007 which is analysis for various types of bracings like X, V, inverted V, Eccen Forward, Eccen Back and without bracing and Performance of each frame is carried out and studied the comparatively through Response Spectrum Method as per IS:1893:2016. In this study model a G+23 with Square Shape building Plan 52m X 52m, height of each floor is 3.2m and Structure in Etabs software by Response Spectrum Method and Analysis the Earthquake analysis of the Structure in seismic zones III with soil Medium conditions. Parameter Using:Type of Building: RC buildings with and without Steel Bracing System Number of Floors: G+23 (Square Shape Building)Section Property: Beam size 300X400mm, Column size 300X500mm, and ISLB250 sections. Seismic Zone- III, Soil Site factor 2 for Medium Soil, Damping = 5% (as per table-3 clause 6.4.2), Zone factor for zone III, Z=0.16), Importance Factor I=1.5 (Important structure as per Table-6), Response Reduction Factor R=5 for Special steel moment resisting frame Table-7), Sa/g= Average acceleration coefficient (depend on Natural fundamental period)Grade of concrete is considered M25, Grade of Rebar is considered Fe-415, Grade of Steel –Fe-345,Dead Load for Wall = (3.2-0.4) X 0.23X20= 12.88 KN/m

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "G+7 BUILDING"

GUPTA, SAKSHAM. "SEISMIC ANALYSI S OF G+7 BUILDING BY PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN". Thesis, 2020. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/18314.

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PBSD is an approach of designing of any complexity of building. A building constructed in this way is required to meet certain measurable or predictable performance requirements, such as energy efficiency or seismic load, without a specific prescribed method by which to attain those requirements. Building performance is an indicator of how well a structure supports the defined needs of its users. The performance-based design approach is not proposed as an immediate substitute for design to traditional codes. Rather, it can be viewed as an opportunity to enhance and tailor the design to match the objectives of the community. It basically evaluates how building systems are like to respond under a variety of conditions associated with potential hazardous events. A G+7 Residential building has been analyzed by ETABS at various values of PGA as defined by IS 1893:2016, reports by National Disaster Management agency (NDMA, 2011), World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (WCEE, 2012), 0.1g and 0.2g and various post-analysis results are shown like PP, roof displacements in X and Y-directions, storey drifts, hinges result, roof displacements and compared it with FEMA document and ATC-40.

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Książki na temat "G+7 BUILDING"

Government, California Legislature Senate Committee on Local. Deregulating local officials' compensation: Summary report from the interim hearing of the Senate Local Government Committee, October 7, 1987, Edmund G. Brown State Building, San Francisco, California. Sacramento: The Committee, 1987.

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Chernenko, M. D. Kommentariĭ k Federalʹnomu zakonu ot 14 apreli︠a︡ 1999 g. no. 77-FZ "O vedomstvennoĭ okhrane": V red. federalʹnykh zakonov ot 15 ii︠u︡ni︠a︡ 2006 g. no. 88-FZ, ot 1 dekabri︠a︡ 2007 g. no. 318-FZ, ot 7 mai︠a︡ 2009 g. no. 89-FZ, ot 25 noi︠a︡bri︠a︡ 2009 g. no. 267-FZ : postateĭnyĭ. Moskva: I︠U︡stit︠s︡inform, 2010.

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Y, Kaljundi, Sovetskiĭ komitet IKOMOS, Estonia Riiklik Ehituskomitee i ESSR State Design Institute of Cultural Monuments., red. Problemy okhrany i sovremennogo ispolʹzovanii͡a︡ pami͡a︡tnikov arkhitektury: Tezisy dokladov Kollokviuma IKOMOS, Tallin, 4-7 ii͡u︡ni͡a︡ 1985 g. [Tallinn?: s.n., 1985.

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Vostochnoevropeiskiĭ srednevekovyĭ gorod: Problemy muzeefikat︠s︡ii, okhrany i turistskogo ispol'zovanii︠a︡ : polevoĭ nauchno-prakticheskiĭ seminar, Starai︠a︡ Ri︠a︡zan', 7-9 ii︠u︡li︠a︡ 2009 g. : tezisy dokladov. Moskva: Rossiĭskiĭ gos. gumanitarnyĭ universitet, 2009.

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Części książek na temat "G+7 BUILDING"

Shayza, Shaik, i Bodige Narender. "Seismic Behaviour of G+7 RC Open Ground Storey Buildings with Fluid Viscous Dampers". W Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 205–16. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4079-0_18.

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"Chapter 5C&G unit 210: Communicating with others in building services engineering". W Basic Electrical Installation Work, 7th ed, 329–56. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203770061-7.

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"REFERENCES HONEY, L.F. and J.B. McQUITTY (1976). Dust in the animal environment. Research Bulletin 76-2, 1-66. (2 ACKEMANN, H.H. (1980). Quantitative Untersuchungen liber den bakteri-ellen Keimgehalt des Absetzstaubes in zwei Schweinemaststallen. Dtsch Tierarztl. Wschr. 87, 335-338. (3 LANGE, A., G. MEHLMRN, W. METHLING and V. NEUPARTH (1983). Dynamik der bakteriellen Kontamination des Staubes in Abferkelstallen. In: 5. Int. Leipziger Tierhyg. Symp., Leipzig, Sammelbd. d. Vortr. S. 137-142. (4 HILLIGER, H.G. (1984). Zur Bilanzierung der Bakterienflora in der Stalluft. Zbl. Vet. Med. B,31, 493-504. (5 MARTIN, H. and R.A. WILLOUGHBY (1972). Organic dust, sulfur dioxide, and the respiratory tract of swine. Arch. Environ. Health 25, 158-165. — (6 OWEN, J.E. (1982a). Dust - the problem and possibilities. Farm Bldg. Progress 67, 3-6. (7 CURTIS, ETC. (1983). Environmental management in animal agriculture. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa. (8 PEPYS, I., P.A. IEMKINS, G.M. FESTENSTEIN, P.H. GREGORY, M.E. LASEY and F.A. SKINNER (1963). Farmer's lung: Thermophilic actinomycetes as a source of "farmer's lung hay" antigen. Lancet, 607-611. (9 BUTIKOFFER, E. and A.L. de WECK (1969).Huhnerzuchterlunge. Dtsch. med. Wochenschr. 94, 2627-2631. KOSTERS, J. (198177 Stallstaub kann gefahrlich werden. DGS 33, 292-293. DAY, D.L., W.L. HENSEN and S. ANDERSON (1965). Gases and odors in confinement buildings. Trans. ASAE 8, 118-121. (12 BURNETT, W.E. (1969). Odor transport by particulate matter in high density poultry houses. Poultry Sci. 48, 182-185. (13 WEURMAN, C. (1975). Vergleich zweier Methoden fur die Messung von Ge-riichen. VDI-Bericht 226, 135-139. VDI-Verlag GmbH Dlisseldorf. (14 VAN GEELEN, M. (1983). Stankproblemen bij siachtkuikenhok zijn even-tueel op te lossen. Pluimveehouderij 13, 12-13. (15 CURTIS, S.E., J.G. DRUMMOND, D.J. GRUNLOH, P.B. LYNCH and A.H. JENSEN (1975). Relative and quantitative aspects of aerial bacteria and dust in swine houses. J. Animal Sci. 41, 1512-1520. (16 BRESK, B. and J. STOLPE (1975). "Der EinfluB des Staubes in industrie-maBigen Schweineproduktionsanlagen auf die Lei stung und Gesundheit der Tiere. Monatsh. Veterinarmed. 30, 572-576. (17 HONEY, L.F. and J.B. McQUITTY (1979T. Some physical factors affect ing dust concentrations in a pig facility. Can. Agric. Engineering 21, 9-13. (18 MHO , C.A. et al. (1969). Dust production of poultry litter materi als. Auburn Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Circ. 169. (19 MATTHES, H. (1979). Art und Zusammensetzung der Luftverunreinigungen in der Nutztierhaltung und ihre Wirkung in der Stallumgebung. Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr. 86, 262-265. MAN, C.,L. CERNEA and T. BUHATEL (1971). Examenal calitativ pulberi-lor din aerul adapsturilor pentru pasari. Lucrari stiintifice, seria medicina veterinara 27^ , 321-329." W Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 339. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-133.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "G+7 BUILDING"

Wir-Konas, Agnieszka, i Kyung Wook Seo. "Between territories: Incremental changes to the domestic spatial interface between private and public domains". W 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6061.

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Between territories: Incremental changes to the domestic spatial interface between private and public domains. Agnieszka Wir-Konas¹, Kyung Wook Seo¹ ¹Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle City Campus, 2 Ellison Pl, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST. E-mail: agnieszka.wir-konas@northumbria.ac.uk, kyung.seo@northumbria.ac.uk Keywords (3-5): building-street interface, incremental change, micro-morphology, private-public boundary, territory Conference topics and scale: Urban form and social use of space In this paper we investigate incremental changes to the relationship between private and public territory on the micro-morphological scale of the residential building-street interface. The building-street interface lies on the edge between two distinctively different spatial domains, the house and the street, and provides a buffer which may be adjusted to aid the transition from private to public territory. The structure of the space impacts both domains: it provides a fit transition from the private dwelling to the public territory, creates a space for probabilistic encounters between inhabitants and strangers, and maintains the liveability of the public street. The aim of this paper is threefold: Firstly, we recognise morphological differences in the structure of the interfaces and the way the transition from private to public territory was envisioned and designed in different societal periods. Secondly, we study incremental changes to the interface, representing individual adjustments to the private-public boundary, in order to recognize common types of adaptations to the existing structure of the interface. The history of changes to each individual building and building-street interface was traced by analysing planning applications and enforcements publicly provided by the city council. Lastly, we compare the capacity of each building-street interface to accommodate incremental change to the public-private transition. We argue that studying the incremental change of the interface and the capacity of each interface to accommodate micro-scale transformations aids in the understanding of the complex social relationship between an individual and a collective in the urban environment. References (180 words) Conzen, M. R. G. (1960). Alnwick, Northumberland: a study in town-plan analysis. Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers) 27, iii-122. Gehl, J. (1986) ‘Soft edges in residential streets’. Scandinavian Housing and Planning Research 3(2), 89-192 Gehl, J. (2013) Cities for People (Island Press, Washington DC). Habraken, N. J. and Teicher, J. (2000) The structure of the ordinary: form and control in the built environment (MIT press, Cambridge). Hillier, B. and Hanson, J. (1984) The Social Logic of Space (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Jacobs, J. (1961) The Death and Life of Great American Cities (Middlesex: Penguin, Harmondsworth). Lawrence, R. J. (1987) Housing, dwellings and homes: Design theory, research and practice (John Wiley, Chichester). Palaiologou, G., Griffiths, S., and Vaughan, L. (2016), ‘Reclaiming the virtual community for spatial cultures: Functional generality and cultural specificity at the interface of building and street’. Journal of Space Syntax 7(1), 25-54. Whitehand, J. W. R. and Morton, N. J. and Carr, C. M. H. (1999) ‘Urban Morphogenesis at the Microscale: How Houses Change’, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 26(4), 503-515.

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Mimura, Hitoshi, Minoru Matsukura, Tomoya Kitagawa, Fumio Kurosaki, Akira Kirishima, Daisuke Akiyama i Nobuaki Sato. "Evaluation of Adsorption Properties of U(VI) for Various Inorganic Adsorbents". W 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-81338.

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Large amounts of highly contaminated water over 800,000 m3 accumulated in the reactor, turbine building and the trench in the facility were generated from the nuclear accident of Fukushima NPS (BWR) caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake. At present, the cold shutdown is completed stably by the circulating injection cooling system (SARRY, KURION) for the decontamination of radioactive nuclides such as 134Cs and 137Cs using zeolites and crystalline silicotitanate (CST). Further, the Advanced Liquid Processing System (ALPS) is under operation for the decontamination of 62 nuclides such as 90Sr, 129I and 60Co, etc. However, the adsorption behaviors of actinoids through the decontamination systems are complicated, and especially their adsorption properties for zeolites and CST, major inorganic adsorbents, are not yet clarified. In near future, the decontamination of actinoids leached from the crushed fuel debris will be an important subject. In this study, the practical adsorption properties of U(VI) for various inorganic adsorbents were evaluated under different solution conditions. The adsorption properties (distribution behaviors and adsorption kinetics) were evaluated by batch adsorption method; 19 kinds of inorganic adsorbents including zeolites and CST (crystalline silicotitanate) were contacted with U(VI)) solutions. The conditions of 5 kinds of U(VI) solutions were as follows; Solution 1: [U(VI)] = 50 ppm, initial pH = 0.5 ∼ 5.5 Solution 2: [U(VI)] = 50 ppm, [NaCl] = 0.1 M, initial pH = 4.0 Solution 3: [U(VI)] = 50 ppm, [CaCl2] = 0.1 M, initial pH = 4.0 Solution 4: [U(VI)] = 4.84 mM, [NaCl] = 0.1 M, initial pH = 3.18 Solution 5: [U(VI)] = 4.86 mM, 2,994 ppm boric acid/30% seawater, initial pH = 4.25 The uptake (%) and distribution coefficient (Kd. cm3/g) were estimated by counting the radioactivity using NaI(Tl) scintillation counter and liquid scintillation counter. In the simple Solution 1, the Kd values for zeolites increased linearly with equilibrium pH up to pH 7. The Kd value for tin hydroxide had a maximum profile around pH 7 and a relatively large Kd value above 104 cm3/g was obtained. In the presence of NaCl and CaCl2 (Solution 2 and 3), relatively large Kd values above 102 cm3/g were obtained, other than mordenite and clinoptilolite, and the effect of [Ca2+] on U(VI) uptake was larger than that of [Na+]. In Solution 4 containing high concentration of U(VI), the uptake(%) was considerably lowered, while that for zeolite A, X and Y was estimated over 20%. Similar tendency was observed in Solution 5, and, in the case of granulated potassium titanate, yellow precipitate was observed on the surface due to the increase of equilibrium pH up to 5.25. The adsorption behavior of U(VI) on inorganic adsorbents is mainly governed by three steps; ion exchange, surface precipitation of hydrolysis species and sedimentation depending on equilibrium pH, and hence it should be noted the change of U(VI) chemical species. These basic adsorption data are useful for the selection of inorganic adsorbents in the Fukushima NPS decontamination process.

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Willems, M., P. Luycx, R. Gilis, C. I. Renard, H. Reyniers i J. M. Cuchet. "The HRA/SOLARIUM Project: Processing of Historical Waste". W ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4732.

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Starting in 2003, Belgoprocess will proceed with the treatment and conditioning of some 200 m3 of widely varying high- and medium-level waste from earlier research and development work, to meet standard acceptance criteria for later disposal. The gross volume of primary and secondary packages amounts to 2,600 m3. The waste has been kept in decay storage for up to 30 years. The project was started in 1997. Operation of the various processing facilities will take 7–8 years. The overall volume of conditioned waste will be of the order of 800 m3. All conditioned waste will be stored in appropriate storage facilities onsite. In November 2002, a new processing facility has been constructed, the functional tests of the equipment have been performed and the start-up phase has been started. Several cells of the Pamela vitrification facility onsite will be adapted for the treatment of high-level and highly α-contaminated waste; low-level β/γ waste will be treated in the existing facility for super compaction and conditioning by embedding into cement (CILVA). The bulk of these waste, of which 95% are solids, the remainder consisting of mainly solidified liquids, have been produced between 1967 and 1988. They originate from various research programmes and reactor operation at the Belgian nuclear energy research centre SCK-CEN, isotope production, decontamination and dismantling operations. The waste is stored in 4800 primary packages, of which 700 contain 120 g (5.1012 Bq) radium. Half the radium inventory is present in 25 containers. The presence of radium in waste packages, resulting in the emission of radon gas, requires particular measurements. The total activity at the moment of production amounted to 18,811 TBq β/γ and 34.4 TBq α, with individual packages emitting up to 555 TBq β/γ and 2.2 TBq α. According to calculations, the β/γ activity has decreased to some 2,000 TBq, with individual packages up to 112 TBq. The extreme diversity of the waste is not only expressed in their radiological characteristics, but also in their chemical composition, physical state, the nature and condition of the packages. Radioactivity ranges between 0.01 mCi to 1,000 Ci per package. Some packages contain resins, Na, NaK and Al containing waste, poison rods, residues of fuel elements. Although most of the liquid waste are solidified, a small fraction — both aqueous and organic — still remains liquid. Primary packages may be plastic bags, metal boxes, wire gauze, La Cale`ne boxes; secondary packages may be steel drums and concrete containers. Solid waste may be sources, counters, nuclear fuel residues, filters, synthetic materials, metals, resins, granulates, rock, sludges, cables, glass, etc. Some 1000 primary packages are stored in a dry storage vault comprising 20 concrete cells, while 3800 primary packages are stored in some 2,000 concrete containers, on a concrete floor, surrounded by an earth bank to the height of the waste stacking and covered by a metal construction. At present, the annual production of similar waste amounts to 2 m3 divided over some 30 containers. Generally, the primary waste packages will be loaded in 80-1 drums (an average of 2 packages per drum), and compacted in a 150 ton hydraulic press. The pellets will be collected in 100 1 drums (an average of 3 pellets per drum). Low-level β/γ waste is transferred to the CILVA facility for further treatment, while the other 100-1 drums are filled up with sand and, in the case of radium-contaminated waste, tight-welded. Subsequently, the 100-1 drums are loaded into 400-1 drums and embedded into cement. Certain packages, for example solidified radium-contaminated liquids in welded metal containers, are conditioned as such in overpacks. Specific procedures will be established for the various non-standard waste, such as sources, control and poison rods, resins and filters, fuel residues. Highly active and/or heavily α-contaminated waste are transferred to the existing Pamela facility for treatment and conditioning. Ideally, gamma spectrometry measurements are carried out on the primary packages, but due to the extreme diversity of these packages, ranging from plastic bags containing cardboard to highly active steel valves, preference was given to measurements on the conditioned waste, or at least on already pre-compacted waste in the case of treatment in the 2,000 ton press of the CILVA facility. Thus tremendous problems of calibration can be largely avoided. All operations are remotely controlled. Transfers between buildings are carried out within appropriately shielded containers and secondary waste will be treated in existing facilities onsite. The new processing facility is being built partly over the dry storage vaults, in the immediate vicinity of the already covered storage area.

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Willems, M., L. Krieckemans, P. Luycx i A. Meeus. "The HRA/Solarium Project: Processing of Widely Varying High- and Medium-Level Waste". W ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1209.

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Abstract Starting in 2002, Belgoprocess will proceed with the treatment and conditioning of some 200 m3 of widely varying high- and medium-level wastes from earlier research and development work, to meet standard acceptance criteria for later disposal. The gross volume of primary and secondary packages amounts to 2,600 m3. The wastes have been kept in decay storage for up to 30 years. The project was started in 1998. Operation of the various processing facilities will take 7–8 years. The overall volume of conditioned waste will be of the order of 800 m3. All conditioned waste will be stored in appropriate storage facilities onsite. At present (August, 2000), the construction of a new processing facility is in progress and the call for venders for the equipment has been sent out. Several cells of the Pamela vitrification facility onsite will be adapted for the treatment of high-level and highly α-contaminated wastes; low-level β/γ wastes will be treated in the existing facility for supercompaction and conditioning by embedding into cement (CILVA). The bulk of these wastes, of which 95% are solids, the remainder consisting of mainly solidified liquids, have been produced between 1967 and 1988. They originate from various research programmes and reactor operation at the Belgian nuclear energy research centre SCK•CEN, isotope production, decontamination and dismantling operations. The wastes are stored in 4800 primary packages, of which 700 contain 120 g (5.1012 Bq) radium. Half the radium inventory is present in 25 containers. The presence of radium in waste packages, resulting in the emission of radon gas, requires particular measurements and the welding of packages for storage, in order to allow a correct interpretation of alpha measurements onsite. The total activity at the moment of production amounted to 18,811 TBq β/γ and 34.4 TBq α, with individual packages emitting up to 555 TBq β/γ and 2.2 TBq α. According to calculations, the β/γ activity has decreased to some 2,000 TBq, with individual packages up to 112 TBq. The extreme diversity of the wastes is not only expressed in their radiological characteristics, but also in their chemical composition, physical state, the nature and condition of the packages. Radioactivity ranges between 0.01 mCi to 1,000 Ci per package. Some packages contain resins, Na, NaK and Al containing wastes, poison rods, residues of fuel elements. Although most of the liquid wastes are solidified, a small fraction — both aqueous and organic — still remains liquid. Primary packages may be plastic bags, metal boxes, wire gauze, La Calène boxes; secondary packages may be steel drums and concrete containers. Solid wastes may be sources, counters, control and poison rods, nuclear fuel residues, filters, synthetic materials, metals, resins, granulates, rock, sludges, cables, glass … Some 1000 primary packages are stored in a dry storage vault comprising 20 concrete cells, while 3800 primary packages are stored in some 2,000 concrete containers, on a concrete floor, surrounded by an earth bank to the height of the waste stacking and covered by a metal construction. At present, the annual production of similar wastes amounts to 2 m3 divided over some 30 containers. Generally, the primary waste packages will be loaded in 80 l drums (an average of 2 packages per drum), and compacted in a 150 t hydraulic press. The pellets will be collected in 100 l drums (an average of 3 pellets per drum). Low-level β/γ waste is transferred to the CILVA facility for further treatment, while the other 100 l drums are filled up with sand and, in the case of radium-contaminated wastes, tight-welded. Subsequently, the 100 l drums are loaded into 400 l drums and embedded into cement. Certain packages, for example solidified radium-contaminated liquids in welded metal containers, are conditioned as such in overpacks. Specific procedures will be established for the various non-standard wastes, such as sources, control and poison rods, resins and filters, fuel residues. The new processing facility is being built partly over the dry storage vaults, in the immediate vicinity of the already covered storage area. It comprises 1) feeder locks for the introduction of the various waste packages; 2) a dispatching cell in which the primary packages are loaded into 80 l drums; 3) the processing cell in which the 80 l drums are compacted and the pellets loaded into 100 l drums; and either sent to the CILVA facility (low-level β/γ wastes), or the Pamela facility (highly active and/or heavily α-contaminated), or further treated in 4) the transport area, in which radium and medium-level waste containing drums are conditioned into cement; 5) the measurement and characterisation cell, in which the conditioned waste is characterized by gamma spectrometry, and checked for compliance with maximum allowed surface contamination and dose rate in view of interim storage in the appropriate facilities onsite. Ideally, gamma spectrometry measurements are carried out on the primary packages, but due to the extreme diversity of these packages, ranging from plastic bags containing cardboard to highly active steel valves, preference was given to measurements on the conditioned wastes, or at least on already pre-compacted wastes in the case of treatment in the 2,000 t press of the CILVA facility. Thus tremendous problems of calibration can be largely avoided. All operations are remotely controlled. Transfers between buildings are carried out within appropriately shielded containers and secondary wastes will be treated in existing facilities onsite.

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