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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Fulleropyrrolidine"
Fazylov, S. D., O. A. Nurkenov, A. E. Arinova, T. M. Seilkhanov, A. M. Gazaliev, M. K. Ibraev i A. S. Fazylov. "SYNTHESIS OF PROPERTIES N-METHYL-2-(PYRID-4-YL)-3,4-FULLEROPYRROLIDINE". SERIES CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2, nr 440 (15.04.2020): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1491.24.
Pełny tekst źródłaJovanovic, Dragana, Jovana Stanojkovic, Dzeneta Halilovic, Rejhana Kolasinac, Tatjana Kop, Mira Bjelakovic i Dragana Milic. "Fulleropyrrolidines with orthogonally flexible substituents - synthesis and electrochemical properties". Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, nr 00 (2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc210708069j.
Pełny tekst źródłaGaspar, Hugo, Flávio Figueira, Karol Strutyński, Manuel Melle-Franco, Dzmitry Ivanou, João P. C. Tomé, Carlos M. Pereira i in. "Thiophene- and Carbazole-Substituted N-Methyl-Fulleropyrrolidine Acceptors in PffBT4T-2OD Based Solar Cells". Materials 13, nr 6 (11.03.2020): 1267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13061267.
Pełny tekst źródłaJiménez Gómez, M. A., Mauricio Garza Castañón, O. V. Kharissova, B. I. Kharisov i U. Ortiz Méndez. "Preparation by Prato Reaction and UV-Characterization of Several Fulleropyrrolidines". Journal of Nano Research 9 (luty 2010): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.9.69.
Pełny tekst źródłaGournis, Dimitrios, Luboš Jankovič, Enrico Maccallini, Darja Benne, Petra Rudolf, Jean-François Colomer, Chloé Sooambar i in. "Clay−Fulleropyrrolidine Nanocomposites". Journal of the American Chemical Society 128, nr 18 (maj 2006): 6154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0579661.
Pełny tekst źródłaHerranz, M. Ángeles, Beatriz Illescas, Nazario Martín, Chuping Luo i Dirk M. Guldi. "Donor/Acceptor Fulleropyrrolidine Triads". Journal of Organic Chemistry 65, nr 18 (wrzesień 2000): 5728–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo0005767.
Pełny tekst źródłaTOLLAN, CHRISTOPHER M., JOSE A. POMPOSO i DAVID MECERREYES. "SYNTHESIS OF FULLEROPYRROLIDINE PYRIDINIUM SALTS BY FACILE ANION EXCHANGE AND THEIR SOLUBILITY". Nano 04, nr 05 (październik 2009): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292009001745.
Pełny tekst źródłaSalice, Patrizio, Elisabetta Ronchi, Antonio Iacchetti, Maddalena Binda, Dario Natali, Widianta Gomulya, Marianna Manca i in. "A fulleropyrrolidine–squaraine blue dyad: synthesis and application as an organic light detector". J. Mater. Chem. C 2, nr 8 (2014): 1396–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3tc32205j.
Pełny tekst źródłaChang, Junwei, Ying-Chiao Wang, Changjian Song, Liping Zhu, Qiang Guo i Junfeng Fang. "Carboxylic ester-terminated fulleropyrrolidine as an efficient electron transport material for inverted perovskite solar cells". Journal of Materials Chemistry C 6, nr 26 (2018): 6982–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc01955j.
Pełny tekst źródłaBichan, N. G., E. N. Ovchenkova, N. O. Kudryakova, A. A. Ksenofontov, M. S. Gruzdev i T. N. Lomova. "Self-assembled cobalt(ii)porphyrin–fulleropyrrolidine triads via axial coordination with photoinduced electron transfer". New Journal of Chemistry 42, nr 15 (2018): 12449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj00887f.
Pełny tekst źródłaRozprawy doktorskie na temat "Fulleropyrrolidine"
Clarke, David John, i d. clarke@irl cri nz. "The Synthesis and Characterisation of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Bound Chromophores". Flinders University. School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, 2008. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20080908.074728.
Pełny tekst źródłaAjamaa, Fettah. "Etudes conformationnelles de phényl-fulleropyrrolidines et préparation d'édifices supramoléculaires photoactifs incorporant du C60". Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30211.
Pełny tekst źródłaA complete series of (phenylpyrrolidino)fullerene derivatives has been prepared. A detailed conformational analysis of these compounds has been carried out by variable-temperature 1H NMR experiments and computational studies. In the case of (phenylpyrrolidino)fullerene derivatives without ortho substituents, dynamic phenomena arising from restricted rotation around the phenyl–pyrrolidine bond are observed. In contrast, as soon as one of the ortho positions of the phenyl ring is substituted, the rotational energy barrier is high enough to prevent observation under our experimental conditions of any dynamic exchange resulting. Whereas, in principle, two diastereoisomeric conformers can exist for the ortho-substituted (phenylpyrrolidino) fullerenes, only the atropisomers in which the unsubstituted ortho position is located atop the fullerene sphere are obtained. We conclude that the reaction of the ortho-substituted benzaldehyde derivatives with C60 is diastereoselective. A fullerene derivative bearing two pyridine subunits has been designed to allow assembly with a bis-Zn(II)-phorphyrin receptor with two equivalent Zn binding sites. The substrate can be clicked on the ditopic receptor, thus leading to a stable non-covalent macrocyclic 1:1 complex. In conclusion, this work paves the way for the construction of new stable noncovalent supramolecular arrays combining porphyrin and fullerene units. Upon a suitable choice of the molecular components, new supramolecular architectures displaying interesting photoinduced intercomponent processes can be envisaged
Ho, Chia-Shin, i 何家欣. "Synthesis and anti-inflammation evaluation of new water soluble fulleropyrrolidine bearing thalidomide". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/e5bfpb.
Pełny tekst źródła國立臺北科技大學
化學工程研究所
96
Research studies in the field of C60 fullerene derivatives have significantly increased due to the broad range of biological activities that were found for these compounds. We designed and prepared a new C60 fullerene hybrid bearing thalidomide as a potential double-action anti-inflammatory agent, capable of simultaneous inhibition of LPS-induced NO and TNF-alpha production. The C60 fulleropyrrolidine-thalidomide dyad, CLT, was an effective agent to suppress the release of NO and TNF-alpha by the LPS-stimulated macrophages RAW 264.7. Ten microM of CLT effectively inhibited LPS-induced NO and TNF-alpha production by 46.5 + 4.2 % and 70.2 + 4 % with respected to the control, respectively. Furthermore, preliminary biochemical investigation revealed that CLT was a potent agent to suppress both LPS-induced intracellular ROS production and iNOS expression, and CLT also inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK which is an important protein kinase involved in the activation of TNF-alpha synthesis in LPS-activated macrophages. We believed that the studies herein would hold promise for future development of a new generation of potent anti-inflammatory agents.
Liu, Che-Liang, i 劉哲良. "Effect of the Molecular Structure of Fulleropyrrolidine on the Photovoltaic Behavior of Poly(3-hexylthiophene)-based Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69226718557748040922.
Pełny tekst źródła國立臺灣大學
高分子科學與工程學研究所
99
This thesis consists of two parts concerning the use of new C60 derivatives as electron acceptor of polymer solar cells. In the first part, the effect of the alkyl moieties, including ethyl, isopropyl, and tert-butyl groups, of N-methyl-2-(4- alkylbenzenyl)-3,4-fulleropyrrolidine on the performance of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)-based solar devices was investigated. XRD experiments showed that as the number of branch of alkyl group increased that raised its electron donating ability, the crystallinity of these molecules increased, thus resulting in the drop of solubility. Moreover, the ordered structure of fulleropyrrolidine lengthened the inter distance of fullerene balls that visibly reduced the electron mobility. In the thin film, however, the crystalline structure boosted the LUMO energy level of C60 derivatives and enhanced open circuit voltage. On the other hand, the TEM images demonstrated the presence of alkyl groups greatly improved the compatibility of C60 derivatives and P3HT, increasing the interfacial area of bulk heterojunction and the power conversion efficiency of devices. As a tert-butyl group was employed, the blend of P3HT and fulleropyrrolidine formed a morphology of nano-scaled bi-continuous interpenetrating network and the device based on this blending film exhibited an open circuit voltage of 670 mV and an power conversion efficiency of 3.47%. In the second part, to overcome the low absorptivity of PCBM in visible region, a 2,2'':5'',2"-terthiophene (TT) substituted fullerene, abbreviated as TTC60, was utilized as acceptor to blend with P3HT to fabricate polymer solar cells. Photoluminence (PL) measurements indicated the photo-excited electrons generated in terthiophene units can be efficiently transferred to the neighbor C60 cage to produce free electron/hole pairs. The cells of P3HT/TTC60 processed from a solvent mixture of TCB and o-DCB at a volume ratio of 1:10 gave the best power conversion efficiency of 2.14%. Therefore, similar to the UV-vis absorption spectrum, the P3HT/TTC60 device exhibited higher IPCE than P3HT/PCBM device in the wavelength region of 350 to 400 nm.
Wei, Yi Hsieh, i 謝韋毅. "Theoretical Studies on the Electronic Structures and Photophysical Properties of the N-methyle-3, 4-fulleropyrrolidine Derivatives for the Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cell Material". Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08206937681385794972.
Pełny tekst źródła淡江大學
化學學系碩士班
98
In this study, NMFP has been modified by different linkers and electron-donating groups to design a series of electron acceptor for BHJ (Bulk Heterojunction) solar cell fabrication. The optoelectronic properties of these designed electron acceptor, like band gap and UV-Vis spectra et al, have been characterized according to theoretically calculation. The effects from linkers and electron-donating groups to electron acceptor have been studied to design the electron acceptor of high LUMO (Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital) or low band gap for enhancement of the efficiency of BHJ solar cell. The results have demonstrated the linker with higher chain length has higher HOMO and the lower LUMO. Thus the Eg energy level has been also decreased. Due to the decreasing of Eg energy level, the major molecular orbital contribution of S0 to S1 was concentrated on the HOMO to LUMO transition. Compare to the compounds without linker modification, red shift and broadening of absorbance have been observed in the spectra of those electron acceptor modified by the designed linkers. NMFP-L1 and NMFP-L3 are expected that they are suitable for developing so they were picked to be analyzed more. After combining with electron donors, the largest absorbed wavelengths of NMFP-L1 and NMFP-L3 had red shifts. Among these eight compounds, the surface of N-L3-D1 was the most planar, N-L3-D2 had the highest LUMO, N-L1-D4 had the lowest Eg, and N-L1-D2 was fine generally.
Wang, Yong-Siang, i 王詠翔. "Synthesis, Physical and Optoelectronic Behaviors of Ethylphenyl Fulleropyrrolidines". Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/389588.
Pełny tekst źródła國立臺北科技大學
有機高分子研究所
101
Fullerenes have been widely utilized as the electron acceptor material in polymer solar cells because they possess good electron affinity ability and high electron mobility. To resolve the poor solubility problem of our previously synthesized fullerene derivatives NMPC, in this study, we further design a new series of fulleropyrrolidine derivatives, including NMPEC, NPPEC, NiPPPEC, NHPEC, NEHPEC, NiPTPEC, and NCHPEC, with excellent solubility in common organic solvent. The molecular structure of these fullerene derivatives was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MALDI-TOF MS and elemental analysis (EA). UV-Vis was employed to determine their optical band gap and solubility. CV was applied to resolve the LUMO of C60 derivatives. However, as this series of fullerene derivatives was used as electron acceptor to fabricate conventional poly(3-hexylthiophene-based bulk-heterojunction solar cells, abnormal S-shaped current-voltage (I-V) curves were observed due to the formation of fullerene-rich layer between hole transport and photoactive blend. Consequently, the inverted cell structure gives nice I-V curves for all fulleropyrrolidines synthesized herein with a power conversion efficiency of ~3%, demonstrating they can be utilized as effective acceptor material in inverted polymer solar cells.
Lin, Yu-Syuan, i 林育玄. "The Photovoltaic Behavior of Polymer Solar Cells Based on Conjugated Polymer/Fulleropyrrolidines". Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52963557337359446048.
Pełny tekst źródła國立臺灣大學
高分子科學與工程學研究所
101
In the bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells, it usually takes conjugating polymer as electron donor and fullerene derivatives as electron acceptor in the active layer, especially in P3HT-PCBM system of intensive study but optimization of their properties are still in need for better efficiency. This thesis includes two aspects for searching for the appropriate electron donor and acceptor in the bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells. In the first aspect, a series of new two-dimensional polythiophene derivatives with terthiophene as pendant group in which bithiophene (BT) and fused thiophene families, thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (TT) and dithieno[3,2-b:2’,3’-a]thiophene (DTT), were employed as comonomer to reduce the steric hindrance of bulky side-chain and increase the extent of coplanarity of polymer main chain, yielding P(2EHT-BT), P(2EHT-TT), and P(2EHT-DTT), respectively, were applied as electron donor blending with PCBM as electron acceptor to fabricate polymer solar cells. The photoactive blends were characterized by UV-vis, SCLC carrier mobility, TEM measurements. These polymers possess not only a broad light-harvesting range with two absorption bands but also a low-lying HOMO energy level, resulting in high open-circuit-voltage photovoltaic cells. Therefore, the P(2EHT-BT) device exhibits a promising power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.62%. However, the use of fused thiophene as backbone spacer significantly lowers the solubility of polymer that in turn decreases the short-circuit current and the PCE. In the second part, a series of N-substituted fulleropyrrolidines were employed as electron acceptor blending with P3HT as electron donor to fabricate polymer solar cells. It was found that the type of substituent significantly influences the photovoltaic behavior of the solar devices. As the substituent is an alkyl group, such as N-methyl, N-isopentyl, N-hexyl, abnormal S-shape current-voltage (I-V) curves are resulted. Conversely, the cell based on N-phenyl fulleropyrrolidine exhibits a normal I-V behavior. The analysis of the polymer/fullerene photoactive blend by TEM, XRD, UV-vis, and PL shows no obvious difference between the P3HT/N-alkyl fulleropyrrolidine and P3HT/N-phenyl fulleropyrrolidine films. In the result of SIMS, it can be ascribed that the N-alkyl fulleropyrrolidine forms an interlayer at the bottom of the photoactive film in the course of spin-dying, blocking the transport of holes to the anode and thus inducing S-shape I-V curves. Moreover, the results from UV-vis absorption experiment and molecular simulation of fulleropyrrolidine derivatives suggest the N-substituent may induce changes on the electron density of C60 core that reinforces or deteriorates the interaction between the fullerene and the thiophene units of P3HT. A weak association of fullerene on P3HT leads to the settle of the fulleropyrrolidine acceptor down to the bottom forming a fullerene-rich layer because of its relative high surface energy compared with that of P3HT. To verify this speculation, the para position of N-phenyl substituent in fulleropyrrolidine was functionalized with an electron-donating group, methoxyl, or an electron-withdrawing group, carbonyl, to manipulate the electron density on fullerene cage. As expected, the cell using N-methoxylphenyl fulleropyrrolidine as acceptor has an S-shape I-V curve but the one based on N-carbonylphenyl fulleropyrrolidine group behaves a normal photovoltaic performance. Interestingly, as an inverted cell structure is adopted to reverse the transport routes of carriers inside the photoactive blend, the problem of S-shape kink associated with all N-alkyl fulleropyrrolidine are totally solved, suggesting these new fullerene acceptor can be applied as effective acceptor to develop high-efficiency polymer solar cells.
Liao, Jian-Sheng, i 廖健勝. "Synthesis and Anti-inflammation evaluation of new water soluble fulleropyrrolidines bearing biologically active xanthine". Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5fbus8.
Pełny tekst źródła國立臺北科技大學
生物科技研究所
95
Research in the filed of water soluble C60 fullerene derivatives has significantly increase due to a broad range of biological activity that was found for these compounds. The biological applications have included studies on the inhibition of HIV-protease, photodynamic therapy, neuroprotection, and site-selective DNA cleavage.We are interested in prepare a new classed of water soluble fullerene hybrids bearing a xanthine analogues as new anti-inflammation agents and evaluate their effects on the concentration of NO and TNF-α produced by the activated macrophages. The water soluble fulleropyrrolidines bearing biologically active xanthine were prepared via 1-3 dipolar cycloaddition. Their maximum solubility in 1% DMSO aqueous media were in rang of ~10μM.Our preliminary biological evaluation using cell linage to simulate the type of macrophages during inflammation had identified that 10μM of fulleropyrrolidines was effective to reduce the concentration of NO and TNF-α.We believe that the present study describe a new approach toward designing agents which possess the ability to reduce the concentration of both NO and TNF-α during inflammation, and we believed that this new approach holds promise for providing the development of new generation of the potent anti-inflammation agent.
Chang, Yi-Min, i 張義民. "The Photovoltaic Behavior of Polymer Solar Cells Using Fulleropyrrolidines with Conjugated and AlkoxySubstituent as Electron Acceptor". Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79459685960941995314.
Pełny tekst źródła國立臺灣大學
高分子科學與工程學研究所
100
This thesis mainly studies the photovoltaic behaviors of polymer solar cells in which new C60 derivatives that bear various functional groups were applied as electron acceptors. It essentially consists of two parts. Firstly, to overcome the drawback of low light˗absorptivity of C60 in the visible region, four different conjugated groups were chemically bounded onto the N-methyl fulleropyrrolidine as a substituent. These molecules display distinct absorption bands and have a much higher molar absortivity than that of PCBM in the visible range. The photoluminescence (PL)experiments indicate a smooth transfer of photoexcited electrons from the conjugated substituent to the C60 cage, thereby creating free electron/hole pairs. Solar devices fabricated from the blends of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and these fullerene derivatives exhibit the best power conversion efficiency of 2.54%. More importantly, the comparison of the IPCE spectra of the P3HT/PCBM and P3HT/2,5-bis(4-hexylthiophen-2-yl)thiophenefulleropyrrolidine (BTTC) devices reveals the IPCE of the latter cell is higher than that of the former cell by about 7% in the wavelength range of 350~400 nm, which corresponds to the absorption band of terthiophene. This finding clearly verifies the excitons generated in the conjugated substituent can make contribution to the photocurrent. In addition, the thermal stability of the cells based on the blend of P3HT and these four C60 derivatives was examined by aging the film of photoavtive blend at 110 °C for various intervals before the evaporation of the metal cathode. Both OM and TEM images of the thermally aged blend films show the amorphous nature of BTTC,BTBTC and BTBSeC effectively suppresses the thermal-driven aggregation of C60 adducts during aging process, leading to a extremely stable blend morphology. Consequently, these devices almost retain their initial PCE even after storing at 110 °C for 300 minutes. In the second part, the influence of introducing an electron-donating, alkoxy, group into the C60 derivative and the anchoring position of such substituent on the photovoltaics of polymer solar cells, was investigated. As expected, the LUMO of these alkoxy-bearing fulleropyrrolidines is higher than that of PCBM by 30~50 mV. Although the binding position of the alkoxy moiety on N-methyl-2-phenyl fulleropyrrolidine has no obvious effect on the optical properties of the molecule, the para-substituted compound (4EHOBC) has a good solubility, which is about twice higher than that of the ortho-substituted compound (2EHOBC). This difference subsequently affects the carrier mobilities and the film morphology of their blends with P3HT. As a result, the P3HT/4EHOBC and P3HT/2EHOBC devices exhibit an optimal power conversion efficiency of 3.37% and 3.01%, respectively.
Lu, Jian-De, i 呂建德. "Synthesis of Fulleropyrrolidines and the Effect of the Molecular Structure on Their Physical and Optoelectronic Behaviors". Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/p974va.
Pełny tekst źródła國立臺北科技大學
有機高分子研究所
100
The main purpose of this study is to develop good electron acceptor materials for organic solar cells. Since fullerene derivatives are electron deficient molecules, they have been widely utilized as an efficient acceptor in fabricating polymer phtovoltaics. Herein, a series of phenyl-bearing fulleropyrrolidine derivatives, including NMPC, NMEPC、NMiPPC, NMtBPC, NMMPC, NMEHPC, NMPEC, NHtBPC and NEHtBPC, were synthesized by the Prato reaction, and their molecular structure was characterized using 1H NMR,13C NMR, MALDI-MS and elemental analysis (EA). The solubility of these compounds was determined from the absorbance of a saturated corresponding solution at 310 nm. The XRD diffraction of a single crystal of NMtBPC, which was crystallized from a solvent mixture of ortho-dichlorobenzene/chloroform/hexane, clearly reveals the molecular spatial arrangement and crystal structure are fully consistent with the spectroscopic data. The estimation of the optical band gaps (Egopt) of these derivatives from their onset absorption wavelength in the UV-Vis spectra shows that they possess a comparable energy gap. Moreover, the cyclic volyammetry measurements reveal the LUMO of these molecules are almost the same, indicating the substituents have minor effect on the energy levels of the fulleropyrrolidine derivatives. However, the LUMO of these new compounds is 0.03 V higher than that of PCBM, benefitting the development of high open-circuit voltage polymer solar cells.
Części książek na temat "Fulleropyrrolidine"
Maggini, Michele, i Enzo Menna. "Addition of Azomethine Ylides: Fulleropyrrolidines". W Fullerenes: From Synthesis to Optoelectronic Properties, 1–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9902-3_1.
Pełny tekst źródła"Fulleropyrrolidines". W Handbook of Less-Common Nanostructures, 623–70. CRC Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b11801-23.
Pełny tekst źródła"Photo- and Electroactive Fulleropyrrolidines". W Organic, Physical, and Materials Photochemistry, 163–210. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482270440-11.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Fulleropyrrolidine"
Kim, Mi-Ra, Won Suk Shin, Sung-Ho Jin, Kastuhiko Fujida, Testuo Tsutsui i Jin-Kook Lee. "Preparations and Photovoltaic Properties of Thin Films Using Soluble Fulleropyrrolidine Derivatives for Organic Solar Cells". W ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2006-99064.
Pełny tekst źródłaZeng, He-Ping. "Synthesis and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Fulleropyrrolidine Derivatives". W Organic Photonics and Electronics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ope.2006.optud6.
Pełny tekst źródłaLoi, M. A. "Fulleropyrrolidine-phthalocyanine: A New Molecule for Solar Energy Conversion". W STRUCTURAL AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF MOLECULAR NANOSTRUCTURES: XVI International Winterschool on Electronic Properties of Novel Materials. AIP, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1514168.
Pełny tekst źródłaClarke, David, Stephen Clarke, Janis Matisons, George Simon, Anna Samoc i Marek Samoc. "POSS fulleropyrrolidines". W 2008 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICONN). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iconn.2008.4639234.
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