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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Full-flow penetrometer”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 19 lutego 2022

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1

Boylan, N., M. Long, and F. A. J. M. Mathijssen. "In situ strength characterisation of peat and organic soil using full-flow penetrometers." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 48, no. 7 (July 2011): 1085–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t11-023.

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Full-flow penetrometers have been shown to overcome problems experienced with the cone penetrometer when measuring resistance in very soft peat and organic soil, and give a much more uniform measure of resistance than the cone in fibrous peat. However, at present there is no guidance on the interpretation of strength parameters in these soils using the T-bar and ball. This paper examines the results of tests using these devices at two research sites in the Netherlands in conjunction with high-quality Sherbrooke sampling for laboratory testing. In fibrous peat, the T-bar and ball provided a more uniform measure of resistance with a lower degree of scatter than the cone. The in situ testing results have been compared with the laboratory tests to assess the range of resistance factors relating penetration resistance to the undrained shear strength (su) and have been shown to occupy a lower range of values than the cone penetrometer. However, penetration tests in these soils are likely to be influenced by partial drainage effects and this should be considered during testing and the subsequent interpretation of results. Recommendations are made for the use of full-flow penetrometers to obtain strength parameters in these soils.

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2

Suits, L. D., T. C. Sheahan, Jason DeJong, Nicholas Yafrate, Don DeGroot, Han Eng Low, and Mark Randolph. "Recommended Practice for Full-Flow Penetrometer Testing and Analysis." Geotechnical Testing Journal 33, no. 2 (2010): 102468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/gtj102468.

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3

Low, Han Eng, and Mark F. Randolph. "Strength Measurement for Near-Seabed Surface Soft Soil Using Manually Operated Miniature Full-Flow Penetrometer." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 136, no. 11 (November 2010): 1565–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000379.

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4

Guo, Xingsen, Tingkai Nian, and Zhongde Gu. "A fluid mechanics approach to evaluating marine soft clay strength by a ball full-flow penetrometer." Applied Ocean Research 116 (November 2021): 102865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2021.102865.

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5

White, D. J., C. Gaudin, N. Boylan, and H. Zhou. "Interpretation of T-bar penetrometer tests at shallow embedment and in very soft soils." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 47, no. 2 (February 2010): 218–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t09-096.

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The cylindrical T-bar penetrometer was developed for profiling the undrained strength of soft soils in the centrifuge and is now a widely-used offshore site investigation tool. The conventional interpretation of the T-bar test is to convert the measured penetration resistance to soil strength using a single bearing factor associated with steady flow of soil around the bar. This paper describes a new analysis for the interpretation of T-bar penetrometer tests at shallow embedment and in soft soils, which is an increasingly significant consideration in the design of seabed infrastructure, including pipelines. The analysis captures two mechanisms that are usually neglected: (i) soil buoyancy and (ii) the reduced bearing factor arising from the shallow failure mechanism mobilized prior to the full flow of soil around the bar. The framework derives from theoretical considerations and is calibrated using large deformation finite element analyses. The depth at which the steady deep penetration condition is reached is shown to depend on the normalized soil strength, su/γ′D, and may be up to several diameters deep. The effect of this new procedure on the inferred soil strength compared with the conventional approach is illustrated through T-bar tests in three different centrifuge samples, spanning a range of strength ratios.

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6

Ghose, Ranajit. "A microelectromechanical system digital 3C array seismic cone penetrometer." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): WA99—WA107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0266.1.

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A digital 3C array seismic cone penetrometer has been developed for multidisciplinary geophysical and geotechnical applications. Seven digital triaxial microelectromechanical system accelerometers are installed at 0.25-m intervals to make a 1.5-m-long downhole seismic array. The accelerometers have a flat response up to 2 kHz. The seismic array is attached to a class 1 digital seismic cone, which measures cone tip resistance, sleeve friction, pore-pressure, and inclination. The downhole 3C array can be used together with impulsive seismic sources and/or high-frequency vibrators that are suitable for high-resolution shallow applications. Results from two field experiments showed that a good data quality, including a constant source function within an array, and a dense depth-sampling allowed robust estimation of seismic velocity profiles in the shallow subsoil. Using horizontal and vertical seismic sources, downhole 9C seismic array data can be easily acquired. The quality of the shear-wave data is much superior when the surface seismic source is a controlled, high-frequency vibrator in stead of a traditional sledge hammer. A remarkable correlation in depth, in a fine scale, between low-strain seismic shear wave velocity and high-strain cone tip resistance could be observed. The array measurements of the full-elastic wavefield and the broad spectral bandwidth are useful in investigating frequency-dependent seismic wave propagation in the porous near-surface soil layers, which is informative of the in situ fluid-flow properties. Stable estimates of dispersive seismic velocity and attenuation can be obtained.

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7

Tho, Kee Kiat, Chun Fai Leung, Yean Khow Chow, and Andrew Clennel Palmer. "Deep cavity flow mechanism of pipe penetration in clay." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 49, no. 1 (January 2012): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t11-088.

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The evolution of penetration resistance as a function of penetration depth of a pipe into a cohesive seabed is of practical importance, particularly in the areas of pipeline on-bottom stability assessment and T-bar penetrometer data interpretation. In the past, this subject was addressed primarily in a discontinuous manner by separating the penetration response into two broad regimes of shallow and deep penetrations followed by deriving plasticity solutions assuming a simplified “wished-in-place” configuration. In this manner, the effects of evolving seabed topology and the progressive transition from a shallow failure mechanism to a deep failure mechanism are neglected. This paper aims to provide greater insights into the transition zone, which is especially important for the interpretation of T-bar test data at shallow depths. In this study, the penetration response of a smooth pipe over a wide range of normalized clay strengths is numerically simulated. A deep cavity flow mechanism where the bearing capacity factor is 12% less than the conventional full-flow mechanism is identified and found to be operative up to a depth of 10 pipe diameters under a certain combination of material properties. An analysis method is proposed to predict the load–penetration response for a given set of clay strengths and pipe diameters.

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8

DeJong, Jason T., Nicholas J. Yafrate, and Don J. DeGroot. "Evaluation of Undrained Shear Strength Using Full-Flow Penetrometers." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 137, no. 1 (January 2011): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000393.

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9

ZHOU, H., and M. F. RANDOLPH. "Numerical investigations into cycling of full-flow penetrometers in soft clay." Géotechnique 59, no. 10 (December 2009): 801–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.7.00200.

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10

Wang, Yue, Yuxia Hu, and Muhammad Shazzad Hossain. "Soil flow mechanisms of full-flow penetrometers in layered clays through particle image velocimetry analysis in centrifuge test." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 57, no. 11 (November 2020): 1719–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0094.

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This paper reports the soil flow mechanisms observed in centrifuge tests around full-flow (T-bar and ball) penetrometers in layered clays. The layered clay samples consisted of soft–stiff, stiff–soft, soft–stiff–soft, and stiff–soft–stiff soil profiles. Particle image velocimetry (PIV), also known as digital image correlation (DIC), allowed accurate resolution of the flow mechanism around the faces of the T-bar and half-ball penetrated adjacent to a transparent window. For the T-bar, overall, a full symmetrical rotational flow around the T-bar dominated the behavior. A novel “trapped cavity mechanism” was revealed in stiff clay layers, with the evolution of the trapped cavity being tracked. No soil plug was trapped at the base of the advancing T-bar regardless of penetration from stiff to soft layer or the reverse. For the ball, two key features of the soil flow mechanism were identified, including (i) a combination of vertical flow, cavity expansion type flow, and rotational flow for a fully embedded ball and (ii) a stiff soil plug trapped at the base of the ball advancing in a stiff–soft clay deposit. For both penetrometers, a squeezing mechanism mobilized as they approached a soft–stiff layer interface.

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11

Zhou, H., and M. F. Randolph. "Resistance of full-flow penetrometers in rate-dependent and strain-softening clay." Géotechnique 59, no. 2 (March 2009): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.2007.00164.

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12

Klar, Assaf, Shmulik Pinkert, and Jason T. DeJong. "Evaluation of a logarithmic-law strength rate parameter using full-flow penetrometers." Geotechnical Research 1, no. 2 (June 2014): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/gr.14.00002.

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13

Liu, Jun, Xuejian Chen, Congcong Han, and Xu Wang. "Estimation of intact undrained shear strength of clay using full-flow penetrometers." Computers and Geotechnics 115 (November 2019): 103161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103161.

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14

Zhang, H., S. F. Yang, and L. Wang. "Investigation of Penetration Process of Three Full-flow Penetrometers in Marine Soft Clay." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 849, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/849/1/012009.

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15

Osman, Ashraf S., and Mark F. Randolph. "On the calculation of cumulative strain around full-flow penetrometers in steady-state conditions." International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 39, no. 4 (July 15, 2014): 368–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.2312.

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16

Yafrate, Nicholas, Jason DeJong, Don DeGroot, and Mark Randolph. "Evaluation of Remolded Shear Strength and Sensitivity of Soft Clay Using Full-Flow Penetrometers." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 135, no. 9 (September 2009): 1179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000037.

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17

Pinkert, Shmulik, and Assaf Klar. "Discussion of “Evaluation of Undrained Shear Strength Using Full-Flow Penetrometers” by Jason T. DeJong, Nicholas J. Yafrate, and Don J. DeGroot." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 138, no. 6 (June 2012): 763–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000569.

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18

DeJong, Jason, Don DeGroot, and Nicholas Yafrate. "Closure to “Evaluation of Undrained Shear Strength Using Full-Flow Penetrometers” by Jason T. DeJong, Nicholas J. Yafrate, and Don J. DeGroot." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 138, no. 6 (June 2012): 765–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000674.

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19

Danziger, Fernando Artur Brasil, Graziella Maria Faquim Jannuzzi, and Ian Schumann Marques Martins. "Discussion of “Evaluation of Remolded Shear Strength and Sensitivity of Soft Clay Using Full-Flow Penetrometers” by Nicholas Yafrate, Jason DeJong, Don DeGroot, and Mark Randolph." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 137, no. 4 (April 2011): 436–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000362.

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20

DeJong, Jason, Mark Randolph, Don DeGroot, and Nicholas Yafrate. "Closure to “Evaluation of Remolded Shear Strength and Sensitivity of Soft Clay Using Full-Flow Penetrometers” by Nicholas Yafrate, Jason DeJong, Don DeGroot, and Mark Randolph." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 137, no. 4 (April 2011): 440–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000467.

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21

Amuda, Akeem Gbenga, Alsidqi Hasan, Fauzan Sahdi, and Siti Noor Linda Taib. "A laboratory miniature full-flow penetrometer system for peat." International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, August 30, 2019, 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jphmg.18.00067.

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