Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Fular language”

Given the current situation that the research on the linguistic landscape in the tourism field is relatively insufficient, we try to carry out an investigation on the construction of linguistic landscape in the Fulai Mountain tourist area of Shandong Province, China, from the perspective of the tourism language landscape in domestic tourist areas. This study found that the language signs in the tourist area are mainly monolingual, supplemented by bilingual and trilingual signs. There are three languages in the Fulai Mountain tourist area: Chinese, English and Korean, among which Chinese is the preferred code, while English and Korean are marginalized in the linguistic landscape. The administrative department of the Fulai Mountain tourist area plays a decisive role in the construction of the linguistic landscape. We also find some problems with the linguistic landscape in the Fulai Mountain tourist area, such as insufficient construction of a diversified linguistic landscape, non-standard translation of language, and lack of design ideas and regional characteristics of the language signs. In the future, tourist area management departments should attach importance to the value of linguistic landscape construction, fully consider tourists' multi-language needs, improve linguistic landscape design, and regularly carry out linguistic landscape surveys.

The paper presents the analysis of Fula numeral system. Fula is an Atlantic language, dispersed throughout a vast territory in Sub-Saharan Africa. It has over 20 differently-sized lects subdivided into three zones - Western, Central and Eastern. The research included collecting the language data on six major lects, two from each zone. Then this data was analyzed from the point of view of internal and external syntax of ordinal, cardinal, distributive and fraction numerals. The comparative analysis of Fula numeral system on inter-lect scale has never been reflected in earlier Fula studies. Apart from a unique collection of numeral data from all language zones of Fula, the paper presents comparative analysis of such data, including, but not limited to, phonetic and contact-induced variabilities. The sources of structural and lexical loans in the system are listed wherever possible, because the disperse nature of Fula lects means that the contact languages and the ensuing changes can be different for each lect. Special attention is paid to the numeral bases, which can be somatic, commercial of a combination of the two. The Fula numeral system has never been analyzed from this point of view, and the contact changes to it are of great linguistic interest. Also cardinal numerals in Fula can change their form depending on the personality parameter of head noun. This system is unique for Fula and, more specifically, to its numeral system, and is properly described for the first time. Some parts of the Fula numeral system, like distributive and fraction numerals for some lects, have been found underrepresented and poorly described, which leaves room for further research, both field one and typological.

This paper investigates the impacts of standardisation and vehicularizationon linguistic diversity. We demonstrate in the light of Tɔŋúgbe in south-eastern Ghana and vehicular Fula in Northern Cameroon that natural languages are social objects in motion, which can be institutionally and/ or socially subjected to promotion or demotion. In the first part, we show that Tɔŋúgbe, one of the dialects of the Ewe language, brings to the fore data that is not captured by standard Ewe even though such data is critical to the understanding and study of not just the Ewe language, but also, the whole Gbelanguage cluster. We concentrate on the definite article in the dialect and demonstrate that, contrary to what pertains in standard Ewe, NP determination with the definite article in Tɔŋúgbe is an intersection between syntax and phonology. In the second part we argue that vehicularizationas in the case of Fula Adamawa, appears to be a double-egged sword which on one hand promotes a language or a variety among others and, on the other hand, causes the demotion of minority languages or varieties.

During the 17th and 18th centuries the Frisians and the Dutch were dominant in the whaling fisheries of the Davis Strait. They also traded with the Inuit and contributed to the Greenlandic pidgin that both parties used as a trade language. Despite intensive interethnic contacts, there are no traces of the Frisian or Dutch languages in modern Greenlandic, with the exception of the word malamuk ‘fulmar.’ In addition, similar forms are also attested in various Germanic languages. Although the exact etymological origin of this word and the precise route by which it ended up in Greenlandic have not been resolved completely, it is beyond doubt that Frisian and Dutch whaling crews were its point of entry.

Arthur Fula's debut novel Jôhannie giet die beeld (Lit: Johannesburg moulds the graven image) was well received in the beginning of 1954 but has in recent years been largely forgotten. The novel was promoted as the first "by a Bantu in Afrikaans", a designation that differentiated him, a third language speaker, from the typical Afrikaans writer who was ordinarily a white, first language speaker. The novel registers, in the tradition of the ˜'Jim-comes-to Jo'burg novels', the migration of black characters to the urban areas with the persistent struggle between indigenous traditions and the presence of an unknown, even threatening Western modernity. In his second novel Met erbarming, O Here (With Compassion, Oh Lord, 1957) Fula made peace with the permanency of urban black Africans and their aspirations. This essay introduces the emergence of the autodidact Fula's authorship amidst a period of profound change and adaptation in South Africa during the 1950s, tracing his personal history, the circumstances of his writing and choice of language, and the reception of his debut novel.

“Many African languages have a long written tradition, e.g. Ge'ez, Kiswahili, Hausa, etc.” reads the summary of panel 21 of the AEGIS conference “African Manuscripts and Museum Collections in Europe”. The list could be extended to include other names familiar to a wider audience, e.g., Fula(ni) (Fulfulde), Manding (Mandenkan, Bambara, Dyula, Mandinka), Wolof, Asante (Akan), Songay. The Kanuri language however, needs some introduction. This is to a certain extent a historical paradox, because Kanuri was in fact the first African language to be extensively documented in the middle of the 19th century by Sigismund Koelle. In 1854 Koelle published two large volumes on Kanuri grammar and an anthology of oral narratives (1854a, 1854b). Remarkably, four tales from the Koelle's Kanuri anthology found their way into Volume 3 of the 3rd edition of the Grimm Brothers’ Children and Household Tales (1856).

AbstractParadis and LaCharité (1996, 1997) have proposed a model of loanword adaptation, couched within theTheory of Constraints and Repair Strategies(Paradis 1988a,b). One of the mechanisms used in their model, called the Threshold Principle, first advanced by Paradis, Lebel, and LaCharité (1993), poses problems. This principle, whose implementation implies arithmetic counting, goes counter to standard views of generative phonology against counting. In this article, an analysis of deletion contexts found in loanwords which accounts for the data observed on structural grounds only is developed without any appeal to arithmetic counting. Based on the adaptation of French rising diphthongs and nasal vowels in two languages, Fula and Kinyarwanda, it is argued that an analysis based solely on the segmental representations of the foreign forms to adapt and the segmental and syllabic constraints of the borrowing language is sufficient to make correct predictions regarding the adaptation patterns found in these languages.

Among 4,499 segmental malformations found in English loanwords in three large corpora of French, the laryngeal /h/ is the only segment that is never adapted, i.e. replaced by another segment. We suggest that the systematic deletion of /h/ in French follows from the fact that, phonologically, French, like Portuguese and Italian, does not employ the Pharyngeal node, the articulator that characterises gutturals. This prevents English /h/ from being handled phonologically (deleted or substituted) in those languages. The non-availability of the Pharyngeal node also explains systematic deletion of the pharyngeal and laryngeal gutturals in Arabic loanwords in French. In contrast, English /h/ is adapted by languages employing the Pharyngeal node phonologically, such as Spanish, Bulgarian, Catalan, Mandarin Chinese, Greek and Russian. Likewise, the availability of the Pharyngeal node in Fula and English allows the adaptation of Arabic pharyngeal and laryngeal gutturals in Fula, and non-glottal gutturals in English.

The Republic of The Gambia, on the west coast of Africa, is a narrow enclave into Senegal (which surrounds the nation on three sides), with a coastline on the Atlantic Ocean, enclosing the mouth of the River Gambia. The smallest country on mainland Africa, The Gambia covers 11 295 km2 and has a population of 1705 000. There are five major ethnic groups: Mandinka, Fula, Wolof, Jola and Sarahuleh. Muslims represent 95% of the population. English is the official language but a miscellany of minor languages are also spoken (Serere, Aku, Mandjago, etc.). The Gambia has a history steeped in trade, with records of Arab traders dating back to the ninth century, its river serving as an artery into the continent, reaching as far as Mauritania. Indeed, as many as 3 million slaves were sold from the region during the trans-Atlantic slave trade. The Gambia gained independence from the UK in 1965 and joined the Commonwealth of Nations.

Abstract African ʿAjamī literatures hold a wealth of knowledge on the history and intellectual traditions of the region but are largely unknown to the larger public. Our special issue seeks to enhance a broader understanding of this important part of the Islamic world, exploring the ʿAjamī literatures and literacies of four main language groups of Muslim West Africa: Hausa, Mandinka, Fula, and Wolof. Through increasing access to primary sources in ʿAjamī and utilizing an innovative multimedia approach, our research contributes to an interpretive and comparative analysis of African ʿAjamī literacy, with its multiple purposes, forms, and custodians. Our Editorial Introduction to the special issue discusses the building blocks and historical development of ʿAjamī cultures in West Africa, outlines the longitudinal collaborative research initiatives that our special issue draws upon, and explores the challenges and opportunities for participatory knowledge-making that accompany the rise of digital technologies in the study of African literatures and literacies.

This study presents a description and analysis of stem-initial consonant mutation within the nominal system of Seereer-Siin, a West Atlantic language closely related to Fula. Two distinct mutation patterns are isolated. The first consists of a voiced stop--voiceless stop--prenasalized stop set of alternations, while the second is a Fula-like pattern consisting of continuant-stop-pre nasalized stop alternations. Consonant mutation is shown to be the result of the prefixation of a class marker that contains a floating autosegment which associates to an underspecified stem-initial consonant. Both mutation patterns occur in the same morphological environments, thereby presenting a potential problem for an auto segmental analysis: e.g., How can we account for the occurrence of continuants and voiced stops in the same environment? By positing different underlying forms for each of the mutation patterns we show how consonant mutation in Seereer is quite complex but also more regular than previously thought.

It is often claimed that the category of gender is rudimentarily developed or even absent from English. In order to assess such claims it is necessary to consider the nature of gender systems in a more general perspective. As a starting point for the characterization of gender systems Latin is chosen because it has a well-developed system of gender of a broadly similar nature to the one found in most Indo-European languages. On the basis of this discussion, three parameters for the variation of gender systems are established, which are subsequently applied to German, French, Dutch and English in order to show how the system in English differs from the ones in related languages. The similarity between the gender systems of these languages is emphasized by the descriptions of the entirely differently structured system of Fula in the appendix.

From an analysis of Fula, this article provides straightforward evidence that the hearer feature is binary. The analysis counts on Local Dislocation to handle mixed placement of subject agreement markers. A novel aspect of the analysis is that a natural class made possible by impoverishment defines the environment in which Local Dislocation applies. Impoverishment has mainly been used to capture syncretism in the past, but the present study shows that it has further potential, especially in the area of mixed placement of agreement markers. The impoverishment operation used is motivated by cooccurrence restrictions that arise in the interaction of person features with number features, falling squarely within the research agenda that tries to ground impoverishment in the logical properties of the feature system.

The paper discusses the morphological status and the function of Spanish nominal endings -o and -a (ciel+o ‘sky’ vs. caj+a ‘box’); it is shown that both endings, plus the endings -e and -Ø, are inflectional suffixes that mark, however, not the values of an inflectional category (like nominal number or verbal tense), but the values of a feature of the syntactics of the noun — the nominal gender. The ‘nominal gender’ is defined as a cluster concept based on eight properties; it is a particular case of ‘agreement class’ opposed to ‘noun class.’ Some particularities of Spanish nominal gender are examined: its interaction with diminutive suffixes, gender conversion, and its “non-prototypical” character (a parallel is drawn between Spanish nominal genders and noun classes in Fula).

Background. Prevalence of cigarette smoking among Latinos compared to whites is higher among men (30.9% versus 27.9%), but lower among women (16.3% versus 23.5%). More acculturated Latina women, however, smoke more. Compared to other smokers, Latinos report consuming about half the average number of cigarettes per day. Up to a quarter of Latino smokers of less than 10 cigarettes per day may be underreporting consumption. The association between smoking and depression has also been found in Latinos. Program Goals. The Programa Latino Para Dejar de Fumar (Programa) goals are: 1) to evaluate attitudinal, behavioral, and cultural differences between Latino and white smokers; 2) to integrate these findings into a comprehensive, culturally-appropriate smoking cessation intervention; and 3) to implement the intervention in a defined community in order to decrease cigarette smoking prevalence, increase behaviors that may lead smokers to quit, and promote a nonsmoking environment. Program Components. Heightened concern about health effects of smoking the importance of social smoking and the influence of the family on behavior are integrated in the Programa components: 1) the promotion of a full-color, Spanish-language, self-help, smoking cessation guide (Guia), distributed at no charge; 2) an anti-smoking Spanish-language, electronic media campaign; 3) community involvement; 4) quit smoking contests; 5) smoking cessation, individual, telephone consultations (consultas); and 6) collaboration with health care personnel. Results. Effectiveness of the Programa is being evaluated by annual, cross-sectional, random digit dialing telephone surveys compared to two baseline surveys. After 19 months of intervention, the proportion who had heard of the Programa increased from 18.5% to 44.0%, and over one third of less acculturated smokers had the Guia. Future directions will emphasize smoking prevention among youth, prevention of relapse among quitters, and depression prevention.

AbstractOf 3,570 segmental malformations found in three corpora of English loanwords in French, h is the only segment that is never substituted. While interdentals are systematically adapted, h is systematically deleted. We attribute this to the fact that French — like Italian and Portuguese, where h is also deleted — does not phonologically employ the Pharyngeal node, the primitive essential in the adaptation of gutturals. The primitive cannot be dealt with (substituted or deleted), thus blocking phonetic interpretation of h. We encode this formally in the Non-availability Principle. Spanish, Greek and Russian, which employ the Pharyngeal node, replace h with the velar fricative x, a native sound, just as Fula replaces Arabic pharyngeals that it lacks with native laryngeals. The Non-availability Principle predicts that gutturals, whose sole articulatory specification is Pharyngeal (as is the case of Arabic pharyngeals and laryngeals) will be deleted in a language like French. This is confirmed. The Pharyngeal node, like tones and lexical accent, constitutes an unavailable primitive in French.

The purpose of this article is to show the complex relationship of the Sheybanid rulers with the local Maverannahr Sufi brotherhoods - naqshbandiya, kubraviya and jahriya (yassaviya). The main materials for this study were information from Persian-language sources and Muslim hagiographic writings ( manakib ) of that period. The second generation of the Sheybanids, whose representatives came to power in the middle 30s of the 16th century, unlike their predecessors, sought to establish trusting relations with the leaders of the various Sufi brotherhoods of Maverannahr. After the death of the great Khan Kuchkunji Khan (died in 1534), Ubaidulla (died in 1540), whose residence was in Bukhara, became the new great khan of nomadic Uzbeks. He maintained close relations with such well-known leaders of the Sufi brotherhoods of that period as the leader of the naqshbandi brotherhood - Khoja Ahmad Kosoni (died in 1549), the leader of the kubraviya brotherhood - Sheikh Hussein Khorezmi (died in 1551), etc. In the other large political center of Maverannahr - Samarkand, after the death of Kuchkunji Khan, his sons Abu Said Khan and Fulad Sultan became co-rulers of the city. They established very close relations with prominent Sufi leaders. In the 50-60s of the 16th century, due to the political ambitions of a new generation of Sheybanids, the country plunged into political chaos and a state of instability. Almost all famous Sufi leaders of that period supported the claims of Sheibanid Abdullah Khan II (died 1598) on the Khan’s throne.

The fair-skinned people who inhabit the Sudan fringes of west Africa stretching from the Senegal valley to the shores of Lake Chad and who speak the language known as Fulfulde, are known by many names.1 They call themselves Fulbe (singular, Pullo). They are called Fulani by the Hausa of southern Nigeria, and this name has been used for them throughout Nigeria. The British call them Ful, Fulani, or Fula, while the French refer to them as Peul, Peulh, or Poulah. In Senegal the French also inadvertently call them Toucouleur or Tukulor. The Kanuri of northern Nigeria call them Fulata or Felata. In this paper we will adopt the Hausa (or Nigerian) name for the people—Fulani.Accurate censuses are not available on the Fulani in west Africa. A mid-twentieth century estimate puts the total number of Fulani at “over 4 million,” more than half of whom are said to inhabit Nigeria. Another estimate towards the end of 1989 puts the total number of Nigeria's Fulani (nomads only) at over ten million. If both estimates were correct, then the Fulani population in Nigeria alone must have grown 500 per cent in forty years. The dominant factor in this population growth is increased immigration of pastoralists into Nigeria in the wake of the 1968-73 Sahelian drought.

Mobile phones are increasingly used in community health programmes, but the use of video job-aids that can be displayed on smart phones has not been widely exploited. We investigated the use of video job-aids to support the delivery of seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) in countries in West and Central Africa. The study was prompted by the need for training tools that could be used in a socially distanced manner during the COVID-19 pandemic. Animated videos were developed in English, French, Portuguese, Fula and Hausa, illustrating key steps for administering SMC safely, including wearing masks, washing hands, and social distancing. Through a consultative process with the national malaria programmes of countries using SMC, successive versions of the script and videos were reviewed to ensure accurate and relevant content. Online workshops were held with programme managers to plan how to use the videos in SMC staff training and supervision, and the use of the videos was evaluated in Guinea through focus groups and in-depth interviews with drug distributors and other staff involved in SMC delivery and through direct observations of SMC administration. Programme managers found the videos useful as they reinforce messages, can be viewed at any time and repeatedly, and when used during training sessions, provide a focus of discussion and support for trainers and help retain messages. Managers requested that local specificities of SMC delivery in their setting be included in tailored versions of the video for their country, and videos were required to be narrated in a variety of local languages. In Guinea, SMC drug distributors found the video covered the all the essential steps and found the video easy to understand. However, not all key messages were followed as some of the safety measures, social distancing and wearing masks, were perceived by some as creating mistrust amongst communities. Video job-aids can potentially provide an efficient means of reaching large numbers of drug distributors with guidance for safe and effective distribution of SMC. Not all distributors use android phones, but SMC programmes are increasingly providing drug distributors with android devices to track delivery, and personal ownership of smartphones in sub-Saharan Africa is growing. The use of video job-aids for community health workers to improve the quality delivery of SMC, or of other primary health care interventions, should be more widely evaluated.

OBJECTIVE: To review data supporting the hypothesis that syndrome X plays a major role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD), and the effects of lifestyle factors and pharmacologic interventions on insulin, other metabolic parameters, and outcomes. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE (January 1966–August 1997) and Current Contents database searches identified applicable English-language experimental trials, epidemiologic studies, reviews, and editorials. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Studies that were included addressed the role of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in the pathogenesis of CAD or the effects of lifestyle factors and pharmacologic interventions on metabolic parameters and outcomes. DATA SYNTHESIS: The main characteristics of syndrome X are hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. These result in secondary syndrome X features, including hyperglycemia, increased very-low-density lipoprotein concentrations, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and hypertension. Insulin resistance is worsened by obesity, and insulin has been shown to contribute to the development of hypertension. Other studies demonstrate that smoking adversely affects glucose and insulin concentrations. Animal studies have linked hyperinsulinemia and atherogenesis. These animal data have been confirmed by several large prospective and population studies that have identified associations between hyperinsulinemia and CAD. CONCLUSIONS: Strong evidence links insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia to CAD. Lifestyle modifications play an important role in decreasing cardiovascular risk, and clinicians should strongly encourage such changes. Clinicians must also carefully consider the effects of antihypertensive, antihyperglycemic, and antidyslipidemic agents on patients' metabolic profiles when choosing appropriate therapeutic regimens. However, outcome data on many potentially beneficial agents, including calcium antagonists, α1-adrenergic antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, metformin, acarbose, and troglitazone, are not yet available. OBJETIVO: Repasar (1) datos apoyando la hipótesis de que el Síndrome X tiene un papel principal en la patogénesis de la enfermedad de la arteria coronaria (EAC) y (2) los efectos de factores del estilo de vida e intervenciones farmacológicas sobre insulina, otros parámetros metabólicos, y resultados. FUENTES DE INFORMACIÓN: Investigaciones de MEDLINE y Current Contents identificaron pruebas experimentales, estudios epidemiológicos, revisiones, y editoriales aplicables en el idioma inglés. SELECCIÓN DE FUENTES DE INFORMACIÓN: Los estudios incluídos discutieron el rol de la resistencia a insulina e hiperinsulinemia en la patogénesis de EAC, o los efectos de factores del estilo de vida e intervenciones farmacológicas en los parámetros metabólicos y resultados. SÍNTESIS: Las características principales del Síndrome X son hiperinsulinemia y resistencia a insulina. Esto resulta en características del Síndrome X secundarias incluyendo hiperglicemia, aumento en las concentraciones de lipoproteina de muy baja densidad, disminución en la lipoproteina colesterol de densidad elevada, e hipertensión. La resistencia a insulina es agravada por obesidad, y se ha demostrado que la insulina contribuye al desarrollo de hipertensión. Otros estudios demuestran que el fumar afecta adversamente las concentraciones de glucosa e insulina. Estudios en animales han conectado la hiperinsulinemia con aterogénesis. Estos datos en animales han sido confirmados por varios estudios prospectivos y de población grandes que han identificado asociaciones entre hiperinsulinemia y EAC. CONCLUSIONES: Existe fuerte evidencia conectando la resistencia a insulina e hiperinsulinemia con EAC. Modificaciones en el estilo de vida tienen un papel importante en la disminución del riesgo cardiovascular y los médicos deben fomentar firmemente tales cambios. Los médicos también deben considerar cuidadosamente los efectos de agentes antihipertensivos, antihiperglicémicos, y antidislipidémicos en los perfiles metabólicos de los pacientes al seleccionar regímenes terapéuticos apropiados. Sin embargo, datos sobre los resultados de muchos agentes potencialmente beneficiosos, incluyendo los antagonistas de calcio, antagonistas adrenérgicos α-1, inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina, metformina, acarbosa, y troglitazona no están disponibles aún. OBJECTIF: Réviser (1) les données supportant l'hypothèse selon laquelle le Syndrome X joue un rôle majeur dans la pathogénèse de la maladie coronarienne et (2) l'effet des modifications aux habitudes de vie ou des interventions pharmacologiques sur l'insuline, et d'autres paramètres métaboliques, ainsi que sur les résultats cliniques. REVUE DE LITTÉRATURE: Des recherches dans les banques de données MEDLINE et Current Contents ont permis d'identifier les études cliniques et épidémiologiques pertinentes, de même que les articles de revue, et les éditoriaux publiés en anglais. SÉLECTION DES ÉTUDES ET DE L'INFORMATION: Les études choisies discutent de l'influence de la résistance à l'insuline et de l'hyperinsulinémie sur la pathogénèse de la maladie coronarienne ou de l'effet des changements aux habitudes de vie ou des interventions pharmacologiques sur les paramètres métaboliques et les résultats cliniques. RÉSUMÉ: Les caractéristiques principales du Syndrome X sont l'hyperinsulinémie et la résistance à l'insuline. Ceci produit les caractéristiques secondaires du Syndrome X soit, l'hyperglycémie, l'élévation des concentrations de lipoprotéines de très faible densité, la chute des concentrations de lipoprotéines de haute densité et l'hypertension. La résistance à l'insuline est aggravée par l'obésité et on a démontré que l'insuline contribue au développement de l'hypertension. D'autres études ont démontré que le tabagisme altère défavorablement les concentrations d'insuline et de glucose. Des études animales ont établi un lien entre rhyperinsulinémie et l'athérogénèse. Ces données animales ont été confirmées par quelques grandes études prospectives de population qui ont démontré une association entre l'hyperinsulinémie et la maladie coronarienne. CONCLUSIONS: Il est évident que la résistance à l'insuline et l'hyperinsulinémie sont liées à la maladie coronarienne. Les modifications aux habitudes de vie jouent un rôle important dans la diminution du risque de maladie cardiovasculaire et les cliniciens devraient fortement encourager ces mesures chez leurs patients. Au moment de choisir le régime thérapeutique approprié, les cliniciens doivent également considérer les effets des agents antihypertenseurs, hypoglycémiants, et hypolipémiants sur le profil métabolique du patient. Toutefois, la confirmation des résultats cliniques n'est toujours pas disponible avec plusieurs agents potentiellement bénéfiques soit, les bloqueurs des canaux calciques, les α1-bloqueurs, les inhibiteurs de l'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine, la metformine, l'acarbose, et le troglitazone.

Code-Switching is a process of bilingualism that involves the alternation of two languages in the course of a single conversation as a result of language contact phenomenon. This paper is about the conjugation of the verbal forms in the switches of bilingual Songhay-French, Bamanankan-French and Fulfulde-French speakers as pointed out in several studies by I. Abdoulaye (2013, 2016), M. Minkailou and I. Abdoulaye (2016, 2018), I. Abdoulaye and M. Minkailou (2017, 2019). The main objective of the present paper is to describe the verbal paradigm in the switches of these three different groups of francophone speakers according to the existing theories and models on Code-Switching and Code-Mixing constraints. Based on the Matrix Language Frame Model of C. Myers-Scotton (1993a, b), the paper aims at proposing and analysing a francophone alternative of grammatical constraint in code switching. The study uses secondary data collected from the research works cited above in which spontaneous and fresh conversations have been recorded, transcribed and translated into English in an oral corpus. The population of these three different investigations is heterogeneous consisting of bilingual Songhay, Bamanan and Fulah civil servants and university students. Examining the nature of the switches, the study purposely focuses on the intra-sentential code-switching, in which the participants alternate the two codes, inserting words from French into their respective native languages. Analysing the inflected forms of the French verbs embedded in Songhay, Bamanankan or Fulfulde codes, the study has revealed that all the switched verbs belong to the same verb form, the French past participle of the three verb groups (first, second and third). So, the study has concluded that this way of conjugating verbs in Code-Switching is typical to francophone second language leaners. This approach in Code-Switching that the authors are proposing as the Francophone Model of Switching Verbs is a result of linguistic transfer of L2 learners of French.

AbstractThe variation between labial and velar fricatives ([f] > [x], e.g. [x]uego fuego ‘fire,’ [x]umar fumar ‘to smoke’) frequently occurs in disparate Spanish dialects (from Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, New Mexico, among others) (Quilis 1993) and it is found in first language acquisition (Eblen 1982 and Greenlee 1992). The change [f] > [x] or [x] > [f] has also been observed in other languages such as English, Diola, Chinese, Tuareg, Hausa, among others (Foulkes 1997). Although the variation between [f] and [x] is so common cross-linguistically, there is no adequate understanding of the linguistic and social motivations that affect it. Using the variationist sociolinguistics framework (Labov 1972 and Weinreich, Labov & Herzog 1968), this study analyzes the variation of such fricatives in the speech of 25 native speakers of Corrientes (Argentine) Spanish. Results indicate that two main factors affect [f] > [x] variation in Spanish: i) phonetic context and ii) literacy (or lack of formal education).