Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Fuel – Prices – India”

More than 40 % of US grain is used for energy due to the Renewable Fuel Mandate (RFS). There are no studies of the global distributional consequences of this purely domestic policy. Using micro‐level survey data, we trace the effect of the RFS on world food prices and their impact on household level consumption and wage incomes in India. We first develop a partial equilibrium model to estimate the effect of the RFS on the price of selected food commodities—rice, wheat, corn, sugar, and meat and dairy, which together provide almost 70 % of Indian food calories. Our model predicts that world prices for these commodities rise by 8– 16 % due to the RFS. We estimate the price pass‐through to domestic Indian prices and the effect of the price shock on household welfare through consumption and wage incomes. Poor rural households suffer significant welfare losses due to higher prices of consumption goods, which are regressive. However, they benefit from a rise in wage incomes, mainly because most of them are employed in agriculture. Urban households also bear the higher cost of food, but do not see a concomitant rise in wages because only a small fraction of them work in food‐related industries. Welfare losses are greater among urban households. However, more poor people in India live in villages, so rural poverty impacts are larger in magnitude. We estimate that the mandate leads to about 25 million new poor: 21 million in rural and 4 million in the urban population.

We analyze the impact of weather shocks on price formation in spot and futures market for food in India where until the recent introduction of commodity futures markets in 2005, the transmission of these shocks to short-term (spot) price movements was unclear. Hitherto, the price discovery mechanism was weak and end price was expected to be different (mostly higher unless some product prices were administered) from the market-clearing price. In addition, this weak mechanism was expected to result in higher price volatility. The introduction of a futures market is expected to reduce risk, a major component in agricultural production as well as in price formation. Though the commodity futures market in India is nascent, we model transmission of weather shocks to futures and spot prices using monthly data. Based on cointegration analysis, our results suggest strong long-run co-movement between futures prices and spot prices for commodities traded in futures markets. Changes in rainfall affect both futures and spot prices with different lags. However, rainfall shocks generate larger responses from futures prices than from spot prices. Although there could be other factors that affect futures prices, after controlling for fuel prices, our results clearly show the transmission mechanism of weather shocks from futures to spot prices. We also explore the changes in responsiveness of prices of major agricultural commodities to rainfall with introduction of futures contracts to facilitate the pass-through of various types of shocks to agricultural commodity prices. Using smooth transition regression, we find that the bivariate relationships between rainfall and prices of rice, wheat and pulses show some nonlinearity with the structural change happening after the introduction of futures market. These relations are found to be much stronger in the post-structural change period that broadly coincides with the introduction of futures market.

This study presents the impact of rising fuel prices on taxi drivers. India ranks top on the fuel consumption. The increasing demand for fuel and increasing fuel prices are the major problems for the public and the professional drivers. This research paper aims to find out impact of rising fuel prices on the taxi drivers. It also studies whether they are ready to adopt electric vehicles if this same situation continues. And also to find the future plan of the professional drivers if this same situation prevails.

Soaring prices of fossil-fuels and environmental pollution associated with their use, has resulted in increased interest in the production and use of bio-energy in India. Government of India has made policies to promote the production and use of bio-fuels which have triggered public and private investments in bio-fuel feed stock crop research and development and bio-fuel production. In this paper, efforts have been made to review and discuss various feed stock crop options and crop research and development interventions required to generate feed-stocksto produce required volume of bio-energy to meet projected demand without compromising food/fodder security and potential benefits of bio-fuels in reducing environment pollution and contributing to the energy security in India.

Abstract Amid the global pandemic of covid-19, fuel prices have soared a record high, crossing the Rs. 100 landmark for petrol and diesel. This leads to an increase in prices across all products, which cuts in deeper into the already thin bottom lines of ordinary citizens. Public outcry aside, the rise in fuel prices indicates an accelerating trend, which emphasizes the need to find alternative sources of fuel for transport; the ever growing sector. In recent years, reports of possible banning two-stroke engines, coupled with the emergence of a new emission standard in India, have re-ignited questions about how two-stroke vehicles, can be powered from alternative sources of energy. This project intends to address the above question, by assessing the feasibility of a different alternative, by designing an electric drivetrain for a twowheeler, while aiming to be practical and economical for the ordinary man riding it. This project intends to be a cost-feasibility study, whose aim, to realize a full EV conversion of a twowheeler, less than 50% of current market price of base level, original EV’s, thereby proving to be a feasible alternative to people who cannot afford the alternative; and also solving the logistical and environmental problems arising from a large number of abandoned or suboptimal use of such vehicles, when the shift happens.

Increasing prices, green house gas emission, and depleting nature of fossil fuel makes the world to think about alternate sources of energy particularly renewable energy sources which are green sources, and freely available. Carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced by replacing the existing fossil fuel based systems with renewable energy sources as far as possible and increasing the energy efficiency of existing systems. Policies of Indian government to adapt more renewable energy sources are rigorous in the last decade. Various strategies taken by Indian government for the last two decades have increased the renewable share in the electricity sector. But the energy demand is increasing at about 10% every year. Renewable energy sources are added in a phased manner into the Indian electricity sector. This paper presents different renewable technologies, developments, potential, and barriers to renewable energy adaption in India. Unused potential of various renewable sources in India are indicated. Also, policies of Government and current, future status of renewable sources are summarised.

SummaryDuring the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the British East India Company monopolized salt production in Bengal, and the British sought a new market for English salt in India. As previous studies have emphasized, external political and economic forces devastated indigenous industry and its workers. However, working conditions were influenced more by the natural environments of the salt-producing localities, particularly the availability of fuel, which was indispensable to the process of manufacture. The industry had always benefitted from abundant grass and straw for use as fuel. However, as grasslands were lost due both to constant river encroachment and to land clearance for cultivation, straw prices increased with the emergence of a regional market for biomass fuels, so that increasing difficulties in procuring fuel gradually made the salt industry costly. That state of affairs was accelerated by the advance of economic activity in general and a shortage of coal in particular. The changes made workers much more dependent on the fuel market.

Lately, India has emerged as one of the most promising and fastest growing aviation markets in the world. To keep pace with this growth, large orders for aircraft acquisition have been placed by almost all airlines in India. Thus, finding enough capital for their ambitious fleet expansion program is one of the key concerns of all Indian airlines. In order for the airlines to be able to tap the more conventional and cost effective sources of aircraft financing, it is essential that the Indian legal system be able to generate sufficient confidence in bankers, financiers and aircraft lessors as being protective of their ownership rights and being clear and transparent so that there are no ambiguities regarding applicable laws. This work, therefore, examines the Indian legal system to establish which laws, rules, regulations and jurisprudence govern aircraft financing and to discover any flaws therein, which may have an adverse impact.
Récemment, l'Inde s'est avéré comme le marché de l'aviation le plus prometteur et à plus forte croissance au monde. Pour maintenir le rythme associé a cette croissance, plusieurs commandes d'aéronefs ont été placé par presque toutes les compagnies aériennes Indiennes. Pour ces compagnies, trouver les fonds nécessaires pour leur ambitieux programme d'expansion est un élément capital. Dans le but recueillir le plus de financement possible, il est essentiel que banquiers, financiers et différents bailleurs de fonds aient confiance envers le système de loi Indiennes.(ou la législation indiennes), entre autre en regard de la protection des droits de propriété et en étant clair et transparent pour qu'il n'y ait ainsi aucune ambiguïté envers la loi. Ce travail examine donc la législation Indienne pour établir quels lois, règlements et jurisprudences gouvernent le financement de l'aéronautique et cherche a découvrir s'il y a des vides légaux pouvant amenés des effets négatifs.

In the late sixteenth-century a Peruvian Indian and Inca nobleman named Guaman Poma de Ayala wrote a one-thousand page history of the world, his Nueva Cronica y Buen Gobierno, recounting the development of Andean and European humanity from the beginning of time up to the period in which the author lived. My analysis focuses on the mode of communication used by Guaman Poma, his use of Renaissance Iberian discursive and visual codes, to articulate his radical views of Spanish rule in Peru. His views, I argue, although articulated in a foreign language and media, express a fundamentally Andean understanding of the world. The conquest and the Spanish people are woven into the Andean mythological order. Andean and Spanish worlds are made to conform to a common temporal and spatial model in the author's attempt to make sense of the apocalyptic consequences of the arrival the Spanish.

En México, desde el año 2000, la demanda de energía primaria ha tenido un crecimiento de un 25 %, paralelamente con la expansión económica, siendo el petróleo, el gas natural y el carbón los combustibles fósiles dominantes en la generación de esta energía, cubriendo aproximadamente un 90 % de la demanda. Entre estos combustibles, el petróleo ha sido el más empleado en nuestro país en las últimas dos décadas, con 96,4 millones de toneladas equivalentes de petróleo (Mtoe) (iea, 2016), por ende, el costo tarifario de energía eléctrica es muy alto. En las zonas costeras del país es indispensable un sistema de climatización (aire acondicionado) en cada una de las viviendas para lograr tener un confort térmico. La presencia de estos equipos es mucho más alta en regiones de sensación cálida extrema, donde el 48 % de las viviendas tiene al menos un equipo de aire acondicionado. En total se contabilizan poco más de 7 millones de equipos de aire acondicionado en uso, en viviendas particulares en el país. El número de equipos de aire acondicionado por región climática varía, identificando que la mayor concentración se da en la región cálida extrema. (inegi, 2018). El uso de estos equipos, ocasiona un gran impacto en las finanzas de los usuarios por el alto gasto por consumo de energía eléctrica. (Galindo, 2020). Esta demanda de energía tendrá consecuencias significativas en el abastecimiento energético para las futuras generaciones. Es por esto que se buscan formas innovadoras de ahorro de energía que ayuden a resolver la problemática del gasto excesivo en el consumo eléctrico en construcciones específicamente localizadas en la costa de la República Mexicana. Tal es el caso de la ventilación natural, que como su nombre lo indica, mediante la circulación de aire a temperatura ambiente, busca obtener el confort térmico de las personas dentro de un edificio de forma natural, sin necesidad de consumir energía complementaria convencional para que esto se lleve a cabo. Con base a lo antes mencionado, es de importancia mejorar la eficiencia energética de las viviendas, a través de estrategias para el uso adecuado de la energía, ya que actualmente las viviendas tipo de interés social, construidas en México, no consideran en sus propuestas arquitectónicas el diseño, ni los materiales adecuados para que su función sea la ideal, de acuerdo a las características del clima de cada región. El presente libro aporta una perspectiva del impacto de océano en el clima de las zonas costeras, con base a mapas y gráficos históricos del clima de los estados costeros del país, con la finalidad de analizar las zonas costeras del país e identificar los estados más idóneos para el aprovechamiento de los vientos locales o brisa marina, como recurso energético que pueda ser aprovechado en la arquitectura bioclimática y de esta manera aportar al diseño de viviendas que resulten menos dependientes de la energía convencional, así como de otras energías renovables. En el primer capítulo se describe la metodología para el desarrollo de los mapas climáticos, describiendo la información que fue seleccionada, también se hace mención de las herramientas y software aplicados en la realización de estos. En el segundo capítulo se presentan los mapas climáticos, así como sus gráficos correspondientes a la temperatura máxima promedio, temperatura mínima promedio, precipitación y evaporación.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

Abstract With petrol and diesel prices surging to a record high in India, the skyrocketing prices were a cause of worry for the Government and common man alike. Higher fuel prices lead to increased travel costs and keeping in mind that oil is an essential raw material for the industrial and agricultural sectors both, it would also lead to increased cost of production, thereby having a supply-side inflationary impact on the economy and negatively impacting household budgets. The reason for the spiralling price increase had been ascribed to output cuts by oil-producing nations. Looking at fuel prices from a different perspective, petrol and diesel prices in India consist of international prices of crude oil price, i.e. the base price; import duty; refinery cost; freight cost, central excise; state value-added tax; marketing companies’ margin and outlets’ margin. The current point of debate seeing the light of the day was that India had one of the highest tax rates on diesel and petrol of approximately 60% of the total price. In addition to rising crude oil prices in the international market, the heavy load of taxes had raised fuel prices to an all- time high and it was the pandemic affected revenue stream collection which was impeding both the Centre and States from considering a duty cut. Thus, the chapter analyses the likely impact of bringing petrol and diesel prices are brought under the ambit of GST.

Abstract Jet Airways, a brainchild of visionary and excellent entrepreneur Naresh Goyal, incorporated in 1992, started taxi operations in 1993, began full operations by 1995 and got permission to fly international flights by aviation ministry to London in 2004. Naresh Goyal had vast experience in the field of aviation before entering the market. He availed the opportunity floored by the Government of India by liberalizing the Indian market and started Jet Airways and took various decisions at the correct point of time, which helped Jet Airways to lead the aviation market of India from 1997 to 2009. It was the leading airline of India, providing excellent services to its customers and making a strong, loyal customer base. It had a trained pilot and crew members to suit the needs of the concepts of the airline. Introduction of low—cost airline in the Indian airline industry, rising fuel prices and mechanism to handle its impact, understanding the norm of market and hesitation and inability to break the image of the airline as Luxury service provider made Jet Airways suffer and finally grounding its flights. The negligence of banks and regulators and their approach in the future towards debt—ridden companies would decide the future of Jet Airways.

Abstract As India grew economically, energy diplomacy became an important, even critical part of its diplomacy. The decade 2004–14 proved to be an especially challenging period for India’s energy diplomacy due to its development imperative and commitment to reducing energy poverty. This chapter studies India’s energy diplomacy during 2004–14 when the Congress party-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) governments were in office. It specifically examines the UPA governments’ strategies to secure oil, gas and coal, nuclear fuel, and technologies from foreign countries to meet the burgeoning energy needs of India’s rapidly growing economy. The chapter starts by examining India’s burgeoning energy needs amidst rising global prices during the period. It provides an in-depth look at the diplomatic strategies for securing energy resources and technologies employed by India during the same period. The chapter concludes by summarizing its findings.

Being world’s third-biggest emitter of GHG’s India has targeted to reduce the emissions up to 45% of its GDP value of 2005 levels by the 2030. Since energy generation is one of the prime contributors of GHGs country also launched several missions and polices to reduce the fossil fuel-based electricity generation. Further, commitments have been made to reduce this share to 50% by 2030. In view of above commitments, commitments country has also targeted to install 500 GW renewable energy-based electricity capacity by 2030. By end July 2023, total installed renewable energy capacity reached 130.86 GW followed by 71.11 GW solar, 43.94 GW wind,49.80 small etc. There has been significant emphasis and adoption of large-scale renewable energy options and shift in focus from standalone to hybrid solutions that provide firm (or even “round the clock (RTC)”) renewable energy. Despite of rapid growth, ambitious targets the typical arguments against renewable based energy generation are predominantly related to (i) integration into the overall power system (grid), (ii) dispatchability, (iii) scheduling and forecasting, (iv) curtailment, clipping and must run status (NREL, 2016). Compared with the conventional power generation (coal, gas, hydro and nuclear fired technologies) the power output from renewables (without energy storage) is not being controllable and thus have such challenges. Moreover, in the present scenario, emphasis is given on reliability and dispatch ability by the consumer as well as seller of electricity market. The reason being energy markets in India are moving from a fixed tariffs to demand based tariffs. Also, power producers are getting higher prices for meeting peak energy demand of consumers. Another trend prevailing in Global as well as in Indian energy market is procurement and selling of renewable based electricity which is govern by polices as well as RPOs. In view of the above,power producers’ intended to providing high qualityRE power as well whenever needed. However, the power output of renewable energy plants typically depends on intermittent resource (wind power density& solar insolation etc.) is again problematic for stability of electric grid due to continuous harmonics. Moreover, 500 GW of non-fossil fuel-based power would mean a substantial share in future total generation of energy in India. Such large share of intermittent sources will require reliable transmission infrastructure which again is a huge investment to ensure smart supply and demand management. Intermittent behaviours of renewable sources create un-stability and harmonics in the electricity grid due to reflection in voltage and power output and frequency responses which further affects the transmission and distribution systems of utility grid. Table 1 summarizes three key characteristics of renewable energy generation which affect the power grid. These characteristics itself are the major challenges to the green power producers whether technically of economically.

The crops that are produced by transferring the genes from one organism to others through genetic engineering is known as transgenic crop or genetically engineered crops. The primary challenge facing the globe is to supply nutritious food because of the alarming rate of population growth. An estimate says that all over the world 800 million people are facing malnutrition problems among these 98% belong to developing Nations (Sinha et al.,2019). Apart from this around 2 billion people globally suffer from hidden hunger because of improper supply of vital micronutrients in their day-to-day diet. This is ultimately affecting their physical and mental development which is very dangerous for the future of a country. An economic and feasible solution to this problem is to produce a transgenic crop known as a biofortified crop and gives biofortified food to the populations. Through the production of biofuels or fuel blending, GM crops minimize the need for pesticides, and the use of agricultural fossil fuels, and potentially cut world fossil fuel use by up to 65%. Developing countries like India spent a humungous amount of money (spent USD 119.2 billons in 2021- 22) importing fossil fuels. Nowadays due to Russia Ukraine war, the crude oil price is hiking exponentially due to which the whole economy of Asia Pacific countries, especially Indian subcontinental countries like Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, etc., is on the verge of collapse. In light of this, the Indian government has unveiled a new biofuel strategy with the illustrative goal of mixing 20% ethanol and 5% diesel by 2030. This may be done by cultivating high-yielding transgenic biofuel plants, producing new or improved feedstock, upgrading biofuel production processes, and creating advanced biofuels. Generating enzymes and microorganisms for better biofuel yields, etc. Cost-effective biofuel technology can also be made in these ways. Genetically modified crops are also used to reduce the use of pesticides in agriculture Crops in first-generation transaction crops are developed only due to this purpose. The ISAA survey found that 29 nations worldwide were cultivating about 189.5 M/hect. of GM crops, with 5 of those countries being industrialized (making contributions 44% of the overall) and 24 being developing (contributing 56% of the total). The USA top the list with total coverage of 71.5 million hectares followed by Brazil and Argentina in second and third position. India ranked fifth which a total plantation of 11.9 million hectares of transgenic crops. Although this technology full-fill the greatest challenge associated with the increasing population economically and feasibly, with the use of this technique, new gene or genome sequences may be introduced into nature which may cause potentially harmful effects on human health, the environment, and other non-target species and biological diversity. This may cause serious biosafety concerns

With the exception of nuclear submarines and some military applications, nuclear energy is only used to generate electricity. In the United States, uranium and plutonium are the fuels of choice, while some other countries, notably India, are developing thorium as the nuclear fuel. There are two main types of nuclear reactors—the pressurized water reactor (PWR) and the boiling water reactor (BWR). The PWR is the more common design, where the water used to generate steam and drive the turbine is isolated from the reactor core. In contrast, the water that moderates reactor heat in the BWR is also used to generate the steam, so this water must be contained to prevent radioactive contamination. In the United States, nuclear energy accounts for about 20% of electricity generation. Worldwide uranium reserves are about 6 million tonnes based on a price of $130/kg, but if this price constraint is relaxed, the supply of uranium is virtually unlimited since it is present in seawater at parts per billion levels.

The increase in the use of plastic products caused the major worldwide disposal problem of plastic solid waste (PSW). Plastics are becoming appropriate materials of interest for everyone due to their attractive applications in households, packaging, healthcare, and industries owing to their durability and versatile functionality at affordable prices. Statistics show that a large number of waste plastics are dumped in landfills, and only a tiny amount of plastic is recycled for making valuable materials e.g., shampoo bottles, film, sheets, trash bags, kitchen-wares and packing materials. About 26,000 tonnes of plastic waste is generated in India every day, of which 40% remains uncollected and littered leading to adverse impacts on human health and the environment. Further, the incineration of plastic wastes emits many harmful gases such as nitrous oxide, sulfur oxides, dust clouds, dioxins and other toxins that pollute the atmosphere. To reduce waste plastics generation in the environment, the Indian government has implemented the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 and its amendments, which explain ways for collection and management of plastic waste, its recycling, and utilization. Plastic wastes can be valorized to produce fuels using techniques such as thermal degradation, catalytic cracking, and gasification. This chapter is focused on waste plastic handling approaches, and novel routes to convert plastic wastes into energy and other valuable chemicals. This approach may compensate for high-energy demands and plastic waste management.

Francisco Manuel de Herrera nació en Málaga en 1741. Perteneció a una familia andaluza de funcionarios de la Corona. Fue su padre Antonio de Herrera y Navarro, natural de Cádiz, caballero de la orden de Santiago, distinción que él heredó; su abuelo, Francisco Manuel de Herrera y Suárez de Toledo, oriundo de Arcos de la Frontera, ocupó una plaza de consejero de Guerra, y fue su bisabuelo Juan de Herrera Mirabel natural de Jerez de la Frontera. Uno de sus primos, Rafael Antúñez, integró el Consejo de Indias.

En este trabajo, que comparte el interés que Franklin tuvo por el cronista indio Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala, quiero dar a conocer algunas reflexiones que he venido desarrollando sobre la historicidad de este cronista indio. Saber quién fue Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala es una preocupación que siempre he tenido latente, pues se trata de un personaje que se mueve entre el mito y la historia. Lo que dijo de sí mismo en su crónica puede calificarse claramente de mítico, ya que está en función del papel que asumió como mediador, ante el rey, de la redención mesiánica de sus compaisanos. Por otro lado, en un ligio por las tierras de Chupas fue acusado por sus oponentes de mentiroso, y de no llamarse Guamán Poma. Por último, fue ignorado por los historiadores que le fueron contemporáneos o posteriores, incluso por aquellos que tomaron prestadas sus descripciones y hasta sus dibujos. Sin lugar a dudas, estas circunstancias explican que últimamente se haya querido esgrimir hasta evidencias de que él no fue el autor de El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno.

Abstract McDonald’s, the seemingly invincible fast-food giant and stalwart of American business, has been an ironclad money-making machine for decades now. Sure, they’ve had their issues with bad press concerning the negative health effects of their food, but otherwise the company is as sure to post profits quarter after quarter as anyone. At least that’s been true until recently, as it appears that McDonald’s has hit a bit of a snag. Starting out with just one burger stall in 1948, the fast-food chain’s emphasis on quick service and a standardized menu has helped it to grow to more than 35,000 outlets across the world. It has been profitable: after a wobbly period in the early 2000s, the firm’s share price went from $12 in 2003 to more than $100 at the end of 2011. But now McDonald’s has lost its sizzle. Global sales have been declining at least since last July. When the company announces its annual results on 23 January, analysts think it will reveal its first full-year fall in like-for-like revenues since 2002. What’s gone wrong?

Indian absorption industry started customizing chillers first based on material or electrical requirements, like chillers for hazardous areas or using materials such as titanium, cupronickel, stainless steel, cladded plates etc. However, as knowledge about chiller technology has improved, many cycle variations have been designed and fabricated to suit customer requirements. This is commercially possible due to lower technical manpower costs in India. Such efforts have resulted in over 20 % market share of absorption chillers in spite of unfavorable fuel prices (higher gas and oil prices than electricity cost). This paper describes some of the cycles used for different applications based on customers' requirement such as double absorbers, various types of single double-effect chillers, twin hot water machines, and absorption heat pumps. Double absorbers used in India are of two types: Horizontal double absorbers and vertical double absorbers. The cycle COP of such chillers can exceed 1.46.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Methanol fuel has attracted global attention from engine researchers since the crude oil crisis and the rise in crude oil prices in the recent years. As it is one of the possible alcoholic fuels after ethanol in an automotive application that can reduce dependence on crude oil. India has also initiated research studies on methanol since the 1980s. NITI Aayog is encouraging the use of methanol as an automotive fuel for transport sector. This desktop study includes the potentiality of methanol as an automotive fuel and the methanol roadmap for India as a biofuel in the conventional gasoline application. It has been seen that Methanol has the potential to be used as a fuel in automobiles to replace gasoline or crude oil-based fuels in terms of engine performance. According to a study, India’s methanol promotion measures will encourage more enterprises to invest in the research and construction of methanol producing plants and development of methanol-fueled engines. However, in order to extract fuel-grade methanol, meeting demand and supply chain requirements, India must invest in additional research and development in cost-effective production processes employing abundantly available of raw materials.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper comprises highlights of the potential of methanol fuel in the automotive industry in terms of its quality, properties, impact on engine performance, emissions, material compatibility, production strategies currently in use worldwide and in India, current methanol scenario worldwide and in India, methanol economy and methanol market forecast, Methanol demand and supply for India, safety aspects of methanol handling, and challenges.</div></div>

Abstract Gas turbine-based combine cycle (GT-CC) economic evaluation is very important to bring together own equipment manufacturing companies (OEM’s) and power plant owners. The fuel cost & cost of electricity play the major role in economic evaluation which drives the decision during the bidding. The first portion of this paper encompasses the different cost analysis methods like Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) and Pay Back Period (PBP) for different fuel costs and electricity prices. The second portion of the paper covers the delta cost benefits due to improvement in the combined cycle degradation GT-CC operators or customers are looking for the opportunities to control and minimize the degradation of the gas turbine power plant which directly impact the profitability. The customer or operator always monitor the plant performance to understand the life cost impact on performance degradation. This paper will help the customers & GT-CC OEM companies to focus on different area to reduce the unit cost of generating electricity, decide to move forward with the project during the proposal and improve the business at various regions based on fuel cost and global geographical political situations. Also, the reader can digest the benefits of improved degradation curve over the normal curve.

Conventional vehicle fuel resources are encompassed with the jeopardy of being scarce; eventually exacerbating fuel prices. This high fuel prices further aggregate to elevate the total ownership cost and have led to an epiphany of national energy security. Further, the emission from conventional fuel combustion urges a need to cogitate about the already saddled environmental concerns. Alternatively, electric vehicles are looked upon as a potential option to conventional vehicles due to no tail-pipe emissions and low operating costs. However, if a complete life cycle is considered, an intuitive assumption that electric vehicles have no emissions and costs less can be a deception. Hence, the feasibility of electric vehicles as an option for conventional vehicles needs to be contemplated in economic and environmental aspects. This article presents the comparison between battery electric vehicles and conventional vehicles by performing a life cycle analysis (economic and environmental) in the Indian context. A Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) model is developed for financial analysis to depict the compatibility status of battery electric vehicles. The environmental analysis is conducted by using OpenLCA software based on ReCePi 2016 method for all the impact categories at mid-point as well as end-point levels. The results reckon electric vehicles are costlier than conventional vehicles with current statistics and policies in India. However, by implementing certain optimizing parameters in sensitivity analysis, electric vehicles are found to have cost parity and even become more economical than conventional vehicles in some cases. The outcomes from environmental analysis unveil that the GHG emissions from battery electric vehicles are less than that from conventional vehicles. However, out of the 18 impact categories considered, battery electric vehicles have less impact in 10 categories and even have less impact score at the end-point level.

The price of natural gas exceeded $15/MM Btu in December 2005 compared to $6/MM Btu just one year ago! It was also just $2/MM Btu in the 1990’s. Crude oil prices exceeded $70/barrel in 2005 compared to $45/barrel just one year ago! To put this into perspective, a 600 HP boiler operating at a 50% average load for 12 hours per day, 365 days per year would have consumed $321,800 in natural gas one year ago but will consume $804,490 in natural per year at today’s cost! The increased cost of fuel has affected operational costs for all boilers regardless of size, age, or manufacturer. The US dependence on foreign oil and natural gas, as well as the escalating energy demands of China, India, and other countries will likely drive energy prices higher in the future. This increase in the cost of fuel has driven responsible boiler manufacturers to develop new products or modify existing ones in order to reduce energy consumption. Major developments have been made in the past few years which improve boiler efficiency, offer innovative heat recovery systems, and integrate high tech controls into boiler systems. This paper will address the developments in boiler design, control systems, and heat recovery systems which all contribute to energy savings. Paper published with permission.

With the rising level of greenhouse gas emissions and fuel prices, the hydrokinetic turbines have become increasingly popular for electricity generation in rural and remote areas teemed with small river streams. Such lift-based helical-bladed hydrokinetic turbines were invented over a decade ago, however, they could not find their wide application in commercial power generation. The present investigation deals with the in-situ experiments of a double-step three-bladed helical hydrokinetic turbine for possible electricity generation. Further, its performance is compared with that of a conventional single-step helical-bladed turbine. The main parameters that influence the performance of a helical-bladed hydro turbine are solidity ratio, blade wrap ratio, helix angle, blade profile and number of blades. In the present work, the helical NACA 0022 bladed turbines with solidity ratio of 0.20 and blade wrap ratio of 1.0 have been developed. The developed single and double-step configurations have been field-tested in the Brahmaputra river and their performance characteristics are estimated at different mechanical loading conditions using mechanical dynamometer.

With the rising fossil-fuel prices, energy scarcity and climate-change, renewable energy plays an important role in producing local, clean and inexhaustible energy source to supply world rising demand for electricity. The selection of suitable wind turbine plays a vital role for urban power generation where wind is characterised by unsteadiness and turbulence. Thus, blade aerodynamics of wind turbine has a significant effect on turbine efficiency. In this study, the aerodynamic aspect of a straight bladed Darrieus turbine is numerically analyzed. Two dimensional numerical modelling and simulation of unsteady flow through the rotor blades (NACA 0018) of the turbine is performed using ANSYS FLUENT 14.5. The unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation is used to demonstrate the effects on the performance of two dimensional Darrieus turbine blade. The Shear Stress Transport (SST) k-ω model has been adopted for the turbulence closure. For the proposed analysis, the flow field characteristics are investigated at different azimuthal angle and tip speed ratio. Further, the parametric quantities such as solidity, number of blades and blade thickness have being investigated for a uniform free stream velocity of 6 m/s. The effect of laminar boundary layer separation on performance of the Darrieus turbine has also been taken into account during the study of flow physics around the blade. The results obtained are compared with the reported experimental and computational data.

Energy Crisis and Environment Balance have been occupying a leading position internationally in both, the sociopolitical arena and technological developments. A developing country like India is under dual pressure to provide economic prosperity to its burgeoning population while maintaining the energy-environment balance. Current challenging situation is a good opportunity to develop products and systems which not only provide customer satisfaction at competitive prices but also does it in a sustainable, resource-friendly way. This paper outlines a proposal to set up a Research Park in an academic institute with the theme of Sustainability in HVAC field. The idea is to collaborate with the industry and association partners so that the students and faculty together can work on joint R & D projects which ultimately will result into innovative energy-saving and environment-friendly technological products and systems. The metric on which the Research Park will base its output target is the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions through a multi-pronged approach. In this paper, a baseline of annual energy consumption by the HVAC sector in India has been drawn which works out to 137,026 GWh translating into 123.32 Million Metric Tonnes of CO2 equivalent emissions.

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The cost of fuels used for automobile are rising in India on account of high global crude oil prices. The fuel cost constitutes major portion of total cost of operation for Heavy commercial vehicles. Hence, the trend is to carry the goods transport through higher payload capacity rigid/straight trucks that offer lower transportation cost per unit of goods transported. This is driving the design of multi-axle heavy trucks that have lift axles. In addition, improved network of highways and road infrastructure is leading to increase in average operating speed of heavy commercial vehicles. It has made increased focus on occupant as well as road safety while designing the heavy trucks. Hence, the analysis of lift axle suspension from the point of view of vehicle handling and stability is essential. There are two basic kinds of lift axle designs used in heavy commercial vehicles: self-steered lift axle having single tire on each side and non-steered lift axle with dual tires on each side. The effect of these lift axles on handling performance of heavy trucks is analyzed using multibody dynamics simulations in MSC-ADAMS. The roll stiffness of lift axle simulation models is validated using axle articulation test on vehicle. The change in steady state handling performance parameter with respect to baseline vehicle is compared for two designs of lift axle. Further, the amount of benefit obtained using stabilizer bar is calculated through simulation.</div></div>

Abstract Coal Bed Methane (CBM) development in India has emerged as one of the cleanest solutions to the fuel energy requirements of this energy-starved country. Favorable market scenarios and lucrative gas prices are enabling operators in this business to target aggressive well-completion schedules. This study discusses the techno-economic benefits realized by the operator company of using combined coiled tubing (CT) deployed hydrajetting and fracturing services instead of conventional wireline perforations in CBM wells. The service company introduced a unique fracturing service that integrates six processes – depth correlation with CT, hydra-jet perforation, hydra-jet fracture initiation, hydraulic fracture stimulation, zonal isolation using a sand plug, and wellbore cleanout using CT. It completes these processes in one single trip-in-hole, making the service cost and time efficient and eliminating the use of wireline for perforating and setting bridge plugs in the well which requires multi-stage fracturing. The technology in use, lessons learned, and knowledge gained from operations in India are shared in this paper. The process employs a customized CT bottom-hole assembly (BHA) at the core of its service. Customized engineering solutions for hydrajetting can be developed based on casing specifications, cementing conditions, and stimulation design. The principle of hydrajetting perforations and the BHA details are discussed along with its benefits over the alternative techniques. The experience gained during operations allowed the service company to optimize jetting flow rates, differential pressures, and back pressures to improve its operational efficiency and also allow maximum proppant to be placed into the formation being stimulated. Implementing the lessons learned increased the hydrajetting tool life from 25-30 sets of perforation to about 40 per tool. The paper also discusses job design improvements implemented to prevent sanding up the wellbore leading to stuck CT. Finally, the paper discusses the economic benefits achieved by the operator company leading to increased productive time and a faster rate of well completion. CBM fields require excessive dewatering before they break out gas and become commercially viable projects. The technology discussed in this paper enables the operators to put the maximum number of wells on production, in a shorter period maximizing the Net Present Value (NPV) of the asset.

China and India, the world’s two most populous developing economies, are also among the largest automotive markets and carbon emitters. To reduce carbon emissions from the passenger car sector, both countries have considered various policy levers that affect fuel price, car prices and fuel economy. This study estimates the responsiveness of new car buyers in China and India to such policy levers and drivers, including income.

The largest democracy in the world is now moving towards authoritarianism under the Hindutva civilizational populist prime minister Narendra Modi-led Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)’s rule. This article focuses on digital rights in India that have seen a sharp decline in recent years. It explores the transformation of the internet and social media, from a relatively open and liberal space to a restricted one. This survey of India’s digital landscape finds that the rise of civilizational populist Modi and his eight years long rule have led to an upsurge in digital surveillance and control and has fostered an environment of online harassment and bullying for those who are critical of the BJP’s views and politics. The article uses a four-level framework (Full Network, Sub-Network, Proxies, and Network Nodes) to explore digital authoritarianism by the BJP government. At each of these levels, the Hindutva populist government has closed avenues of open discussion and exchange of views by enforcing new rules and regulations.

1.1 Resumen macroeconómico En el segundo trimestre la economía enfrentó varios choques, principalmente de oferta y de costos, la mayoría de los cuales no fueron anticipados, o los previstos fueron más persistentes de lo esperado, y que en conjunto interrumpieron la recuperación de la actividad económica observada a comienzos de año y llevaron la inflación total a niveles superiores a la meta. La inflación básica (sin alimentos ni regulados: SAR) aumentó, pero se mantuvo baja y acorde con lo esperado por el equipo técnico. A comienzos de abril se inició una tercera ola de pandemia, más acentuada y prolongada que la anterior, con un elevado costo en vidas humanas y algún impacto negativo en la recuperación económica. Entre mayo y mediados de junio los bloqueos de las carreteras y los problemas de orden público tuvieron un fuerte efecto negativo sobre la actividad económica y la inflación. Se estima que la magnitud de estos dos choques combinados habría generado una caída en niveles en el producto interno bruto (PIB) con respecto al primer trimestre del año. Adicionalmente, los bloqueos causaron un aumento significativo de los precios de los alimentos. A estos choques se sumaron los efectos acumulados de la disrupción global en algunas cadenas de valor y el incremento en los fletes internacionales que desde finales de 2020 vienen generando restricciones de oferta y aumentos de costos. Todos estos factores, que afectaron principalmente el índice de precios al consumidor (IPC) de bienes y de alimentos, explicaron la mayor parte del error de pronóstico del equipo técnico y el aumento de la inflación total a niveles superiores a la meta del 3 %. El incremento en la inflación básica y de los precios de los regulados fue acorde con lo esperado por el equipo técnico, y se explica principalmente por la eliminación de varios alivios de precios otorgados un año atrás. A todo esto se suma la mayor percepción de riesgo soberano y las presiones al alza que esto implica sobre el costo de financiamiento externo y la tasa de cambio. A pesar de los fuertes choques negativos, el crecimiento económico esperado para la primera mitad del año (9,1%), es significativamente mayor que lo proyectado en el informe de abril (7,1%), signo de una economía más dinámica que se recuperaría más rápido de lo previsto. Desde finales de 2020 las diferentes cifras de actividad económica han mostrado un crecimiento mayor que el esperado. Esto sugiere que los efectos negativos sobre el producto de las recurrentes olas de contagio estarían siendo cada vez menos fuertes y duraderos. No obstante, la tercera ola de contagio del Covid-19, y en mayor medida los bloqueos a las vías y los problemas de orden público, habrían generado una caída del PIB durante el segundo trimestre, frente al primero. Pese a lo anterior, los datos del índice de seguimiento a la economía (ISE) de abril y mayo han resultado mayores que lo esperado, y las nuevas cifras de actividad económica sectoriales sugieren que el impacto negativo de la pandemia sobre el producto se sigue moderando, en un entorno de menores restricciones a la movilidad y de mayor avance en el ritmo de vacunación. Los registros de transporte de carga (junio) y la demanda de energía no regulada (julio), entre otros, indican una recuperación importante después de los bloqueos en mayo. Con todo lo anterior, el incremento anual del PIB del segundo trimestre se habría situado alrededor del 17,3 % (antes 15,8 %), explicado en gran parte por una base baja de comparación. Para todo 2021 el equipo técnico incrementó su proyección de crecimiento desde un 6 % hasta el 7,5 %. Este pronóstico, que está rodeado de una incertidumbre inusualmente elevada, supone que no se presentarán problemas de orden público y que posibles nuevas olas de contagio del Covid-19 no tendrán efectos negativos adicionales sobre la actividad económica. Frente al pronóstico del informe pasado, la recuperación de la demanda externa, los niveles de precios de algunos bienes básicos que exporta el país y la dinámica de las remesas de trabajadores han sido mejores que las esperadas y seguirían impulsando la recuperación del ingreso nacional en lo que resta del año. A esto se sumaría la aún amplia liquidez internacional, la aceleración en el proceso de vacunación y las bajas tasas de interés, factores que continuarían favoreciendo la actividad económica. La mejor dinámica del primer semestre, que llevó a una revisión al alza en el crecimiento de todos los componentes del gasto, continuaría hacia adelante y, antes de lo esperado en abril, la economía recuperaría los niveles de producción de 2019 a finales de 2021. El pronóstico continúa incluyendo efectos de corto plazo sobre la demanda agregada de una reforma tributaria de magnitud similar a la proyectada por el Gobierno. Con todo eso, en el escenario central de este informe, el pronóstico de crecimiento para 2021 es del 7,5 % y para 2022 del 3,1 %. A pesar de esto, el nivel de la actividad económica seguiría siendo inferior a su potencial. La mejora en estas proyecciones, sin embargo, está rodeada de una alta incertidumbre. En junio la inflación anual (3,63 %) aumentó más de lo esperado debido al comportamiento del grupo de alimentos, mientras que la inflación básica (1,87 %) fue similar a la proyectada. En lo que resta del año el mayor nivel del IPC de alimentos persistiría y contribuiría a mantener la inflación por encima de la meta. A finales de 2022 la inflación total y básica retornarían a tasas cercanas al 3 %, en un entorno de desaceleración del IPC de alimentos y de menores excesos de capacidad productiva. En los meses recientes el aumento en los precios internacionales de los fletes y de los bienes agrícolas, y las mayores exportaciones de carne y el ciclo ganadero han ejercido presiones al alza sobre el precio de los alimentos, principalmente de los procesados. A estas fuerzas persistentes se sumaron los bloqueos de las vías nacionales y los problemas de orden público en varias ciudades registrados en mayo y parte de junio, los cuales se reflejaron en una fuerte restricción en la oferta y en un aumento anual no esperado del IPC de alimentos (8,52 %). El grupo de regulados (5,93 %) también se aceleró, debido a la baja base de comparación en los precios de la gasolina y a la disolución de parte de los alivios a las tarifas de servicios públicos otorgados en 2020. Como se proyectaba, la inflación SAR repuntó al 1,87 %, debido a la reactivación de los impuestos indirectos de algunos bienes y servicios eliminados un año atrás, y por las presiones al alza que ejercieron los alimentos sobre las comidas fuera del hogar (CFH), entre otros. En lo que resta del año se espera que el aumento en los alimentos perecederos se revierta, siempre y cuando no se registren nuevos bloqueos duraderos a las vías nacionales. El mayor nivel de precios de los alimentos procesados persistiría y contribuiría a mantener la inflación por encima de la meta a finales de año. La inflación SAR continuaría con una tendencia creciente, en la medida en que los excesos de capacidad productiva se sigan cerrando y registraría un aumento transitorio en marzo de 2022, debido principalmente al restablecimiento del impuesto al consumo en las CFH. Con todo esto, para finales de 2021 y 2022 se estima una inflación total del 4,1 % y 3,1 %, y una inflación básica del 2,6 % y 3,2 %, respectivamente. El comportamiento conjunto de los precios del IPC SAR, junto con continuas sorpresas al alza en la actividad económica, son interpretados por el equipo técnico como señales de amplios excesos de capacidad productiva de la economía. Estos persistirían en los siguientes dos años, al final de los cuales la brecha del producto se cerraría. El mayor crecimiento económico sugiere una brecha del producto menos negativa que la estimada hace un trimestre. Sin embargo, el comportamiento de la inflación básica, especialmente en servicios, indica que el PIB potencial se ha recuperado de forma sorpresiva y que los excesos de capacidad siguen siendo amplios, con una demanda agregada afectada de forma persistente. Esta interpretación encuentra soporte en el mercado laboral, en donde persiste un desempleo alto y la recuperación de los empleos perdidos se estancó. Adicionalmente, los aumentos en la inflación en buena medida están explicados por choques de oferta y de costos y por la disolución de algunos alivios de precios otorgados un año atrás. Los pronósticos de crecimiento y de inflación descritos son coherentes con una brecha del producto que se cierra más rápido y es menos negativa en todo el horizonte de pronóstico con respecto al informe de abril. No obstante, la incertidumbre sobre los excesos de capacidad es muy alta y es un riesgo sobre el pronóstico. Las perspectivas de las cuentas fiscales de Colombia se deterioraron, Standard & Poor’s Global Ratings (S&P) y Fitch Ratings (Fitch) redujeron su calificación crediticia, los bloqueos y problemas de orden público afectaron el producto y el país enfrentó una nueva ola de contagios de Covid-19 más acentuada y prolongada que las pasadas. Todo lo anterior se ha reflejado en un aumento de las primas de riesgo y en una depreciación del peso frente al dólar. Esto ha ocurrido en un entorno favorable de ingresos externos. Los precios internacionales del petróleo, del café y de otros bienes básicos que exporta el país aumentaron y han contribuido a la recuperación de los términos de intercambio y del ingreso nacional, y han mitigado las presiones al alza sobre las primas de riesgo y la tasa de cambio. En el presente informe se incrementó el precio esperado del petróleo para 2021 a USD 68 por barril (antes USD 61 bl) y para 2022 a USD 66 bl (antes USD 60 bl). Esta mayor senda presenta una convergencia hacia precios menores que los observados recientemente, como resultado de una mayor oferta mundial esperada de petróleo, la cual más que compensaría el incremento en la demanda de este bien básico. Por ende, se supone que el aumento reciente de los precios tiene un carácter transitorio. En el escenario macroeconómico actual se espera que las condiciones financieras internacionales sean algo menos favorables, a pesar de la mejora en los ingresos externos por cuenta de una mayor demanda y unos precios del petróleo y de otros productos de exportación más altos. Frente al informe de abril el crecimiento de la demanda externa fue mejor que el esperado, y las proyecciones para 2021 y 2022 aumentaron del 5,2 % al 6,0 % y del 3,4 % al 3,5 %, respectivamente. En lo corrido del año las cifras de actividad económica muestran una demanda externa más dinámica de la esperada. En los Estados Unidos y China la recuperación del producto ha sido más rápida que la registrada en los países de la región. En estos últimos la reactivación económica ha estado limitada por los rebrotes del Covid-19, las limitaciones en la oferta de vacunas y el poco espacio fiscal para enfrentar la pandemia, entre otros factores. La buena dinámica en el comercio externo de bienes se ha dado en un entorno de deterioro en las cadenas de valor y de un aumento importante en los precios de las materias primas y en el costo de los fletes. En los Estados Unidos la inflación sorprendió al alza y su valor observado y esperado se mantiene por encima de la meta, al tiempo que se incrementó la proyección de crecimiento económico. Con esto, el inicio de la normalización de la política monetaria en ese país se daría antes de lo proyectado. En este informe se estima que el primer incremento en la tasa de interés de la Reserva Federal de los Estados Unidos se dé a finales de 2022 (antes del primer trimestre de 2023). Para Colombia se supone una mayor prima de riesgo frente al informe de abril y se sigue esperando que presente una tendencia creciente, dada la acumulación de deuda pública y externa del país. Todo esto contribuiría a un incremento en el costo del financiamiento externo en el horizonte de pronóstico. La postura expansiva de la política monetaria sigue soportando unas condiciones financieras internas favorables. En el segundo trimestre la tasa de interés interbancaria y el índice bancario de referencia (IBR) se han mantenido acordes con la tasa de interés de política. Las tasas de interés promedio de captación y crédito continuaron históricamente bajas, a pesar de algunos incrementos observados a finales de junio. La cartera en moneda nacional detuvo su desaceleración anual y, entre marzo y junio, el crédito a los hogares se aceleró, principalmente para compra de vivienda. La recuperación de la cartera comercial y de los desembolsos a ese sector fue importante, y se alcanzó de nuevo el elevado saldo observado un año atrás, cuando las empresas requirieron niveles significativos de liquidez para enfrentar los efectos económicos de la pandemia. El riesgo de crédito aumentó, las provisiones se mantienes altas y algunos bancos han retirado de su balance una parte de su cartera vencida. No obstante, las utilidades del sistema financiero se han recuperado y sus niveles de liquidez y solvencia se mantienen por encima del mínimo regulatorio. A partir de este informe se implementará una nueva metodología para cuantificar y comunicar la incertidumbre que rodea los pronósticos del escenario macroeconómico central, en un entorno de política monetaria activa. Esta metodología se conoce como densidades predictivas (DP) y se explica en detalle en el Recuadro 1. Partiendo del balance de riesgos que contiene los principales factores que, de acuerdo con el juicio del equipo técnico, podrían afectar a la economía en el horizonte de pronóstico, la metodología DP produce distribuciones de probabilidad sobre el pronóstico de las principales variables (v. g.: crecimiento, inflación). Estas distribuciones reflejan el resultado de los posibles choques (a variables externas, precios y actividad económica) que podría recibir la economía y su transmisión, considerando la estructura económica y la respuesta de política monetaria en el futuro. En este sentido, permiten cuantificar la incertidumbre alrededor del pronóstico y su sesgo. El ejercicio DP muestra un sesgo a la baja en el crecimiento económico y en la brecha del producto, y al alza en la inflación. El balance de riesgos indica que las disyuntivas para la política monetaria serán potencialmente más complejas que lo contemplado en el pasado. Por el lado de las condiciones de financiamiento externo, se considera que el mayor riesgo es que se tornen un poco menos favorables, en un escenario en el cual la Reserva Federal de los Estados Unidos incremente con mayor prontitud su tasa de interés. Esto último, ante un crecimiento económico y del empleo mayor que el esperado en los Estados Unidos que genere presiones significativas sobre la inflación de ese país. A esto se suma la incertidumbre sobre el panorama fiscal en Colombia y sus efectos sobre la prima de riesgo y el costo del financiamiento externo. En el caso del crecimiento, la mayoría de los riesgos son a la baja, destacándose los efectos de la incertidumbre política y fiscal sobre las decisiones de consumo e inversión, la aparición de nuevas olas de contagio de la pandemia del Covid-19 y sus impactos sobre la actividad económica. En el caso de la inflación, se incorporó el riesgo de una mayor persistencia de los choques asociados con la disrupción de las cadenas de valor, mayores precios internacionales de las materias primas y de los alimentos, y una recuperación más lenta que la esperada de la cadena agrícola nacional afectada por los pasados bloqueos a las vías. Estos riesgos presionarían al alza principalmente los precios de los alimentos y de los bienes. Como principal riesgo a la baja se incluyó un alza de los arriendos menor que el esperado en el escenario central, explicada por una demanda débil y por una mayor oferta en 2022 dadas las altas ventas de vivienda observadas en el presente año. Con todo, el crecimiento económico presenta un sesgo a la baja y, con el 90 % de confianza, se encontraría entre un 6,1 % y 9,1 % para 2021 y entre el 0,5 % y 4,1 % para 2022. La brecha del producto tendría un sesgo a la baja, principalmente en 2022. El sesgo de la inflación es al alza, y se encontraría entre el 3,7 % y 4,9 % en 2021, y el 2,2 % y 4,7 % en 2022, con un 90 % de probabilidad. 1.2 Decisión de política monetaria En las reuniones de junio y julio la JDBR decidió mantener la tasa de política monetaria inalterada en 1,75 %.