Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Frozen dough”

Cassava utilization in the form of cassava-wheat bread is increasing in Africa. However, information on stickiness properties of dough handling under normal and frozen conditions is limited. In view of this the gluten contents and water absorption of doughs, and stickiness of unleavened, leavened and leavened-frozen doughs processed from 0 to 30 % cassava flour substitution level (CFSL) as compared to wheat flour were determined. The gluten contents of flour blends (6.88–13.00 %) decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing CFSL. Water absorption capacity (WAC) was ranged from 59.57–61.70 % and showed positive correlation with gluten contents (r = 0.595, p < 0.05). Cassava variety (CV) and CFSL had significant p < 0.05) influence on stickiness of unleavened (34.14–122.17 g), leavened (13.53–83.94 g) and leavened frozen (126.88–146.82 g) dough. Irrespective of CV and CFSL, frozen dough had the highest stickiness. Gluten content and WAC had significant (p < 0.01) negative influence on stickiness in unleavened (r = -0.445 and -0.437, respectively) and leavened (r = -0.457 and -0.434, respectively) doughs. The variation in stickiness was influenced by gluten contents and CFSL. The unfrozen dough and frozen dough exhibited higher stickiness in lower and higher gluten content flour blends, respectively.

Quick frozen food are becoming increasingly popular among consumers in the last decades. During the development of a quick frozen gluten-free pie crust dough product, the aim was to develop a dough that does not suffer any harmful changes after the freeze-thaw process. The texture is one of the most important sensorial properties, and has a great influence on consumer acceptance. Texture Analyser was used to measure the hardness and the brittleness of various doughs. A quick frozen pie crust dough should be easily cut, but non-crumbling after baking. The results showed that the hardness of a dough with 10% more rice flour was bigger than the other dough’s hardness and it became harder after the freeze-thaw process, while the other dough’s hardness have not changed during the process. The first dough was less brittle than the second dough, also before and after the freeze-thaw. In conclusion, the 1st dough is harder, so it is not more easy to cut than the 2nd dough. However, the first dough being less brittle allows cutting with less crumbs. Considering the expectations, in the future the first recipe should be used to make a fast-frozen pie crust dough product.

Frozen bread doughs usually exhibit less bread volume and poor texture due to dough weakening as well as reduced yeast viability. The objectives of this study were to improve the textural properties of frozen bread dough by applying carbohydrate-active enzymes, α-amylase and endo-xylanase. Each enzyme was applied to dough formulation at 20 (748 and 3.5 units, respectively) and 100 ppm levels of flour, and their combined treatments were also applied. Enzyme-treated doughs were kept frozen at −20 °C for 2 weeks, and then baked following the official American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC) method. A texture profile analysis of oven-baked breads was performed at 25 °C after a 5-day storage period. α-Amylase treatment at a 100 ppm level increased the specific bread volume by 24.5% and 21.9% when compared to untreated fresh and frozen bread doughs, respectively, and decreased crumb hardness by 63.4% and 58.3%; endo-xylanase (100 ppm) also decreased crumb hardness by 56.9% and 26.9%. The combined use of α-amylase and endo-xylanase retarded bread hardening synergistically after a 5-day storage period.

The processing conditions for ready-to-proof (RTP) and ready-to-bake (RTB) frozen sweet bread doughs were optimized using response surface methodology. A central composite design determined four factors and the tested range for each factor: a first fermentation time of 15~45 min, a second fermentation time of 30~90 min, a freezing temperature of −45~−25 °C, and a freezing time of 30~90 min. Sweet bread produced with these doughs was evaluated by bread weight, moisture content, crust color, height, volume, and firmness. Both the RTP and RTB doughs resulted in equal bread volume and height to the fresh dough, indicating excellent frozen stability. The first and second fermentation times were the significant processing factors for the RTP and RTB doughs influencing representative bread quality attributes based on quadratic models and ANOVA. Fermentation steps appeared to more significantly contribute to the quality of sweet bread made of frozen dough than freezing steps. The optimized RTP and RTB sweet bread dough processing conditions were the long first and second fermentation times for the dough based on a multiple response method and desirability. The optimum processing conditions for the RTP and RTB doughs were 44.7 min for the first fermentation time, 86.3 min for the second fermentation time, a −32.8 °C freezing temperature, and an 85.5 min freezing time.

The physical and sensory properties of the steamed bread with different refrigerated processes (frozen steamed bread, pre-steamed steamed bread, proofed-frozen dough, fermented-frozen dough, frozen dough and cold storage dough technology) were compared with fresh steamed bread. The specific volume, spread ratio, whiteness and the parameters from texture profile analysis (TPA) were used to evaluate the physical properties. The results showed that technology of cold storage dough was the best for the steamed bread. Technology of frozen dough and frozen steamed bread were better technology. Technology of pre-steamed steamed bread, proofed-frozen dough and fermented-frozen dough which were used in the industry of bread commonly were not fit for steamed bread.

The main objective of this work was to determine the influence of formulation on the stability of bread dough during frozen storage. Bread doughs containing gluten and trehalose were submitted to mechanical freezing at -30° C and stored frozen for 45 days. Two types of instant yeast were tested: (A) for sweet doughs and (B) for savoury doughs. Specific volume was significantly affected by the yeast type, type A showing better effect than type B. Frozen storage of the doughs negatively affected the specific volume, crumb hardness and technological score of the bread. The addition of 10% trehalose had a beneficial effect on the cell survival rate for both the yeasts.

Dough samples with different content of amylases were investigated immediately after mixing and after 7, 14 and 30 days of frozen storage. The obtained results show that the fermentation time is shorter, both in fresh and frozen samples, when amylase sample 1 was added, compared to dough without enzymes. The addition of amylase 2 to dough resulted in minimal decrease of "rising" time, both is frozen and fresh dough samples. The rising time of fresh samples was shorter when amylase 3 was added to dough. The specific fermentative activity of fresh dough samples is increasing by about 10% compared to the control sample, for all amounts of amylase 1 and 2 added to the do- ugh. The fermentative activity of yeast in frozen samples increased by 5-10%, after keeping of dough with the addition of amylase 1 for 14 days. The specific fermentative activity of fresh dough samples increased compared to the control, for all amounts of added amylase 3 to the dough. In frozen dough samples the fermentative activity of yeast decreased by 10% for all added amounts of amylase 3. Baked goods made of fresh and frozen dough, prepared with the addition of amylase 1, are better than the ones made of control dough sample, considering all evaluated parameters.

In this paper, the effects of Bamboo shoot dietary fiber (BSDF) on the mechanical properties, moisture distribution, and microstructure of frozen dough were investigated. The state and distribution of water in frozen dough was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LNMR) spectroscopy. The microstructure of frozen dough was studied. The structure of the gluten protein network found in wheat flour dough was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result showed that the BSDF could significantly improve the viscoelasticity and extensibility of frozen dough after thawing in a dose-dependent manner. It was significantly improved with the increase in the addition amount of BSDF (P<0.05). DSC analysis showed that the freezable water content and thermal stability of frozen dough were increased after the addition of BSDF. LNMR analysis showed that the appropriate (<0.1%) addition amount of BSDF could significantly (P<0.05) decline the contents of bound water. Meanwhile, the loose bound water and free water were raised significantly (P<0.05) after the addition of BSDF. Moreover, the addition of BSDF induces arrangement of starch granule and gluten network in frozen dough. BSDF can be used as a novel quality improver of frozen dough.

The need to freeze dough is increasing in bakery production. Frozen dough can be stored for a long time without quality change. The capacity of bakery production can be increased in this way, and in the same time, the night shifts can be decreased. Yeast cells can be damaged by freezing process resulting in poor technological quality of dough after defrostation (longer fermentation of dough). The influence of frozen storage time of dough on survival percentage of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated. Dough samples were taken after 1, 7, 14 and 28 days of frozen storage at -20?C. After defrosting, at room temperature, samples were taken from the surface and the middle part of dough (under aseptic conditions), and the percentage of living S. cerevisiae cells was determined. During frozen storage of dough, the number of living S. cerevisiae decreased. After 28 days of frozen storage, the percentage of live cells on the surface and inside the dough was 53,1% and 54,95%, respectively. The addition of k-carragenan to dough increased the percentage of living cells in the middle part of dough up to 64,63%. Pure cultures, isolated from survived S. cerevisia cells in frozen dough by agar plates method (Koch's method), were multiplied in optimal liquid medium for yeasts. The content of cytochromes in S. cerevisiae cells was determined by spectrophotometric method. The obtained results showed that the content of cytochromes in survived S. cerevisiae cells was not affected by dough freezing process. Growth rate and fermentative activity (Einchor's method) were determined in multiplied cells.

Master of Science
Department of Grain Science and Industry
J.M. Faubion
The market for frozen goods is expanding and the frozen dough goods sector still has potential to expand its market. It is well known that deterioration in bread quality occurs during frozen dough/bread production. In addition, it is known that dough rheology influences bread quality. To prevent deterioration of bread quality, many additives have been used and researched. Combinations of oxidants (potassium bromate and ascorbic acid) are widely used worldwide. However, potassium bromate may be carcinogenic to humans, and it has been detected in bread after baking. Since it has been prohibited or strictly limited in many countries, many researchers have tried to find a replacement. Ascorbic acid is safe for human intake, and does not persist in bread. However, it is not as effective as potassium bromate. Possible replacements in frozen doughs include oxidant (ascorbic acid)-enzyme combinations. This study evaluated the effects of ascorbic acid-specific enzyme combinations as a replacement for the potassium bromate in frozen dough and related the effects to dough behavior (gluten network strength) as evaluated by dynamic oscillation rheometry. Bread quality was evaluated by test baking. Based on the results from fresh baking studies, potassium bromate can be replaced by an optimum level combination of ascorbic acid and hemicellulase/endo-xylanase. This combination clearly improved loaf volume, and crumb grain over both control and potassium bromate containing doughs. For frozen dough/bread production, the addition of all additives improved bread quality, but ascorbic acid and endo-xylanase containing dough resulted in higher volume, and better crumb structure than did dough containing potassium bromate. Dough rheology experiments show that rheology was affected by both the process and additives. Strain sweeps gave the information about dough stability. Both the additives and proofing improved dough stability. Dough behavior (gluten network strength) was assessed by frequency sweeps. Dough containing ascorbic acid and endoxylanase was most stable during frozen dough processing.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
A tÃcnica de glazeamento à utilizada em produtos de confeitaria e pÃes doces, com a finalidade de promover a melhoria das caracterÃsticas externas do produto. O estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver soluÃÃes de glazeamento compostas de matÃrias-primas nÃo-convencionais como Ãleos vegetais, vegetais em pà e subprodutos do processamento de frutas e avaliar o processo de obtenÃÃo dos pÃes tipo forma atravÃs da tecnologia de massas congeladas verificando o efeito da estocagem por 60 dias nos parÃmetros de qualidade dos pÃes. As soluÃÃes de glazeamento contendo Ãleos vegetais foram: Ãleo de algodÃo/Ãgua, Ãleo de canola/Ãgua, Ãleo de girassol/Ãgua; Ãleo de milho/Ãgua e Ãleo de soja/Ãgua. As soluÃÃes de glazeamento contendo vegetais em pà foram: brÃcolis em pÃ/Ãgua; espinafre em pÃ/Ãgua; palmito em pÃ/Ãgua e tomate em pÃ/Ãgua. As soluÃÃes de glazeamento contendo subprodutos (cascas) de processamento de frutas foram: subproduto de abacaxi/polpa de abacaxi; subproduto de caju/polpa de caju; subproduto de goiaba/polpa de goiaba e subproduto de manga/polpa de manga. Cada uma destas soluÃÃes foi desenvolvida atravÃs de um Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR) totalizando 11 ensaios, com trÃs repetiÃÃes no ponto central. A metodologia estatÃstica aplicada consistiu em anÃlise descritiva dos dados, testes de normalidade, anÃlise de variÃncia (ANOVA) e nÃo-paramÃtrica, teste de mÃdia Tukey, anÃlise de regressÃo mÃltipla, anÃlise de correlaÃÃo e superfÃcies de resposta. Os efeitos do perÃodo de estocagem congelada (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias) foram avaliados sobre os parÃmetros fÃsicos de qualidade das massas. Para as soluÃÃes contendo Ãleos vegetais e Ãgua verificou-se que o maior volume obtido foi pela soluÃÃo de Ãleo de algodÃo e Ãgua com 4,23 mL/g, seguido da soluÃÃo com Ãleo de milho/Ãgua (4,03 mL/g). Atribuiu-se a menor viscosidade destes Ãleos a nÃo-formaÃÃo de pelÃcula externa à massa, nÃo prejudicando as transferÃncias de calor e massa durante a fermentaÃÃo e forneamento. O Ãndice de expansÃo foi superior a 2,00 para todas as soluÃÃes com exceÃÃo das compostas por Ãleo de canola/Ãgua e Ãleo de girassol/Ãgua. Com relaÃÃo Ãs soluÃÃes contendo vegetais em pà e Ãgua, observou-se que os volumes especÃficos, de modo geral, foram superiores aos obtidos pelas soluÃÃes adicionadas de Ãleo. Os vegetais em pà podem fornecer micronutrientes para as leveduras e melhorar o processo fermentativo, resultado devido ao maior nÃmero de alvÃolos apresentado, tendo obtido valores acima de 1.000 alvÃolos para todos os vegetais, exceto o palmito, portanto, apresentaram miolos com boa porosidade. Verificou-se que as soluÃÃes de glazeamento contendo subprodutos e polpa de frutas promoveram os menores volumes especÃficos para os pÃes, onde nenhum ensaio apresentou valores maiores que 4,00 mL/g. Este resultado pode estar relacionado com o pH Ãcido das frutas e a presenÃa de enzimas proteolÃticas que podem danificar a estrutura do glÃten, reduzindo a capacidade de retenÃÃo gasosa ou prejudicar a atividade das leveduras. AtravÃs das superfÃcies de resposta e modelos matemÃticos gerados foi possÃvel selecionar duas soluÃÃes de glazeamento para cada tratamento, totalizando 26 soluÃÃes que foram utilizadas em massas congeladas por atà 60 dias, onde foi avaliado o seu potencial para a manutenÃÃo da qualidade. Verificou-se que a estocagem congelada das massas reduziu o volume especÃfico, Ãndice e fator de expansÃo, pH, umidade total e volume produzido. Entretanto, as soluÃÃes de glazeamento, de modo geral, promoveram a reduÃÃo no descrÃscimo da qualidade ao longo do tempo de estocagem, quando comparados Ãs massas controle, ausentes da aplicaÃÃo das soluÃÃes de glazeamento. A aplicaÃÃo de soluÃÃes de glazeamento em massas congeladas para a produÃÃo de pÃes tipo forma, portanto, consiste em uma tecnologia que pode ser utilizada em processos industriais pois demonstrou eficÃcia na manutenÃÃo da qualidade das massas apÃs 60 dias de estocagem congelada, alÃm poder contribuir para a melhoria da qualidade nutricional dos produtos.
The glazing technique is used in bakery products and confectionery, in order to promote the improvement of the external characteristics of the product. The objective of this study was to develop composite glazing solutions of unconventional raw materials like vegetable oils, powdered vegetables and by-products of fruit processing through statistical tool Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) and study the process of getting the bread through the frozen dough technology evaluating the effect of storage for 60 days in the quality of breads parameters. The glaze solutions containing vegetable oils are: cottonseed oil/water, canola oil/water, sunflower oil/water; corn oil/water and soy oil/water. The glaze solutions containing powdered vegetables were broccoli powder/water; Spinach powder/water; palmito powder/water and tomato powder/water. The glazing solutions containing fruit processing by-products were byproduct of pineapple/pineapple pulp; byproduct of cashew/pulp cashew; Guava byproduct/guava pulp and byproduct mango/mango pulp. Each of these solutions was developed through a CCRD total of 11 samples with three replications at the center point. The applied statistical methodology consisted of descriptive data analysis, normality tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and nonparametric, average Tukey test, multiple regression analysis, correlation analysis and response surfaces, we used these tests to check the effect of different glazing solutions on the quality of physical parameters - specific volume, density, expansion factor of the dough, expansion index of breads, volume produced during fermentation, number and circularity of alveoli - to establish the conditions great to hold each of the study with frozen dough. The effects of frozen storage time (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days) were evaluated by the aforementioned parameters, and the total water content of the dough, acidity and pH. For solutions containing vegetable oils and water has been found that the greater volume was obtained by cotton seed oil and water solution with 4.23 mL/ g, followed by the solution of corn oil/water (4.03 mL/g) This result is related to the lower viscosity of these oils, attributing to non-formation of outer film to the dough and does not impair the heat and mass transfer during fermentation and baking. The expansion ratio was greater than 2.00 for all solutions except those consisting of canola oil/water and sunflower oil/water. With respect to solutions containing vegetable powder and water, it was observed that the specific volumes generally were higher than those obtained by the added oil solutions. In this case, the vegetable powder can provide micronutrients for the yeast and improve the fermentation process, results related to the higher number of wells shown (above 1000 for all vegetables except palmito) therefore presents brains with good porosity. It was found that the glazing solutions containing by-products and fruit pulp promoted, generally smaller specific volumes for the loaves, where no test showed values above 4.00 mL/g, this result may be related to the pH acid fruits and the presence of proteolytic enzymes that can damage the gluten structure and, consequently, reduce the gas retaining capacity, or impair the activity of the yeast. Therefore, before the results, we selected two glazing solutions for each treatment, totaling 26 glazing solutions to be used in frozen dough for up to 60 days and evaluate its potential as a quality preserving agent. Through the response surface and mathematical models generated it was possible to select two glazing solutions for each treatment, totaling 26 solutions that were used in frozen dough for up to 60 days, which was evaluated its potential as a quality preserving agent. It was found that frozen storage of the dough reduced the specific volume, expansion index, expansion factor pH, moisture and volume produced. However, the glazing solutions generally have promoted the reduction in the quality descrÃscimo over storage time, when compared to mass control, absent the application of glazing solutions. Application of glazing solutions frozen dough for producing bread-like form thus consists of a technology that can be used in industrial processes as it has demonstrated its effectiveness in maintaining the quality of the pasta after 60 days of frozen storage, in addition to contribute to improving the nutritional quality of products.

Fiber in frozen bread dough is thought to reduce the loss of yeast vitality and improve nutrition and quality of bread. The objective of this study was to determine the applicability of flaxseed fiber in frozen bread dough. Fiber was extracted from two sources of brown flaxseed and added to bread formulas at 0%, 1% and 3%. Dough was blast chilled and kept frozen until thawed at scheduled intervals. Thawed dough was proofed, baked into bread. Bread was tested analytically and by a sensory panel. Loss of overall quality was observed overtime. Breads containing flaxseed fiber had significantly larger loaf volumes (cc) and reduced firmness (g). A trained sensory panel detected significantly lower crumb firmness and stale flavors in breads containing flaxseed fiber. These results suggest flaxseed fiber has the potential to improve the perceived quality of frozen bread dough.

O conhecimento de propriedades termofísicas é importante na modelagem, na otimização e no projeto de equipamentos para processos como a fabricação de massa de pão congelada. Neste trabalho, as propriedades termofísicas condutividade térmica, difusividade térmica e calor específico foram determinadas experimentalmente ao longo do processo de congelamento da massa de pão, pois influenciam diretamente a cinética do processo que, por sua vez, determina a qualidade do pão produzido. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que algumas destas propriedades variaram em função do conteúdo inicial de água e principalmente devido à mudança da temperatura. O valor médio encontrado através da atividade de água das massas (aw = 0,950), para temperatura inicial de congelamento, pode explicar alguns desvios no ajuste dos dados experimentais a modelos disponíveis na literatura baseados na lei de Raoult, que são estritamente relacionados à fração de gelo formada. O uso combinado de goma guar e xantana reduziu a entalpia de fusão ao longo do tempo de armazenamento congelado (87,4 J.g-1 e 81,2 J.g-1 para a formulação sem gomas, não congelada e após 28 dias de armazenamento congelado; 84,4 J.g-1 e 76,9 J.g-1 para a formulação com 0,25% de goma guar e 0,25% de goma xantana na massa não congelada e após 28 dias de armazenamento congelado), indicando uma interação entre as gomas na capacidade de ligar água ao longo do tempo de congelamento. Porém, apesar do tempo de congelamento ter reduzido a entalpia de fusão, o processo de congelamento foi o principal fator na queda da taxa de fermentação e da produção de gás pelas leveduras independentemente do tempo de armazenamento congelado.
The knowledge of thermophysical properties is important to model and optimize equipment design for frozen food processes. In this work, the thermophysical bread dough properties, such as, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat were experimentally determined during freezing process, due to their influence on the kinetics process, and therefore on bread quality. The results showed that some properties varied according to the initial water content and mainly due to temperature changes. The average value of initial freezing temperature found by water activity (aw = 0.950) explains the deviations between experimental data and available models in the literature based on Raoults law, which is related to the ice mass fraction. The combined use of guar and xanthan gums reduced the fusion enthalpy along frozen storage time (87.4 J.g-1 and 81.2 J.g-1 for formulation without gum, non-frozen and after 28 frozen storage days; 84.4 J.g-1 and 76.9 J.g-1 for formulation with 0.25 % of guar gum and 0.25 % of xanthan gum in non-frozen and after 28 frozen storage days). It indicated the interaction between gums and their ability to hold water along frozen storage. Despite frozen storage reduced the fusion enthalpy, the freezing process itself was the main factor in the decrease in proofing rate and gas production by yeast cells.

A qualidade global da massa de pão congelada por um longo período é um desafio para indústria de panificação. O uso de diferentes técnicas pode ajudar a explicar os danos sofridos à massa de pão durante o congelamento e armazenamento congelado. A presença de água na forma de cristais de gelo foi vista como a principal causa de defeitos à estrutura da massa. Gomas guar e xantana foram incorporadas às massas para contornar os danos causados pelo congelamento. Das análises térmicas conduzidas em calorímetro de varredura diferencial foi possível quantificar a quantidade de gelo presente na massa. A adição de (0,125 a 0,250) g/100g de goma guar e de (0,214 e 0,250) g/100g de goma xantana diminuíram os valores de entalpia na massa ao longo do armazenamento congelado. A fração de gelo foi menor e mais estável nas massas contendo (0,125 e 0,250) g/100g de goma guar ou xantana. O valor da atividade de água diminuiu nas massas contendo goma guar e com níveis mais altos de goma xantana, após o ciclo de congelamento e descongelamento e 170 dias de armazenamento. Alterações na estrutura das massas foram medidas e visualizadas pela análise de textura e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Adição de goma xantana e principalmente de goma guar às massas aumentaram a resistência à extensão após 170 dias de armazenamento congelado. A extensibilidade não foi influenciada pela adição de gomas e manteve estabilidade nos períodos de armazenamento estudados. A MEV ajudou a explicar os danos causados à rede de glúten pelos cristais de gelo ao longo do armazenamento congelado. A massa sem gomas apareceu com pequenos danos na rede de glúten com 21 dias de armazenamento e estes danos aumentaram progressivamente por até 170 dias, mostrando um glúten menos contínuo, mais rompido e separado dos grânulos de amido. As massas contendo gomas minimizaram, mas não evitaram os danos causados ao longo do armazenamento congelado.
The global quality of the frozen bread dough for long periods of frozen storage is the challenge to bakery industry. The use of different techniques could help to explain the damages caused in the frozen dough during the freezing and along frozen storage time. The presence of water as ice crystals was the main cause of damage on the dough structure. In order to minimize the freezing damages, guar and xanthan gums were incorporated in the dough. From thermal analysis by DSC technique, the amount of ice present in the dough was determined. The addition of (0.125 to 0.250) g/100g guar gum and (0.214 and 0.250) g/100g xanthan gum presented lower values of fusion enthalpy. The addition of (0.125 and 0.250) g/100g of guar gum decreased or stabilized the frozen water content, suggesting minimal damage on the dough structure along frozen storage time. The water activity in the dough samples with guar gum and higher quantities of xanthan gum decreased after the freezing-thawed cycle and after a period of frozen storage of 170 days. The incorporation of xanthan gum and mainly the incorporation of guar gum increased the maximum resistance of the dough after 170 days. The extensibility was not affected by addition of gums along frozen storage time. The MEV technical helped to explain the damaged dough structure caused by ice crystals along frozen storage time. Dough samples without gums presented structure damage only after 21 days and increased after 170 days, resulting in less continuous gluten, more disrupted and separated from starch granules. The doughs with gums suffered less damage in the gluten matrix, but did not avoid the problems caused by frozen storage.

Савремено пекарство у нашој земљи, још увек, у највећој мери подразумева производњу хлеба и пекарских производа in situ. Припрема пекарских производа у кућним условима своди се, готово искључиво, на мешење према традиционалноммоделу. Овакво понашање пекара и потрошача делимично је последица навика, али и изузетно лоше снабдевености нашег тржишта замрзнутим пекарским производима добијеним од квасног теста, као и сировинама намењеним запроизводњу истих.Циљ истраживања обухваћених докторском дисертацијом усмерен је ка дефинисању и унапређењу услова производње и финализације замрзнутих пекарских производа непосредно пред употребу, у близини корисника или од стране самог корисника. Добијени резултати требало би да дају допринос бољем разумевању феномена који се дешавају у поступкузамрзавања/одмрзавања теста. Модификација постојеће, код нас примењиване технологије, у смислу примене одабраних сојева квасца, одабраног режима замрзавања/одмрзавања и дужине чувања теста у замрзнутом стању, као и примене одабраних додатака тесту, требало би да резултује пекарским производима добијеним од замрзаваног теста чије су технолошке и сензорне карактеристике побољшане.Испитан је сировински састав теста и квалитет употребљених сировина карактеристичан за наше поднебље са аспекта њихове примене у производњи замрзаваног теста, о чему нема публикованих резултата. Доказана је могућност употребе комерцијалног пекарског квасца и комерцијалног брашна које по садржају и квалитету глутена не одговара у потпуности литературним препорукама.Предложене су математичке релације које омогућавају предвиђање трајања операција замрзавања и одмрзавања квасног теста у дефинисаним условима који су уобичајени у пекарској производњи, о чему нема литературних података.Дефинисани су оптимални услови замрзавања и одмрзавања квасног теста који омогућавају очување активности квасца у замрзаваном тесту на прихватљивом нивоу.На основу активности квасца у замрзаваном тесту са хидроколоидима, матурографских и екстензограмских показатеља квалитета као и његове микроструктуре доказан је позитиван утицај додатка хидроколоида у замрзавано тесто са аспекта његовог квалитета. Јасно изражене промене микроструктуре замрзнутог теста током његовог складиштења доприносе разумевању феномена који се дешавају у тесту услед његовог замрзавања, одмрзавања и складиштења у замрзнутом стању до 28 дана, као и интеракција између конституента теста и додатих хидроколоида.Доказано да је за припрему замрзаваног теста могуће користити сировине чији квалитет није оптималан, али да се тимезначајно скраћује период складиштења у коме не долази до неприхватљиве деградације његовог квалитета са неколико седмица колико препоручује литература, на свега 7 до 14 дана. Квалитет готовог пекарског производа добијеног од замрзаваног теста које се састоји од сировина уобичајено присутнихна нашем тржишту, а које је припремљено уз предложене минималне модификације традиционалног начина припреме хлеба, задовољавајући је из угла конзумента.
Savremeno pekarstvo u našoj zemlji, još uvek, u najvećoj meri podrazumeva proizvodnju hleba i pekarskih proizvoda in situ. Priprema pekarskih proizvoda u kućnim uslovima svodi se, gotovo isključivo, na mešenje prema tradicionalnommodelu. Ovakvo ponašanje pekara i potrošača delimično je posledica navika, ali i izuzetno loše snabdevenosti našeg tržišta zamrznutim pekarskim proizvodima dobijenim od kvasnog testa, kao i sirovinama namenjenim zaproizvodnju istih.Cilj istraživanja obuhvaćenih doktorskom disertacijom usmeren je ka definisanju i unapređenju uslova proizvodnje i finalizacije zamrznutih pekarskih proizvoda neposredno pred upotrebu, u blizini korisnika ili od strane samog korisnika. Dobijeni rezultati trebalo bi da daju doprinos boljem razumevanju fenomena koji se dešavaju u postupkuzamrzavanja/odmrzavanja testa. Modifikacija postojeće, kod nas primenjivane tehnologije, u smislu primene odabranih sojeva kvasca, odabranog režima zamrzavanja/odmrzavanja i dužine čuvanja testa u zamrznutom stanju, kao i primene odabranih dodataka testu, trebalo bi da rezultuje pekarskim proizvodima dobijenim od zamrzavanog testa čije su tehnološke i senzorne karakteristike poboljšane.Ispitan je sirovinski sastav testa i kvalitet upotrebljenih sirovina karakterističan za naše podneblje sa aspekta njihove primene u proizvodnji zamrzavanog testa, o čemu nema publikovanih rezultata. Dokazana je mogućnost upotrebe komercijalnog pekarskog kvasca i komercijalnog brašna koje po sadržaju i kvalitetu glutena ne odgovara u potpunosti literaturnim preporukama.Predložene su matematičke relacije koje omogućavaju predviđanje trajanja operacija zamrzavanja i odmrzavanja kvasnog testa u definisanim uslovima koji su uobičajeni u pekarskoj proizvodnji, o čemu nema literaturnih podataka.Definisani su optimalni uslovi zamrzavanja i odmrzavanja kvasnog testa koji omogućavaju očuvanje aktivnosti kvasca u zamrzavanom testu na prihvatljivom nivou.Na osnovu aktivnosti kvasca u zamrzavanom testu sa hidrokoloidima, maturografskih i ekstenzogramskih pokazatelja kvaliteta kao i njegove mikrostrukture dokazan je pozitivan uticaj dodatka hidrokoloida u zamrzavano testo sa aspekta njegovog kvaliteta. Jasno izražene promene mikrostrukture zamrznutog testa tokom njegovog skladištenja doprinose razumevanju fenomena koji se dešavaju u testu usled njegovog zamrzavanja, odmrzavanja i skladištenja u zamrznutom stanju do 28 dana, kao i interakcija između konstituenta testa i dodatih hidrokoloida.Dokazano da je za pripremu zamrzavanog testa moguće koristiti sirovine čiji kvalitet nije optimalan, ali da se timeznačajno skraćuje period skladištenja u kome ne dolazi do neprihvatljive degradacije njegovog kvaliteta sa nekoliko sedmica koliko preporučuje literatura, na svega 7 do 14 dana. Kvalitet gotovog pekarskog proizvoda dobijenog od zamrzavanog testa koje se sastoji od sirovina uobičajeno prisutnihna našem tržištu, a koje je pripremljeno uz predložene minimalne modifikacije tradicionalnog načina pripreme hleba, zadovoljavajući je iz ugla konzumenta.
Currently the baker's industry in our country is based on the production of bread and bakery products in situ. ln domestic conditions the preparation of bakery products is done solely using the traditional model. This is a consequence of baker and consumer habit in our country as well as the poor market supplies of frozen bakery products from yeast dough and raw material for this production.The aim of research for this dissertation is based on the definition and improvement of the production conditions as well as the flnalization of frozen bakery products prior to use. The results should contribute to the understanding of phenomena that exist in the process of freezing/thawing of dough. In order to preserve the technology commonlyused in our country, minor modifications were made using selected yeast types, selected regime of freezing/tharving, frozen dough storage time and additives to dough. These minor changes should result in the improvement of technological and sensor characteristics for baker products obtained from frozen dough. The raw material structure in dough and the quality of used raw material were analyzed from the aspect of the frozen dough production where there is nothing published upon this subject yet. The possibility of the use of commercial baker yeast and flour was proven even though their content and quality of gluten does not correspond to the literature recommendation.Mathematical relations that enable prediction of freezing/thawing of yeast dough operation durance in defined conditions were suggested and has no published results upon this subject yet. Optimal conditions of freezing/thawing yeast dough that preserves the activity of yeast in frozen dough on an accepted level were defined.On the basis of the yeast activity in frozen dough with hydrocolloids, the rheological characteristics and its microstructure, the positive affect of hydrocolloid addition to frozen dough was proven from its quality aspect. Major changes in microstructure of frozen dough during its storage contribute to the understanding of the phenomena thatappear in dough during freezing, thawing and storage in frozen state up to 28 days, as well as the interaction between the dough constituents and added hydrocollcids.The possibility of the use of raw material for the dough preparation that has not the optimal quality but shortens the storage time was proven. During this storage time the degradation of its quality does not appear as reconlmended by literature in the period of few weeks but in the period of 7 to 14 days.From the consumerrs point of view the quality of finished bakery product derived from frozen dough with available raw material and with minor modifications of the traditional method of preparation was satisfactorily.