Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Fringe”
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Cruz, Rodrigo José Guimarães, i José Enemir dos Santos. "Testicular structure of three species of neotropical freshwater pimelodids (Pisces, Pimelodidae)". Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 21, nr 2 (czerwiec 2004): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81752004000200016.
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The testes structure of the following Siluriformes was studied: Pimelodus maculatus (Lacepède, 1803), Iheringichtys labrosus (Lütken, 1874) and Conorhynchos conirostris (Valenciennes, 1840). The testes of these species were dissected into cranial and caudal regions. The fringes of mature testes were counted and measured. Student's t-test was used to identify significant differences between fringe lengths of the two regions. To study the whole testes of each species in its resting and mature stage, testes were fixed in Bouin liquid for 6-8 hours and submitted to routine histological techniques. Standard histochemical techniques were used to detect carbohydrates and proteins. The testes of all species were paired and fringed organs. Histologically, cranial fringes of all species were spermatogenic with cells inside cysts at the same phase of development. Caudal fringes of C. conirostris were spermatogenic; while P. maculatus and I. labrosus showed caudal fringes only during secretion. Histochemically, neutral glycoproteins, acid glycoconjugates, acid carboxilates, sialomucines, and acid and sulfates glycoconjugates were detected in the caudal fringe secretions of P. maculatus; and neutral glycoproteins in I. labrosus. Significant differences between the fringe lengths of the cranial and caudal regions were found for all the species studied.
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Pennarubia, Florian, Alison V. Nairn, Megumi Takeuchi, Kelley W. Moremen i Robert S. Haltiwanger. "Modulation of the NOTCH1 Pathway by LUNATIC FRINGE Is Dominant over That of MANIC or RADICAL FRINGE". Molecules 26, nr 19 (30.09.2021): 5942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195942.
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Fringes are glycosyltransferases that transfer a GlcNAc to O-fucose residues on Epidermal Growth Factor-like (EGF) repeats. Three Fringes exist in mammals: LUNATIC FRINGE (LFNG), MANIC FRINGE (MFNG), and RADICAL FRINGE (RFNG). Fringe modification of O-fucose on EGF repeats in the NOTCH1 (N1) extracellular domain modulates the activation of N1 signaling. Not all O-fucose residues of N1 are modified by all Fringes; some are modified by one or two Fringes and others not modified at all. The distinct effects on N1 activity depend on which Fringe is expressed in a cell. However, little data is available on the effect that more than one Fringe has on the modification of O-fucose residues and the resulting downstream consequence on Notch activation. Using mass spectral glycoproteomic site mapping and cell-based N1 signaling assays, we compared the effect of co-expression of N1 with one or more Fringes on modification of O-fucose and activation of N1 in three cell lines. Individual expression of each Fringe with N1 in the three cell lines revealed differences in modulation of the Notch pathway dependent on the presence of endogenous Fringes. Despite these cell-based differences, co-expression of several Fringes with N1 demonstrated a dominant effect of LFNG over MFNG or RFNG. MFNG and RFNG appeared to be co-dominant but strongly dependent on the ligands used to activate N1 and on the endogenous expression of Fringes. These results show a hierarchy of Fringe activity and indicate that the effect of MFNG and/or RFNG could be small in the presence of LFNG.
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Li, Miaoling, Hongxia Zhao, Lehua Qi i Hejun Li. "Analysis Techniques of Lattice Fringe Images for Quantified Evaluation of Pyrocarbon by Chemical Vapor Infiltration". Microscopy and Microanalysis 20, nr 5 (22.07.2014): 1591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192761400169x.
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AbstractSome image analysis techniques are developed for simplifying lattice fringe images of deposited pyrocarbon in carbon/carbon composites by chemical vapor infiltration. They are mainly the object counting method for detecting the optimum threshold, the self-adaptive morphological filtering, the node-separation technique for breaking the aggregate fringes, and some post processing algorithms for reconstructing the fringes. The simplified fringes are the foundation for defining and extracting quantitative nanostructure parameters of pyrocarbon. The frequency filter window of a Fourier transform is defined as the circular band that retains only those fringes with interlayer distance between 0.3 and 0.45 nm. Some judge criteria are set to define topological relation between fringes. For example, the aspect ratio and area of fringes are employed to detect aggregate fringes. Fringe coaxality and distance between endpoints are used to judge the disconnected fringes. The optimum values are determined by using the iterative correction techniques. The best cut-off value for the short fringes is chosen only when there is a reasonable match between the mean fringe length and the value measured by X-ray diffraction. The adopted techniques have been verified to be feasible and to have the potential to convert the complex lattice fringe image to a set of distinct fringe structures.
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Jones, Dayton L. "Global Fringe Fitting for Space Interferometry". Symposium - International Astronomical Union 129 (1988): 521–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007418090013548x.
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The technique of global fringe fitting has proven to be very valuable for very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI). It allows weaker fringes to be detected than is possible with conventional single-baseline fringe fitting algorithms, and thus improves the sensitivity of present VLBI arrays. Global fitting was developed for VLBI by Schwab and Cotton (1983, Astron. J.88, 688), and has been incorporated into the NRAO Astronomical Image Processing System as program VBFIT. As Schwab and Cotton point out, this is a generalized from of self-calibration in which closure relations for residual fringe delay and rate (frequency) are satisfied in addition to those for fringe phase and amplitude. These additional closure relations allow station-dependent delays and rates to be solved for, using data from all baselines with sufficiently strong fringes. Then it is possible to calculate where fringes will be on any less sensitive baselines between these telescopes, so that very narrow search windows in delay and rate can be used.
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Argyriou, Ioannis, Martyn Wells, Alistair Glasse, David Lee, Pierre Royer, Bart Vandenbussche, Eliot Malumuth i in. "The nature of point source fringes in mid-infrared spectra acquired with the James Webb Space Telescope". Astronomy & Astrophysics 641 (wrzesień 2020): A150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202037535.
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Context. As is common for infrared spectrometers, the constructive and destructive interference in different layers of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) detector arrays modulate the detected signal as a function of wavelength. The resulting “fringing” in the Medium-Resolution Spectrometer (MRS) spectra varies in amplitude between 10% and 30% of the spectral baseline. A common method for correcting for fringes relies on dividing the data by a fringe flat. In the case of MIRI MRS, the fringe flat is derived from measurements of an extended, spatially homogeneous source acquired during the thermal-vacuum ground verification of the instrument. While this approach reduces fringe amplitudes of extended sources below the percent level, at the detector level, point source fringe residuals vary in a systematic way across the point spread function. The effect could hamper the scientific interpretation of MRS observations of unresolved sources, semi-extended sources, and point sources in crowded fields. Aims. We find MIRI MRS point source fringes to be reproducible under similar observing conditions. We want to investigate whether a generic and accurate correction can be determined. Therefore, we want to identify the variables, if they exist, that would allow for a parametrization of the signal variations induced by point source fringe modulations. Methods. We determine the point source fringe properties by analyzing MRS detector plane images acquired on the ground. We extracted the fringe profile of multiple point source observations and studied the amplitude and phase of the fringes as a function of field position and pixel sampling of the point spread function of the optical chain. Results. A systematic variation in the amplitude and phase of the point source fringes is found over the wavelength range covered by the test sources (4.9 − 5.8 μm). The variation depends on the fraction of the point spread function seen by the detector pixel. We identify the non-uniform pixel illumination as the root cause of the reported systematic variation. This new finding allows us to reconcile the point source and extended source fringe patterns observed in test data during ground verification. We report an improvement after correction of 50% on the 1σ standard deviation of the spectral continuum. A 50% improvement is also reported in line sensitivity for a benchmark test with a spectral continuum of 100 mJy. The improvement in the shape of weak lines is illustrated using a T Tauri model spectrum. Consequently, we verify that fringes of extended sources and potentially semi-extended sources and crowded fields can be simulated by combining multiple point source fringe transmissions. Furthermore, we discuss the applicability of this novel fringe-correction method to the MRS data (and the data of other instruments).
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Che, Hao, An Li, Jie Fang, Xi Chen i Fang-Jun Qin. "Interference fringe fitting of atom gravimeter based on fitness particle swarm optimization". AIP Advances 12, nr 7 (1.07.2022): 075211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0096967.
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In the atom gravimeter, three Raman pulses are utilized to realize the interference of atom matter waves, and atom interference fringes are obtained by scanning the chirp rate of the Raman laser during the interference time. Previously, fringe data analysis methods used LS (Least Squares) to fit the cosine function of each interference fringe data to minimize the standard deviation between the estimated value and the observed value of each group of fringe data or the EKF (Extended Kalman Filter) method to obtain the estimation of the gravity value. In this paper, we propose a new method applied to the interference fringe fitting of the atom gravimeter, namely, through the FPSO (Fitness Particle Swarm Optimization) method to estimate the parameters of the interference fringe atom and then estimate the gravity value. First, the theoretical analysis and proof are carried out by using simulation data. On this basis, we carried out a gravity measurement experiment in the ship-mounted mooring state, which further verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm. The simulation and experimental results show that, compared with LS and EKF methods, the FPSO method can search the relatively optimal fitting parameters of atom interference fringes quickly and accurately and improve the accuracy and stability of the atom gravimeter measurement. It is feasible and effective to apply the FPSO method to fitting atom interference fringes. The FPSO method proposed in this paper can be used as a new method for fitting atom interference fringes, which provides a new idea and choice for accurate gravity measurement in a dynamic environment.
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G. Gallo, Rachel, Lisa Barrett i Amelia A. Lake. "The food environment within the primary school fringe". British Food Journal 116, nr 8 (29.07.2014): 1259–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-04-2013-0091.
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Purpose – The school fringe environment (peripheral 400 m buffer) offers an important opportunity for young people to obtain food and drink. There is international evidence to suggest socio-economic influence on food outlet availability and healthfulness within these environments; however the situation in the UK is unclear. The purpose of this paper is to describe food outlet provision (frequency and type) within primary school fringes across the spectrum of deprivation. Design/methodology/approach – Ten primary schools in Newcastle upon Tyne were purposefully selected from a comprehensive list of all schools within the region. Two schools were chosen at random from each quintile of deprivation. A total of 400-metre buffer zones around schools were audited. School fringe food environments were classified using a Food Outlet Classification System. Access (i.e. frequency), and type of food outlets were compared to area level deprivation, obesity prevalence rates and area type. Findings – Food outlet frequency was highest in the most deprived school fringe area. Convenience stores and takeaways represented the greatest proportion of total food outlets across all school fringe environments. More total food outlets were observed in fringes with above national average obesity prevalence rates for children. Research limitations/implications – UK case study approach limits widespread and international applicability. Practical implications – Informs school, health and urban planning disciplines regarding current picture of UK school fringes. Originality/value – Provides evidence in UK context that area deprivation and Census 2001 Supergroup class show significant correlations with school fringe food environment.
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Freedgood, Elaine. "FRINGE". Victorian Literature and Culture 30, nr 1 (marzec 2002): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150302301128.
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IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, edginess was experienced as a literal problem. The OED gives the first definition, occurring in 1822, as “the condition of having the outlines too clearly marked; angularity, hardness of outline.” This problem of unsightly outlines was solved, I suggest, by an extensive use of fringe throughout the Victorian period. These many miles of trimming performed symbolic work for a culture whose anxieties seemed to gather at edges — of clothing, of furniture, of nations, of empires, and eventually, of selves. A few inches of fringe, after all, can make an edge wide and irregular enough to allow for error. A row of pompoms strategically placed can usefully blur the beginnings and endings of literal and figurative fabric. A border of lace can protect edges from unraveling or wearing down. The fringed, and thus indefinite border, suggests the value of being able to imagine and construct limits as variable, permeable, and attenuated structures, rather than as hard edges at which one must stop short. The befringed edge offers a margin for error, for exploration, for coming to an end slowly and gradually.Can fringe really mean anything, much less create symbolic space for working out conflicts that gather at boundaries, limits, and edges? I contend that fringe, like other debased aspects of material culture, can perform cultural work precisely because it doesn’t get taken seriously. Indeed, the debasement of fringe is part of what makes it interesting and significant.
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Lv, Shanshan, Mingshun Jiang, Chenhui Su, Lei Zhang, Faye Zhang, Qingmei Sui i Lei Jia. "Phase Demodulation Method for Fringe Projection Measurement Based on Improved Variable-Frequency Coded Patterns". Sensors 21, nr 13 (29.06.2021): 4463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134463.
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The phase-to-height imaging model, as a three-dimensional (3D) measurement technology, has been commonly applied in fringe projection to assist surface profile measurement, where the efficient and accurate calculation of phase plays a critical role in precise imaging. To deal with multiple extra coded patterns and 2π jump error caused to the existing absolute phase demodulation methods, a novel method of phase demodulation is proposed based on dual variable-frequency (VF) coded patterns. In this paper, the frequency of coded fringe is defined as the number of coded fringes within a single sinusoidal fringe period. First, the effective wrapped phase (EWP) as calculated using the four-step phase shifting method was split into the wrapped phase region with complete period and the wrapped phase region without complete period. Second, the fringe orders in wrapped phase region with complete period were decoded according to the frequency of the VF coded fringes and the continuous characteristic of the fringe order. Notably, the sampling frequency of fast Fourier transform (FFT) was determined by the length of the decoding interval and can be adjusted automatically with the variation in height of the object. Third, the fringe orders in wrapped phase region without complete period were decoded depending on the consistency of fringe orders in the connected region of wrapped phase. Last, phase demodulation was performed. The experimental results were obtained to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method in the phase demodulation of both discontinuous objects and highly abrupt objects.
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Kemp, Donna R. "Major Unions and Collectively Bargained Fringe Benefits". Public Personnel Management 18, nr 4 (grudzień 1989): 505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102608901800409.
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Fringe benefits are a growing part of the compensation package. Unions and employee associations have played a significant role in the development of fringe benefits. A survey of major unions and employee associations indicates of the new fringe benefits dental coverage, vision coverage, employee assistance programs, maternity leave, and alternative work schedules are the most prevalent in current contracts. Sabbatical leaves are most prevalent as a new benefit in current negotiations, and child care, eldercare, and legal coverage are the most likely new fringes to be negotiated in the future. The standard benefit areas of health and pensions are presently the fringe benefit issues most involved in retrieval bargaining. They are also perceived as both currently and over the next ten years as the most important fringe benefit issues in collective bargaining.
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Shao, M. "Fringe Visibility and Phase Measurements". Symposium - International Astronomical Union 158 (1994): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900107806.
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At optical wavelengths there are a wide variety of techniques to detect interference fringes. Because detectors in the visible/IR are energy detectors, the fringe amplitude and phase must be encoded in some manner. Two fundamentally different methods are temporal and spatial encoding. This paper briefly describes the various techniques that have been used in operational interferometers along with their advantages and disadvantages. Several fringe detectors for next-generation interferometers will also be described. These fringe detectors often combine multiple functions, such as spectroscopy and multi-beam combination.
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Lawson, Peter R., i Andrew J. Booth. "The Fringe Tracking Servo in SUSI". Symposium - International Astronomical Union 158 (1994): 184–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900107545.
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We present a description of the pathlength compensation system used in the Sydney University Stellar Interferometer, and report on the method of fringe tracking that is being implemented. The components of this system are discussed, including the PAPA camera used to detect chromatic fringes, the fringe tracking servo, the delay line and its control.
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Lenz, Friedrich, i Edgar Völkl. "Stochastic Limitations to Phase and Contrast Determinations in Electron Holography". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, nr 1 (12.08.1990): 228–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100179890.
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An important step in the evaluation of electron holograms consists in the determination of contrast μ> 0 and phase φ of a distribution functionrecorded using a large but finite number N of electrons. The direction of the interference fringes and their period (‘fringe width’) which is used as length unit are assumed to be known. The x axis runs perpendicular, and the y axis parallel to the fringes. It is assumed that a rectangular area is evaluated, the width of which in x direction is an integer multiple of the fringe width, and that within this area the fringe system is parallel and equidistant, i.e. μ and φ are constant. We shall restrict ourselves to the interval 0 < x ≤ 1. According to (1), the probability for an electron to be recorded within an interval between x and x + dx is W(x, φ,μ) dx. During the practical evaluation of a holographic fringe pattern, however, the x values are not measured but only the numbers of electors recorded within finite sampling areas.
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Fu, Guangkai, Yiping Cao, Yapin Wang, Yingying Wan, Lu Wang i Chengmeng Li. "Three-dimensional shape measurement based on binary fringe conventional projection". Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 41, nr 14 (17.05.2019): 4073–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331219848029.
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A three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement method based on binary fringe conventional projection is proposed. In traditional 3D shape measurement methods based on binary fringe projection, the binary fringe is used as an approximate sinusoidal fringe by defocusing projection or even directly used as an approximate sinusoidal fringe by nonlinear error suppression feature of large-step phase measuring profilometry (PMP). In the proposed method (Prop), neither defocusing projection is needed nor large-step PMP must be used. When the binary fringe is conventionally projected on the measured object, just by filtering operation in spatial frequency domain from the captured deformed pattern, the nearly unbroken sinusoidal deformed pattern can be extracted efficiently. While N ( N≥3) frames binary fringes with 1/ N period misalignment between each adjacent fringe are conventionally projected onto the measured object sequentially, the corresponding nearly unbroken N-step sinusoidal deformed patterns extracted from the N frames captured deformed patterns can be used to reconstruct the 3D shape of the measured object with N-step PMP algorithm. The experimental results show the feasibility and validity of the Prop. It is more flexible for its optional fringe period and optional phase-shifting steps. It has potential application in the real-time 3D shape measurement.
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Strojnik i Bravo-Medina. "Simulation of Extrasolar Planet Detection with Rotationally Shearing Interferometer at 10 µm". Proceedings 27, nr 1 (10.10.2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019027044.
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We simulate the interferometric fringe patterns for the case of an extrasolar planet system with two planets. We show that the incidence distributions become more complicated, yet their interpretation is feasible. The generalized fringe distributions rotate when the Dove prism is rotated. Likewise, the number of fringes changes with the angle of rotation of the Dove prism.
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Xincheng, Zhao, Zhang Yi i Yan Xin. "3-D SHAPE MEASUREMENT BASED ON DITHERING TECHNIQUE". EPH - International Journal of Science And Engineering 6, nr 1 (27.03.2020): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/eijse.v6i1.10.
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Projector defocusing technique can eliminate projector nonlinearity in real-time three-dimensional shape measurement. However, the high-frequency harmonics brought by defocusing technique weakens the sinusoidal feature of the defocused fringe patterns, which will bring obvious measurement errors. The dithering algorithm is proposed to generate binary fringe, the projector is defocused properly to achieve approximate sinusoidal fringes. This method improves the sinusoidal property of the defocused fringe patterns. Absolute phase is retrieved by applying this method and phase-shifting algorithm. Simulations and experiments are carried out to verify the proposed method, and results show that phase quality has been improved greatly. Compared with existing methods, the proposed method achieves higher precision and can generate fringe patterns more sinusoidal, which is more proper for projector defocusing technique.
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Kakuda, Shinako, Rachel K. LoPilato, Atsuko Ito i Robert S. Haltiwanger. "Canonical Notch ligands and Fringes have distinct effects on NOTCH1 and NOTCH2". Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, nr 43 (19.08.2020): 14710–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra120.014407.
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Notch signaling is a cellular pathway regulating cell-fate determination and adult tissue homeostasis. Little is known about how canonical Notch ligands or Fringe enzymes differentially affect NOTCH1 and NOTCH2. Using cell-based Notch signaling and ligand-binding assays, we evaluated differences in NOTCH1 and NOTCH2 responses to Delta-like (DLL) and Jagged (JAG) family members and the extent to which Fringe enzymes modulate their activity. In the absence of Fringes, DLL4–NOTCH1 activation was more than twice that of DLL4–NOTCH2, whereas all other ligands activated NOTCH2 similarly or slightly more than NOTCH1. However, NOTCH2 showed less sensitivity to the Fringes. Lunatic fringe (LFNG) enhanced NOTCH2 activation by DLL1 and -4, and Manic fringe (MFNG) inhibited NOTCH2 activation by JAG1 and -2. Mass spectral analysis showed that O-fucose occurred at high stoichiometry at most consensus sequences of NOTCH2 and that the Fringe enzymes modified more O-fucose sites of NOTCH2 compared with NOTCH1. Mutagenesis studies showed that LFNG modification of O-fucose on EGF8 and -12 of NOTCH2 was responsible for enhancement of DLL1–NOTCH2 activation, similar to previous reports for NOTCH1. In contrast to NOTCH1, a single O-fucose site mutant that substantially blocked the ability of MFNG to inhibit NOTCH2 activation by JAG1 could not be identified. Interestingly, elimination of the O-fucose site on EGF12 allowed LFNG to inhibit JAG1-NOTCH2 activation, and O-fucosylation on EGF9 was important for trafficking of both NOTCH1 and NOTCH2. Together, these studies provide new insights into the differential regulation of NOTCH1 and NOTCH2 by Notch ligands and Fringe enzymes.
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Yang, Yuli, Mingguo Ma, Chao Tan i Wangping Li. "Spatial Recognition of the Urban-Rural Fringe of Beijing Using DMSP/OLS Nighttime Light Data". Remote Sensing 9, nr 11 (7.11.2017): 1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs9111141.
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Spatial identification of the urban-rural fringes is very significant for deeply understanding the development processes and regulations of urban space and guiding urban spatial development in the future. Traditionally, urban-rural fringe areas are identified using statistical analysis methods that consider indexes from single or multiple factors, such as population densities, the ratio of building land, the proportion of the non-agricultural population, and economic levels. However, these methods have limitations, for example, the statistical data are not continuous, the statistical standards are not uniform, the data is seldom available in real time, and it is difficult to avoid issues on the statistical effects from edges of administrative regions or express the internal differences of these areas. This paper proposes a convenient approach to identify the urban-rural fringe using nighttime light data of DMSP/OLS images. First, a light characteristics–combined value model was built in ArcGIS 10.3, and the combined characteristics of light intensity and the degree of light intensity fluctuation are analyzed in the urban, urban-rural fringe, and rural areas. Then, the Python programming language was used to extract the breakpoints of the characteristic combination values of the nighttime light data in 360 directions taking Tian An Men as the center. Finally, the range of the urban-rural fringe area is identified. The results show that the urban-rural fringe of Beijing is mainly located in the annular band around Tian An Men. The average inner radius is 19 km, and the outer radius is 26 km. The urban-rural fringe includes the outer portions of the four city center districts, which are the Chaoyang District, Haidian District, Fengtai District, and Shijingshan District and the part area border with Daxing District, Tongzhou District, Changping District, Mentougou District, Shunyi District, and Fangshan District. The area of the urban-rural fringe is approximately 765 km2. This paper provides a convenient, feasible, and real-time approach for the identification of the urban-rural fringe areas. It is very significant to extract the urban-rural fringes.
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Han, Wen Mei, Tian He Kang i Chun Xia Xue. "Experimental Studies on Thermal Strain of Aerial Laminated Glasses". Advanced Materials Research 160-162 (listopad 2010): 1659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.160-162.1659.
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Experimental studies on thermal strain of aerial laminated glasses by virtue of Moire Interferometry were done. The experimental results were as follows: in the U patterns of moire interference fringe, with temperature increasing, the fringes became denser and the thermal strain was augmented. In the V patterns of moire interference fringe, the sequence of the fringe patterns increased is intermediate film layer, external shielding layer and main bearing layer, respectively. The U and V fringe patterns results analyzed by digital image process system indicate that, with temperature increasing, the strain εx decreased. Because the difference of coefficients of thermal expansion of three materials is very large, the thermal strain is generated significantly, and the interlayer thermal shear strain exists in the end and intermediate position of the free boundary of the laminated glass.
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Fraundorf, P., i W. Qin. "Fringe Visibility Maps". Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (sierpień 2001): 272–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600027434.
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The phrase “fringe visibility map” here refers to high-resolution images of uniform-thickness single crystal foils showing locally hemispheric deformation (i.e. bent into the shape of a watchglass), and to various mathematical analogs thereof. As the availability of “diffraction information” in direct-space form increases, for example with the availability of HREM and z-contrast lattice images, fringe visibility maps may serve as the direct space analog to Kikuchi maps, i.e. to diffraction pattern maps of Kikuchi line pairs as a function of specimen orientation, and their various cartoonifications.Figures 1 to 3 are schematic Mathematica-generated fringe visibility maps for face-centered, body-centered, and diamond face-centered cubic lattices, respectively. Here we have turned the “locally hemispheric” concept around and drawn fringes visible when one is viewing a spherical particle of the appropriate thickness, along varying beam directions (rather than lattice orientations) parallel to the local radius vector on that sphere.
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Sui, Changqing, i Wei Lu. "Study on the Urban Fringe Based on the Expansion–Shrinking Dynamic Pattern". Sustainability 13, nr 10 (19.05.2021): 5718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105718.
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The urban fringe, as a part of an urban spatial form, plays a considerably major role in urban expansion and shrinking. After decades of rapid development, Chinese cities have advanced from a simple expansion stage to an expansion–shrinking-coexistence stage. In urban shrinking and expansion, the urban fringe shows different characteristics and requirements for specific aspects such as urban planning, land use, urban landscape, ecological protection, and architectural form, thereby forming expanding and shrinking urban fringes. A comprehensive study of expanding and shrinking urban fringes and their patterns is theoretically significant for urban planning, land use, planning management, and ecological civilisation construction.
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Yu, Qifeng. "Fringe multiplication methods for digital interferometric fringes". Applied Optics 28, nr 20 (15.10.1989): 4323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.28.004323.
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Nguyen, Tai D., Ronald Gronsky i Jeffrey B. Kortright. "Fresnel fringe effects at interfaces of thin multilayer structures". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, nr 4 (sierpień 1990): 442–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010017534x.
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Recent developments in the TEM Fresnel-fringe technique have provided an alternative method to the determination of structures and morphology of interfaces in multilayer thin film structures. This method has been employed in the investigation of structures and defects in grain boundaries, dislocations, precipitate platelets, twin boundaries, metal interfaces, and multilayer structures. It has been demonstrated that the fringe spacing primarily relates to the layer thickness, while the fringe contrast as a function of defocus relates to the magnitude of the localized change in the scattering potential and thus to the interfacial composition. The profile of the fringes is more closely related to the abruptness of the composition change at the interface. Other factors affecting the Fresnel fringe intensity are the specimen thickness, aperture size, beam convergence, and degree of tilt of the interface from the incident electron beam.Fresnel fringes result from the electrons experiencing an abrupt change in the inner scattering potential parallel to the electron beam path. Most previous calculations of the Fresnel contrast with defocus have simulated models based on one square or symmetrical trapezoid-shaped potential well, which are applicable only to a single interface or grain boundary, or to a few layer pairs of the multilayer.
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Tan, Zhangyun, Maxime Moreaud, Olivier Alata i Abdourrahmane M. Atto. "ARFBF MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS - APPLICATION TO THE DISCRIMINATION OF CATALYST ACTIVE PHASES". Image Analysis & Stereology 37, nr 1 (12.04.2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5566/ias.1624.
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This paper addresses the characterization of spatial arrangements of fringes in catalysts imaged by High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). It presents a statistical model-based approach for analyzing these fringes. The proposed approach involves Fractional Brownian Field (FBF) and 2-D AutoRegressive (AR) modeling, as well as morphological analysis. The originality of the approach consists in identifying the image background as an FBF, subtracting this background, modeling the residual by 2-D AR so as to capture fringe information and, finally, discriminating catalysts from fringe characterizations obtained by morphological analysis. The overall analysis is called ARFBF (Auto-Regressive Fractional Brownian Field) based morphology characterization.
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Brown, L. F., i D. H. Roberts. "Global Fringe Fitting for Polarization VLBI". Symposium - International Astronomical Union 129 (1988): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900134345.
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We present a global fringe fitting technique for the polarized fringes in VLBI. The standard search method imposes a signal-to-noise (SNR) limit on usable data. In our method the search procedure is circumvented and the SNR limitation removed.
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Honglong, Shi, Luo Minting i Wang Wenzhong. "CBED Tools for semi-automatic measurement of crystal thicknesses". Journal of Applied Crystallography 50, nr 1 (1.02.2017): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576716019476.
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Convergent-beam electron diffraction (CBED) is one of the most popular techniques to measure crystal thickness. The traditional measurement involves linear fitting of several fringes across the CBED disc, but for a thin crystal with fewer than three fringes the usefulness of this method will be limited. CBED Tools, a free plugin for the DigitalMicrograph software, provides a fast (∼1–2 min) and accurate algorithm to measure the crystal thickness on the basis of the linear fitting method, but it is also capable of determining the crystal thickness when it is very thin and only one fringe or part of the first fringe is recorded. CBED Tools can also be utilized to handle the severely distorted CBED pattern obtained when the zero-order Laue zone Kikuchi lines overlap with the fringes.
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Yoshimura, Jun-ichi. "Theoretical study of the properties of X-ray diffraction moiré fringes. III. Theoretical simulation of previous experimental moiré images". Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 76, nr 4 (30.06.2020): 503–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205327332000532x.
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As a practical confirmation of a recently published X-ray moiré-fringe theory [Yoshimura (2015). Acta Cryst. A71, 368–381], computer simulations using this theory were conducted for previous experimental moiré images of a strained bicrystal specimen [Yoshimura (1996). Acta Cryst. A52, 312–325]. Simulated moiré images with a good or fairly good likeness are presented as a result of this simulation, in which the characteristic fringe-and-band and local strain patterns in the experimental images are reproduced well. Experimental moiré images taken when the inclination of the lattice planes was forcedly increased in one of the component crystals of the bicrystal specimen were also fairly well simulated in this computation, and their fringe patterns of inclined fringes are shown to be in accordance with the prediction by the theory. This moiré-fringe theory is thus considered to be widely applicable to the study of moiré images. Furthermore, the successful simulation of the previous experimental moiré images means that a satisfactory theoretical explanation was given for the experimental images, with respect to their characteristic global features. However, this study by the theoretical simulation shows explicitly that some significant peculiarities in the fringe profiles of the experimental images still remain unexplained by this moiré-fringe theory.
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Solnick, Loren M. "The Effect of Blue-Collar Unions on White-Collar Wages and Fringe Benefits". ILR Review 38, nr 2 (styczeń 1985): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979398503800206.
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This study investigates the influence of blue-collar unions on the wages and fringe benefits of white-collar workers employed in the same establishment. The author uses establishment data on employee compensation in 1974, the last year such data were collected, to estimate these wage and fringe spillovers in the two-digit industries in the manufacturing sector. Wage spillovers appear in only three of 16 industries, with the effect ranging from 10 to 19 percent. For fringes, however, significant spillovers are evident in 12 industries, with effects ranging from 15 to 52 percent. Although the models estimated also allow for the influence of white-collar unions on white-collar wages and fringes, no such effects were observed.
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Barry Carter, C., D. L. Medlin, Dov Cohen i Geoffrey Campbell. "Stacking-Fault Fringes". Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (sierpień 1999): 694–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600016792.
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Crystalline interfaces associated with lattice translations such as stacking-faults (SFs) and twin boundaries may be characterized in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) by oscillatory fringe contrast known as SF, or rigid-body-translation, fringes. Such fringe contrast is usually obtained using weak-beam bright-field (BF) or dark-field (DF) conditions with ideally only one reflection, g, excited. The nature of the SF contrast has been explained by dynamical theory of electron diffraction in terms of the Howie-Whelan equations [1]. The fringe contrast arises from an interference caused by a phase shift the diffracted electron beams, undergo upon propagating across the interface. The phase shift, α, is proportional to the projection of the translation vector, R, onto the diffraction vector, g (i.e. α # g.R). The direction of the translation state can be determined explicitly from the SF contrast in a manner analogous to the analysis of dislocation Burgers vector.An analysis of SF fringes with respect to diffraction theory permits the magnitude of the lattice translation to be evaluated in experimental images.
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Huo, Fu Rong, He Li, Yu Hang Yang, Chang Xi Xue i Wen Sheng Wang. "Imaging Analysis and Application of Digital Speckle Photography with EALCD". Applied Mechanics and Materials 333-335 (lipiec 2013): 1007–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.333-335.1007.
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According to the principle of speckle photography, CCD(Charge-Coupled Device) as a recorder, and EALCD(Electrically Addressed Liquid Crystal Display) as a read-out element, which makes the speckle photography to digital. Recording light path of the subjective and the objective speckle and observation light path of full-field analysis and point-by-point analysis for fringe reconstruction have been respectively researched. At the same time, measuring by speckle photography, the fringes in the interometry pattern must be carefully analyzed. Since the speckle noise can greatly infect the signals. Thus to de-noising the speckle fringe by a suitable filter before processing is expected. The mathod of digital filter enhancement, smooth denoising be used to reduce the influence of the high noise and the inhomogeneous grey of the speckle interferogram. Finally the thinning fringe is acquired, the fringe spacing is extracted accurately, the three-dimensional measurement of a deformed object is realized with mathematical morphological thinning algorithm.
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Chen, Qili, Mengqi Han, Ye Wang i Wenjing Chen. "An Improved Circular Fringe Fourier Transform Profilometry". Sensors 22, nr 16 (12.08.2022): 6048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22166048.
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Circular fringe projection profilometry (CFPP), as a branch of carrier fringe projection profilometry, has attracted research interest in recent years. Circular fringe Fourier transform profilometry (CFFTP) has been used to measure out-of-plane objects quickly because the absolute phase can be obtained by employing fewer fringes. However, the existing CFFTP method needs to solve a quadratic equation to calculate the pixel displacement amount related to the height of the object, in which the root-seeking process may get into trouble due to the phase error and the non-uniform period of reference fringe. In this paper, an improved CFFTP method based on a non-telecentric model is presented. The calculation of displacement amount is performed by solving a linear equation instead of a quadratic equation after introducing an extra projection of circular fringe with circular center translation. In addition, Gerchberg iteration is employed to eliminate phase error of the region close to the circular center, and the plane calibration technique is used to eliminate system error by establishing a displacement-to-height look-up table. The mathematical model and theoretical analysis are presented. Simulations and experiments have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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CHAMBERS, COLIN. "Fringe theatre before the fringe". Studies in Theatre and Performance 31, nr 3 (6.10.2011): 327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/stp.31.3.327_7.
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Zeng, Tianyi, Hong Jin, Zhifei Geng, Zihang Kang i Zichen Zhang. "Urban–Rural Fringe Long-Term Sequence Monitoring Based on a Comparative Study on DMSP-OLS and NPP-VIIRS Nighttime Light Data: A Case Study of Shenyang, China". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, nr 18 (19.09.2022): 11835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811835.
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Urban–rural fringes, as special zones where urban and rural areas meet, are the most sensitive areas in the urbanization process. The quantitative identification of urban–rural fringes is the basis for studying the social structure, landscape pattern, and development gradient of fringes, and is also a prerequisite for quantitative analyses of the ecological effects of urbanization. However, few studies have been conducted to compare the identification accuracy of The US Air Force Defence Meteorological Satellite Program’s (DMSP) and the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) nighttime light data from the same year, subsequently enabling long time series monitoring of the urban–rural fringe. Therefore, in this study, taking Shenyang as an example, a K-means algorithm was used to delineate and compare the urban–rural fringe identification results of DMSP and VIIRS nighttime light data for 2013 and analyzed the changes between 2013 and 2020. The results of the study showed a high degree of overlap between the two types of data in 2013, with the overlap accounting for 75% of the VIIRS data identification results. Furthermore, the VIIRS identified more urban and rural details than the DMSP data. The area of the urban–rural fringe in Shenyang increased from 1872 km2 to 2537 km2, with the growth direction mainly concentrated in the southwest. This study helps to promote the study of urban–rural fringe identification from static identification to dynamic tracking, and from spatial identification to temporal identification. The research results can be applied to the comparative analysis of urban–rural differences and the study of the ecological and environmental effects of urbanization.
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Yoshimura, Jun-ichi. "Theoretical study of the properties of X-ray diffraction moiré fringes. II. Illustration of angularly integrated moiré images". Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 75, nr 4 (26.06.2019): 610–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273319004601.
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Using a theory of X-ray diffraction moiré fringes developed in a previous paper, labelled Part I [Yoshimura (2015). Acta Cryst. A71, 368–381], the X-ray moiré images of a silicon bicrystal having a weak curvature strain and an interspacing gap, assumed to be integrated for an incident-wave angular width, are simulation-computed over a wide range of crystal thicknesses and incident-wave angular width, likely under practical experimental conditions. Along with the simulated moiré images, the graphs of characteristic quantities on the moiré images are presented for a full understanding of them. The treated moiré images are all of rotation moiré. Mo Kα1 radiation and the 220 reflection were assumed in the simulation. The results of this simulation show that fringe patterns, which are significantly modified from simple straight fringes of rotation moiré, appear in some ranges of crystal thicknesses and incident-wave angular width, due to a combined effect of Pendellösung oscillation and an added phase difference from the interspacing gap, under the presence of a curvature strain. The moiré fringes which slope to the perpendicular direction to the diffraction vector in spite of the assumed condition of rotation moiré, and fringe patterns where low-contrast bands are produced with a sharp bend of fringes arising along the bands are examples of the modified fringe pattern. This simulation study provides a wide theoretical survey of the type of bicrystal moiré image produced under a particular condition.
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Lacour, S., R. Dembet, R. Abuter, P. Fédou, G. Perrin, É. Choquet, O. Pfuhl i in. "The GRAVITY fringe tracker". Astronomy & Astrophysics 624 (kwiecień 2019): A99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834981.
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Context. The GRAVITY instrument was commissioned on the VLTI in 2016 and is now available to the astronomical community. It is the first optical interferometer capable of observing sources as faint as magnitude 19 in K band. This is possible through the fringe tracker, which compensates the differential piston based on measurements of a brighter off-axis astronomical reference source. Aims. The goal of this paper is to describe the main developments made in the context of the GRAVITY fringe tracker. This could serve as basis for future fringe-tracking systems. Methods. The paper therefore covers all aspects of the fringe tracker, from hardware to control software and on-sky observations. Special emphasis is placed on the interaction between the group-delay controller and the phase-delay controller. The group-delay control loop is a simple but robust integrator. The phase-delay controller is a state-space control loop based on an auto-regressive representation of the atmospheric and vibrational perturbations. A Kalman filter provides the best possible determination of the state of the system. Results. The fringe tracker shows good tracking performance on sources with coherent K magnitudes of 11 on the Unit Telescopes (UTs) and 9.5 on the Auxiliary Telescopes (ATs). It can track fringes with a signal-to-noise ratio of 1.5 per detector integration time, limited by photon and background noises. During good seeing conditions, the optical path delay residuals on the ATs can be as low as 75 nm root mean square. The performance is limited to around 250 nm on the UTs because of structural vibrations.
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Wang, Yong Hong, Hua Long Zhou, Nan Li i Lian Xiang Yang. "Research of Filtering Method for ESPI Fringe Patterns". Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (listopad 2011): 3195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.3195.
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The Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) is a widely used technique for measurement displacement and deformation. But the fringe phase pattern of ESPI always comes with large noise when using phase-shifting technique. In order to ensure the accuracy of the measurement, it is very important to eliminate the noise of the phase fringe pattern. This paper introduced a phase filtering method, comparing with traditional methods, which can be found is a simple and effective method, and the experimental results have shown that the method was feasible used for image processing of ESPI fringes．
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Ajovalasit, A., S. Barone i G. Petrucci. "A method for reducing the influence of quarter-wave plate errors in phase stepping photoelasticity". Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 33, nr 3 (1.04.1998): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0309324981512922.
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The phase stepping technique has recently been applied to the automated analysis of photoelastic fringes to determine the isoclinic parameter and the relative retardation. Generally, in these methods the error of quarter-wave plates, due to common manufacturing tolerances, influences the determination of the isoclinic parameter and the fringe order. In this paper a new phase stepping method in which the influence of quarter-wave plate error is null on the isoclinic parameter and negligible on the fringe order is proposed. The theoretical results have been confirmed by experimental tests.
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Zhang, Yuzhuo, Yaqin Sun, Nan Gao, Zhaozong Meng i Zonghua Zhang. "Phase Target-Based Calibration of Projector Radial Chromatic Aberration for Color Fringe 3D Measurement Systems". Sensors 22, nr 18 (9.09.2022): 6845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22186845.
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The camera and projector are indispensable hardware parts of a color fringe projection 3D measurement system. Chromatic aberration between different color channels of the projector and camera has an impact on the measurement accuracy of the color fringe projection 3D profile measurement. There are many studies on camera calibration, but the chromatic aberration of the projector remains a question deserving of further investigation. In view of the complex system architecture and theoretical derivation of the traditional projector radial chromatic aberration method, a phase target based on projector radial chromatic aberration measurement and the correction method are proposed in this paper. This method uses a liquid crystal display with a holographic projection film as the phase target. The liquid crystal display sequentially displays red, green, and blue horizontal and vertical sinusoidal fringe images. The projector projects red, green, and blue horizontal and vertical sinusoidal fringe images to the phase target in turn, and calculates the absolute phases of the display fringes and reflection fringes, respectively. Taking the green channel as the reference channel, a phase coordinate system is established based on the phases of the vertical and horizontal directions displayed on the display screen, using the phase of the reflection fringes on the display screen as the ideal phase value of the phase point. Then, the phase coordinate system of the red and blue channels is transferred to the green phase coordinate system to calculate the chromatic aberration of the red-green channels and the blue-green channels, and pre-compensation is conducted. Experimental results prove that this method can measure and calibrate the radial chromatic aberration of the projector without being affected by the image quality of the camera. The correction effect of this method is that the maximum chromatic aberration of the red-green channel decreases from 1.9591/pixel to 0.5759/pixel, and the average chromatic aberration decreases from 0.2555/pixel to 0.1865/pixel. In addition, blue-green channel maximum chromatic aberration decreased from 1.8906/pixel to 0.5938/pixel, and the average chromatic aberration decreased from 0.2347/pixel to 0.1907/pixel. This method can improve the projection quality for fringe projection 3D profile measurement technology.
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Schofield, M. A., i Y. Zhu. "Characterization of JEOL 3000f TEM Equipped for Electron Holography". Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (sierpień 2000): 228–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600033638.
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Quantitative off-axis electron holography in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) requires careful design of experiment specific to instrumental characteristics. For example, the spatial resolution desired for a particular holography experiment imposes requirements on the spacing of the interference fringes to be recorded. This fringe spacing depends upon the geometric configuration of the TEM/electron biprism system, which is experimentally fixed, but also upon the voltage applied to the biprism wire of the holography unit, which is experimentally adjustable. Hence, knowledge of the holographic interference fringe spacing as a function of applied voltage to the electron biprism is essential to the design of a specific holography experiment. Furthermore, additional instrumental parameters, such as the coherence and virtual size of the electron source, for example, affect the quality of recorded holograms through their effect on the contrast of the holographic fringes.
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Liu, Kan, i Hao You. "Real-Time Micro-Fluidic Chip Pressure Control System Base on the Optical Interference". Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (luty 2014): 1274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.1274.
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This article introduces a measurement system based on LabVIEW used for optical interference fringe on micro-fluidic chips. This system mainly uses cameras to capture real-time images of wedge interference fringe on micro-fluidic chips, then the collected images will be binarized by LabVIEW. The processed images will be divided by zone , determine the flatness and gap thickness of the micro-fluidic chips by interference fringes with different directions of deflection and numbers. Finally, feedback from measured data will be used to adjust the flatness and gap thickness of micro-fluidic chips in order to meet the requirement of tests.
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Li, Dang Juan, i Shen Jian Wu. "The Study of Polymer Material Transference Phenomenon Measurement Method". Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (listopad 2011): 3110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.3110.
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In this paper, for the transference phenomenon of high polymers, a method of measurement system based on sodium light and feisuo interference with digital image processing technology was proposed. At first, the system measurement scheme and method were explained and there were some experiments with micro moleculesIn the experiment, the high polymer is the mixture of acetone and organic glass by a certain ratio, the micro molecules are Acetone and ethanol; at last, the interference strips were collected at interval time by using the image control collection procedure and processed. After thinning the fringes, we calculated the fringe spacing distance by K-L transform, by measuring the fringe spacing change in the polymer transference of acetone and ethanol we draw the change rule of the Polymer material refractive index :in 10 mins, the fringe spacing became to 40 percent , the refractive index became 2.5 times and keep invariant for Polymer material; in 50 mins, the fringe spacing became to 56 percent ,the refractive index became 1.7 times and kept invariant for ethanol. That’s all, at the time of balance, it will not infect the capability of the Polymer material any longer.
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Nadeem, Muhammad, Muhammad Mohsin, Anum Rafique i Abdur Rehman. "Study of Rural-Urban Fringe Patterns of Sargodha City, Pakistan". International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 12, nr 3 (16.11.2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol12.iss3.2021.611.
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Urban fringe is a transitional zone of various land uses between urban and rural lands with a low population density that is lower than urban centre but higher than the countryside. The current study focuses on the spatial and structural pattern of the rural-urban fringes of Sargodha city which is one of the rapidly growing cities in Pakistan. To analyze the spatial pattern of rural-urban fringe five study sites were identified such as Gulberg Town, 49 Tail, 85 Jhaal, Jhaal Chakian and Johar Colony different techniques were utilized. Primary and secondary collected data wereused for field surveying besides the interview based on a designed and partially structured questionnaire. Maps were prepared with the help of the Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing. Results revealed that many commercial centres were situated on the edges of the city. The structure and pattern of these localities were recognized and it is found that urban impacts have not only transformed the socio-economic and demographical shape of the ruralurban fringes but also the pattern of land use of the study area. It shows that GIS and remote sensing are essential techniques to map out the spatial changes at the urban fringe.
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Eyramjyan, Tigran H., Tamara S. Mnatsakanyan i Minas K. Balyan. "Experimental and theoretical investigations of an X-ray LLL interferometer with a wedge-shaped mirror plate". Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 74, nr 5 (1.09.2018): 595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273318009889.
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An X-ray LLL interferometer with a wedge-shaped mirror plate is experimentally and theoretically investigated. Experimentally obtained interference patterns show that the Moiré fringes are superposed on Pendellösung fringes and the period of the Pendellösung fringes is not changed after passing the analyzer plate. An eikonal theory of interference-fringe formation in an LLL interferometer with a wedge-shaped mirror plate is developed, and provides predictions that coincide with experimentally obtained results.
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Yu, Z., R. R. Vanfleet i J. Silcox. "Measurement of Effective Extinction Distances in Zone Axis Silicon". Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (sierpień 1999): 654–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600016597.
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Extinction distances for two beam conditions are readily available through many sources, but under more complex zone axis conditions extinction distances are not well known. The use of thickness fringes as an approximate thickness estimate under zone axis conditions, such as in high resolution Annular Dark Field imaging, can be a useful tool. We have measured thickness vs. fringe number under zone axis conditions using low loss Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS). Work was done on the Cornell UHV HB501 STEM.Several orientations of silicon were glued together and thinned in cross section by the wedge technique. Additional thinning was done by low angle ion milling. Surface oxide was removed with an HF etch before loading into the microscope.Each piece of silicon was tilted to the zone axis condition and low loss EELS spectra was taken at selected points. The thickness fringes were numbered with the following convention: the center of the first black fringes close to the edge is 1 and the center of the second black fringe is 2, etc.
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Liu, Jingyu, Bin Liu, Dandan Liu, Hongyu Ji, Jingling Shen i Bo Zhang. "Optically tunable terahertz-band interference fringe shift based on indium oxide". Modern Physics Letters B 34, nr 14 (9.03.2020): 2050154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984920501547.
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An optically tunable terahertz (THz)-band shift in interference fringes based on an indium oxide structure was investigated. An interference phenomenon formed by the combination of partial-through measurements with a shift in the periodic peaks in a THz time-domain spectroscopy system was reported. When the THz beam passes through the edge of the material sample, equally spaced interference fringes are obtained in the frequency domain and these interference fringes can be varied using a 450 nm external continuous-wave laser. The peak of the THz interference fringe shifts by almost half a period. This work offers the ability to observe THz-band interference fringes in the frequency domain and shows that these interference fringes change with variations in the intensity of the applied excitation light.
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Medlin, D. L., J. E. Smugeresky i D. Cohen. "Image Periodicities Introduced by Three-Fold Astigmatism in HRTEM Images of α-Al2O3 and Related Materials". Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (lipiec 1998): 596–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600023102.
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HRTEM images of α-Al2O3 oriented along [1100] often exhibit a modulation of the basal fringe intensity with a period that corresponds to twice the basal plane spacing. In the example shown in figure 1, note the strong basal fringe contrast in the A12O3 with a period of 4.33 Å. HRTEM image simulations for ideal imaging conditions fail to reproduce this doubling of the lattice fringe period. Instead, simulated images predict that the (0006) fringes (d0006=2.17 Å) should be of equal intensity (e.g., see Figure 3a). Incorrect beam and/or crystal tilt can strongly affect HRTEM image contrast. In particular, anomalous periodicities can arise under beam and crystal tilt conditions for which normally kinematically and dynamically forbidden diffracted beams contribute to the image. More recently, the importance of 3-fold astigmatism on HRTEM imaging has been recognized. As with beam tilt, this lens aberration produces asymmetrical phase shifts in the diffracted beams.
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Norton, M. Grant, i C. Barry Carter. "Analysis of moiré patterns in images of thin YBa2Cu3O7-δ films on MgO". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, nr 1 (sierpień 1992): 236–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100121582.
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Moiré fringes arise from the interference between diffracted beams from two overlapping crystals (double diffraction) and in the bright-field case the forward scattered beam. The fringe patterns act as magnifiers of lattice imperfections and small deviations from perfect crystallographic orientation and symmetry. Moiré patterns have been used previously to study, for example, the growth of metal films on substrates such as molybdenum disulfide—which can easily be prepared to electron transparency. Moiré patterns can be used to identify microstructural defects in epitactic deposits. For example, the presence of rotationally misaligned grains, the presence of dislocations, and residual interfacial strain will be revealed in the fringe pattern.
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Glazer, A. M., N. Zhang, A. Bartasyte, D. S. Keeble, S. Huband, P. A. Thomas, I. Gregora, F. Borodavka, S. Margueron i J. Hlinka. "LiTaO3crystals with near-zero birefringence". Journal of Applied Crystallography 45, nr 5 (13.09.2012): 1030–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889812035121.
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A study of vapour transport equilibrated crystals of LiTaO3shows periodic fringes that change with temperature. The origin of these fringes and their behaviour is explained in terms of domains with slanted walls. Micro-Raman measurements have been used to determine the Li2O concentration through the crystals, and by comparison with the observed fringe pattern the variation of birefringence with Li2O content has been determined.
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Hendrickx, Michel, i David Serrano. "Effects of the oxygen minimum zone on squat lobster distributions in the Gulf of California, Mexico". Open Life Sciences 9, nr 1 (1.01.2014): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-013-0165-6.
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AbstractDistribution of squat lobsters of the genera Gastropthychus (one species), Uroptychus (1), Janetogalathea (1), Galacantha (1), Munidopsis (8), and Munida (7) in the Gulf of California, Mexico, was plotted vs. the localization of the Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) using bottom projections of the 0.50, 0.25, 0.10, and 0.05 ml l−1 oxylines. Four fringes where oxygen concentrations were equal or lower than these concentrations were obtained, extending from the southern Gulf to about 28°–28°30′N. A total of 172 sampling locations with squat lobsters were plotted on four maps, one for each fringe, noting that with decreasing values of bottom oxygen (i.e., from 0.50 to 0.05 ml l−1) the number of locations with species included between the upper and lower boundaries of these fringes decreases as follows: 34% for 0.50, 25% for 0.25, 12% for 0.10, and 5% for 0.05 ml l−1. The upper and lower limits of the 0.05 ml l−1 fringe are recognised as threshold frontiers, acting as barriers between shallow and deep communities of squat lobsters in the area. The distribution of the localities where species have been collected with respect to the upper and lower boundaries of the 0.05 ml l−1 fringe clearly indicates a segregation pattern. Eight species of Munida (except M. perlata), and one each of Janetogalathea and Gastropthychus inhabit the shallow area, just above the OMZ core, with species of Munida generally found a rather long distance from this fringe. By contrast, species of Munidopsis, G. diomedeae and U. pubescens correspond to the deep area, i.e., below the OMZ core. It is suggested that the core of the OMZ in the Gulf of California serves as a vertical and latitudinal distribution filter, preventing species from freely migrating up and down or south and north.
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Shang, H. M., S. L. Toh, F. S. Chau, V. P. W. Shim i C. J. Tay. "Locating and Sizing Disbonds in Glassfibre-Reinforced Plastic Plates Using Shearography". Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 113, nr 1 (1.01.1991): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2903388.
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Shearography is a double-exposure optical method which reveals defects in components from anomalies in interferometric fringe patterns. In this paper, disbonds of known shapes and sizes are deliberately created at different layers of glassfibre-reinforced plastic (GRP) laminates which are subsequently “vacuum-stressed” during the test. Experimental results show that both the shape and size of disbonds can be deduced easily from the boundaries of the anomalous fringe patterns; the depth of disbonds can also be estimated by counting the number of fringes appearing within these boundaries. The results also correlate well with those predicted from thin plate theory, suggesting that the response of disbonds in GRP plates during vacuum-stressing may be modelled with this theory.