Artykuły w czasopismach: „French Production”

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Crichton, Ronald, H. Robert Cohen i Marie-Odile Gigou. "French Production". Musical Times 128, nr 1731 (maj 1987): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/965107.

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Saphy, B., L. Ramade, J. L. Reigne, M. Thomas i J. Toillon. "French hazelnut production". Acta Horticulturae, nr 1379 (październik 2023): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2023.1379.3.

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Caliendo, Lorenzo, Ferdinando Monte i Esteban Rossi-Hansberg. "The Anatomy of French Production Hierarchies". Journal of Political Economy 123, nr 4 (sierpień 2015): 809–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/681641.

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Cuirassier, Cyrielle. "Audiovisual and cinematographic production in an insular context: Constraints and assets, the case of the Caribbean archipelago of Guadeloupe". Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 16, nr 1 (1.08.2022): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2022-0014.

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Abstract In the French outermost regions, the rise of the cultural and creative industries as a lever for economic development has attracted growing interest in recent years. In Guadeloupe, a political will to support the film industry by setting up its own funding mechanism has been implemented, with 6 million euros invested between 2015 and 2020. Recent studies (2019-2021) have shown that the French outermost regions, which are far from the French decision-making center and have a narrow market, face structural challenges aggravated by a deficit of national public support for local independent production. The lack of financial support is accompanied by a lack of statistical data and a lack of visibility of the culture and identity of the French outermost regions in national channels. The latter play a decisive role in financing French audiovisual and cinematographic production by pre-purchasing works. In 2016, all the unions and associations of the audiovisual and cinematographic industry in the French outermost regions made a strong demand to the national level for the application of common law in the French outermost regions. In this chronicle of an announced “audiovisual and cinematographic content war”, what would be the assets of the independent production of French outermost regions? A review of recent studies allows us to present here the functioning of the public aid system for audiovisual and cinematographic in France. We then analyze two obstacles among others that limit access to national financing for local production in the French outermost regions. Finally, we present the case of Guadeloupe which, despite structural and financial constraints, has been able to attract large international productions through a strategy based on the local public authority.

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Bonnemaizon, Audrey, Florence Benoit-Moreau, Sandrine Cadenat i Valérie Renaudin. "Regards sur la co-production du client: comment les entreprises nous font-elles participer?" Décisions Marketing, nr 70 (czerwiec 2013): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7193/dm.070.09.24.

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GROSJEAN, FRANÇOIS, SÉVERINE CARRARD, CORALIE GODIO, LYSIANE GROSJEAN i JEAN-YVES DOMMERGUES. "Long and short vowels in Swiss French: Their production and perception". Journal of French Language Studies 17, nr 1 (9.02.2007): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269506002626.

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Contrary to what is stated in much of the literature which is based in large part on Parisian French, many dialects of French still have long and short vowels (e.g. in Switzerland and Belgium). This study had two aims. The first was to show that Swiss French speakers, as opposed to Parisian French speakers, produce long vowels with durations that are markedly different from those of short vowels. The second aim was to show that, for these two groups, vowel duration has a different impact on word recognition. A production study showed that Swiss French speakers make a clear duration difference between short and long vowels (the latter are more than twice the length of the former on average) whereas the Parisian French do not. In an identification study which used stimuli pronounced in Swiss French, it was shown that words articulated with long vowels created no recognition problem for Swiss French listeners whereas they did so for Parisian French listeners. These results are discussed in terms of models of speech perception and word recognition.

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Cychosz, Margaret. "Bilingual adolescent vowel production in the Parisian suburbs". International Journal of Bilingualism 23, nr 6 (11.07.2018): 1291–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006918781075.

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Aims and objectives: The study examines how bilingualism and adolescent identity interact to influence acoustic vowel patterns. This is examined in students at a secondary school in the socially and economically disadvantaged working-class Parisian suburbs. Design: The front, round vowels /y/, /ø/, and /œ/ were analyzed in the speech of ( N = 22) adolescents. Three student groups were juxtaposed: monolingual Franco-French ( N = 9) and two simultaneous bilingual groups, Arabic-French ( N = 6), and Bantu-French ( N = 7). Crucially, unlike French, these contact languages do not have phonemically round front vowels. Data and analysis: To elicit naturalistic speech, sociolinguistic interviews were conducted with students speaking in dyads or small groups. Vowel roundedness, derived from acoustic measurements of the third formant and the difference between the third and second formants, was compared across speaker groups. Findings: Results show an effect of bilingual status for male speakers – monolingual speakers pattern differently from both bilingual groups. Still, bilingual Bantu-French and Arabic-French speakers show some distinct patterning. This suggests influences beyond first-language phonology on bilingual speakers’ production of French. Originality: This is one of the first studies to look beyond Arabic substrate influence in emerging Hexagonal urban youth vernaculars. It contributes naturalistic data from those most prone to language change, adolescents, for the study of French in contact. Finally, the study proposes a type of ‘laboratory in the field’: because none of the contact languages contrast vowels by roundedness, first-language influence is controlled for and the effect of social stigmatization upon speech can be isolated. Implications: The findings suggest that the social and ethnic divisions between dominant ethnic groups and minorities of immigrant descent may even be reflected in their phonetic patterning. Because these patterns are present in adolescents, who are the source of much language change, a connection between segregation and language change is drawn.

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de Almeida, Laetitia, Sandrine Ferré, Marie-Anne Barthez i Christophe dos Santos. "What do monolingual and bilingual children with and without SLI produce when phonology is too complex?" First Language 39, nr 2 (14.11.2018): 158–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142723718805665.

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In this study, the authors compare the production of internal codas and branching onsets in four groups of children learning French: monolingual typically-developing children ( n = 12), bilingual typically-developing children ( n = 61), monolingual children with Specific Language Impairment ( n = 17) and bilingual children with Specific Language Impairment ( n = 20). Their elicited productions were collected using a nonword repetition task (LITMUS-NWR-French), containing 71 nonwords with different syllable types. Except for typically-developing monolingual children, all children performed significantly better on branching onsets than on internal codas. Moreover, the repair strategies used in erroneous productions also indicate that children had more difficulties with internal codas: all the cases of metathesis affecting a target internal coda resulted in the production of a branching onset whereas the contrary was not observed. The differences in the rates of target-like production and the patterns of metathesis of these two structures suggest that internal codas are more difficult than branching onsets for children learning French.

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Rossiter, Caroline. "Early French Caricature (1795-1830) and English Influence". European Comic Art 2, nr 1 (1.01.2009): 41–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/eca.2.1.4.

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This article analyses the production of caricatures in post-revolutionary Paris, specifically the role of publishers and artists and the constraints of censorship within society of that time. By considering such factors in the light of English caricature production, we will outline the exchanges that took place between London and Paris at the turn of the nineteenth century and demonstrate that the two cities' comic print productions were subject to reciprocal influences.

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Alario, F. Xavier, i Alfonso Caramazza. "The production of determiners: evidence from French". Cognition 82, nr 3 (styczeń 2002): 179–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0277(01)00158-5.

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Maggio, Severine, Florence Chenu, Guillemette Bes de Berc, Blandine Pesci, Bernard Lété, Harriet Jisa i Michel Fayol. "Producing written noun phrases in French". Written Language and Literacy 18, nr 1 (12.02.2015): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.18.1.01mag.

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This research compares the time-course of the written production of bare nouns to that of noun phrases. French adults named pictures of objects either using or not using determiners. Resulting pauses and writing rates were analyzed in relation to word-orthographic frequency, syllabic length, and phoneme-to-grapheme consistency at the end of words. More specifically, we showed that the noun production process begins as soon the determiner production is initiated (word frequency effect on latencies, length and consistency effects on determiner writing rate) and continued during the course of the noun production. When the determiner was absent, the management of writing was different: the writer slowed the production speed, probably in order to realize the lexeme processing that s/he could not do in the absence of the determiner production time. These results provided further evidence that some form of parallel processing occurs in written word production and led us to sketch the time-course of the noun spelling in written denomination of a noun phrase.

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Levy, Erika S., i Franzo F. Law. "Production of French vowels by American-English learners of French: Language experience, consonantal context, and the perception-production relationship". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 128, nr 3 (2010): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3466879.

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Stridfeldt, Monika. "La production du schwa par des apprenants suédophones de FLE". Bergen Language and Linguistics Studies 10, nr 1 (7.11.2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15845/bells.v10i1.1450.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the pronunciation of French schwa by Swedish learners of French as a foreign language. The study investigates how the learners deal with schwa deletion (mute e), which is a very frequent phonological process in spoken French, and also how the learners pronounce the schwa when it is not deleted. Thirty learners participated in the first part of the study. Their task was to read and repeat isolated terms from two lists of words and to read a short text. The second part of the study consists of dialogues between ten learners. The results show that many learners have difficulties in pronouncing French schwa correctly. In fact, they often pronounce it as [e] or [ɛ] (e.g. revanche pronounced [ʁevɑ̃ʃ] instead of [ʁəvɑ̃ʃ]). This problem often persists for very advanced learners, even though learners who have spent at least six months in a French-speaking country generally have better results than those who have spent less time in the target culture. However, there is a wide variation among learners and also from one word to another. As to schwa deletion, the results show that the learners delete very few schwas. They make more schwa deletions in conversation than when they read a text, but compared to native French speakers (Lyche 2016), the learners make considerably fewer schwa deletions. Moreover, the learners make very few incorrect schwa deletions, unlike what has been observed among Dutch learners (Nouveau et Detey 2007).

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Londré, Felicia Hardison. "Coriolanus and Stavisky: The Interpenetration of Art and Politics". Theatre Research International 11, nr 2 (1986): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883300012153.

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Repeatedly throughout French theatre history two subjects have aroused the passions of the French theatregoer: art and politics. The famous opening-night riots at Le Cid in 1636, Hernani in 1830, and Ubu roi in 1896 all resulted in the overthrow of stale artistic conventions by the new art that each of these works represented. Examples of productions that had political repercussions are abundant – like the historical dramas of Marie-Joseph Chénier that did so much to promote the French Revolution (until his Caius Gracchus in 1792 caused a backlash demonstration), or the 1943 Comédie-Française production of Claudel's mystico-religious Soulier de satin that was gleefully interpreted by the French in German-occupied Paris as ‘resistance theatre’. One noteworthy theatrical event that succeeded in arousing both artistic and political passions was not even a French play – nor was it contemporary, although the most often-repeated comment about it was: ‘It seems to have been written just yesterday.’ This was a production of Shakespeare's Coriolanus at the Comédie-Française in the 1933–4 season, just at the time when the Third Republic was nearly toppled by the public's response to press revelations of the Stavisky scandal.

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NICOLADIS, ELENA. "Cross-linguistic influence in French–English bilingual children's possessive constructions". Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 15, nr 2 (4.11.2011): 320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728911000101.

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The purpose of this article was to test the predictions of a speech production model of cross-linguistic influence in French–English bilingual children. A speech production model predicts bidirectional influence (i.e., bilinguals’ greater use of periphrastic constructions like the hat of the dog relative to monolinguals in English and reversed possessive constructions like *chien chapeau to refer to a dog's hat). In contrast, other explanations predict unidirectional influence from French to English. Possessive constructions were elicited from preschool French–English bilingual children as well as preschool French and English monolinguals within the same age range. The results showed bidirectional influence, consistent with a speech production model.

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Soraya, Tengku Ratna, Nurilam Harianja i Hesti Fibriasari. "Teaching Material Development of Macromedia Flash 8.0-Based Production Écrite Pre Avancée". Budapest International Research and Critics in Linguistics and Education (BirLE) Journal 3, nr 1 (21.02.2020): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birle.v3i1.839.

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Production Écrite Pre Avancée course is a course that aims to develop skills in working together and collaborating, adapting, being responsible, analyzing information and data, thinking critically and solving problems, creativity, communicating through writing, and using information and communication technology in learning activities on French writing at advanced level to achieve the students’ ability on writing complex French sentences that refer to the European standard curriculum (Cadre Européen Commun de Référence Pour Les Langues (CECRL) on Niveau B1 DELF. Teaching material development of Macromedia Flash 8.0-based Production Écrite Pre Avancée has a purpose for students to improve the writing ability on French text B1 level. This research makes teaching materials by using macromedia flash 8.0 software in Production Écrite Pre Avancée course. The research method used is Research and Development. The research is held at the French Language Study Program at FBS UNIMED by developing lecture teaching materials, to find out that these teaching materials can improve writing skills by French students Unimed.

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MARTIN, B., S. BUCHIN i C. HURTAUD. "(only in French) Conditions de production du lait et qualités sensorielles des fromages". INRAE Productions Animales 16, nr 4 (11.08.2003): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2003.16.4.3668.

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La qualité sensorielle des fromages dépend d’un grand nombre de facteurs, liés à la fois à la technologie de fabrication et aux caractéristiques chimiques et microbiologiques de la matière première mise en œuvre. Ces dernières dépendent elles-mêmes de nombreux facteurs d’amont (d’origine génétique, physiologique, alimentaire ...). Ces facteurs d’amont sont de plus en plus pris en compte par les consommateurs qui s’interrogent en particulier sur l’alimentation offerte aux animaux. Ils revêtent une importance toute particulière dans le cas des produits marqués (Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée, Indication Géographique Protégée, labels…) pour lesquels les modifications de la matière première au moment de sa transformation sont limitées, voire interdites et qui revendiquent un lien fort avec les conditions de production du lait, dont certaines sont à la base de la notion de terroir (Grappin et Coulon 1996). Dans le domaine des productions fromagères, les relations entre ces conditions de production (alimentation et type d’animal en particulier) et les caractéristiques des fromages sont souvent mises en avant par les fromagers, sur la base d’observations empiriques. Jusqu’à récemment il n’existait cependant que peu de travaux expérimentaux sur le sujet, en raison, entre autres, de la difficulté de séparer correctement les effets propres de ces facteurs d’amont de ceux qui sont liés à la transformation fromagère proprement dite. Depuis quelques années, plusieurs études spécifiques ont été mises en œuvre pour préciser ces liaisons. Elles ont été permises par le développement des méthodes d’analyse des caractéristiques sensorielles des fromages et par la maîtrise ou le contrôle des paramètres technologiques de fabrication fromagère. Voir la suite de l'article à l'adresse suivante : https://www6.inrae.fr/productions-animales_eng/content/download/3823/39532/version/1/file/Prod_Anim_2003_16_4_07.pdf

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Neevel, Han. "Logwood Writing Inks: History, Production, Forensics, and Use". Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material 42, nr 4 (30.11.2021): 169–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/res-2021-0015.

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Abstract In the 16th century, the Spanish brought logwood from Mexico to Europe. Its extract was used for textile dyeing. The French introduced the logwood tree to Western Hispaniola, which became Haiti in 1804. Around 1880, Haiti exported most of its logwood to France. In 1847, Runge introduced the black chrome-logwood ink as an alternative for iron-gall ink, because the latter attacked the steel writing nibs. The most important constituents of logwood are hematoxylin and hematein. Due to the profitable import conditions from Haiti, chrome-logwood ink became the cheapest and most commonly used black writing ink in France. This could explain why Vincent van Gogh, during his French period, used it for writing and drawing and why most of the French postcards from the first half of the 20th century, studied in this publication, were written with chrome-logwood ink, while most of the Dutch postcards were written with an iron gall ink.

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Bassuk, N. "Year-round Production of Greenhouse-grown French Tarragon". HortScience 21, nr 2 (kwiecień 1986): 258–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.2.258.

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Abstract Potted tarragon (Artemesia dracunculus L.) plants were grown in a greenhouse under short days (8 hr) or long days (16 hr), combined with a pretreatment of gibberellic acid (GA3) spray, or several weeks of 4°C cold. Long days promoted shoot growth whereas plants grown under short days grew in a basal rosette form most of the time. Cold pretreatment was not necessary to break dormancy; however, it did significantly increase total production. GA3 pretreatment was not as successful as cold in promoting regrowth. Regular harvest of the foliage stimulated growth under long days.

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Truett, Lila J., i Dale B. Truett. "European Integration and Production in the French Economy". Contemporary Economic Policy 23, nr 2 (kwiecień 2005): 304–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cep/byi023.

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Dahan, Delphine, i Jean-Marc Bernard. "Interspeaker Variability in Emphatic Accent Production in French". Language and Speech 39, nr 4 (październik 1996): 341–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002383099603900402.

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Dolgui, Alexandre. "Cutting edge of the French production research community". International Journal of Production Research 47, nr 2 (20.11.2008): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207540802425864.

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Dab, William, Michel Rossignol, Danièle Luce, Jacques Bénichou, Alain Marconi, Philippe Clément, Michel Aubier, Denis Zmirou-Navier i Lucien Abenhaim. "Cancer mortality study among French cement production workers". International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 84, nr 2 (1.04.2010): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00420-010-0530-6.

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Ladurie, Emmanuel Le Roy, Anette Smedley-Weill i André Zysberg. "French Book Production From 1454: A Quantative Analysis". Library History 15, nr 2 (listopad 1999): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/lib.1999.15.2.83.

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Ryalls, John, Hélène Provost i Nicole Arsenault. "Voice Onset Time production in French-speaking aphasics". Journal of Communication Disorders 28, nr 3 (wrzesień 1995): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9924(94)00009-o.

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Klinkenberg, Jean-Marie. "THE PRODUCTION OF THE FRANCOPHONE A DISCURSIVE CONSTRUCTION". Gragoatá 26, nr 54 (19.02.2021): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.v26i54.46480.

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The present research proceeds with a discursive analysis of the major phases in the evolution of discourse on the French-speaking world on the one hand and the French-speaking person on the other: when these two objects are being constituted, a strong convergence between them appears, followed by a spectacular divergence; a divergence that will produce ambiguities and confusions whose effects on representations, positions and actions will be studied. The study concludes that it is necessary to take into account the specific characteristics of each of the cultural areas of the Francophonie.

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Cornut, Jérémie, i Stéphane Roussel. "Canadian Foreign Policy: A Linguistically Divided Field". Canadian Journal of Political Science 44, nr 3 (wrzesień 2011): 685–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423911000540.

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Abstract. This study analyses the French-language scholars' place in Canadian foreign policy. More precisely, it measures and compares their productions in French and in English (output) and the citations to this output (impact) in works by English-language scholars. The output is measured using the Canadian Foreign Relations Index. Then a representative sample of bibliographies taken from books and articles written by English-language scholars and published between 1997 and 2007 is analyzed. Various conclusions on the place of French and French-language scholars in the field are drawn from these data, including their small contribution to Canadian foreign policy and the absence of citations to works in French by English-language scholars. Political implications of the results are discussed.Résumé. Cette analyse examine la place des chercheurs francophones dans l'étude de la politique étrangère canadienne. Plus précisément, elle mesure et compare leurs publications en français et en anglais (la production) et les citations tirées de cette production (l'incidence) que l'on retrouve dans les travaux des chercheurs anglophones. La production est mesurée à l'aide du Canadian Foreign Relations Index. Puis un échantillon représentatif de bibliographies de travaux anglophones publiés entre 1997 et 2007 est analysé. Ces données permettent de tirer diverses conclusions sur la place du français et des chercheurs francophones dans ce champ d'étude. Il apparait, notamment, que la contribution des francophones au domaine de la politique étrangère canadienne est réduite et que les chercheurs anglophones ne citent pratiquement jamais les travaux en français. Les auteurs dégagent, en conclusion, les conséquences politiques de ces résultats.

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Greidanus, Tine, i Elisabeth van der Linden. "Relaxions Between fl Grammaticality Judgments and fl Production". ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 73 (1.01.1986): 51–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.73.03gre.

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Teacher training institutes in the Netherlands submit to their students tests of grammaticality judgments concerning FL sentences, in order to prepare them for their future task. Comparison of the results of these tests with results of FL production tests of the same students suggested that the former task was more difficult than the latter. The purposes of this study were to examine two questions : (1) Is production of FL grammatical structures different from, that is, more difficult than giving a judgment of grammatical acceptability concerning the same structures? (2) How do students proceed when judging the grammaticality of a given FL sentence? To this end, an experiment was designed. 30 French syntactic structures were selected which often give rise to errors. These structures were incorporated in a grammaticality judgment test and a production test. The tests were administered to matched groups of Dutch students of French of the level mentioned. The hypothesis was that the two tasks were of a different degree of difficulty. The results did not confirm this hypothesis : although differences were found between the three conditions explored (judgment of a correct sentence, of an incorrect one, and production), these differences were not significant. The grammatically judgment test was also administered to two groups of French subjects in order to compare their behaviour to that of the Dutch group. The French subjects were found to behave more homogeneously than the Dutch ones. The results of the pilot study suggest that the two tasks are not essentially different.

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Watorek, Marzena. "Le Traitement Prototypique". EUROSLA 6 55 (1.01.1996): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.55.15wat.

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This paper presents results from a study of the language production of native speakers and advanced learners. Four groups often speakers (native French, native Italian, Italian learners of French, French learners of Italian) performed a picture description task, and a comparison was made between the information contained in the productions of natives vs. learners, and the linguistic means used to convey this information. It was found that the processing of identical chunks of information ranged along a continuum from the analytic to the synthetic, from learners to natives, respectively. Two examples of this differential processing are discussed in detail: firstly, the division of the discourse into main structure and side structure, and secondly, the locating of entities in the picture. The former distinction emerges much more clearly in learner than in native production, and for the latter function, learners resort more frequently than native speakers to temporal adverbs such as puis/più and particles such as aussi/anche, in addition to purely spatial means. Overall, it is shown that learners have a more neutral way of processing the task (Von Strutterheim's "prototypische Bearbeitung"), and it is argued in conclusion that it is precisely this charactristic of learner production which allows insights into both the structure of (descriptive) discourse and the language production process.

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Balestrieri, Anna. "A „Polytropos" Zionist: The life and literary production of Zakharia Klyuchevich Mayani". Iudaica Russica, nr 2(9) (29.12.2022): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/ir.2022.09.01.

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The kaleidoscope of pseudonyms behind which he hid himself on the pages of the Russian- Jewish weekly Rassvet is a reflection of the multifaceted personality of Zakharia Klyuchevich. Historian, archaeologist, linguist, teacher, political activist, journalist, caricaturist, painter, poet, screenwriter, biologist, it is difficult to find an area into which he did not venture. The spectrum of languages he mastered, or tried as an author, is equally colorful: from his native Russian to quasi-native French, through English, Hebrew, German, Yiddish, Polish, Ancient Greek, Turkish, up to Albanian and Etruscan, two languages he tried to link by identifying the latter as a protolanguage of the former. The amount of material left behind by this polyhedric author is voluminous. Correspondence in various languages (Italian, Russian, English, and French), diaries, theater screenplays (Hebrew, English), essays (French), poetry (French, Russian, and Hebrew), authored language textbooks (French-Hebrew, Russian-Hebrew), sketches, paintings, and newspaper clippings are preserved at the Jabotinsky Institute in Tel Aviv. Through a thorough analysis of this material, we will try to draw the portrait of this ish eshkolot, this Renaissance type of intellectual, who has been forgotten in their treatises by historians of literature, Zionism, art and archeology, perhaps precisely because of the difficulty in tracing his movements and activities, the excessive chameleon-like nature of his occupations and cryptonyms.

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Myles, Florence, Rosamond Mitchell i Janet Hooper. "INTERROGATIVE CHUNKS IN FRENCH L2". Studies in Second Language Acquisition 21, nr 1 (marzec 1999): 49–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263199001023.

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This paper explores the relationship between formulaic language and creative construction in SLA by examining the production of interrogatives in an extensive naturalistic corpus of L2 French produced by early classroom learners. The paper first analyzes the production and breakdown of such formulaic language over time, before exploring the development of more creative structures. The interaction between the two processes “rote learning of formulas and creative construction” is then investigated. This interaction is shown to be a dynamic two-way process, with learners being driven forward in the development of their L2 system by their attempts to resolve the tension between structurally complex but communicatively rich formulas on the one hand, and structurally simple but communicatively inadequate creative structures on the other hand.

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VED PRAKASH, NARENDRA KUMAR, RANJAN BHATTACHARIYYA, M. KUMAR i A.K. SRIVASTVA. "Productivity, economics, energetics and soil properties of vegetables-based relay intercropping systems". Indian Journal of Agronomy 52, nr 4 (10.10.2001): 300–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v52i4.4943.

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A field experiment was conducted during 2002-03 and 2003-04 at Almora to find out the most productive and remunerative relay intercropping of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. nom. cons.) or french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in maize (Zea mays L.), garden pea (Pisum sativum L.var. arvense poir.) in tomato or french bean, and french bean in garden pea. Results showed that relay intercropping of maize (green cobs) + tomato + garden pea + french bean, and maize (green cobs) + french bean + garden pea + french bean proved significantly superior in terms of maize grain-equivalent yield (71.3 and 51.5 t/ha), and net returns (Rs 2,39,558 and Rs 1,52,624/ha) than maize (green cobs) - garden pea (1 8.8 t/ha and Rs 48,02O/ha) and french bean - garden pea (30.7 t/ha, and Rs 94,0211ha) sequential cropping. Also, maize (green cobs) + tomato + garden pea + french bean recorded signifi- cantly highest production efficiency (195.4 kgldaylha) and economic efficiency (Rs 656/ha/day), system energy output (1 0,83,760 MJ/ha), system net energy return (1 0,40,856 MJIha) and system energy-use efficiency (2,852 MJIhdday). The lowest maize grain equivalent yield (18.8 t/ha), net returns (Rs 48,02O/ha), production efficiency (51.5 kgldaylha) and economic efficiency (Rs 132lhdday) were recorded under maize (green cobs) - garden pea sequential cropping. Physico-chemical properties of the soil improved significantly due to relay intercropping sys- tems over maize (green cobs) - garden pea sequence. Relay intercropping of maize (green cobs) + tomato + gar- den pea + french bean proved the best in terms of total production and monetary returns.

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DEMUTH, KATHERINE, i ANNIE TREMBLAY. "Prosodically-conditioned variability in children's production of French determiners". Journal of Child Language 35, nr 1 (3.01.2008): 99–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000907008276.

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ABSTRACTResearchers have long noted that children's grammatical morphemes are variably produced, raising questions about when and how grammatical competence is acquired. This study examined the spontaneous production of determiners by two French-speaking children aged 1 ; 5–2 ; 5. It found that determiners were produced earlier with monosyllabic words, and later with disyllabic and trisyllabic words. This suggests that French-speaking children's early determiners are prosodically licensed as part of a binary foot, with determiners appearing more consistently only once prosodic representations become more complex. This study therefore provides support for the notion that grammatical morphemes first appear in prosodically licensed contexts, suggesting that some of the early variability in morphological production is systematic and predictable.

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Benazzo, Sandra, i Cecilia Andorno. "Discourse cohesion and Topic discontinuity in native and learner production". EUROSLA Yearbook 10 (4.08.2010): 92–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.10.07ben.

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In order to realize text cohesion, speakers have to select specific information units and mark their informational status within the discourse; this results in specific, language-particular perspective-taking, linked to typological differences (Slobin 1996). A previous study on native speakers’ production in French, Italian, German and Dutch (Dimroth et al., in press) has highlighted a “Romance way” and a “Germanic way” of marking text cohesion in narrative segments involving topic discontinuity. In this paper we analyze how text cohesion is realized in the same contexts by advanced learners of L2 French (Italian and German L1) and L2 Italian (French and German L1). Our aim is to verify the hypothesis of an L2 advanced stage where learners manage the target language utterance grammar whereas their discourse organization still reflects L1 preferences. The results confirm the persistent presence of L1 influence, but they also show learner-specific tendencies (favouring lexical means over morphosyntactic ones), which are independent of their source language.

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Coutts, Brian E. "Boom and Bust: The Rise and Fall of the Tobacco Industry in Spanish Louisiana, 1770-1790". Americas 42, nr 3 (marzec 1986): 289–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006929.

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French royal officials, speculators such as John Law, and the French Crown itself had placed great hopes in the development of the tobacco industry in French Louisiana. Some officials even anticipated that Louisiana tobacco might someday be grown in sufficient quantities to supply all the needs of the French Tobacco Monopoly. These lofty expectations were never realized although tobacco production did reach 400,000 pounds in 1740.By the time of the transfer of the colony to Spain in 1766 the perils of war and erratic shipping had almost killed the industry. Most planters had switched to the more profitable production of indigo. Historian Jacob Price claims that the failure of the French government's efforts to develop the tobacco trade resulted from a misunderstanding about costs. In Louisiana, he writes, labor was expensive and freight dear, yet French authorities expected Louisiana tobacco to be competitive in price in the French market with Virginia tobacco, grown in an established market, with abundant labor, and much closer to Europe. Fortunately, the Spanish officials had no such illusions.

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Iyiola, Amos Damilare. "Denasalisation in the spoken French of Ijebu undergraduate French learners in selected universities in south West of Nigeria". AFRREV IJAH: An International Journal of Arts and Humanities 7, nr 3 (10.09.2018): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijah.v7i3.12.

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Denasalisation is a lexical phenomenon brought into play during the process of lexicalisation while nasalisation is a natural process which occurs when an oral sound is modified in the environment of an adjacent nasal sound. Little attention is paid to the former because phonologists admit that nasalisation is more natural during speech production. This paper, therefore, examined denasalisation in the spoken French of 50 Ijebu Undergraduate French Learners (IUFLs) in Selected Universities in South West of Nigeria with a view to establishing instances of denasalisation in their spoken French. Data collection for this study was through tape-recording of participants’ production of 30 sentences containing French vowel and consonant sounds. Goldsmith’s Autosegmental phonology blended with distinctive feature theory was used to analyse instances of denasalisation in the data collected. The study revealed instances of denasalisation of nasal sounds at initial and final positions in the spoken French of the IUFLs.Keywords: IUFLs, Denasalisation, Autosegmental Phonology, French as Foreign language

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NICOLADIS, ELENA. "Cross-linguistic transfer in adjective–noun strings by preschool bilingual children". Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 9, nr 1 (27.02.2006): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136672890500235x.

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One hypothesis holds that bilingual children's cross-linguistic transfer occurs in spontaneous production when there is structural overlap between the two languages and ambiguity in at least one language (Döpke, 1998; Hulk and Müller, 2000). This study tested whether overlap/ambiguity of adjective–noun strings in English and French predicted transfer. In English, there is only one order (adjective–noun) while in French both adjective–noun and noun–adjective order are allowed, with the latter as the default. Unidirectional transfer from English to French was predicted. 35 French–English preschool bilingual children (and 35 age-matched English monolinguals and 10 French monolinguals) were asked to name pictures by using an adjective–noun string. In addition to the reversing adjective–noun strings in French as predicted by the overlap/ambiguity hypothesis, the bilingual children reversed more adjective–noun strings in English than monolinguals. It is proposed that cross-linguistic transfer might better be understood as an epiphenomenon of speech production.

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Oakley, Madeleine. "Dynamic targets in second language vowel articulations". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, nr 4 (kwiecień 2022): A65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010675.

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This study examines L1 English-L2 French vowel productions, with the goal of exploring whether representing vowel targets as dynamic rather than “steady-state” better predict L2 production patterns. It is hypothesized that learners will transfer L1 vowel dynamic information to produce L2 vowels if the two are perceived as “similar,” but it is unclear whether learners will transfer dynamic vowel information to “new” L2. As such, six L1 English-L2 French learners completed production tasks in English and French with the target vowels /i, u, e, o/ and /y, ø/ in real words. Participants were recorded using a stabilization headset attached to an ultrasound probe and microphone. F1 and F2 measurements and tongue contours were extracted at three timepoints throughout the vowel duration. Results shows that while learners produce L2 French vowels /i, e, u, o/ with a similar amount of formant and gestural movement to L1 vowels, they do not transfer midpoint F1-F2 values. Learners do produce new L2 vowels /y, ø/ with similar formant and gestural movements to English vowels. The results of this study indicate that learners transfer dynamic acoustic information and articulatory gestures from their L1 to produce L2 vowels, which has implications for the representation of vowels.

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Mouawad, Wissam. "Why do they speak French? About Lebanese cinema and French diplomacy". Journal of Contemporary Iraq & the Arab World 18, nr 1 (1.03.2024): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jciaw_00117_1.

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A substantial number of Lebanese films feature characters who speak French. While the inclusion of these characters is often justified at the narrative level, in certain instances, their presence cannot be solely explained by the narrative and appears to be more attributable to the context of the production of these films, particularly due to the dependence of Lebanese cinema on French funding. Many filmmakers have connected the use of the French language to the conditions set by French funds. However, it is noteworthy that these funds seldom explicitly mandate the use of French. A closer examination of this phenomenon reveals an implicit set of guidelines imposed by French funders, facilitated through French diplomatic institutions, and a tendency among some Lebanese filmmakers to conform to these expectations.

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Choplin, Olivia Jones. "French Theater in Production: Lessons from an Intensive Course". French Review 88, nr 2 (2014): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2014.0012.

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Préfontaine, Yvonne. "Perceptions of French Fluency in Second Language Speech Production". Canadian Modern Language Review 69, nr 3 (sierpień 2013): 324–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.1748.

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Kazlauskienė, Vitalija. "Nomino-Adjectival Collocation in Written Production of L2 French". Taikomoji kalbotyra 15 (4.06.2021): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/taikalbot.2021.15.11.

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The acquisition of lexical competence is complex, since it is not enough for learners to distinguish the form and the meaning of a lexical element in order to know how to correctly integrate it into the language context. Learners prefer some lexical combinations to others. Generally speaking, these combinations are determined by usage and by frequency of use in the target language. The question of frequency leads to characterizing the particular cases of co-occurrences as collocations (Anctil, Tremblay 2016). According to Tutin and Grossmann, “one often characterizes collocations by the fact that the meaning is transparent in reception (it is “guessed”), whereas, for a non-native speaker, it is difficult to produce the appropriate lexemes” (Tutin, Grossmann 2002). We will try to verify this statement and define the regularities of lexical combinations in L2 French interlanguage of Lithuanian learners. The aims of this presentation is to take stock of the frequencies and particularities of nomino-adjectival collocations in the written productions of non-native French learners, without claiming to be exhaustive. Thanks to the corpus at our disposal, we have extracted certain characteristics of nomino-adjectival collocations specific to interlanguage. Nomino-adjectival collocations are characterized by the structure (Adj) + N + (Adj) in the corpus. Collocations of the N + Adj type are more frequent than that of the Adj + N type. The corpus also reveals that the combination of words is not always characteristic of the general language. The process of interference and hybridization can be seen as an essential contamination of collocations, both lexically and syntactically. However, partially set phrases, in other words collocations, are an important way of expressing themselves for learner with B1 level. The results of this study demonstrate that the analysis of collocational constructions can reveal the relationship between competence and performance of speakers. This type of data could also form the basis of various scientific approaches relating to teaching and learning of foreign languages.

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Verliat, Fabien, Anne Hemonic, Sylvie Chouet, Philippe Le Coz, Mélanie Liber, Eric Jouy, Agnès Perrin‐Guyomard, Anne Chevance, Didier Delzescaux i Claire Chauvin. "An efficient cephalosporin stewardship programme in French swine production". Veterinary Medicine and Science 7, nr 2 (8.02.2021): 432–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vms3.377.

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Roudeillac, P., P. Creach i A. Fourel. "EVOLUTION OF FRENCH STRAWBERRY PRODUCTION DURING THE LAST YEARS." Acta Horticulturae, nr 265 (grudzień 1989): 679–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1989.265.105.

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Sang Wuk Ahn. "The Delocalization of the Production by French Automobile Manufacturers". Journal of Mediterranean Area Studies 19, nr 2 (maj 2017): 21–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18218/jmas.2017.19.2.21.

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Grover, Cynthia, Donald G. Jamieson i Michael B. Dobrovolsky. "Intonation in English, French and German: Perception and Production". Language and Speech 30, nr 3 (lipiec 1987): 277–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002383098703000307.

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Bejaoui, H., F. Mathieu, P. Taillandier i A. Lebrihi. "Black aspergilli and ochratoxin A production in French vineyards". International Journal of Food Microbiology 111 (wrzesień 2006): S46—S52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.03.004.

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Roulet-Amiot, Leslie, i Célia Jakubowicz. "Production and perception of gender agreement in French SLI". Advances in Speech Language Pathology 8, nr 4 (styczeń 2006): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14417040601009420.

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Levy, Erika S., i Franzo Law. "Perception‐production relationship in French vowel learning in adulthood." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 125, nr 4 (kwiecień 2009): 2772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4808761.

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LISINSKA, G., i G. GOLUBOWSKA. "Structural changes of potato tissue during French fries production". Food Chemistry 93, nr 4 (grudzień 2005): 681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.10.046.

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