Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „French language – films for french speakers”
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Tomé Díez, Mario. "Sistema de faltas de pronunciación y corrección fonética en un corpus oral FLE". Revista de Lingüística y Lenguas Aplicadas 13, nr 1 (13.07.2018): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/rlyla.2018.8783.
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<p>In this article we will discuss the description, organization and operation of the first oral corpus available online on the audiovisual productions of Spanish students of French as a foreign language. This set of sound sequences has allowed us to identify and compile the system of pronunciation errors of the Spanish speakers that was not available until today. The didactic consequences of this system of errors can be decisive for the practice of phonetic correction. For an efficient acquisition of pronunciation it is necessary to attend to the main difficulties and errors of the students and at the same time proceed to a simplification of the normative vowel system of French which had already been suggested by some authors. Numerous examples are proposed, accompanied by the sound files that allow us to understand the context and the process of phonetic correction that characterize the oral productions of the students. Several important improvement factors are noted (vocal warm-up, reinforcement and articulatory effort, autocorrection, collaborative corrections). The pedagogical potential of this corpus is open to the scientific and academic community for its future applications to the teaching and learning of the pronunciation of French.</p>
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Bassano, Dominique, Maya Hickmann i Christian Champaud. "Epistemic modality in French children's discourse:to be sureornot to be sure?" Journal of Child Language 19, nr 2 (czerwiec 1992): 389–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900011466.
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ABSTRACTThis study focuses on the development of epistemic modality, with particular attention to how French children evaluate the conditions of use for modal expressions marking certainty and uncertainty. Sixty children aged four, six and eight were shown films involving verbal interactions in which a target speaker accused another of having performed a deed. The analysis examine children's responses during a subsequent interview in which they were asked to attribute an epistemic attitude of certainty/uncertainty to the target speaker as a function of three factors: (a) whether he had witnessed the deed; (b) whether his accusation was modalized by the verbcroire(‘think/believe’); and (c) whether the accusation was true or false. The results show that the four-and six-year-olds attribute certainty more often than the eight-year-olds. This dissymmetry is accompanied by a developmental progression in children's conceptions of these modal categories, which change from a ‘realistic’ conception (mainly based on truth/falsity) at four years to an increasingly metalinguistic and relativized conception thereafter.
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Hutin, Mathilde, i Marc Allassonnière-Tang. "Operation LiLi: Using Crowd-Sourced Data and Automatic Alignment to Investigate the Phonetics and Phonology of Less-Resourced Languages". Languages 7, nr 3 (8.09.2022): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7030234.
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Less-resourced languages are usually left out of phonetic studies based on large corpora. We contribute to the recent efforts to fill this gap by assessing how to use open-access, crowd-sourced audio data from Lingua Libre for phonetic research. Lingua Libre is a participative linguistic library developed by Wikimedia France in 2015. It contains more than 670k recordings in approximately 150 languages across nearly 740 speakers. As a proof of concept, we consider the Inventory Size Hypothesis, which predicts that, in a given system, variation in the realization of each vowel will be inversely related to the number of vowel categories. We investigate data from 10 languages with various numbers of vowel categories, i.e., German, Afrikaans, French, Catalan, Italian, Romanian, Polish, Russian, Spanish, and Basque. Audio files are extracted from Lingua Libre to be aligned and segmented using the Munich Automatic Segmentation System. Information on the formants of the vowel segments is then extracted to measure how vowels expand in the acoustic space and whether this is correlated with the number of vowel categories in the language. The results provide valuable insight into the question of vowel dispersion and demonstrate the wealth of information that crowd-sourced data has to offer.
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Singh, Gundeep, Sahil Sharma, Vijay Kumar, Manjit Kaur, Mohammed Baz i Mehedi Masud. "Spoken Language Identification Using Deep Learning". Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2021 (20.09.2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5123671.
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The process of detecting language from an audio clip by an unknown speaker, regardless of gender, manner of speaking, and distinct age speaker, is defined as spoken language identification (SLID). The considerable task is to recognize the features that can distinguish between languages clearly and efficiently. The model uses audio files and converts those files into spectrogram images. It applies the convolutional neural network (CNN) to bring out main attributes or features to detect output easily. The main objective is to detect languages out of English, French, Spanish, and German, Estonian, Tamil, Mandarin, Turkish, Chinese, Arabic, Hindi, Indonesian, Portuguese, Japanese, Latin, Dutch, Portuguese, Pushto, Romanian, Korean, Russian, Swedish, Tamil, Thai, and Urdu. An experiment was conducted on different audio files using the Kaggle dataset named spoken language identification. These audio files are comprised of utterances, each of them spanning over a fixed duration of 10 seconds. The whole dataset is split into training and test sets. Preparatory results give an overall accuracy of 98%. Extensive and accurate testing show an overall accuracy of 88%.
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Knutson, Elizabeth M., i Bernard Rochet. "The Rhythm of French: French Pronunciation Tutor for English Speakers". Modern Language Journal 82, nr 3 (1998): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/329980.
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Heeringa, Wilbert, i Hans Van de Velde. "Visible Vowels as a Tool for the Study of Language Transfer". Languages 9, nr 2 (23.01.2024): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages9020035.
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In this paper, we demonstrate the use of Visible Vowels to detect formant and durational differences between L2 and L1 speakers. We used a dataset that contains vowel measures from L1 speakers of French and from L2 learners of French, with Italian, Spanish and English as L1. We found that vowels that are not part of the L1 phonological system are often pronounced differently by L2 speakers. Inspired by the Native Language Magnet Theory which was introduced by Patricia Kuhl in 2000, we introduced magnet plots that relate vowels shared by the French phonological system and the learners’ phonological system—the magnet vowels—to the vowels found only in the French phonological system. At a glance, it can be seen which vowels are attracted to the magnets and which vowels become further away from the magnets. When comparing vowel spaces, we found that the shape of the French vowel space of the English learners differed most from the shape of L1 speakers’ vowel space. Finally, it was found that the vowel durations of the L2 speakers are greater than that of the L1 speakers of French, especially those of the English learners of French.
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Sheppard, Christine, Shanna Kousaie, Laura Monetta i Vanessa Taler. "Performance on the Boston Naming Test in Bilinguals". Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 22, nr 3 (21.12.2015): 350–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135561771500123x.
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AbstractObjectives: We examined performance on the Boston Naming Test (BNT) in older and younger adults who were monolingual English or French speakers, or bilingual speakers of English and French (n=215). Methods: Monolingual participants completed the task in their native language, and bilingual participants completed the task in English, French, and bilingual (either-language) administrations. Results: Overall, younger and older monolingual French speakers performed worse than other groups; bilingual participants performed worst in the French administration and approximately two-thirds of bilingual participants performed better when responses were accepted in either language. Surprisingly, however, a subset of bilinguals performed worse when responses were accepted in either language as compared to their maximum score achieved in either English or French. This either-language disadvantage does not appear to be associated with the degree of balanced bilingualism, but instead appears to be related to overall naming abilities. Differential item analysis comparing language groups and the different administrations identified several items that displayed uniform and/or non-uniform differential item functioning (DIF). Conclusions: The BNT does not elicit equivalent performance in English and French, even when assessing naming performance in monolingual French speakers using the French version of the test. Scores were lower in French overall, and several items exhibited DIF. We recommend caution in interpreting performance on these items in bilingual speakers. Finally, not all bilinguals benefit from an either-language administration of the BNT. (JINS, 2015, 21, 350–363)
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HUALDE, JOSÉ IGNACIO. "Phonological change in a small language community". Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 7, nr 2 (23.07.2004): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728904001518.
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Bullock and Gerfen show that two of the last speakers of French in Frenchville, Pennsylvania, systematically replace the French front mid round vowel (in words like deux, neuf) with the rhoticized schwa of American English, their dominant language. As the authors argue, it is unlikely that this sound change would have arisen in the speech of French speakers who were not bilingual in English.
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Schimke, Sarah, i Saveria Colonna. "NATIVE AND NONNATIVE INTERPRETATION OF PRONOMINAL FORMS". Studies in Second Language Acquisition 38, nr 1 (18.08.2015): 131–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263115000303.
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This study investigates the influence of grammatical role and discourse-level cues on the interpretation of different pronominal forms in native speakers of French, native speakers of Turkish, and Turkish learners of French. In written questionnaires, we found that native speakers of French were influenced by discourse-level cues when interpreting ambiguous overt subject pronouns in French, whereas native speakers of Turkish were mainly influenced by a syntactic cue—subjecthood—when interpreting null subjects (pro) in Turkish translation equivalents. When interpreting implicit subjects of nonfinite dependent clauses (PRO), native speakers of both French and Turkish were influenced by subjecthood. Finally, Turkish learners of French were influenced by discourse-level cues in the interpretation of overt pronouns as well as PRO and showed no subject preference in either case. These results are in line with approaches to second language (L2) acquisition that stress the role of discourse-level principles in the processing and use of a L2 (Clahsen & Felser, 2006; Klein & Perdue, 1997).
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Donaldson, Bryan. "LEFT DISLOCATION IN NEAR-NATIVE FRENCH". Studies in Second Language Acquisition 33, nr 3 (20.07.2011): 399–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263111000039.
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The present study is concerned with the upper limits of SLA—specifically, mastery of the syntax-discourse interface in successful endstate learners of second-language (L2) French (near-native speakers). Left dislocation (LD) is a syntactic means of structuring spoken French discourse by marking topic. Its use requires speakers to coordinate syntactic and pragmatic or discursive knowledge, an interface at which L2 learners have been shown to encounter difficulties (e.g., Sorace, 1993; Sorace & Filiaci, 2006). The data come from (a) an 8.5-hr corpus that consists of recordings of 10 dyadic conversations between near-native and native speakers of French and (b) two contextualized paper and audio tasks that tested intuitions and preferences regarding LD. Analyses of the near-native speakers’ production of LDs, the syntactic properties of their LDs, and their use of LDs to promote different types of discourse referents to topic status suggest that their mastery of this aspect of discourse organization converges on that of native speakers.
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GROSJEAN, FRANÇOIS, SÉVERINE CARRARD, CORALIE GODIO, LYSIANE GROSJEAN i JEAN-YVES DOMMERGUES. "Long and short vowels in Swiss French: Their production and perception". Journal of French Language Studies 17, nr 1 (9.02.2007): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269506002626.
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Contrary to what is stated in much of the literature which is based in large part on Parisian French, many dialects of French still have long and short vowels (e.g. in Switzerland and Belgium). This study had two aims. The first was to show that Swiss French speakers, as opposed to Parisian French speakers, produce long vowels with durations that are markedly different from those of short vowels. The second aim was to show that, for these two groups, vowel duration has a different impact on word recognition. A production study showed that Swiss French speakers make a clear duration difference between short and long vowels (the latter are more than twice the length of the former on average) whereas the Parisian French do not. In an identification study which used stimuli pronounced in Swiss French, it was shown that words articulated with long vowels created no recognition problem for Swiss French listeners whereas they did so for Parisian French listeners. These results are discussed in terms of models of speech perception and word recognition.
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Sankoff, Gillian, Pierrette Thibault, Naomi Nagy, Hélène Blondeau, Marie-Odile Fonollosa i Lucie Gagnon. "Variation in the use of discourse markers in a language contact situation". Language Variation and Change 9, nr 2 (lipiec 1997): 191–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500001873.
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ABSTRACTUse of discourse markers by 17 speakers of Anglophone Montreal French (AMF) showed great variation in individual repertoires and frequency of use. Only five subjects manifested rates of usage comparable to those of native speakers or to their own LI usage in English. In decreasing order of frequency, the speakers used tu sais ‘y'know’; là ‘there’ (the most frequent among L1 Montreal French speakers); bon ‘good’, alors ‘so’, comme ‘like’, and bien ‘well’; and the local discourse conjunction fait que ‘so’. The subjects occasionally made use of the English markers you know, so, like, and well. Québécois French markers with no English equivalent were used by the speakers who had been exposed to French in their early childhood environment. The one marker that showed influence from English was comme, apparently calqued on English like. Overall, frequent use of discourse markers correlated only with the speakers' knowledge of French grammar – evidence that a higher frequency of discourse marker use is the hallmark of the fluent speaker. As a feature that is not explicitly taught in school, mastery of the appropriate use of discourse markers is thus particularly revealing of the speakers' integration into the local speech community.
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KAMINSKAÏA, SVETLANA, JEFF TENNANT i ALEXANDER RUSSELL. "Prosodic Rhythm in Ontario French". Journal of French Language Studies 26, nr 2 (24.08.2015): 183–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269515000307.
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ABSTRACTThis article presents the results of a study of rhythm in Ontario French in local minority and majority contexts. To determine whether French in a minority situation shows a less syllabic rhythm due to English influence than it does in a majority situation, we used the following rhythm measurements: %V, ΔV, ΔC, VarcoV, VarcoC and nPVI-V. The results suggest no effect of language contact on the minority setting data where we find even more syllable-timed rhythm than in the majority variety. In addition, we observe that women and older speakers exhibit a more syllabic rhythm than men and younger speakers.
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Kennard, Holly J. "Variation in Breton word stress: new speakers and the influence of French". Phonology 38, nr 3 (sierpień 2021): 363–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675721000245.
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This paper investigates stress patterns in Breton across speakers of different ages and with different linguistic backgrounds. Centuries of contact with French have led to French influence in Breton lexis, phonology and morphosyntax, and Breton's current status as an endangered minority language makes it vulnerable to further change. Additionally, younger ‘new speakers’ of Breton, who have acquired the language through Breton-medium education, are said to transfer features from French into their Breton. Analysis of stress usage shows that older, traditional speakers use stress largely as expected, while there is a greater degree of interspeaker variation among younger, new speakers. These data are used to form a metrical analysis of stress in Breton, taking into account lexical exceptions, loanwords and the variability of younger speakers. Rather than widespread transfer of French stress patterns into Breton, some younger speakers seem to be using two competing stress systems.
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Tellier, Marion, Gale Stam i Alain Ghio. "Handling language". Gesture 20, nr 1 (22.11.2021): 30–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.19031.tel.
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Abstract This paper addresses the question of how speakers adapt their gestures according to their interlocutor’s proficiency level in the language of the interaction especially in the specific context of foreign language teaching. We know that speakers make changes in their speech when addressing a non-native speaker, called Foreigner Talk (Ferguson, 1975) to make their speech more comprehensible. However, whether and how gestures are also modified along with speech has hardly been addressed in the literature. In this study, we examined the speech and gesture of future teachers of French in a word explanation task to see what types of adjustments they made when explaining a word to a native speaker and a non-native speaker. We had ten future teachers of French explain the same 12 words to a native and a non-native speaker of French and compared the explanations. We found that the future teachers produced significantly more gestures, significantly longer gestures in duration, significantly more illustrative (iconic and deictic) gestures, and significantly larger gestures when addressing a non-native interlocutor. These results show that native speakers make not only speech adjustments but also gesture adjustments in addressing non-native speakers.
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Kunkel, Scott, Elisa Passoni i Esther de Leeuw. "Perceptual Discrimination of Phonemic Contrasts in Quebec French: Exposure to Quebec French Does Not Improve Perception in Hexagonal French Native Speakers Living in Quebec". Languages 8, nr 3 (14.08.2023): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages8030193.
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In Quebec French, /a ~ ɑ/ and /ε ~ aε/ are phonemic, whereas in Hexagonal French, these vowels are merged to /a/ and /ε/, respectively. We tested the effects of extended exposure to Quebec French (QF) as a second dialect (D2) on Hexagonal French (HF) speakers’ abilities to perceive these contrasts. Three groups of listeners were recruited: (1) non-mobile HF speakers born and living in France (HF group); (2) non-mobile QF speakers born and living in Quebec (QF group); and mobile HF speakers having moved from France to Quebec (HF>QF group). To determine any fine-grained effects of second dialect (D2) exposure on the perception of vowel contrasts, participants completed a same–different discrimination task in which they listened to stimuli paired at different levels of acoustic similarity. As expected, QF listeners showed a significant advantage over the HF group in discriminating between /a ~ ɑ/ and /ε ~ aε/ pairs, thus suggesting an own-dialect advantage in perceptual discrimination. Interestingly, this own-dialect advantage appeared to be greater for the /ε ~ aε/ contrast. The QF listeners also showed an advantage over the HF>QF group, and, surprisingly, this advantage was greater than over the HF group. In other words, the results suggested that the acquisition of a second dialect did not enhance the abilities of listeners to perceive differences between phonemic contrasts in that D2. If anything, the acquisition of the D2 disadvantaged the perceptual abilities of the HF>QF group. This might be because these phonemes have, over time, become less acoustically marked for the HF>QF participants and have, potentially, become integrated into their D1 phonemic categories.
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McDonald, Janet L., i L. Kathy Heilenman. "Determinants of cue strength in adult first and second language speakers of French". Applied Psycholinguistics 12, nr 3 (wrzesień 1991): 313–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400009255.
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ABSTRACTThis study investigates the determinants of adult usage of various syntactic and semantic cues in sentence interpretation. Native French speakers and advanced English/French bilinguals were tested for the strength of usage of word order, clitic pronoun agreement, verb agreement, and noun animacy cues in the assignment of the actor role in French sentences. Native speakers showed strong use of clitic pronoun agreement, followed by much weaker use of verb agreement, an even weaker use of noun animacy, and negligible use of word order. This ranking reflects the importance of these cues in naturally occurring French sentences involving conflicts among cues in conjunction with a learning-on-error model. The English/French bilinguals did not manifest English-like strategies of word order preference on the French sentences; rather, they showed a cue ranking very similar to that of native speakers, although detectability may have played a role in their use of verb agreement. The failure of English word order strategies to correctly interpret many naturally occurring French sentences may be responsible for the adaptation of strategies appropriate to the second language.
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Belmihoub, Kamal. "Language attitudes in Algeria". Language Problems and Language Planning 42, nr 2 (21.06.2018): 144–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.00017.bel.
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Abstract This article examines language attitudes among Algerian first and second year engineering students at an Algerian university. A sample of 101 participants responded to a 51-item questionnaire. The results of the questionnaire showed a strong preference of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), English, and French by native speakers of Algerian Arabic (Derja). Native speakers of Tamazight (a Berber language) preferred MSA, English, French, and Tamazight. Participants were divided on many questions regarding MSA and Tamazight. It was also found that respondents favored English as a useful vehicle of economic opportunity and knowledge transfer. An overwhelming majority of respondents viewed multilingualism in Algeria positively. Interestingly, both Derja and Tamazight native speakers unanimously rejected promoting Derja to an official political status, and they indicated support for the teaching of English and French in school. Possible motives behind the attitudes are discussed and implications are suggested.
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Ross, Jane, i Fabrice Jaumont. "French Heritage Language Vitality in the United States". Heritage Language Journal 10, nr 3 (30.12.2013): 316–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.10.3.4.
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Although French is one of the most commonly spoken languages in the United States, speakers of French as a heritage language face multiple challenges in maintaining and transmitting their distinctive French language to future generations, resulting in language loss over time. This article demonstrates the importance of Capacity Development, Opportunity Creation, and Desire in maintaining and revitalizing French as a heritage language in French-speaking communities in Maine, Louisiana, and New York City.
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Stahnke, Johanna, Laia Arnaus Gil i Natascha Müller. "French as a Heritage Language in Germany". Languages 6, nr 3 (15.07.2021): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6030122.
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Research on child heritage speakers (HSs) has shown successful language acquisition, comparable to monolinguals, whereas research on adult HSs often claims incomplete acquisition. This seems to be an evident contradiction in the current state of research, which may be explained by a possible language shift during adolescence or adulthood, but which does not necessarily have to be equated with a lack of competence. In an overview of the existing studies on child and adult HSs of French in Germany, we show that HSs are not incomplete acquirers of French and we suggest theoretical and practical implications following these findings. Our aim is to show, first, that HSs of French in Germany are not unanimously disadvantaged compared with French speakers in countries where French is a majority language, and second, that complete acquisition is independent of language dominance, a notion that has received particular attention in studies on multilingual and HL acquisition.
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Balcom, Patricia. "On the Learning of Auxiliary Use in the Referential Variety by Speakers of New Brunswick Acadian French". Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 53, nr 1 (marzec 2008): 7–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100000876.
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AbstractThis study investigates the learning of Referential French by speakers of Acadian French at the university level. One difference between the two varieties lies in their use of auxiliaries in compound tenses. In Acadian French,avoiris used categorically in compound tenses with verbs of inherently directed motion and pronominal verbs, while Referential French usesêtre. A controlled-production task and an acceptability judgment task were administered to 80 speakers of New Brunswick Acadian French who were students at a francophone university in New Brunswick, 40 first-year students and 40 fourth-year students. Results show that, while there is still variability in the fourth-year students’ auxiliary use, their performance is significantly closer to Referential French than that of the first-year students.
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Deng, Delin. "The Grammaticalization of the Discourse Marker genre in Swiss French". Languages 8, nr 1 (16.01.2023): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages8010028.
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By conducting an apparent-time analysis of the OFROM corpus collected in Francophone Switzerland, this study examined the use of genre as discourse marker in the speech of 306 French L1 speakers. First, we examined the effect of extralinguistic factors on the discursive use of genre. The logistic mixed-effects regression analysis results revealed that the emerging use of genre is indeed an ongoing change led by female speakers in Swiss French. This use was favored by monolinguals in Francophone Swiss. Second, we examined the vowel reduction of the DM genre in the corpus. Our results revealed that speakers who received only a high school education favor the vowel reduction in the DM genre the most. Given the high percentage of phonological reduction in the DM genre, we believe that the grammaticalization of this particle has reached its advanced stage in Swiss French. Compared to previous findings on the emerging use of genre in Hexagonal French, we suggested that the grammaticalization of the particle genre in Swiss French may be independent of that in Hexagonal French. The grammaticalization in Swiss French was much more advanced than in Hexagonal French. This study supplied comparable results on the grammaticalization of the same particle in two different Francophone countries.
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Frost, Dan. "Stress and cues to relative prominence in English and French: A perceptual study". Journal of the International Phonetic Association 41, nr 1 (28.03.2011): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100310000253.
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The relative prominence of syllables is essential to the segmentation of speech and therefore a crucial component of language comprehension, acquisition and learning. Incorrect placement and marking of prominence in English by non-native speakers can lead to problems in comprehensibility. Because the English and French phonological systems are so different, especially in the domain of stress, this can cause serious difficulties for many French speakers learning English. Indeed, some authors have posited the existence of ‘stress deafness’ in certain individuals. I suggest that French and English native speakers listen differently for stress, attributing different importance to the acoustic cues of F0, duration, amplitude and formant structure. This study focuses on the relative importance of these four cues with both English and French stimuli for English and French native speakers, and the results support the hypothesis.
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ROWLETT, PAUL. "Do French speakers really have two grammars?" Journal of French Language Studies 23, nr 1 (30.01.2013): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095926951200035x.
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ABSTRACTI consider variation within French and its status in speakers’ mental grammars. I start with Massot's (2008) claim that, within relevant grammatical units, speakers in contemporary metropolitan France do not combine socio-stylistically marked L and H features, and his explanation of this in terms of diglossia (Ferguson, 1959), that is, the idea that speakers possess two (in this case massively overlapping but not identical) ‘French’ grammars which co-exist in their minds: one (français démotique, FD: acquired early, well, and in a naturalistic environment) comprises one set of grammatical features which generate unmarked forms and the marked L forms; the other (français classique tardif, FCT: learnt later, often unreliably, in a more formal context and under the influence of literacy) comprises a (partially) different set of grammatical features which generate the same unmarked forms as well as the marked H forms. Speakers switch between FD and FCT but do not use them both simultaneously, at least not within the context of an individual clause. While Massot's claim is controversial (see Coveney, 2011), I provisionally accept that it is correct, and move on to consider his explanation. I review instances of variation for which I suggest Massot's model needs to be revised in order to account for the phenomenon of surface forms which can be generated by both putative grammars, and which are therefore superficially part of the overlap, but which have a different linguistic status in each and underlyingly are not therefore part of any overlap. I then reconsider Massot's two-grammar hypothesis, raising issues surrounding the extent of the overlap between them, the nature of the differences between them, and their respective statuses in the minds of speakers. I suggest that in view of their massive overlap, their non-random differences, and their contrasting cognitive statuses, it does not make sense to view both FD and FCT as autonomous grammars. Rather, I suggest that only FD is an autonomous grammar. Since the differences between FD and FCT are instantiations of naturally occurring developments usually conceptualised in terms of cyclic grammaticalisation and renewal (the L features of FD are innovations with respect to the H features of FCT), I suggest that FCT should be seen as a dependent grammatical ‘bolt on’ which encodes its conservatism in an abstract and economical way.
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COUGHLIN, CAITLIN E., i ANNIE TREMBLAY. "Morphological decomposition in native and non-native French speakers". Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18, nr 3 (23.09.2014): 524–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728914000200.
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This study investigates whether late second/foreign language (L2) learners can rely on mechanisms similar to those of native speakers for processing morphologically complex words. Specifically, it examines whether native English speakers who have begun learning French around the onset of puberty can decompose -er (Class I) French verbs. Mid-to-high-proficiency L2 learners and native French speakers completed a masked-priming word-naming task. Latencies for morphologically related, orthographically related, and semantically related prime–target combinations were compared to latencies for identical and unrelated prime–target combinations. The results reveal the following effects: full morphological priming for both native and non-native speakers, with this effect increasing with French proficiency for L2 learners; partial orthographic priming for both groups; greater priming in the morphological condition than in the orthographic condition for both groups; and no semantic priming for either group. We conclude that L2 learners have access to similar mechanisms to those of native speakers for processing morphologically complex words.
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D’Alessandro, Daria, i Cécile Fougeron. "Changes in Anticipatory VtoV Coarticulation in French during Adulthood". Languages 6, nr 4 (29.10.2021): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6040181.
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In this study, we test whether anticipatory Vowel-to-Vowel coarticulation varies with age in the speech of 246 adult French speakers aged between 20 and 93. The relationship between coarticulation and the known age-related change in speech rate is also investigated. The results show a gradual decrease in the amount of coarticulation for speakers from 20 to mid-50s, followed by a more abrupt decrease for speakers older than 70. For speakers in between, diverse coarticulation profiles emerge. Speech rate is also found to evolve from early to late adulthood and not only for older speakers; it shows a gradual decrease for speakers up to mid-50s and a more abrupt deceleration afterwards. Yet, the relationship between rate and coarticulation is not linear; it appears stronger for the younger speakers, with faster speakers coarticulating more, than for the adults over 70 y.o.a. Results are discussed in relation to possible changes in the parametrization and coordination of speech units at different ages.
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Bril, Marco. "On the performance of modern digital grammar checkers for native and second language learners". Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics 8, nr 2 (7.06.2019): 228–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dujal.18009.bri.
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Abstract In this study we conducted an experiment aiming to compare the performance of language learners and digital grammar checkers at supplying gender marking in French. A set of test items exhibiting typical gender marking configurations was submitted to three grammar checkers for French (Antidote, Scribens and BonPatron). The outcomes were compared to those of native speakers and second language learners of French at a B1 level. The results revealed that only Antidote and Scribens outperformed both native speakers and second language learners of French in adjective-noun and fronted noun-past participle agreement constructions. An opposite pattern, however, appeared for clitic-past participle constructions for which native speakers outperformed Antidote and Scribens. We thus conclude that from the three grammar checkers under investigation, Antidote and Scribens might be effective to improve the native speakers’ and second language learners’ awareness of gender marking errors, but only in adjective-noun and fronted noun-past participle agreement constructions.
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Thörle, Britta. "Turn openings in L2 French". Discourse Markers in Second Language Acquisition / Les marqueurs discursifs dans l’acquisition d’une langue étrangère 7, nr 1 (12.08.2016): 117–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lia.7.1.05tho.
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In this contribution we will analyze a corpus of telephone conversations between German students of French and native speakers from an interactional linguistic point of view. The study is based on a corpus of ten formal conversations performed as role play between German university students and native speakers of French. Taking an interactional approach, the use of discourse markers will be described as a situated activity of learners who use the resources at their disposal to accomplish conversational tasks. The analysis will concentrate on the accomplishment of turn openings and point out the dynamic nature of the use of discourse markers in exolingual interaction. During the conversations, learners employ forms already available in their repertoire as discourse markers, they use the interlocutor’s example as a model, and they develop their own routines. Against this background, certain characteristics of discourse markers in L2 can be described as the result of communication and acquisition strategies that allow learners to maintain the conversation as well as to build, expand or adjust their repertoire.
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Demagny, Annie-Claude. "Interrelationships between Time and Space in English and French discourse". Language, Interaction and Acquisition 6, nr 2 (30.12.2015): 202–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lia.6.2.02dem.
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This paper explores the expression of temporal boundaries in narrative discourse drawing on cartoon-elicited productions which narrate caused and/or voluntary motion events involving four types of paths. We hypothesise that the way speakers express temporal boundaries depends on the “framing” of their first language (Talmy 2000). We therefore examine productions by speakers of L1 French (V-framed language), L1 English (S-framed) and English learners of L2 French at three levels of proficiency. Productions may include a Setting section and a Main event. Findings show that each speaker group has its own mode of expressing temporal and spatial boundaries. The choice in L1 French depends on Path type, but not in L1 English. English learners of L2 French pattern more like L1 French speakers for verbal morphology, but their expression of space is nearly similar to their L1 English. The discussion highlights implications of this linguistic framing type for L2 acquisition.
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Nimbona, Gélase, i Anne Catherine Simon. "La prononciation du français au Burundi: influence du français de Belgique et du kirundi". Journal of Language Contact 15, nr 3-4 (26.12.2023): 481–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-15030002.
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Abstract French in Burundi offers an interesting case of language contact: speakers have Kirundi as their first language and French imported during the colonial era was the variety spoken in Belgium, which does not share all the features of reference French. In this study, we analyze a corpus of 12 speakers (including 4 women; mean age 38.5) producing different speaking styles collected according to the methodology of the Phonologie du Français Contemporain project: word reading, text reading, and free narration. The results of the pronunciation analysis concern vowels, consonants and schwa. We identify eight pronunciation features that differ from reference French. In addition, we analyze for each one the possible interferences with Kirundi or with Belgian French. In conclusion, we discuss which of these features can be considered pan-African.
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McCarthy, Brian. "Pitch features of classroom French intonation". Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 11, nr 1 (1.01.1988): 66–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.11.1.07mcc.
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Abstract Using fundamental frequency measurements taken from mingograph traces, the direction and range of pitch movements were studied in a series of utterances produced by native speakers of French and by a group of (near-) beginner students of that language. Results were also compared to the Delattre models for major and minor continuation and finality. Analysis of the native speakers allows us to determine the extent to which the pattern of pitch movement is a function of the speaking context. It is then possible to see additional differences occurring when the task is performed by foreign language learners. Our most significant findings relate to differences between the utterances of free conversation and those occurring in controlled contexts (oral reading, repetition, drill responses), and to a certain blurring of the distinction between major and minor continuation in student speech.
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CARMICHAEL, KATIE, i AARNES GUDMESTAD. "Language Death and Subject Expression: First-person-singular subjects in a declining dialect of Louisiana French". Journal of French Language Studies 29, nr 1 (4.09.2018): 67–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269518000236.
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ABSTRACTLouisiana French is undergoing gradual language death. In such situations, it is common to find increased variability and rapid change, as speakers use the language less often and in fewer domains (Wolfram 2004; Palosaari and Campbell 2011). These processes have been observed in the pronominal system of Louisiana French (Rottet 1996; Girard 2013), with both phonological and morphological sources of variation leading to an exceptionally large inventory of first-person-singular forms in the French of the Pointe-Au-Chien Indians of Pointe-Aux-Chênes, Louisiana. Using data from a translation task, we examine the range of forms used by French speakers from this community varying in age and fluency. We note a sharp distinction in forms used by fluent versus non-fluent speakers, with the latter making use of the non-clitic formmon. To answer the question of whymonis so common amongst non-fluent speakers in this task, we apply insights from the field of second language acquisition, considering the systems of these non-fluent speakers as autonomous and systematic. We ultimately propose a potential interaction between the previously documented phonological and morphological patterns observed in this community, influencing in the forms observed.
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Debrenn, Michèle. "Multilingual Communication in Francophone Bandes Dessinées about Russia". Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices 20, nr 1 (30.03.2022): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-897x-2023-20-1-66-76.
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In this paper we examine how the communication of characters speaking different languages is reflected in French and Belgian graphic novels about Russia. We propose to distinguish the situation of bilingual (plurilingual) communication on one hand and the reflection of this situation on the other hand. We built different schemes in order to describe the character’s choice of the language of communication, taking into account the existence of a common language, the communicant’s level of proficiency in different languages, the environment. The choice of French (correct or not) or Russian (correct or not, Cyrillic or transliterated, translated or not) in the following modules of bilingual communication has been analyzed: 1) a speaker of Russian communicates with native speakers of French, 2) he communicates with other native speakers of Russian in a francophone environment, 3) he speaks to himself (or swears), 4) he communicates with native speakers of other languages, 5) a native speaker of French uses Russian languages in communication with native speakers of Russian. In francophone graphic novels, French language is used when English-speaking and Russian-speaking characters communicate. We analyze whether the text in Russian is correct or not, whether it is written in Cyrillic or Latin alphabet, the presence or absence of translation, its correctness, the means to reflect the accent or character’s poor knowledge of French language. In conclusion we propose to discuss the reasons for the common ignorance of language contact in graphic novels.
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MEINSCHAEFER, JUDITH, SVEN BONIFER i CHRISTINE FRISCH. "Variable and invariable liaison in a corpus of spoken French". Journal of French Language Studies 25, nr 3 (28.04.2015): 367–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269515000186.
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ABSTRACTUsing texts selected from the C-Oral-Rom corpus, this study considers how linguistic and sociolinguistic variables affect liaison. In the majority of cases, liaison appears on monosyllabic function words. Individual lexemes differ greatly in rate of liaison. With regard to sociolinguistic variation, female speakers realize liaison consonants more often than male speakers, younger speakers realize it more often than older speakers, and liaison rates for speakers without university degree are higher than for speakers with university degree. Results are discussed in the light of models of prosodic structure and with respect to their implications for models of socio-linguistic variation.
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DUFOUR, SOPHIE, YU-YING CHUANG i NOËL NGUYEN. "The processing of dialectal variants: Further insight from French". Applied Psycholinguistics 40, nr 2 (14.11.2018): 351–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716418000607.
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ABSTRACTIn two semantic priming experiments, this study examined how southern French speakers process the standard French [o] variant in closed syllables in comparison to their own variant [ɔ]. In Experiment 1, southern French speakers showed facilitation in the processing of the associated target word VIOLET whether the word prime mauve was pronounced by a standard French speaker ([mov]) or a southern French speaker ([mɔv]). More importantly, Experiment 1 has also revealed that words of type mauve, which are subject to dialectal variation, behave exactly in the same way as words of type gomme, which are pronounced with [ɔ] by both southern and standard French speakers, and for which we also found no modulation in the magnitude of the priming effect as a function of the dialect of the speaker. Experiment 2 replicated the priming effect found with the standard French variant [mov], and failed to show a priming effect with nonwords such as [mœv] that also differ from the southern French variant [mɔv] by only one phonetic feature. Our study thus provides further evidence for efficient processing of dialectal variants during spoken word recognition, even if these variants are not part of the speaker’s own productions.
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Soroli, Efstathia, Halima Sahraoui i Carol Sacchett. "Linguistic encoding of motion events in English and French". Language, Interaction and Acquisition 3, nr 2 (19.12.2012): 261–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lia.3.2.05sor.
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Languages show differences in how they encode motion in discourse: Verb-framed languages lexicalize Path in the verb, leaving Manner peripheral or implicit; Satellite-framed languages lexicalize Manner together with Path adjuncts. The present study investigates: 1) the extent to which such typological constraints affect the verbalizations of second language learners (English learners of French) and of aphasic speakers (English and French speakers with agrammatism) — who typically show dissociations between lexical and syntactic knowledge — in comparison to controls (English and French native speakers); as well as 2) the role of language-independent factors (level of acquisition, syndrome type). Despite some similarities between learners and speakers with aphasia due to language-independent factors, the findings suggest typologically constrained verbalizations in all groups, as well as diverging strategies that may reflect distinct underlying conceptualization processes.
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Warren, Jane. "Address pronouns in French". Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 29, nr 2 (1.01.2006): 16.1–16.17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2104/aral0616.
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This article examines speakers’ perceptions of and attitudes towards address pronoun usage in Paris and Toulouse. The data on which this article is based come from a comparative project based at the University of Melbourne, Address in some western European languages, and were generated in focus groups in both Paris and Toulouse, as well as interviews in Paris. It is generally accepted that in France the informal pronominal address form tu is used within the family, with close friends and with youngsters, and that the formal address form vous is used by adults when addressing strangers. The findings presented here indicate that, outside these general tendencies, individual preferences and negotiation can inform the choice of address pronoun in different ways both within and outside the workplace, with individual variation more common outside the work domain.
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Warren, Jane. "Address pronouns in French". Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 29, nr 2 (2006): 16.1–16.17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.29.2.01war.
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This article examines speakers’ perceptions of and attitudes towards address pronoun usage in Paris and Toulouse. The data on which this article is based come from a comparative project based at the University of Melbourne,Address in some western European languages, and were generated in focus groups in both Paris and Toulouse, as well as interviews in Paris. It is generally accepted that in France the informal pronominal address formtuis used within the family, with close friends and with youngsters, and that the formal address formvousis used by adults when addressing strangers. The findings presented here indicate that, outside these general tendencies, individual preferences and negotiation can inform the choice of address pronoun in different ways both within and outside the workplace, with individual variation more common outside the work domain.
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Cychosz, Margaret. "Bilingual adolescent vowel production in the Parisian suburbs". International Journal of Bilingualism 23, nr 6 (11.07.2018): 1291–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006918781075.
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Aims and objectives: The study examines how bilingualism and adolescent identity interact to influence acoustic vowel patterns. This is examined in students at a secondary school in the socially and economically disadvantaged working-class Parisian suburbs. Design: The front, round vowels /y/, /ø/, and /œ/ were analyzed in the speech of ( N = 22) adolescents. Three student groups were juxtaposed: monolingual Franco-French ( N = 9) and two simultaneous bilingual groups, Arabic-French ( N = 6), and Bantu-French ( N = 7). Crucially, unlike French, these contact languages do not have phonemically round front vowels. Data and analysis: To elicit naturalistic speech, sociolinguistic interviews were conducted with students speaking in dyads or small groups. Vowel roundedness, derived from acoustic measurements of the third formant and the difference between the third and second formants, was compared across speaker groups. Findings: Results show an effect of bilingual status for male speakers – monolingual speakers pattern differently from both bilingual groups. Still, bilingual Bantu-French and Arabic-French speakers show some distinct patterning. This suggests influences beyond first-language phonology on bilingual speakers’ production of French. Originality: This is one of the first studies to look beyond Arabic substrate influence in emerging Hexagonal urban youth vernaculars. It contributes naturalistic data from those most prone to language change, adolescents, for the study of French in contact. Finally, the study proposes a type of ‘laboratory in the field’: because none of the contact languages contrast vowels by roundedness, first-language influence is controlled for and the effect of social stigmatization upon speech can be isolated. Implications: The findings suggest that the social and ethnic divisions between dominant ethnic groups and minorities of immigrant descent may even be reflected in their phonetic patterning. Because these patterns are present in adolescents, who are the source of much language change, a connection between segregation and language change is drawn.
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Etienne, Corinne. "L1 Speakers’ Attitudes toward L2 Speakers’ Negation Use in French". Canadian Modern Language Review 78, nr 2 (1.04.2022): 106–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cmlr-2020-0057.
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Cet article a pour objectif d’explorer les attitudes de 157 locuteurs de français L1 âgés de 20 à 60 ans envers l’usage de la négation par trois locutrices de français L2. Selon les grammaires prescriptives, l’expression de la négation exige la présence du “ne” préverbal et d’un forclusif. L’omission de “ne”, pourtant fréquente à l’oral, n’est que rarement enseignée sous prétexte que les locuteurs L1 désapprouvent l’usage des registres non formels par les locuteurs L2. Adoptant la méthodologie des faux-couples, je teste cette allégation. L’omission ou la rétention de ne par les locutrices L2 influencent-elles les jugements sociaux des 157 témoins ? Leurs jugements varient-ils en fonction de leur âge, genre ou profession ? Les témoins estiment deux des locutrices L2 plus polies et plus distinguées quand elles retiennent le ne; les jugements sur la troisième locutrice ne suivent pas cette tendance. Il apparaît aussi que l’omission ou la rétention du ne influence l’évaluation de l’aptitude à diriger des locutrices. Ces résultats invalident l’hypothèse selon laquelle les locuteurs L1 voudraient que les locuteurs L2 privilégient la norme prescriptive indépendamment de tout contexte. En conclusion, je présente quelques applications pédagogiques (découverte des significations sociales des variantes stylistiques et développement de la compétence culturelle critique).
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Alba de la Fuente, Anahí, Maura Cruz Enríquez i Hugues Lacroix. "Mood Selection in Relative Clauses by French–Spanish Bilinguals: Contrasts and Similarities between L2 and Heritage Speakers". Languages 3, nr 3 (6.08.2018): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages3030031.
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In this paper, we explore three issues related to the acquisition of mood selection in Spanish relative clauses by second language (L2) and heritage (HL) speakers of Spanish: (1) whether HL speakers are more native-like than L2 learners; (2) whether the speakers’ performance differs depending on task modality (written vs. oral), since HL speakers are known to perform better in oral tasks and L2 learners tend to do better in written tasks; and (3) whether knowledge of French as an L1/dominant language (DL) has an impact on the acquisition of Spanish subjunctive, since both languages include this mood in their grammars, but it is used more productively in Spanish. Results from a sentence combination felicity task (SCFT) in Spanish—in written and oral forms—and a written elicited production task (EPT) in French, administered to advanced L2 and HL speakers of Spanish whose L1/DL is French and two monolingual (Spanish and French) control groups, revealed that L2 learners pattern more closely with the control group than HL speakers in the SCFT, both written and orally. In the EPT, all bilingual speakers display higher levels of subjunctive use than the control group, showing a potential influence from the L2/weaker language on the L1/DL.
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Bulot, Thierry. "Sociolinguistic Representations of the French Spoken in Rouen". Variation in (Sub)standard language 13 (31.12.1999): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.13.11bul.
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Abstract. This article describes the methodology used to collect data on sociolinguistic representations in an urban situation - and, specifically, in Rouen (France) - by relying on a detailed study of the relationships between epilinguistic discourse and social space. In the discussion, emphasis is put not only on the initial assumptions of the research, on the problems which arose during the inquiry and the answers one can offer to those problems, but also on the methodological quandaries of any such work. Collecting the data involved two phases, the first qualitative and the second quantitative. A pre-inquiry which took the form of semi-directive interviews was carried out in order to select those items that the local speakers consider as sociolinguistically qualifying. Next, a written questionnaire was submitted to a second identical sample of local speakers who had to evaluate the items selected by the first group of speakers. The procedure was the same for both assessment recordings: the subjects heard pre-recorded representative verbal samples uttered by representative local speakers. In conclusion, it appears that a methodology combining the social evaluation of verbal samples and the measurement of attitudes could be appropriate in accounting for the complex encounters between several representations of urban space.
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Hightower, James R., i Marie Gontier Geno. "A la francaise: Correct French for English Speakers". Modern Language Journal 73, nr 2 (1989): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/326597.
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BERTHELE, RAPHAEL, i LADINA STOCKER. "The effect of language mode on motion event descriptions in German–French bilinguals". Language and Cognition 9, nr 4 (21.11.2016): 648–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2016.34.
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abstractWhen describing motion in space, speakers of French and German are known to show different preferences. In French, the verb typically encodes the path, whereas in German the manner in which the figure moves is mapped onto the verb. In this paper, this difference between the two languages is investigated, drawing on the data produced by forty participants. All participants are multilinguals, with German and French as their two strongest languages. They described fifty video clips in two sessions, once in monolingual and once in bilingual mode. The critical stimuli were always described in German in both language modes, the fillers in German in monolingual mode but in French in bilingual mode. The analyses of the manner and path verb uses show that, in a bilingual mode, speakers significantly converge towards the French model, that is, they reduce the preference for manner verbs and increase the proportion of path verbs.
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Scanlan, Timothy. "Teaching French Language and Culture with French Feature Films on Videocassettes". IALLT Journal of Language Learning Technologies 21, nr 1 (15.04.1988): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/iallt.v21i1.9294.
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Decker, Ken. "Moribund English". English World-Wide 25, nr 2 (22.12.2004): 217–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.25.2.04dec.
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In this day of ever-expanding influence of English it is rare to find a people who are shifting away from the use of English. Such is the case of the speakers of a variety of English spoken in the port town of Gustavia, St. Barthélemy in the French West Indies. The varieties of French and French Creole on St. Barths have been well documented, but there has been only passing mention of the variety of English spoken on the island. While the presence of this English variety in the Caribbean may not seem to be an anomaly, there are interesting questions to investigate regarding its origin and the shift to French. I consider some historical and linguistic evidence that may help to explain the presence of an English variety on this French island. I also investigate the origins of some non-standard English features and whether or not there is evidence of creolization. Finally, I describe some of the sociolinguistic factors relevant to the remaining English speakers in Gustavia and factors involved in their shift from English to French.
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FONSECA-GREBER, BONNIBETH BEALE. "The Emergence of Emphatic ‘ne’ in Conversational Swiss French". Journal of French Language Studies 17, nr 3 (8.10.2007): 249–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269507002992.
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This study explores ne use in a previously unexamined variety of French: Swiss French. Based on a corpus of conversation among friends and family recorded at home, the results of this study show the lowest ne use reported for adult, middle-class speakers of European French, 2.5%. It also shows that ne functions micro-stylistically to effect micro-shifts in register allowing speakers to enact the institutional talk of public discourse. Finally, a new function appears to emerge: the use of ne as an emphatic, where it tends to appear in foregrounded clauses often with other emphatics, functioning as speaker evaluation or involvement.
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MACLEOD, ANDREA A. N., i CAROL STOEL-GAMMON. "The use of voice onset time by early bilinguals to distinguish homorganic stops in Canadian English and Canadian French". Applied Psycholinguistics 30, nr 1 (styczeń 2009): 53–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716408090036.
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ABSTRACTThe goal of this study was to examine the extent to which bilingual speakers maintain language-specific phonological contrasts for homorganic stops when a cue is shared across both languages. To this end, voice onset time (VOT) was investigated in three groups of participants: early bilinguals speakers of Canadian French and Canadian English (n = 8), monolingual speakers of Canadian English (n = 8), and monolingual speakers of Canadian French (n = 7). Three questions were targeted: What are the general patterns of VOT production in bilingual and monolinguals? Do bilingual speakers produce different mean VOT than monolinguals? Do bilingual speakers produce different variability in VOT than monolinguals? Acoustic measurements of VOT were made from monosyllabic English and French words with word-initial bilabial or coronal stop consonants. The results indicate that the early bilingual speakers maintain monolingual-like phonemic contrasts, but that they exhibit more variation within categories than monolingual speakers.
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VILLENEUVE, ANNE-JOSÉ, i JULIE AUGER. "‘chtileu qu'i m'freumereu m'bouque i n'est point coér au monne’: Grammatical variation and diglossia in Picardie". Journal of French Language Studies 23, nr 1 (30.01.2013): 109–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269512000385.
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ABSTRACTIn this article, we analyze French and Picard data, extracted from sociolinguistic interviews with four Picard–French bilingual speakers and four French monolingual speakers from the Vimeu (Somme) area of France, in order to determine whether the two closely-related varieties maintain distinct grammars or whether they now constitute varieties of the same language. Focusing on two linguistic variables, subject doubling andnedeletion, we argue that the variation observed in our French data results from variation within a single grammar, while our Picard data display markedly different patterns that can only be explained by a speaker's switch to a Picard grammar. We propose a model that schematises our results and attempts to reconcile the notions of diglossia and variation. In addition to providing empirical evidence in favour of an approach that recognises the structurally distinct status of Picard, our data indicate that resorting to a diglossic approach for French fails to capture the intrinsically variable nature of human language.
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Donaldson, Bryan. "Nativelike right-dislocation in near-native French". Second Language Research 27, nr 3 (18.04.2011): 361–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658310395866.
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Recent research on advanced and near-native second-language (L2) speakers has focused on the acquisition of interface phenomena, for example at the syntax—pragmatics interface. Proponents of the Interface Hypothesis (e.g. Sorace, 2005; Sorace and Filiaci, 2006; Tsimpli and Sorace, 2006; Sorace and Serratrice, 2009) argue that (external) interfaces present difficulties for L2 grammars, resulting in permanent deficits even in near-native grammars. Other research, however, has argued that interfaces are acquirable, albeit with delays (Ivanov, 2009; Rothman, 2009). This study examines right-dislocation (RD) in experimental and production data from near-native French. Right-dislocation marks topic in discourse and thus requires the integration of syntactic and discourse—pragmatic knowledge. Participants were 10 near-native speakers of French who learned French after age 10 and whose grammatical competence was comparable to the near-native speakers of French in Birdsong (1992), and 10 French native speakers. The data come from two experimental tasks and an 8.5-hour corpus of spontaneous informal dyadic conversations. The near-natives demonstrated nativelike judgments, preferences, and use of RD in authentic discourse. Only one near-native displayed evidence of first-language (L1) transfer, which resulted in non-nativelike use of RD. On the whole, the results suggest nativelike acquisition of this area of the syntax—pragmatics interface and fail to provide support for the Interface Hypothesis.