Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / French language – congo (brazzaville)

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „French language – congo (brazzaville)”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 29 lipca 2024
Data aktualizacji: 31 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "French language – congo (brazzaville)"

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NKAYA, KIMBOUALA, Didace MOUHOUELO i Merveille NGOULOU. "CONGOLESE LANGUAGES VIS-À-VIS FOREIGN LANGUAGES: STATUS, FORMS AND FUNCTIONS". International Journal of Language, Linguistics, Literature and Culture 01, nr 01 (2022): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.59009/ijlllc.2022.0004.

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The existence of African native languages deteriorates vis-à-vis foreign languages such as English, French, Portuguese and Spanish. The former colonies keep using the later as their official languages. The status of the African native languages is either Mother Tongue (MT) or first language (L1), facing that of foreign language (FL) and second language (L2). Unfortunately, the functions of most of these languages are limited to oral communication because their scriptural forms do not exist. This study tries to draw the connections between status and the form, using the Larry (MT or vernacular language), the Kituba and Lingala (L1 or vehicular language) as main communicative languages in Brazzaville. Results show that these Congolese languages are gradually getting menaced and losing ground. This is due to the outstanding intellectualism that takes Congolese people – who are African people as well – to use more and more French words and expressions when speaking them daily. The use of the Roman alphabet would help the Congo, as some African countries have done it, to glocalize their languages in the written form in order to link their status, form and function better. Didactically, African children should first learn their MT and L1 orally and writingly before they tackle with the learning of foreign languages.
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de Goede, Meike J. "Duress and Messianism in French Moyen-Congo". Conflict and Society 4, nr 1 (1.06.2018): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/arcs.2018.040115.

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The Matsouanist religion in Congo-Brazzaville has its roots in Amicale, a sociopolitical association and movement that aimed to improve the rights of colonial subjects that emerged in the late 1920s. After its leader, André Matsoua, died in prison, the movement transformed into a religion that worships Matsoua as a prophet. In this article, I argue that this transformation should be understood not as a rupture but as continuation, albeit in a different discursive domain. This transformation was steered by duress, or the internalization of structural violence in everyday life under colonialism. Through this discursive transformation, Matsoua’s followers appropriated the movement and brought it into a culturally known place that enabled them to continue their struggle for liberation from colonial oppression.
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Kamitewoko, Edwige. "Language in the Labor Market: Evidence from Chinese Immigrant-Owned Enterprises in Congo Brazzaville". British Journal of Economics, Management & Trade 5, nr 3 (10.01.2015): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjemt/2015/12507.

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Elongo, Arsène. "Aspects innovants des métonymies dans le discours quotidien de Brazzavillois". Traduction et Langues 22, nr 2 (31.12.2023): 82–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.52919/translang.v22i2.951.

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Innovative Aspects of Metonymies in Brazzavillois' Everyday Discourse This article examines the innovative aspects of metonymies in the everyday speech of Brazzavillois residents, who live in an environment influenced by both the French language and local languages. The primary goal of the study is to discern the network of metonymies in oral communication and to identify the stylistic reasons for their expressive use in Brazzaville French.The chosen methodology involves compiling a corpus sourced from recordings, posters, and various daily uses related to the professional and linguistic habits of the Brazzaville community. Data selection criteria prioritize relevance and qualitative value. Utilizing this corpus, we applied the linguistic components criteria and the implicit approach developed by Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni (1998), along with the ellipsis approach proposed by Michel Le Guern (1973). This application aims to elucidate the discursive implications of metonymy in everyday conversation, seeking to verify how metonymic expressions illuminate the subjectivity, culture, and language proficiency of the speaker. Furthermore, metonymies in oral communication hold implicit value as they allow for the examination of undisclosed informational content omitted by the speaker through ellipses. The ellipsis approach aids in analyzing metonymy as a process that accentuates the container, with the content being elliptically placed by the speaker based on communication needs, intending to magnify a salient element of metonymic adjacency. Our anticipated results are expected to confirm that metonymy actively contributes to the semantic innovation of French in the Brazzaville context. This is attributed to its discursive techniques, particularly the containing/content relationship, which remains a decisive factor in semantic evolution and polysemy. Additionally, metonymy, being a figure of everyday life, permeates various domains such as family, professional settings, religious language, and even in journalism. It is commonly employed in familiar discourse, the realm of transportation, educational institutions, and commercial communication. This usage often arises from the application of verbs like 'pay' and 'buy,' where the content is replaced by the container (e.g., the bottle replaces the gas, and the invoice replaces the company). In conclusion, our findings indicate that metonymy in oral communication is not merely a tool for aesthetic language creation; rather, it emerges as a phenomenon driving linguistic innovation. It adds new layers of meaning to verbs like 'buy' and 'pay' within the specific context of Brazzaville, contributing to a diatopic variation of French in Africa.
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De Kind, Jasper. "Pre-verbal focus in Kisikongo (H16a, Bantu)". ZAS Papers in Linguistics 57 (1.01.2014): 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.57.2014.421.

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The present paper aims at describing different pre-verbal focus strategies in Kisikongo (H16a), spoken in the vicinity of Mbanza Kongo, northern Angola. This western Bantu language is part of the Kikongo Language Cluster (KLC), stretching from southern Gabon to northern Angola, including Cabinda and parts of Congo-Brazzaville and Congo-Kinshasa. Kikongo exhibits a clause-internal pre-verbal argument focus position, which has rarely been reported in Bantu languages, except in Mbuun (B87) (Bostoen and Mundeke 2012) and Nsong (B85d) (Koni Muluwa and Bostoen, this volume), both spoken in the neighboring Kwilu region of the DRC. The more extensively studied eastern and southern Bantu languages generally have a post-verbal argument focus position (cf. Watters 1979, Morimoto 2000, Creissels 2004, Güldemann 2007, Buell 2009, van der Wal 2009, among others). In addition to this mono-clausal argument focus strategy, Kisikongo also relies on different bi-clausal constructions to focus arguments, i.e. cleft-constructions.
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BERNAULT, FLORENCE. "The Congo. By RANDALL FEGLEY. (World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 162.) Oxford, Santa Barbara and Denver: Clio Press, 1993. Pp. 1 + 168. £30 (ISBN 1-85109-199-8)." Journal of African History 38, nr 1 (marzec 1997): 123–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853796656904.

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Randall Fegley's bibliographical compilation is clearly not among the best of the World Bibliographical Series. The objective of the collection is to present a solid guide of the country to the non-specialist, and compared to other volumes in the series, Fegley's work lacks polish and perspective. The volume is marked by spelling errors. Accents in French names and titles are most often ignored. Important authors' names are misspelled: Gilles Sautter becomes ‘Giles’ in the text and ‘Sautte’ in the index; Jean-Claude Willame becomes ‘Willaure’. Ironically, the listing of the latter's book, Patrimonialism and Change in the Congo, a political science essay on Zaïre, illustrates the mistake Fegley denounces in his preface (p. xiii) : most English-speaking readers confuse Zaïre and Congo. The well-known collection of essays edited by P. Gifford and W. R. Louis is wrongly entitled by Fegley as Transfers of Power in Africa, and presented as a single volume (p. 68). Some titles are also poorly categorized, like René Gauze's The Politics of Congo-Brazzaville. Gauze's 150-page text is devoted to Congolese politics during the colonial period, with a 50-page supplement on the decade 1962 to 1972 written by Virginia Thompson and Richard Adloff. It is nevertheless classified only under ‘Post-colonial politics’ (p. 71). Jan Vansina's Paths in the Rainforest, best classified in pre-colonial history, is listed just once under ‘Politics, General’.
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Wiesinger, Evelyn. "Non-French lexicon in Guianese French Creole". Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 34, nr 1 (22.03.2019): 3–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00027.wie.

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Abstract Guianese French Creole1 (GFC) is one of the least studied French Creoles, which is especially true with respect to its non-French-related input. Combining sociohistorical, demographic and linguistic data, this contribution gives a first lexico-etymological account of the GFC lexicon of non-French origin, including Amerindian and Portuguese influences and especially the quantitative and qualitative nature of the contribution made by different Niger-Congo languages. These findings are discussed in light of controversial hypotheses on the particular influence of early numerical and/or socially dominant ethnolinguistic groups on the creole lexicon (i.e. Baker 2012), as well as with regard to word classes and semantic domains to which the different groups contributed. Whereas Gbe and non-Gbe languages clearly diverge with regard to their semantic contribution, the early dominance of presumably Gbe-speaking slaves in French Guiana is not reflected in the numerical proportion of Gbe-related lexical items in GFC, at least on the basis of my still limited data. This study thus tentatively confirms the lesser explanatory power of the lexicon for creole genesis scenarios and points to the fact that sub- or adstrate-related lexical items may have taken very complex etymological routes, which clearly need further study.
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Gehrmann, Susanne. "Remembering colonial violence: Inter/textual strategies of Congolese authors". Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 46, nr 1 (8.11.2017): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-9070/tvl.v.46i1.3461.

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This article explores the Congolese remembering of the experienced colonial violence through the medium of literature. Although criticism of colonialism is not a favourite topic of Congolese writers, there exists an important corpus of texts, especially when the literary production of Congo Kinshasa and Congo Brazzaville with their politically distinct though sometimes similar experiences is taken into account. Three main strategies of writing about the topic can be distinguished: a documentary mode, an allegorical mode and a fragmented mode, which often appear in combination. Intertextuality with the colonial archive as well as oral African narrations is a recurrent feature of these texts. The short stories of Lomami Tchibamba, of the first generation of Congolese authors writing in French, are analysed as examples for a dominantly allegorical narration. Mythical creatures taken from the context of oral literature become symbols for the process of alterity and power relations during colonialism, while the construction of a heroic figure of African resistance provides a counter-narrative to colonial texts of conquest. Thomas Mpoyi-Buatu’s novel La reproduction (1986) provides an example of fragmented writing that reflects the traumatic experience of violence in both Congolese memory of colonialism and Congolese suffering of the present violent dictatorial regime. The body of the protagonist and narrator becomes the literal site of remembering.
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ALLEMBE, Rodrigue Lézin. "A corpus-based analysis of learners’ spelling and morpho-syntactic writing errors and mistakes. Case study of senior secondary schools in Brazzaville (Congo)". International Journal of Education and Humanities 2, nr 4 (29.10.2022): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.58557/ijeh.v2i4.103.

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This research work aimed at identifying and analyzing errors and mistakes that Congolese EFL learners commit in their written productions with regard to spelling and morpho-syntax aspects. We carried out the investigation in two senior secondary schools: Réconciliation and Kintélé, located in Brazzaville. To obtain reliable results, we used for data collection the EFL learners’ copies from grade 3 of these two schools of our choice. Besides, we used the descriptive analytical method and Corder’s errors analysis theory (EA) to identify and analyze the types of errors and mistakes made in writing. The results show that EFL learners mostly make interlingual errors (interference between French and English) at the level of selection (morphological and grammatical errors) and of syntax (misordering of words). To enhance EFL learners’ writing skills, we suggest some strategies and techniques teachers should use during writing instruction
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KALVA MWENE-MUBAMBI, Simon Pierre. "Le degré de la maîtrise de l’orthographe d’usage des finalistes du secondaire de la Ville de Mbujimayi (2019-2020)." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 10, nr 08 (11.08.2022): 2477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v10i8.el02.

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In the Democratic Republic of Congo, the French language remains an official language and the vehicle of teaching at both high school and tertiary education. A great dead of reseachers have drawn a conclusion in their investigations that the learners have difficulties writing the French language even at higher level of the inside educational system. They don’t have the mastery of neither standard spelling nor grammatical spelling.This study is a initical analysis that assesses the high school finalists’ performances and determines their level of the standard spelling of the French language. The latter has but a less effective percent of 56%.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "French language – congo (brazzaville)"

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Sidenholm, Emelie. "French Makes Communication and Structures Make English : An Analysis of Official Language-Teaching Documents in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Sweden". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för beteendevetenskap och lärande, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-74411.

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The Democratic Republic of the Congo is one of the least developed countries in the world and its school system needs to be improved. The aim of this research is to find out what the Congolese state expects from language teaching (French and English), how this is described in the curriculum, and whether this differs from the curriculum of a more developed country, such as Sweden. Through a content analysis, the language view, the role of the teacher and views of pupil participation are investigated. The Swedish curriculum and the Congolese programme of French show similarities by communicative and constructivist views, while the Congolese programme of English demonstrates behaviouristic features. This study can serve as an example of how the language context, i.e., second language v. foreign language, as well as the national culture, influence the curriculum.
Demokratiska republiken Kongo är ett av världens minst utvecklade länder och dess skolsystem är i behov av en förbättring. Språk är en viktig del i utvecklingen av landet. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att ta reda på vad den kongolesiska staten förväntar sig av sin språkundervisning, hur den beskrivs i styrdokument samt om den skiljer sig från läroplanen i ett mer utvecklat land som Sverige. Genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys har uppfattningar om uppsatsens teman; språksyn, lärarens roll och elevdeltagande, hittats. Materialet som analyserats är den kongolesiska skolans program för franska och engelska, samt den svenska läroplanen inklusive kursplanerna för franska och engelska. Analysen avser de första åren i den kongolesiska sekundärskolan och det svenska högstadiet, vilka motsvarar varandra när det gäller elevernas ålder. Skillnaden i DR Kongo mellan andraspråk (franska) och främmande språk (engelska) berörs.Den svenska läroplanen samt det kongolesiska programmet för franska visar många likheter genom att lyfta fram kommunikativa och konstruktivistiska perspektiv. Det kongolesiska programmet för engelska har däremot behavioristiska drag. Lärarens olika roller och hur elevdeltagande lyfts fram förstärker dessa språksyner. De två kongolesiska programmen liknar dock varandra när det gäller synen på hur läraren ska behandla språkliga fel i klassrummet. Studien kan ses som ett exempel på hur språkkontexten, d.v.s. andraspråk och främmande språk, likväl som den nationella kulturen påverkar läroplaner.
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Mpika, Claude. "Les médias privés et la problématique de la liberté de l’information et de la communication dans le processus de démocratisation en Afrique subsaharienne francophone de 1990 à 2016 : le cas du Congo-Brazzaville". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0101.

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La fin du XXe siècle restera sans doute à jamais gravée dans la mémoire collective ou dans l’histoire comme un moment es¬sentiel de bouleversements politiques marqué par les progrès de l’idéologie démocratique. Comme la plupart des pays d’Afrique subsaharienne francophone, la République du Congo s’est engagée au sortir de la Conférence nationale de 1991 dans un processus de démocratisation politique qui semble s’éterniser jusqu’à nos jours, entraînant la libéralisation entière ou partielle du paysage médiatique, plaçant ainsi la nouvelle presse écrite privée au cœur de la démocratisation de la société. Ce fut le moment de sonner le glas au monopole des médias publics et de permettre l’émergence et l’élargissement d’un nouvel espace public où devraient règner beaucoup plus dynamiquement le pluralisme d’opinions et la liberté d’expression. La floraison des journaux ayant entraîné une utilisation abusive de la liberté de ton retrouvée, la « ligne de démarcation » entre la presse et le monde politique reste alors floue dans un pays qui va faire face à une série de conflits sociopolitiques poussant la nouvelle presse écrite privée congolaise à se diviser en deux principaux camps, c’est-à-dire la presse pro-pouvoir et la presse pro-opposition. En nous appuyant sur des méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives, notre objectif à travers cette thèse est d’étudier comment le bihebdomadaire catholique La Semaine Africaine a traité les sujets ayant marqué l’actualité politique congolaise entre 1990 et 2016 en tentant d’identifier ses attitudes et ses prises de position face aux différents événements sociopolitiques. L’analyse de la pratique éditoriale de La Semaine Africaine, quoi qu’évoluant dans un cadre légal et institutionnel restrictif et contraignant, nous permet de comprendre que, grâce à sa liberté de ton, le journal catholique aborde sans complaisance et en toute impartialité tous les sujets d’actualité politique nationale, même ceux qui sont considérés comme sensibles pour le pouvoir en place. Espace d’expression de toutes les sensibilités politiques congolaises, sans distinction, La Semaine Africaine a joué un rôle important dans le processus de démocratisation du pays entre 1990 et 2016, en luttant pour la consolidation de la démocratie et en s’impliquant pleinement dans l’ouverture d’espaces de débats et dans la formation de l’opinion publique en faveur de la gouvernance démocratique
The end of the twentieth century will undoubtedly remain forever engraved in the collective memory or in history as an essential moment of political upheaval marked by the progress of democratic ideology. Like most countries of French-speaking sub-Saharan Africa, the Republic of Congo is committed at the end of the National Conference of 1991 in a process of political democratization which seems to drag on until our days, involving the whole or partial liberalization of the media landscape, thus placing the new private written press at the heart of the democratization of society. It was time to sound the death knell for the monopoly of the public media and to allow the emergence and enlargement of a new public space where pluralism of opinion and freedom of expression. The flourishing of newspapers having led to an abusive use of the freedom of your found , the “dividing line” between the press and the political world remains blurred in a country which is going to face a series of socio-political conflicts pushing the new Congolese private print press to be divided into two main camps, that is to say the pro-power press and the pro-opposition press. By relying on qualitative and quantitative methods, our objective through this thesis is to study how the biweekly Catholic La Semaine Africaine has treated the subjects that have marked the news Congolese politics between 1990 and 2016 by trying to identify its attitudes and its positions vis-à-vis different socio-political events allows us to understand that, thanks to its freedom of tone, the Catholic newspaper approaches without complacency and in all impartiality all the national political current affairs, even those who are considered sensitive to the government in power. Space of expression of all Congolese political sensitivities, without distinction, La Semaine Africaine played an important role in the process of democratization of the country between 1990 and 2016, by fighting for the consolidation of democracy and by getting fully involved in the opening of spaces for debate and in the formation of public opinion in favor of democratic governance
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Ndiaye, Karim, i 戴林. "The effects of French foreign aid on the democratic practices of the Congo Brazzaville and Côte d’Ivoire. (1990-2016)". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/f4hey8.

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碩士
國立政治大學
國際研究英語碩士學位學程(IMPIS)
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This thesis examines the effects of French aid on the democratic practices of both Côte d’Ivoire and the Congo Republic from 1990 to 2016. It does so through the lens of the realist scholar Morgenthau’s (1962). Morgenthau’s definition of foreign aid as being ‘the transfer of goods and services from a nation to another’ enables this research to assess the CFA Franc currency as a form of aid, therefore, the categories of aid defined by Morgenthau (1962) allows us to identify several types of French aid; The conventional bribery aid, the subsistence aid, the promotion of the economic development of recipient countries as a justification for the use of the CFA Franc and the subsistence aid to maintain the existence of the CFA Franc. French bribery and subsistence aid are used to support or oppose incumbents during important political events, depending on the incumbent’s capacity and willingness to protect French interests. This research finds that bribery aid to replace a non-compliant incumbent increases the likelihood of civil war, while subsistence aid spent to maintain a compliant incumbent in office increase the likelihood of the occurrence of an authoritarian rule. On the other hand, the CFA Franc currency, monetary union and decision making process allow France and the European union (from 1999) to have exclusive access to both countries domestic markets, and to have cheap access to strategic natural resources (uranium, petroleum) and commercial resources (cocoa and coffee, diamonds). This research finds that the provision of the CFA Franc by France slows down the socio-economic development of both case study countries, undermines the monetary sovereignty and the democratic accountability within the monetary unions’ decision making organs, and creates dependency on France which makes both Côte d'Ivoire and the Congo remain in the CFA Franc zone. Moreover, bribery and subsistence aid are additional tools for France to maintain both case study countries within the Franc zone.
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Eloi, Kuswikidila Kibungu. "Implications for the teaching of English as a foreign language in Zaire arising from interference from French into English". Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5893.

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M.A.
This dissertation is focused on errors made by Zairean students who learn English as a foreign language; the difficulties encountered by teachers, which inhibit them from performing their work properly and from achieving the prescribed objectives. The analysis of the whole situation shows that many features need to be improved. The government has to define clearly the objectives of learning English in Zaire and thus revise the formation program for the teacher to be. The school must equip the teachers with modern didactic materials for a better performance of the actors in presence. Time-table as well as the curriculum need to be revised in accordance with the main objectives. Finally, the student's interest and his/her environment must be motivated to render the learning of English much easier.
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Książki na temat "French language – congo (brazzaville)"

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Mfoutou, Jean-Alexis. Le français au Congo-Brazzaville. Maromme: Ed. Espaces culturels, 2000.

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compiler, Müri Sabine, i Brown, Sara, active 2010, compiler, red. Dictionnaire beembe-français: Mukaanda mambaangukulu kibeembe-lumputu. Brazzaville, République du Congo: SIL-Congo, 2010.

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Mfoutou, Jean-Alexis. Français et langues endogènes au Congo-Brazzaville: Contact et dynamique sociolangagière. Notre-Dame de Bondeville [France]: Espaces culturels, 2002.

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préf, Ngoïe-Ngalla Dominique, red. Français et langues endogènes au Congo-Brazzaville: Contact et dynamique sociolangagière. Notre-Dame-de-Bondeville: Ed. Espaces culturels, 2002.

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Bernard, Plumel, red. Dictionnaire yilumbu-français. Libreville, Gabon: Éditions Raponda Walker, 2010.

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Bahouamio, Nicaise. Lisons et écrivons en kituba (munukutuba): Un manuel d'exercices (pour ceux qui lisent et écrivent déjà la langue française). Wyd. 4. Brazzaville: SIL-Congo, 2009.

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Toulier, Bernard. Brazzaville-la-Verte, Congo. Brazzaville: L'Inventaire, 1996.

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Toulier, Bernard. Brazzaville-la-verte, Congo. [France]: Inventaire général, 1996.

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Congo, Alliance biblique du. Ngwisani ya malu-malu. Brazzaville: Alliance biblique du Congo, 2007.

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translator, Wang Bingdong, red. Dingding zai Gangguo. Beijing: Zhongguo shao nian er tong chu ban she, 2009.

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Części książek na temat "French language – congo (brazzaville)"

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Galisson, Marie-Pierre, Fernand Malonga-Moungabio i Bernadette Denys. "The Evolution of Mathematics Teaching in Mali and Congo-Brazzaville and the Issue of the Use of French or Local Languages". W Teaching and Learning Mathematics in Multilingual Classrooms, 249–66. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-229-5_16.

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Tsoumou, Jean Mathieu. "Language Policy in Congo-Brazzaville". W The Palgrave Handbook of Language Policies in Africa, 179–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57308-8_9.

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Schneider, Marius, i Vanessa Ferguson. "Congo (Republic of)". W Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights in Africa. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837336.003.0015.

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The Republic of the Congo, also known as Congo-Brazzaville, is found in Central Africa. It is bordered by Gabon, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the enclave of Cabinda, which belongs to Angola. Its population of 5.12 million in 2016 over a territory of 342,000 square kilometres (km) makes it one of the least densely populated country in Africa. The population is highly urbanized with more than half of the population living in the two largest cities, Brazzaville and Pointe Noire. The capital and largest city is Brazzaville. The official language of the Congo is French, but the Constitution also recognizes Lingala and Kituba as national vernacular languages. The currency used is the Central African franc (CFA).
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Lewis, Jerome. "As well as words: Congo Pygmy hunting, mimicry, and play". W The Cradle of Language, 236–56. Oxford University PressOxford, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199545858.003.0013.

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Abstract In the dense equatorial forest of the Congo Basin, seeing is useful for following events close by, but only hearing reveals what is further away. As Mbendjele hunter-gatherers in northern Congo-Brazzaville move about their forest they are hypersensitive to the sounds around them. All members of the party, children included, react instantly to a crack, a low rumble, or an animal call by stopping mid-step, balancing on one leg if necessary. Silent and motionless, they strain to hear any follow-up sounds that will tell them whether to run for their lives, chase after their supper, or just continue onwards.
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LefÈvre, Pascal. "The Congo Drawn in Belgium". W History and Politics in French-Language Comics and Graphic Novels, 166–84. University Press of Mississippi, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781604730043.003.0008.

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Bokamba, Eyamba G. "D. R. Congo: Language and ‘Authentic Nationalism’". W Language and National Identity in Africa, 214–34. Oxford University PressOxford, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199286744.003.0012.

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Abstract What is known today as the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) represents one of the most multilingual nations in Africa with an estimated 214 living indigenous languages or ethnic groupings (Ethnologue 2005). To this number must be added French, the declared official language of DRC, and a few other non-indigenous languages (e.g. Lebanese Arabic, English, Greek, Hindi, Portuguese, and Wolof ) that are spoken by significant communities in urban centres. What the ultimate number of languages spoken in DRC may turn out to be and how accurate such a datum may be remain open questions in the absence of census data that include a linguistic component. What is certain, however, is that DRC is a stable multilingual state with twenty-one wellknown major indigenous languages with an estimated population of at least 500,000 each (Ethnologue 2005). Of these, four languages – Kikongo, Kiswahili, Lingala, and Tshiluba – serve as national languages in selected domains, with French as the official language in most public domains (Bokamba 1976, forthcoming).
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Eko, Lyombe S. "Couching Political Criticism in Humor". W Advances in Religious and Cultural Studies, 87–107. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7295-4.ch005.

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This chapter analyzes the music of two military bands: Zangalewa of Cameroon and Zao of Congo-Brazzaville. Zangalewa is the marching band of the presidential guard in Cameroon. Part of its “Suffering Soldier's Medley,” a self-deprecating military entertainment piece, was actually a subtle politico-cultural parody, couched in jester's garb, that lampoons the brutal and oppressive Cameroon army. For its part, Zao is a “pseudo military” band, a civilian band that adopted a military persona and uses subtle satire couched in humor to critique the military and militarism. The author analyzes the politico-cultural contexts and lyrics of both bands within the framework of metaphorical couching, the embedment of messages in humor. Both bands couched criticism of the authorities in humor and African metaphors, sayings, and proverbs expressed in a mixture of English, French, pidgin, and African dialects to bypass censorious gatekeepers.
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Gerits, Frank. "Chapter 4 Redefining Decolonization in the Sahara, 1959–1960". W The Ideological Scramble for Africa, 84–102. Cornell University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501767913.003.0005.

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This chapter looks into the redefinition of decolonization in the Sahara. It notes that negotiations about independence in Belgian Congo, British Central Africa, and French Algeria were profoundly shaped by Ghana's propaganda campaign and reconfigured diplomatic alliances in the North and South. The problem of African sovereignty was particularly urgent in 1959, following the atomic fallout on the African continent and the negotiations between colonial powers and African nationalists in the Belgian Congo and the Central African Federation. The chapter explains that the contested meaning of sovereignty was at the core of diplomatic debates following the explosion of the Sahara bombs. It highlights how the language of a Cold War arms race helped everyone avoid the real stakes of the debate, namely the future of African self-government.
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Schneider, Marius, i Vanessa Ferguson. "Gabon". W Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights in Africa. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837336.003.0023.

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Gabon is located in central Africa. It is bordered by Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, and the Republic of Congo. A sparsely populated country covered at 85 per cent of its territory with forests, Gabon has a population of 1.7 million over a territory of 26,000 square kilometres (km). The population is highly urbanized, with more than four in five Gabonese living in the cities. The capital Libreville and Port-Gentil, the economic capital of the country hosts 59 per cent of the population. The official language of Gabon is French, and the currency used is the CFA.
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"No. 21827. Agreement between the Government of the French Republic and the Government of the People’s Republic of the Congo on the movement of persons. Signed at Brazzaville on 1 January 1974". W United Nations Treaty Series, 477. UN, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/006f25cf-en-fr.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "French language – congo (brazzaville)"

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Hunter, Janine. Street Life in the City on the Edge: Street youth recount their daily lives in Bukavu, DRC. StreetInvest, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001257.

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Bukavu, a city on the shores of Lake Kivu on the eastern edge of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), is home to over one million people, many displaced by poverty and the consequences of armed conflicts that continue to affect the east of the country. More than 10,000 street children and youth live here in street situations. 19 street youth helped to create this story map by recording all the visual data and sharing their stories about their daily lives. The story map includes 9 sections and 2 galleries showing street children and youth’s daily lives in Bukavu and the work of Growing up on the Streets civil society partner PEDER to help them. Chapters include details of how street children and youth collect plastics from the shores of Lake Kivu to sell, they cook, and share food together, or buy from restaurants or stalls. Young women earn their living in sex work and care for their children and young men relax, bond and hope to make extra money by gambling and betting. The original language recorded in the videos is Swahili, this has been translated into English and French for the two versions of the map.
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