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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Freeholder”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 29 lipca 2024

Data aktualizacji: 31 lipca 2024

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1

Krajník, Eduard. "Dědici, dědiníci, svobodníci – právněhistorický pohled". PRÁVNĚHISTORICKÉ STUDIE 52, nr 1 (5.04.2022): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/2464689x.2022.2.

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The paper focuses on the historical development of the free (as opposed to subject) farmers in Bohemia from the High Middle Ages to the Early Modern Period. As the terminology was changing from inheritor (heres, dědic) to freeholder (dědiník) to yeoman (svobodník), their legal status was varying as well. While the number and significance of inheritors declined to the complete end in the mid-14th century, freeholders rose to full recognition as a class a hundred years later. Comparing the primary medieval legal sources, we conclude that freeholders descend largely from impoverished squires, though some may have their origin also among royal servants or villagers disenthralled from serfdom. By the early 17th century, their Czech name “dědiníci” (freeholders) was replaced with “svobodníci” (yeomen).

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2

Kodilinye, Gilbert. "Standing to sue in private nuisance". Legal Studies 9, nr 3 (listopad 1989): 284–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.1989.tb00651.x.

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The traditional view of the scope of the tort of private nuisance is that the action protects a person's right to the use and enjoyment of land, and therefore only a person who can show that he has an interest in land is entitled to sue. What is a sufficient interest in the land affected, however, has never been free from doubt. Whilst freeholders and lessees in possession may certainly sue, there is doubt as to the entitlement of certain licensees, such as members of the family of a freeholder or lessee. In the recent case of Deuon Lumber Co Ltd u MacNeill, the New Brunswick Court of Appeal held, by a majority, that the children of a freeholder who had been adversely affected by dust from the defendant's adjacent cedar mill were entitled to sue in private nuisance, for ‘even though the children lacked any legal title to the property, they had a right of occupation sufficient to support an action on their behalf for damages for any unreasonable and substantial interference with their lawful use or enjoyment of the family residence’.

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3

Safjan, Dorota. "Przedmiotowy i podmiotowy zakres obowiązku rolniczego użytkowania gruntów". Studia Prawnicze / The Legal Studies, nr 2 (60) (30.04.2023): 131–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37232/sp.1979.2.5.

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When putting the freeholder under an obligation to exploit the land (Article 16 of the Act of 26 X 1971) the legislator leaves it to the organs of administration to assess how and to what degree this duty is fulfilled. A negative assessment is tantamount to the application of administrative sanctions against the peasant (Article 21).Having assumed that agricultural exploitation of land embraces not only its cultivation but also productive utilization, the universal criteria of assessment should be worked out, which would simultaneously set up the confines of legal-administrative liability of free-holders. Foreign legislation provides numerous solutions to this problem: through either establishing the range of peasant’s duties at the level of the average extensive cultivation typical of a locality (Jugoslavia), or detailed ennumeration of all duties relating to both the cultivation of land and its productive exploitation (The German Democratic Republic and the Soviet Union), finally through the transfer of competence, pertaining to imposing obigations and the specification of its range, to the agricultural producers’ managerial cooperations (France). With a view to specifying a subjective scope of the duty, as provided by the Article 16, it is necessary to avail of a comprehensive legislation which would counteract the productive inactivity of individual farms. The regulations, which provide the premisses to account a farm to be -neglected, economically deteriorated or abandoned, have been recognized by jurisprudence as independent legal grounds to construe the duty of agricultural exploitation of land. Moreover, they are in direct connection with a solution applied in the Article 16. Therefore it can be assumed that adequately modified criteria to account a farm to be neglected, when availing of a notion of productive minimum, will provide the range of legal-administrative libility of the freeholder or lessee.The execution of administrative measures against a farmer who has not fulfilled the duty of agricultural exploitation of land, is a condition to evidence whether the reasons of negligence are justifiable or not. In the majority of caxses it is possible to take appropriate decision in this respect availing of the objective criterion of conscientiousness, that has already been adopted by civil law to determine a guilt on a premises of responsibility. However, due mention should be made of the statutory duty provided for by the Article 16, which does not require personal activities of a subject under obligation. Therefore the criterion of conscientiousness refers to the assessment of the latter as an organizer rather than executor. Moreover, such objective reasons as sickness or old age are sufficient to justify an unfulfilled duty.The duty provided for by the Article 16 was imposed on freeholders, as well as dependent and independent tenant farmers. Such specification of addressees excludes state organizational units. The system and functional interpretation of law favours further limitation of addressees to individual farmers and legal persons, other than the units of socialized economy. The construction of liability for neglecting one’s duty and the nature of the sanctions applicable are the case against recognizing freeholders as a party to action taken in accordance with the Article 21, side by side with tenant farmers. Therefore it can be assumed that the lease of lands exempts the freeholder from an obligation of their agricultural exploitation. On the other hand the negligence by the tenant can affect the freeholder if the condition of a farm requires an obligatory repurchase.

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4

Iljadica, Marta. "Street art belongs to the freeholder". Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 11, nr 2 (23.12.2015): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpv230.

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5

Einstein, Katherine Levine, i Maxwell Palmer. "Land of the Freeholder: How Property Rights Make Local Voting Rights". Journal of Historical Political Economy 1, nr 4 (2021): 499–530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/115.00000018.

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6

BETTS, JOCELYN PAUL. "AFTER THE FREEHOLDER: REPUBLICAN AND LIBERAL THEMES IN THE WORKS OF SAMUEL LAING". Modern Intellectual History 16, nr 1 (15.05.2017): 57–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244317000154.

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Samuel Laing was a key figure in propagating both an academically respectable defense of peasant proprietors and a critique of bureaucratic central government in Victorian Britain, his writings cited and argued with by John Stuart Mill, Herbert Spencer, Walter Bagehot, and John Austin (among others). This article corrects misapprehensions that Laing was a libertarian apologist for unfettered commercialism and complacent patriotism. It situates Laing in his argumentative contexts to show him as a critic of conventional political economy who called for a “natural” society of self-governing freeholders like that he observed in Norway, but who gradually became ambivalently caught between a British commercial and aristocratic order and a Continental model of greater property diffusion and strong central government. Laing's story sheds new light on the complex afterlives of republican and civic themes in nineteenth-century Britain, and their interaction with emergent concerns over the dangers to active citizenship of both wage labor in international markets and centralizing bureaucracies.

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7

Smith, Adam James. "Property, Patriotism and Independence: The Figure of the ‘Freeholder’ in Eighteenth-Century Partisan Print". Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 40, nr 3 (1.03.2017): 345–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1754-0208.12463.

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8

Jouslin, Claire Boulard. "« The Paradise of fools » : The Freeholder (1715-1716) et l'utopie de l'opinion publique féminine en Angleterre". Dix-huitième siècle 43, nr 1 (2011): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/dhs.043.0469.

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9

Domeij, David, i Tore Ellingsen. "Rational Bubbles in UK Housing Markets: Comment on “No‐Bubble Condition: Model‐Free Tests in Housing Markets”". Econometrica 88, nr 4 (2020): 1755–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta16447.

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Giglio, Maggiori, and Stroebel (2016) show that there is no significant price difference between freeholds and ultra‐long leaseholds in the UK housing market. They claim that this finding precludes the presence of large rational bubbles, as these can only attach to the price of freeholds. But the conclusion presumes that leaseholders cannot acquire bubbles through enfranchisement at favorable prices. We find that the presumption is violated. Enfranchisement rights are comprehensive and cheap to exercise. We also dispute the counter‐argument that cheap enfranchisement proves that market participants, if they have rational expectations, must have explicitly concluded that freehold prices are bubbleless.

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10

Das, Sayantani, Akash Mallick, Premananda Bharati i Subir Biswas. "Effects of menstrual characteristics, symptoms and hygiene-related practices on menstrual experience: A comparative study between freeholder and tenant adolescent schoolgirls of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India". Anthropologischer Anzeiger 77, nr 3 (12.08.2020): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/2020/1161.

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11

Ataguba, Joseph Obaje. "Synthesis of Short-Cut DCF Appraisal and Spreadsheet Iteration of Freehold Rental Growth Rates Across Specific Valuation Epochs". Real Estate Management and Valuation 29, nr 2 (1.06.2021): 52–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/remav-2021-0013.

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Abstract While the use of simple deterministic models to calculate rental value growth (RVGrowth) rate of reversionary freeholds across epochs prior to upward rent review appears illusive, literature evidence of the synthesis between short-cut DCF valuation and Solver tools in a spreadsheet does not constitute an exhaustive list of solutions. This study examined alternative spreadsheet and iteration tools that can determine RVGrowth rate of freehold investment properties across rent review epochs. With recourse to a hypothetical case of a freehold investment property, this experimental study identified the mathematical composition of RVGrowth in an explicit DCF framework, performed short-cut DCF Valuation and equivalent yield calculation at specific epochs prior to and including the full reversion; as well as using Goal Seek to calculate RVGrowth across all epochs prior to- and including the full reversion. Excel® Solver and Goal Seek, as well as the graphing/root-solving tool in Kyplot® were found to feasibly produce identical results for RVGrowth rate. This is among the limited studies that identified and researched the veracity of alternative tools for RVGrowth rate iteration. The value of this study is the awareness of alternative analytical tools avail freehold investors who desire knowledge of RVGrowth rate when making purchase-, hold-, and sales decisions.

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12

Irumba, Richard. "An empirical examination of the effects of land tenure on housing values in Kampala, Uganda". International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 8, nr 3 (3.08.2015): 359–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-11-2014-0044.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of land tenure on housing values in metropolitan Kampala. Design/methodology/approach – A hedonic model is used to test the relationship between housing prices, land tenure and housing attributes using a cross-sectional dataset of transaction prices for 590 newly built houses sold in 2011. Findings – Public leaseholds in Kampala offer a premium of 23 per cent in housing values compared to freeholds. This could be due to a lack of formal systems for the assessment of leasehold premium and ground rent charges, an arrangement which can offer utility to the lesse at the expense of lessor, thereby making leaseholds popular on the market, or the developers’ lack of information on the benefits of freehold causing them to value leaseholds higher than freeholds. Similarly, private mailo tenure offers a 12 per cent premium in housing values compared to freeholds. There is no significant impact of Kabaka’s mailo tenure on housing values. When compared to private mailo, public leaseholds offer an 11 per cent premium in housing values. Practical implications – There is a need to advance leasehold as the urban land tenure for Uganda, disentangle multiple-layers of ownership on mailo land and roll out the land fund to enhance growth of the housing market in Kampala. Originality/value – This paper is the first of its kind to empirically examine the impact of mailo land tenure on housing values. Findings provide useful insights for investors and policymakers in the housing sector in Uganda.

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13

Goulding, Simon. "Privity of Estate and the Enforcement of Real Covenants". Common Law World Review 36, nr 3 (wrzesień 2007): 193–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/clwr.2007.36.3.193.

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The inability to enforce positive covenants against successors in title of freehold property in England, no matter how beneficial or reasonable, has been a persistent and seemingly intractable problem. But a comparison with the position taken in the jurisdictions of the US on this point reveals a marked difference in approach, where enforcement of covenants against freeholders is no more remarkable than it is against leaseholders. Curiously though, in both England and the US the same basis for the law is stated to be privity of estate. This article examines the meaning of privity of estate in both legal traditions to identify the disparity of definition and then focuses on whether the restricted meaning espoused by English law has been static and consistent. The conclusion is that it was English law which adopted a narrower view in the first half of the nineteenth century from a previous one more consistent with that of the US. Perhaps inevitably this led to the landmark case of Tulk v Moxhay which, of course, only provided a partial solution to the problem.

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14

LUNDH, CHRISTER, i MATS OLSSON. "The institution of retirement on Scanian estates in the nineteenth century". Continuity and Change 17, nr 3 (grudzień 2002): 373–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416002004393.

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This article examines the institution of retirement on some estates in Scania, the southernmost part of Sweden, in the nineteenth century. It is obvious that tenant farmers on the estates were practising the same retirement system as was customary among freeholders, that is they were entering into retirement contracts with their offspring or with a non-relative, making over the farm in exchange for board and lodging for the rest of their lives. The retirement age was about 60 for men and somewhat less for women. In this respect there was no difference between tenant farmers and freeholders. However, due to differences in property conditions and land tenure, there were other differences between these groups. Freeholders were usually able to ensure for themselves considerably better pension rights than could estate tenants. Furthermore, there are clear indications that estate owners, in certain cases, opposed early retirement or intervened in the selection of new tenant farmers as well as in the level of the pension. Possibly as a result, it was more common among estate tenants to agree a retirement contract with a non-relative than it was among freeholders.

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15

Bursell, Rupert. "The Parson's Freehold". Ecclesiastical Law Journal 2, nr 10 (styczeń 1992): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x00001368.

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At our annual conference next March the proposed topics for discussion are the parson's freehold and clergy discipline. Although it will necessarily touch upon the latter, this article is primarily concerned with the parson's freehold. It is an attempt to consider some of the ramifications of that freehold now that it is a subject once more to be debated by the General Synod. I do not intend to reach any conclusion as to whether or not that freehold should be abolished or, indeed, as to what should replace it if it is. Rather, I would seek to raise questions that should be considered within the legal sphere whilst that debate continues. In so doing, however, I am only certain of three things: first, that the parson's freehold cannot be considered in isolation; second, that it is essential before anything is abolished that careful stock is taken of what actually is being abolished (otherwise the consequences may be other than intended); and third, that equal care must be given to what, if anything, should replace it. Underlying all this is my own conviction that the law is a framework to regulate a society, in this instance the Church. It may be a bastion to protect the weak or it may be a tool misused by the strong but in the last analysis, once others have decided that it should be altered, the lawyer's duty is to advise and then to implement. There is nothing immutable about the ecclesiastical law.

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16

Foldvary, Fred. "PLANNING BY FREEHOLD". Economic Affairs 25, nr 4 (grudzień 2005): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0270.2005.00582.x.

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17

Giglio, Stefano, Matteo Maggiori i Johannes Stroebel. "Very Long-Run Discount Rates *". Quarterly Journal of Economics 130, nr 1 (25.11.2014): 1–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju036.

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Abstract We estimate how households trade off immediate costs and uncertain future benefits that occur in the very long run, 100 or more years away. We exploit a unique feature of housing markets in the United Kingdom and Singapore, where residential property ownership takes the form of either leaseholds or freeholds. Leaseholds are temporary, prepaid, and tradable ownership contracts with maturities between 99 and 999 years, while freeholds are perpetual ownership contracts. The price difference between leaseholds and freeholds reflects the present value of perpetual rental income starting at leasehold expiration, and is thus informative about very long-run discount rates. We estimate the price discounts for varying leasehold maturities compared to freeholds and extremely long-run leaseholds via hedonic regressions using proprietary data sets of the universe of transactions in each country. Households discount very long-run cash flows at low rates, assigning high present value to cash flows hundreds of years in the future. For example, 100-year leaseholds are valued at more than 10% less than otherwise identical freeholds, implying discount rates below 2.6% for 100-year claims.

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18

Starr, Rebecca, i John Gilman Kolp. "Gentlemen and Freeholders: Electoral Politics in Colonial Virginia." Journal of American History 87, nr 2 (wrzesień 2000): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2568796.

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19

Evans, Emory G., i John Gilman Kolp. "Gentlemen and Freeholders: Electoral Politics in Colonial Virginia". William and Mary Quarterly 56, nr 4 (październik 1999): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2674250.

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20

Hofstra, Warren R., i John Gilman Kolp. "Gentlemen and Freeholders: Electoral Politics in Colonial Virginia". American Historical Review 105, nr 2 (kwiecień 2000): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1571499.

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21

Williams, James Homer. "Gentlemen and Freeholders: Electoral Politics in Colonial Virginia". History: Reviews of New Books 27, nr 4 (styczeń 1999): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1999.10528477.

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22

Dharma Saputra, Komang Edy. "Pembatalan Sertipikat Hak Milik Dalam Jual Beli Tanah Sebagai Akibat Wanprestasi". Jurnal Ilmiah Raad Kertha 1, nr 2 (27.05.2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47532/jirk.v1i2.31.

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Research with the theme of cancellation of freehold title in sale and purchase of land due to default aims to find out (1) How the procedure to cancel freehold title in sale and purchase of land due to default, and (2) How the legal consequence toward the cancellation of freehold title in sale and purchase of land due to default. This type of research used normative legal research which studying applicable laws and regulations in Indonesia. The source of legal materials were in the form of primary legal material, secondary legal material, and tertiary legal material and analysis was using hermeneutics analysis technique by interpreting legislation and studying more clearly the meaning contained in each article. The result of research shows that (1) the procedure to cancel freehold title in sale and purchase of land due to default is that the injured party may file a lawsuit in district court and PTUN (State Administrative Court), (2) legal consequence toward cancellation of freehold title in sale and purchase of land due to default is that the injured party has the rights to get legal protection and acquiring compensation from the default party.

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23

Pinson, Ann. "The Evolving Icelandic Rural Household in the Shift From Pastoralism to Ranching: Hólahreppur, 1703–1974". Journal of Family History 17, nr 1 (styczeń 1992): 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036319909201700103.

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ABSTRACT: This article shows the changing household composition of an Icelandic rural community of isolated dispersed farms as it shifted from nineteenth century tenant farmers who raised mixed herds of sheep, dairy cattle, and horses for their own subsistence to twentieth-century freeholders who produce livestock foodstuffs for a domestic market. The farm population of the community reached its highest level under the subsistence economy with households of nuclear families and contracted live-in servants. The farmers' children replaced the live-in servants at the end of the nineteenth century as opportunities for wage labor opened up in nearby fishing settlements. Extended families became common in the community. After World War II, tenant farmers have become freeholders, the farm households are both extended families with adult children remaining on the farms and nuclear families who still retain the services of adult children who moved away as livestock owners. A range of household structures has emerged as the homogeneous Icelandic rural community has persisted.

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24

Crosby, Neil, i Robin Goodchild. "Revisionary Freeholds: Problems with Over‐renting". Journal of Property Valuation and Investment 11, nr 1 (styczeń 1993): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635789310031432.

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Sia, Sophronia. "Lease Decay and the Prices of Private Residential Properties in Singapore". International Real Estate Review 1, nr 1 (30.06.1998): 401–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53383/100348.

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Singapore's residential properties sold mainly on 99-year and freehold leases are useful for studying how changing leases and age affect property values. This paper uses the hedonic model to analyze the effect of lease decay on transaction prices for non-landed, private residential 99-year leasehold properties. The results find a negative effect of leasedecay on the transaction price, or more specifically, a 1% increase in theremaining lease increases prices by 1.46%. The effects of decay differbetween freehold and leasehold properties, thus implying that age hasnegative effects on freehold property prices but positive effects onleasehold prices. The results show that older properties could increasein value after controlling for the physical decay effect.

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Fauzi, Galih Husain, i Ermanto Fahamsyah. "PERLINDUNGAN TERHADAP KONSUMEN YANG TIDAK MENDAPATKAN SERTIFIKAT HAK MILIK SATUAN RUMAH SUSUN". Jurnal Hukum Adigama 1, nr 2 (22.01.2019): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/adigama.v1i2.2845.

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Indonesia is one of the countries that has large population. Development of public housing is tended in order that every family can occupy a public housing that is proper in healthful, secure, harmonious, and uniformed environment. The proper public house is a house construction that is fulfill safety regulation in its construction, suffice the minimum construction area, and give health for public house occupant. Realize of the statements, is needed for developing a construction public housing that can be occupied together in a public house building,that is devided in some parts separately, on vertical ar horizontal for every occupation. There is a lot of participants that is involved in developing a public house building, that is the developer as a participant for developing a public house building, owner, and the occupant as an organizer. The public house building certificate will be proven with a freehold public house building certificate for every occupant that is already fulfill the regulations as an owner in the public house building. Researcher has taken one of the case studies about the restraining of a freehold of public house building, with purpose of the case study is knowing a consumer protection legally toward the participant developer that is restraing a freehold public house building. Researcher solved this case study using the normative method that is supported an interview with related parties. Based on the research will be knowing that the regulation of a freehold public house building certificate does not applied clearly on the sanction of participant developer that is restraining a freehold public house building certificate on the time that is determined.

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Crosby, Neil. "Over‐rented Freehold Investment Property Valuations". Journal of Property Valuation and Investment 10, nr 2 (luty 1992): 517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635789210031172.

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Bowlby, Ronald. "The Parson's Freehold and Clergy Discipline". Ecclesiastical Law Journal 3, nr 12 (styczeń 1993): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x00001691.

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Margeot, M. Y. G. H. "Freehold land tenure: Problems and prospects". Development Southern Africa 4, nr 3 (sierpień 1987): 531–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768358708439340.

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Neilsen, Allan D., i Christopher B. Manderville. "Seismic Access Issues". Alberta Law Review 40, nr 1 (1.05.2002): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr500.

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This article examines the legal relationship between an owner of petroleum and natural gas rights and other interested parties when it comes to seismic operations. While rules on access to Crown lands and freehold surface have been rather clearly delineated, the rules pertaining to seismic operations on freehold land are not as clear. Case law from the United States is helpful, though limited in scope, mostly old, and sometimes based on different ownership theories.

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31

GREAVES, MICHAEL. "THE VALUATION OF REVERSIONARY FREEHOLDS: A REPLY". Journal of Valuation 3, nr 3 (marzec 1985): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb007974.

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32

Thompson, P. "Gentlemen and Freeholders: Electoral Politics in Colonial Virginia, John Gilman Kolp". English Historical Review 116, nr 466 (1.04.2001): 486–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/116.466.486.

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Thompson, Peter. "Gentlemen and Freeholders: Electoral Politics in Colonial Virginia, John Gilman Kolp". English Historical Review 116, nr 466 (kwiecień 2001): 486–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/enghis/116.466.486.

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34

Crothers, A. G. "Jefferson's Freeholders and the Politics of Ownership in the Old Dominion". Journal of American History 100, nr 3 (1.11.2013): 821–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jat431.

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Hutama, Pramudya. "Jurisdiction Overview Implementation of Registration of Property Rights Transfer to Land by Grants". Sultan Agung Notary Law Review 3, nr 3 (21.08.2021): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/sanlar.3.3.1120-1126.

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This research described and studied the freehold ownership of land transition by grant. This research is categorized as an empirical law research using the descriptive approach. This research is condusted in Kebumen Regency. There are two kinds of data that is used in this research, namely primary and secondary data. The method that is used in data collection are observation, interview, and library research based on Indonesia Law and Rules books, related documents, etc according to the topic. Data analysis using qualitative analysis by interactive model. The result of this research shows that the freehold ownership of land transition by grant in Kebumen Regency is already appropiate to the procedure in exist regulations. The freehold ownership of land transition by grant has to be registered in Kebumen Palace and National Land Office to gain certain law in the shape of title holder. Therefore the land status will be clear, it is not only about the burdens, the widht, but also the rights that in herent to it.

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Catling, PC, i RJ Burt. "Why are red foxes absent from some eucalypt forests in eastern New South Wales?" Wildlife Research 22, nr 4 (1995): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9950535.

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The distribution and abundance of red foxes, other mammalian predators and their ground-dwelling mammalian prey were examined in 29 areas of two major regions of eucalypt forests in eastern New South Wales. In the southern region, red foxes and cats were abundant. Dingoes (andor wild dogs) were in low abundance or absent, spotted-tailed quolls were rare and medium-sized mammals (0.2-6 kg) scarce. In the northern region, red foxes were in low abundance and absent from some areas, such as parts of Chilelundi State Forest, where dingoes, cats, spotted-tailed quolls and medium-sized mammals were abundant. In both regions, small mammals (<200g) were widespread, but they varied greatly in abundance, and large mammals (>6kg) were widespread and generally abundant. Reasons for the absence or low abundance of red foxes in some areas were examined. Factors assessed were as follows: (i) relative abundance of other predators; (ii) abundance of mammalian prey; (iii) absence of European rabbits; (iv) habitat and its structure; (v) proximity to freehold land; and (vi) presence of roads. Distance from freehold land most adequately explained the absence of red foxes from some forests. Red foxes were present in all forests less than 2 km from freehold land and were in highest abundance in forests close (<1km) to freehold land. Severe disturbance such as clearing for grazing or agriculture appears to play some part in the distribution and abundance of the red fox and the demise of the medium-sized grounddwelling mammals.

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37

Adams, Andrew T., Philip M. Booth i Piers Venmore‐Rowland. "Theoretical volatility measures for freehold property investments". Journal of Property Research 10, nr 3 (grudzień 1993): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09599919308724090.

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French, Nick. "UK freehold reversionary properties: valuation practice revisited". Journal of European Real Estate Research 6, nr 2 (2.08.2013): 218–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-04-2013-0004.

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Jones, N. G. "USES AND “AUTOMATIC” RESULTING TRUSTS OF FREEHOLD". Cambridge Law Journal 72, nr 1 (marzec 2013): 91–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197313000020.

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AbstractDrawing upon the history of the doctrine of the old use, Professor John Mee has suggested both that the extent of the authority for a “retention” approach to “automatic” resulting trusts has been overlooked, and that while as a matter of history a “retention” approach has significant support, as a matter of principle in the modern law it is not fully satisfactory, so that it is necessary to look elsewhere for a theoretical explanation for the “automatic” resulting trust. This article examines the reasons for the inconsistency identified by Professor Mee, seeking to elucidate the relationship between uses and trusts, to contribute to the history of resulting uses and trusts, and to explain why the modern “automatic” resulting trust has become a rule in search of a rationale.

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40

Kurniawan, Ade, Yaswirman Yaswirman i Syofiarti Syofiarti. "Transferring Rights in Freehold Estate through Inheritance based on a Certificate of Heirs in Padang Utara District of Padang City". International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 6, nr 3 (7.07.2019): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i3.878.

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This study aims to find out how the process of transferring rights in freehold estate through inheritance is based on a certificate of heirs in Padang Utara District, to find out how the legal force of certificate of heirs as a basis for transferring rights in freehold estate through inheritance, and to find out whether the making process of certificate of heirs, as the basis for transferring rights in freehold estate through inheritance, has provided legal certainty related to the heirs listed in the certificate of heirs which are confirmed by the Village Head and District Chief at the testator’s residence at the time of his/ her death. This study applies a sociological legal approach; i.e. research that examines applicable legal norms and that relates them to the facts found in research. In addition, it utilizes prescriptive data analysis. The process of transferring rights through inheritance based on a certificate of heirs can be misused by the heirs by not including the names of other legitimate heirs. Thus, the certificate of heirs can be sued by other heirs whose names are not included in the certificate of heirs. In this case, the legal force of certificate of heirs, as the basis for transferring rights in freehold estate through inheritance does not have perfect legal force since the Village Head and District Chief do not have the authority to strengthen the certificate of heirs. Thus, the certificate of heirs does not have legal certainty that is reinforced by the Village Head and District Chief since they do not have legal authority to strengthen the certificate of heirs.

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41

Christie, Gracia, Valerie Merlim i Anne Gunadi Martono Widjojo. "Prosedur Perolehan Hak Pakai di atas Tanah Hak Milik Menurut Hukum Tanah Nasional untuk Menjamin Kepastian Hukum bagi Orang Asing [Procedure to Obtain Right of Use of Freehold Land According to National Land Law to Guarantee Legal Certainty for Foreigners]". Notary Journal 3, nr 2 (27.10.2023): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/nj.v3i2.6997.

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<p><em>Indonesia has a prohibition on ownership of freehold land by foreigners. Foreign citizens who are domiciled in Indonesia and want to obtain land rights can obtain a right of use with a period of time. This research's purpose is to analyze procedure for foreigners to obtain Right of Use of freehold land with time limitation in Indonesia, and the role of Land Deed Official (PPAT) in the making of the deed of Right of Use of freehold land with time limitation. This research is empirical normative research with data from literature study and interviews. Type of approach that used in this research is systematic of law. Foreign citizens domiciled in Indonesia can have a Right of Use with a period of time on freehold land must fulfill the requirements and procedures in accordance with Indonesian laws and regulations. This is to ensure the achievement of legal certainty. In the acquisition of the right of use on freehold land, the role of the land deed official as a public official authorized to make deeds for the acquisition of the right of use on freehold land is necessary. Unfortunately, in practice there are still land deed officials who do not follow the procedures of Right of Use in accordance with the laws and regulations.</em></p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Bahasa Indonesia Abstrak: </strong>Di Indonesia terdapat larangan kepemilikan tanah Hak Milik oleh orang asing. Warga Negara Asing yang berkedudukan di Indonesia dan ingin memperoleh Hak Atas Tanah dapat memperoleh Hak Pakai dengan jangka waktu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis prosedur bagi WNA untuk memperoleh Hak Pakai di atas tanah Hak Milik dengan jangka waktu di Indonesia, serta peran Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah (PPAT) dalam pembuatan Akta atas Hak Pakai di atas tanah hak milik dengan jangka waktu tertentu. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian normatif empiris dengan data yang diperoleh dari studi kepustakaan dan wawancara. Jenis pendekatan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan sistematika hukum. Warga Negara Asing yang berkedudukan di Indonesia dapat mempunyai hak pakai dengan jangka waktu di atas tanah hak milik harus memenuhi syarat dan prosedur sesuai peraturan perundang-undangan Indonesia. Hal itu dilakukan agar tercapainya kepastian hukum. Dalam perolehan hak pakai di atas tanah hak milik perlu adanya peran Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah sebagai pejabat umum yang diberikan kewenangan untuk membuat akta guna perolehan hak pakai di atas tanah hak milik. Tetapi sangat disayangkan, dalam praktik masih ada Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah yang tidak mengikuti prosedur hak pakai sesuai peraturan perundang-undangan.</p>

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42

Coldham, Simon. "Land Reform and Customary Rights: The Case of Uganda". Journal of African Law 44, nr 1 (2000): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300012043.

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This article examines the Ugandan Land Act, 1998, which seeks to transform land relations throughout the country both by settling once and for all the vexed question as to the relative rights of “owners” and “tenants” of mailo land, and by providing procedures whereby persons may apply either for certificates of customary ownership or for freehold titles to their land. While the Act recognizes that in some areas it may be more appropriate for land to be held communally, it is the long-term aim that most land should be held on individual freehold title. However, the negotiability of such a title is undermined by a variety of provisions designed to protect customary rights.

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Aitken‐Sykes, R. "Freehold flats/commonholds: a view of the future?" Property Management 8, nr 3 (marzec 1990): 220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000003366.

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Moll, Peter G. "Transition to freehold in the South African reserves". World Development 16, nr 3 (marzec 1988): 349–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(88)90002-2.

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Antareksa, Gregory Ariel Cahya, i Cokorda Dalem Dahana. "ANALYSIS OF JUDGE’S DECISION RELATED TO THE TRANSFER OF LAND RIGHTS FOR FOREIGN NATIONALS BASED ON TESTAMENT". POLICY, LAW, NOTARY AND REGULATORY ISSUES (POLRI) 1, nr 3 (26.07.2022): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.55047/polri.v1i3.226.

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This study aims to analyze the judge’s decision related to the transfer of Land Rights for Foreign Nationals based on testament of Supreme Court Decision Number 1134K/Pdt/2009. Research questions on this study are based on problematical publishing freehold title based on testament, incidentally between Testator and Testament Recipient at that time both of them is Foreign Nationals has broken the Law Number 5 of 1960 on Basic Agrarian Law Act. This research is normative-descriptive using library research to collect relevant source, such as books, magazines, scientific writing, and others to support the writer’s argument on the issue. The findings revealed that someone can acquire basic consideration of Supreme Court Decision and legal analysis about giving a decision of Supreme Court Decision number 1134K/Pdt/2009. Thus, in the case of Decision No. 1134K/Pdt/2009, the process of transferring ownership of Freehold Title is due to sporadic land registration beginning with the approval of the Head of the Environment, Lurah, and Camat, as well as land owners who are on the right, left, front, and back of the disputed object, so Freehold Title against the object of dispute may be issued on behalf of the Defendant, which is issued by the Land Office. Hence, the parties involved in the intermittent registration, including the Land Office, should be sued, not the Defendant.

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46

Young, Jeffrey Robert. "Christopher Michael Curtis. Jefferson's Freeholders and the Politics of Ownership in the Old Dominion." American Historical Review 118, nr 5 (25.11.2013): 1519–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/118.5.1519.

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CHASE, MALCOLM. "Out of Radicalism: the Mid-Victorian Freehold Land Movement". English Historical Review CVI, nr CCCCXIX (1991): 319–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cvi.ccccxix.319.

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Mansfield, John R. "The valuation of sustainable freehold property: a CRE perspective". Journal of Corporate Real Estate 11, nr 2 (29.05.2009): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14630010910963133.

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French, Nick. "Reversionary freehold valuations: over‐rented cash flows by spreadsheet". Journal of Property Investment & Finance 31, nr 3 (19.04.2013): 298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635781311322256.

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50

Price, Owen, i Bryan Baker. "Fire regimes and their correlates in the Darwin region of northern Australia". Pacific Conservation Biology 13, nr 3 (2007): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc070177.

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A nine year fire history for the Darwin region was created from Landsat imagery, and examined to describe the fire regime across the region. 43% of the region burned each year, and approximately one quarter of the fires occur in the late dry season, which is lower than most other studied areas. Freehold land, which covers 35% of the greater Darwin region, has 20% long-unburnt land. In contrast, most publicly owned and Aboriginal owned land has very high fire frequency (60-70% per year), and only 5% long unburnt. It seems that much of the Freehold land is managed for fire suppression, while the common land is burnt either to protect the Freehold or by pyromaniacs. Generalized Linear Modelling among a random sample of points revealed that fire frequency is higher among large blocks of savannah vegetation, and at greater distances from mangrove vegetation and roads. This suggests that various kinds of fire break can be used to manage fire in the region. The overall fire frequency in the Darwin region is probably too high and is having a negative impact on wildlife. However, the relatively low proportion of late dry season fires means the regime is probably not as bad as in some other regions. The management of fire is ad-hoc and strongly influenced by tenure. There needs to be a clear statement of regional fire targets and a strategy to achieve these. Continuation of the fire mapping is an essential component of achieving the targets.

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