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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Freeholder"
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Krajník, Eduard. "Dědici, dědiníci, svobodníci – právněhistorický pohled." PRÁVNĚHISTORICKÉ STUDIE 52, no. 1 (2022): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/2464689x.2022.2.
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The paper focuses on the historical development of the free (as opposed to subject) farmers in Bohemia from the High Middle Ages to the Early Modern Period. As the terminology was changing from inheritor (heres, dědic) to freeholder (dědiník) to yeoman (svobodník), their legal status was varying as well. While the number and significance of inheritors declined to the complete end in the mid-14th century, freeholders rose to full recognition as a class a hundred years later. Comparing the primary medieval legal sources, we conclude that freeholders descend largely from impoverished squires, though some may have their origin also among royal servants or villagers disenthralled from serfdom. By the early 17th century, their Czech name “dědiníci” (freeholders) was replaced with “svobodníci” (yeomen).
2
Kodilinye, Gilbert. "Standing to sue in private nuisance." Legal Studies 9, no. 3 (1989): 284–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.1989.tb00651.x.
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The traditional view of the scope of the tort of private nuisance is that the action protects a person's right to the use and enjoyment of land, and therefore only a person who can show that he has an interest in land is entitled to sue. What is a sufficient interest in the land affected, however, has never been free from doubt. Whilst freeholders and lessees in possession may certainly sue, there is doubt as to the entitlement of certain licensees, such as members of the family of a freeholder or lessee. In the recent case of Deuon Lumber Co Ltd u MacNeill, the New Brunswick Court of Appeal held, by a majority, that the children of a freeholder who had been adversely affected by dust from the defendant's adjacent cedar mill were entitled to sue in private nuisance, for ‘even though the children lacked any legal title to the property, they had a right of occupation sufficient to support an action on their behalf for damages for any unreasonable and substantial interference with their lawful use or enjoyment of the family residence’.
3
Safjan, Dorota. "Przedmiotowy i podmiotowy zakres obowiązku rolniczego użytkowania gruntów." Studia Prawnicze / The Legal Studies, no. 2 (60) (April 30, 2023): 131–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37232/sp.1979.2.5.
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When putting the freeholder under an obligation to exploit the land (Article 16 of the Act of 26 X 1971) the legislator leaves it to the organs of administration to assess how and to what degree this duty is fulfilled. A negative assessment is tantamount to the application of administrative sanctions against the peasant (Article 21).Having assumed that agricultural exploitation of land embraces not only its cultivation but also productive utilization, the universal criteria of assessment should be worked out, which would simultaneously set up the confines of legal-administrative liability of free-holders. Foreign legislation provides numerous solutions to this problem: through either establishing the range of peasant’s duties at the level of the average extensive cultivation typical of a locality (Jugoslavia), or detailed ennumeration of all duties relating to both the cultivation of land and its productive exploitation (The German Democratic Republic and the Soviet Union), finally through the transfer of competence, pertaining to imposing obigations and the specification of its range, to the agricultural producers’ managerial cooperations (France). With a view to specifying a subjective scope of the duty, as provided by the Article 16, it is necessary to avail of a comprehensive legislation which would counteract the productive inactivity of individual farms. The regulations, which provide the premisses to account a farm to be -neglected, economically deteriorated or abandoned, have been recognized by jurisprudence as independent legal grounds to construe the duty of agricultural exploitation of land. Moreover, they are in direct connection with a solution applied in the Article 16. Therefore it can be assumed that adequately modified criteria to account a farm to be neglected, when availing of a notion of productive minimum, will provide the range of legal-administrative libility of the freeholder or lessee.The execution of administrative measures against a farmer who has not fulfilled the duty of agricultural exploitation of land, is a condition to evidence whether the reasons of negligence are justifiable or not. In the majority of caxses it is possible to take appropriate decision in this respect availing of the objective criterion of conscientiousness, that has already been adopted by civil law to determine a guilt on a premises of responsibility. However, due mention should be made of the statutory duty provided for by the Article 16, which does not require personal activities of a subject under obligation. Therefore the criterion of conscientiousness refers to the assessment of the latter as an organizer rather than executor. Moreover, such objective reasons as sickness or old age are sufficient to justify an unfulfilled duty.The duty provided for by the Article 16 was imposed on freeholders, as well as dependent and independent tenant farmers. Such specification of addressees excludes state organizational units. The system and functional interpretation of law favours further limitation of addressees to individual farmers and legal persons, other than the units of socialized economy. The construction of liability for neglecting one’s duty and the nature of the sanctions applicable are the case against recognizing freeholders as a party to action taken in accordance with the Article 21, side by side with tenant farmers. Therefore it can be assumed that the lease of lands exempts the freeholder from an obligation of their agricultural exploitation. On the other hand the negligence by the tenant can affect the freeholder if the condition of a farm requires an obligatory repurchase.
4
Iljadica, Marta. "Street art belongs to the freeholder." Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 11, no. 2 (2015): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpv230.
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Einstein, Katherine Levine, and Maxwell Palmer. "Land of the Freeholder: How Property Rights Make Local Voting Rights." Journal of Historical Political Economy 1, no. 4 (2021): 499–530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/115.00000018.
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BETTS, JOCELYN PAUL. "AFTER THE FREEHOLDER: REPUBLICAN AND LIBERAL THEMES IN THE WORKS OF SAMUEL LAING." Modern Intellectual History 16, no. 1 (2017): 57–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244317000154.
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Samuel Laing was a key figure in propagating both an academically respectable defense of peasant proprietors and a critique of bureaucratic central government in Victorian Britain, his writings cited and argued with by John Stuart Mill, Herbert Spencer, Walter Bagehot, and John Austin (among others). This article corrects misapprehensions that Laing was a libertarian apologist for unfettered commercialism and complacent patriotism. It situates Laing in his argumentative contexts to show him as a critic of conventional political economy who called for a “natural” society of self-governing freeholders like that he observed in Norway, but who gradually became ambivalently caught between a British commercial and aristocratic order and a Continental model of greater property diffusion and strong central government. Laing's story sheds new light on the complex afterlives of republican and civic themes in nineteenth-century Britain, and their interaction with emergent concerns over the dangers to active citizenship of both wage labor in international markets and centralizing bureaucracies.
7
Smith, Adam James. "Property, Patriotism and Independence: The Figure of the ‘Freeholder’ in Eighteenth-Century Partisan Print." Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 40, no. 3 (2017): 345–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1754-0208.12463.
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Jouslin, Claire Boulard. "« The Paradise of fools » : The Freeholder (1715-1716) et l'utopie de l'opinion publique féminine en Angleterre." Dix-huitième siècle 43, no. 1 (2011): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/dhs.043.0469.
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Domeij, David, and Tore Ellingsen. "Rational Bubbles in UK Housing Markets: Comment on “No‐Bubble Condition: Model‐Free Tests in Housing Markets”." Econometrica 88, no. 4 (2020): 1755–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta16447.
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Giglio, Maggiori, and Stroebel (2016) show that there is no significant price difference between freeholds and ultra‐long leaseholds in the UK housing market. They claim that this finding precludes the presence of large rational bubbles, as these can only attach to the price of freeholds. But the conclusion presumes that leaseholders cannot acquire bubbles through enfranchisement at favorable prices. We find that the presumption is violated. Enfranchisement rights are comprehensive and cheap to exercise. We also dispute the counter‐argument that cheap enfranchisement proves that market participants, if they have rational expectations, must have explicitly concluded that freehold prices are bubbleless.
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Das, Sayantani, Akash Mallick, Premananda Bharati, and Subir Biswas. "Effects of menstrual characteristics, symptoms and hygiene-related practices on menstrual experience: A comparative study between freeholder and tenant adolescent schoolgirls of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India." Anthropologischer Anzeiger 77, no. 3 (2020): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/2020/1161.
Pełny tekst źródłaRozprawy doktorskie na temat "Freeholder"
1
Bell, Cedric D. "Enforcement of positive covenants in relation to freehold land." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 1985. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/19741/.
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The purpose of this introduction is to provide a brief outline of the scope and the progression of the thesis. Since the latter part of the nineteenth century, it has been a well-established principle of real property law in England and Wales that the burden of a positive covenant cannot run directly with freehold land at law or in equity. The fact that a positive covenant cannot run directly with freehold land has for many years been acknowledged to be a major defect of English land law. In Chapter I, the rules which govern the enforceability of freehold covenants are examined. Further, the chapter identifies why the Judges in the nineteenth century decided not to permit the burden of a positive covenant to run with freehold land. Conveyancers use a number of techniques and devices in order to circumvent the aforementioned principle. However, none of them are foolproof. In Chapter II, a number of devices which are used by conveyancers in order to circumvent the aforementioned principle are examined and evaluated. The difficulties which can arise from the present law's failure to provide a satisfactory means whereby positive covenants may be made to run with freehold land are identified in Chapter III. Local authorities possess a number of statutory powers to impose positive covenants on freehold land and to enforce them against successive owners. In Chapter IV, consideration is afforded to some aspects of their powers in this regard. The need to reform the present law has long been recognised. However, despite the fact that several Reports have been made and one draft Bill produced reform has still not been achieved. In Chapter V, the major proposals made for reform in the 1960's and 1970's are considered. Further, reasons are advanced to explain why reform of the law of positive covenants has proved to be so difficult to secure. One of the main consequences of the present law is that the vast majority of flats in England and Wales are held on long leases. The popular preference is for freehold not leasehold ownership. Several common law countries have comprehensive "condominium" legislation making full provision for rights and obligations, etc., in regard to freehold flats. The relevant legislation of New South Wales and Trinidad and Tobago is examined in Chapters VI and VII respectively. One objective of these chapters is to demonstrate that there are viable alternatives to using leasehold schemes for blocks of flats. In 1984, the Law Commission published their Report on Positive and Restrictive Covenants. Chapter VIII deals with this Report and with a number of other relevant recent developments.
2
Huyghebaert, Arnold. "Developing spiritual leadership at the Freehold Church of Christ." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1995. http://www.tren.com.
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Haider, Murtaza. "Development of Hedonic prices indices for freehold properties in the Greater Toronto Area, application of spatial autoregressive techniques." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0005/MQ45421.pdf.
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Radebe, Lynette Dudu. "From subsistence to petty capitalist landlords : a study of low income landlords in South Africa's freehold tenure settlements." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430962.
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Abdalla, Shireen, and Sandra Strömlind. "Den ekonomiska lönsamheten att friköpa en tomträtt : En studie angående tomträtter i Gävle kommun." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-21899.
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Tomträtt är en form av nyttjanderätt till en fastighet. Det innebär att fastighetens ägare, vanligtvis en kommun eller staten, låter tomträttshavaren nyttja fastigheten mot att en årlig tomträttsavgäld erläggs. Tomträttsavgälden fastställs genom ett tomträttsavtal mellan fastighetsägaren och tomträttshavaren. Den fastställda tomträttsavgälden gäller för en avgäldsperiod om 10 eller 20 år. Långa avgäldsperioder i kombination med en fastighetsmarknad med stigande priser gör att avgälden vid en ny avgäldsperiod sannolikt kan komma att höjas avsevärt. En tomträttshavare kan likväl välja att friköpa sin tomträtt. Ett friköp av en tomträtt innebär att tomträttshavaren förvärvar fastigheten av fastighetsägaren och bildar en småhusfastighet. Syftet med studien är att ge en ökad förståelse och kunskap till de tomträttshavare som står inför beslutet av att behålla tomträtten eller friköpa den. Målet med arbetet är att ge kunskap om när den ekonomiska lönsamheten av att friköpa en tomträtt kan anses vara uppnådd. Ett andra mål till studien är att utifrån tomträttshavarens perspektiv belysa de bakomliggande motiven till varför en småhustomträtt friköps. Studien avgränsas till att beröra friliggande småhustomträtter inom tre geografiska områden i Gävle kommun. Den ekonomiska lönsamheten med att friköpa en småhustomträtt undersöks utifrån en innehavssituation respektive överlåtelsesituation. För att närmare undersöka varför en tomträttshavare väljer att friköpa en tomträtt genomförs kvalitativa telefonintervjuer. Utifrån studiens resultat kan det konstateras att det sannolikt är ekonomiskt motiverat att friköpa en småhustomträtt om priset för att förvärva tomten är lika med eller lägre än det belopp som symboliserar brytpunkten för ekonomisk lönsamhet. Av de för studien tillfrågade respondenterna var det enskilt största motivet till varför en tomträttshavare väljer att friköpa sin tomträtt på grund av den osäkerhet som följer av utvecklingen kring tomträttsavgälden.<br>Site-leasehold right is a form of access to a property. This means that the owner of the property, usually a municipality or the state, let a site-leaseholder use the property against an annual ground rent. A ground rent is determined by a site-leasehold agreement between the owner of the property and the site-leaseholder. The fixed ground rents are for a period of 10 or 20 years. Long periods of rents combined with a real estate market with rising prices means that the ground rent at a new period of ground rent can be increased considerably. The site-leaseholder may well choose to redeem their long lease. To buy the freehold of a site-leasehold means that the site-leaseholder acquires the property of the property owner and form a new single-family real estate. The purpose of the study is to provide a better understanding and knowledge of the site lessee facing the decision to retain the site-leasehold or redeem it. The goal of the project is to provide knowledge about when the economic viability of redeeming a siteleasehold may be deemed attained. Another goal is based on the site-leaseholders perspectives consider to highlighting the underlying reasons why a single-family siteleasehold redeemed. The study is limited to detached single-family site-leaseholds in three geographical areas in the municipality of Gävle. The economic viability of redeeming single-family site-leasehold examined from the site-leasehold executiver's decision to sell or retain the site-leasehold. To examine more closely why a site lessee chooses to redeem the siteleasehold conducted qualitative telephone interviews. From the results based on the study, it can be concluded that it is likely to be economically justified to redeem a single-family site-leasehold on the price of acquiring the plot is equal to or less than the amount that symbolizes the breaking point of economic viability. Of the respondents surveyed for the study the single biggest reason for why a site lessee chooses to redeem his site-leasehold was because of the uncertainty arising from the developments around the ground rent.
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Wright, G. R. "The petty bourgeoisie in colonial Canterbury : a study of the Canterbury Working Man's Political Protection and Mutual Improvement Association (1865-66), and the Canterbury Freehold Land Society (1866-70)." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of History, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4308.
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This thesis argues for the existence of a distinct petty bourgeois socio-economic
class, with particular liberal values, in colonial Christchurch. It approaches this through an
examination of two related mid-Victorian Christchurch institutions, the Canterbury Working
Man's Association and the Canterbury Freehold Land Society, and of the wider activities of
their members. The first chapter looks at the issue of class definition and identity, and
perceptions of the social topography of the mid-Victorian period. The four chapters that
follow relate the characteristics of the British petty bourgeoisie to the colonial environment,
and in so doing, distinguish a colonial petty bourgeoisie that is broadly similar, but with
some significant variation. These differences centre on the ideology of liberalism, and its
idealistic precept, 'independence', The independence oriented colonial environment produced
a petty bourgeois who were assertively liberal. This shows in a heightened expectation of
government intervention in employment and land distribution, and serves to highlight
differences between the political liberalism of the petty bourgeois and that of the governing
bourgeois. The individualistic and idealistic notion of a colonial independence also meant that
the petty bourgeoisie pursued a different course of self-improvement than did their British
counterparts. Some self-help institutions important in Britain were insignificant in colonial
Christchurch. The acquisition of land became particularly pivotal, though a disjunction
between rhetoric and practice shows that this may have had a different meaning for the petty
bourgeois than it did for other classes of colonist.
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Blake, Andrea Gaye. "Carbon sequestration: Evaluating the impact on rural land and valuation approach." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/93574/1/Andrea_Blake_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis uses semi-structured interviews and documentary analysis to explore the impact of carbon sequestration rights on rural land in Queensland and to determine whether current rural valuation knowledge and practice is equipped to deal with these rights. The carbon right in Queensland is complex and subject to significant individual variation. The nature and form of this right will determine whether it has a positive or negative impact on Queensland rural land. Significant gaps in the knowledge of industry stakeholders, including rural valuers, concerning carbon rights were found, and recommendations for valuation practice were made.
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Hazell, Peter, and n/a. "Community title or community chaos : environmental management, community development and governance in rural residential developments established under community title." University of Canberra. Resource, Environment and Heritage Science, 2002. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050415.124034.
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This thesis contends that; in mainstream rural residential development around the
Australian Capital Territory, use of community title guidelines for sub-division should
consider social processes and environmental considerations along-side economic
imperatives and interactions.
Community title is a form of land tenure that allows for private freehold ownership of
land as well as community owned land within the one sub-division. In New South
Wales, community title was introduced in 1990 under the Community Land
Development Act 1989 (NSW) and the Community Land Management Act 1989
(NSW). Since the introduction of community title, upwards of one hundred and fifty
developments, ranging from just a few blocks to the size of small suburbs, have been
approved throughout the state. The original aim of community title was to provide a
legal framework that underpinned theme-based broad-acre development. Themebased
development could include a Permaculture© village, a rural retreat for likeminded
equine enthusiasts, or even a medieval village.
Community title is also seen as an expedient form of land tenure for both developers
and shire councils. Under community title, a developer only has to submit a single
development application for a multi-stage development. This can significantly reduce
a developer's exposure to risk. From a shire council's perspective, common land and
resources within a development, which would otherwise revert to council
responsibility for management, becomes the collective responsibility of all the land
owners within the development, effectively obviating council from any responsibility
for management of that land. Community title is also being touted in planning and
policy as a way of achieving 'sustainable' environmental management in new subdivisions.
The apparent expediency of community title has meant that development
under these guidelines has very quickly moved beyond theme-based development into
mainstream rural residential development.
Community title effectively provides a framework for participatory governance of
these developments. The rules governing a community title development are set out in
the management statement, which is submitted to the local council and the state
government with the development application. A community association, which
includes all lot owners, manages the development. Unless written into the original
development application, the council has no role in the management of the common
land and resources.
This thesis looks at the peri-urban zone around one of Australia's fastest growing
cities - Canberra, whose population growth and relative affluence is impacting on
rural residential activity in the shires surrounding the Australian Capital Territory.
Yarrowlumla Shire, immediately adjacent to the ACT, has experienced a 362 percent
increase in population since 1971. Much of this growth has been in the form of rural
residential or hobby farm development. Since 1990, about fifteen percent of the
development in Yarrowlumla Shire has been community title. The Yass Shire, to the
north of the ACT, has shown a forty five percent population increase since 1971.
Community title in that shire has accounted for over fifty percent of development
since 1990. The thesis case study is set in Yass Shire.
The major research question addressed in the thesis is; does community title, within
the context of rural residential development around the Australian Capital Territory,
facilitate community-based environmental management and education? Subsidiary
questions are; what are the issues in and around rural residential developments within
the context of the study, who are the stakeholders and what role do they play and;
what skills and support are required to facilitate community-based environmental
management and education within the context of the study area?
To answer the research questions I undertook an interpretive case study, using
ethnographic methods, of rural residential development near the village of
Murrumbateman in the Yass Shire, thirty kilometres north of Canberra. At the time of
the study, which was undertaken in 1996, the developments involved had been
established for about four years. The case study revealed that, as a result of
stakeholders and residents not being prepared for the management implications of
community title, un-necessary conflict was created between residents and between
residents and stakeholders. Community-based environmental management issues were
not considered until these issues of conflict were addressed and residents had spent
enough time in the estates to familiarise themselves with their environment and with
each other.
Once residents realised that decisions made by the community association could affect
them, there developed a desire to participate in the process of management.
Eventually, earlier obstacles were overcome and a sense of community began to
develop through involvement in the community association. As residents became
more involved, the benefits of having ownership of the community association began
to emerge.
However, this research found that management of a broad acre rural residential
development under community title was far more complicated than any of the
stakeholders, or any but the most legally minded residents, were prepared for.
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Habibovic, Sejla, and Per Real Svensson. "Friköp av bostadsrättsföreningar och överföring av fastighetstillbehör : Vad avgör om anläggningslagen 12 a § tillämpas?" Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avdelningen för data-, elektro- och lantmäteriteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-11453.
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Samverkan fastigheter emellan förekommer i flera olika former. En gemensamhetsanläggning utgör en sådan samverkansform, vilken inrättas för att tillgodose ändamål av stadigvarande betydelse för flera fastigheter. Ändamålen som en gemensamhetsanläggning inrättas för är vitt skilda och består ofta av anläggningar som utgör tillbehör till en fastighet, däribland fastighetstillbehör. Med en gemensamhetsanläggning följer rätten till utrymme för att de deltagande fastigheterna ska kunna förvalta anläggningen på ett ändamålsenligt sätt. Dock övergår inte äganderätten till de deltagande fastigheterna automatiskt vid inrättandet av en gemensamhetsanläggning. Innan år 2002 sågs fastighet och dess tillbehör som en äganderättslig enhet, vilka enbart kunde åtskiljas genom att tillbehöret fysiskt flyttades från fastigheten. Bestämmelser som möjliggjorde överföring av fastighetstillbehör och äganderätt till anläggningssamfälligheten infördes i fastighetsbildningslagen (FBL) och anläggningslagen (AL). Även bestämmelse om möjlighet till frigörande av fastighetstillbehör infördes samtidigt i ledningsrättslagen (LL). I propositionen Överföring av fastighetstillbehör 2000/01:138 motiverades införandet av lagändringarna med att en rad oklarheter skulle kunna undvikas rörande fastighetstillbehöret. Dessa utgjordes av oklarhet kring underhållsansvar, ansvar att teckna försäkring, upplåtelse av nyttjanderätt, rätt att bygga om och bygga ut, samt utnyttjande av pantsättningsmöjligheten. Att äga sin egen fastighet har alltid varit viktigt, inte enbart för den enskilde individen, utan även för samhällets utveckling. Ägandet skapar incitament att lägga ner tid, energi och pengar i sin fastighet, vilket i sin tur genererar ett högre fastighetsvärde. Trots detta är bostadsrätten en vanlig bostadsform i Sverige. Möjlighet finns dock att genom likvidation av bostadsrättsföreningen och avstyckning av fastigheten bilda nya enskilda fastigheter. För de utrymmen och anläggningar som tidigare varit gemensamma kvarstår dock behovet av att även i fortsättning kunna utnyttjas gemensamt. I praktiken är det endast fastighetsgränserna och ägandeformen som ändrats, inte de fysiska förutsättningarna. Genom inrättande av en gemensamhetsanläggning tillgodoses detta behov. För att även kunna överföra äganderätten till de deltagande fastigheterna finns möjligheten att tillämpa AL 12 a §. Denna studie undersöker vad som varit avgörande för om AL 12 a § tillämpats och vilka fastighetstillbehör som vanligen överförts. För gemensamhetsanläggningar är ansvar ett centralt begrepp. Studien undersöker hur ansvaret kring försäkringsfrågan påverkas om överföring med stöd av AL 12 a § sker eller inte. För att kunna reda ut ansvarsfrågan var det viktigt att försöka förstå vad som skiljer rätten till utrymme från äganderätten. Resultatet visar att överföring av fastighetstillbehör med stöd av AL 12 a § förekommit i 17 av de 45 insamlade förrättningsakterna. De fastighetstillbehör som vanligen överförts var framförallt VA-ledningar, men också dagvattenledningar, utomhusbelysning, medieanläggningar i form av kabel-tv, bredband, fiber och centralantenn, samt körytor såsom väg och utfart. Avgörande för om AL 12 a § tillämpas är förrättningslantmätarens inställning till, och kunskap om bestämmelsen. Vad gäller ansvar kring försäkringsfrågan anses anläggningssamfällighetens förvaltningsform av större betydelse än om överföring kommit till stånd eller inte. Rätten till utrymme skiljer sig obetydligt från äganderätten i detta sammanhang, eftersom försäkringsvillkoren utgår från ansvaret för fastighetstillbehöret och inte själva äganderätten. Överföringen av fastighetstillbehöret saknar därför praktisk betydelse. Föreningsförvaltning anses i sammanhanget lämpligare än delägarförvaltning. Valet av förvaltningsform är viktigare ju dyrare fastighetstillbehöret är och ju större nytta det utgör för de i gemensamhetsanläggningen deltagande fastigheterna.<br>The interaction of properties exist in several different forms. A joint facility forms such a form of cooperation, which is set up to accommodate purposes of constant importance for several properties. The purposes for which a joint facility is set up are widely different and often consist of facilities that make up a property, including property fixtures. With a joint facility follows the right to space for the participating properties to manage the facility appropriately. However, ownership of the participating properties will not automatically change when setting up a joint facility. Before 2002, property and its fixtures were seen as an ownership unit, which could only be separated by the physical removal of the fixture from the property. Regulations that allowed the transfer of property fixtures and property rights to the facility were introduced in the Real Property Formation Act (FBL) and the Joint Facilities Act (AL). Even regulation on the possibility of release of property fixtures was introduced simultaneously in the Utility Easements Act (LL). In the government bill Transfer of property fixtures 2000/01: 138, the introduction of the legislative changes was motivated by the fact that a number of uncertainties could be avoided regarding the property fixtures. These consisted of uncertainties about maintenance responsibility, liability to subscribe for insurance, assignment of use rights, the right to rebuild and expand, as well as the use of the mortgaging. Owning your own property has always been important not only for the individual but also for the development of society. The ownership creates incentives to spend time, energy and money on your property, which in turn generates a higher property value. Nevertheless, tenant-ownership is a common housing form in Sweden. However, it is possible to create new individual properties through liquidation of the tenant-ownership and the subdivision of the property. However, for those spaces and facilities that has previously been common, the need remains for common use. In practice, only the property boundaries and ownership have changed, not the physical conditions. Establishment of a joint facility meets this need. In order to also transfer ownership of the participating properties there is the possibility of applying AL 12 a §. This study investigates what has been crucial for whether AL 12 a § has been applied and which property fixtures are usually transferred. Responsibility for joint facilities is a key concept. The study examines how responsibility for the insurance issue is affected if transfer under AL 12 a § happens or not. In order to answer the question of liability, it was important to try to understand what separates the right to space from ownership. The result shows that transfer of property fixtures under AL 12 a § occurred in 17 of the 45 gathered acts of execution. The property fixtures that were usually transferred were mainly VA-pipelines but also watercourses, outdoor lighting, media installations in the form of cable TV, broadband, fiber and central antenna, as well as driving areas such as road and exit. The decisive factor in applying AL 12 a § is the attitude of the cadastral surveyor, and knowledge of the regulation. Regarding the liability of the insurance issue, the joint property unit of the facility is considered to be of greater significance than if the transfer has taken place or not. The right to space differs slightly from ownership in this context, as the insurance terms are based on the responsibility for property fixtures and not the property rights themselves. The transfer of the property fixtures therefore lacks practical significance. Associations management is considered more appropriate in this context than part-owner management. The choice of management form is more important, the more expensive the property fixtures are and the more useful it is for the properties participating in the joint venture.
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Atkinson, Benedict. "Ownership causes social inequality. To reduce social inequality, reduce or diffuse ownership: An analysis with particular application to the copyright system." Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2015. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/0c042cb0a8b2204d0e982df401871dbf98f7b0642ed32c650bb58743428e5752/4165658/201500_Benedict_ATKINSON_LAW_PHD_AS_AMENDED.pdf.
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Humans contest for control or ownership. Contest is to a considerable extent inescapable because conceptually a large part of most grammars involve possession and appropriation. Language creates antithesis (‘mine, yours’) that results in conflict. The result of conflict is possession and dispossession, which results in ownership, which is expressed in property and property systems. This dissertation focuses on the exclusionary effect of property systems. Property confers the power to exclude and the aggregate of legal exclusions, which constitutes a property system, objectively or instrumentally creates social exclusion and thus social inequality. Income and property tax facilitate redistribution, reducing social inequality. Another mode of reducing/diffusing the exclusionary effect of ownership is to enlarge the public domain, which I define as a commonwealth of non-control and non-ownership.
Książki na temat "Freeholder"
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1792-1857, Jarvis Samuel Peters, ed. The answer to the awful libel of the Spanish Freeholder against the Cardinal Alberoni. s.n., 1985.
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Committee, New Jersey Legislature General Assembly County Government and Regional Authorities. Public hearing before Assembly County Government and Regional Authorities Committee: Assembly bill no. 4365 ... July 31, 1989, Freeholder Meeting Room, Court Plaza South, Hackensack, New Jersey. The Office, 1989.
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Great Britain. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. and Great Britain Welsh Office, eds. Thinking of buying a council flat?: Things to consider before you buy a flat where the freeholder is a council, housing association or other social landlord. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, 1998.
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Copyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress), ed. Freehold. Baen, 2004.
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Environment, New Jersey Legislature Senate Committee on Energy and. Public hearing before the Senate Energy and Environment Committee on S-1478 (statewide mandatory recycling), February 13, 1986, Freeholder Meeting Room, Bergen County, Administration Building, Hackensack, New Jersey. The Committee, 1986.
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French, Nick. Valuation of reversionary freeholds. Incorporated Society of Valuers and Auctioneers, 1992.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Freeholder"
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Krichauff, Skye. "Squatter-Cum-Pastoralist or Freeholder? How Differences in Nineteenth-Century Colonists’ Experiences Affect Their Descendants’ Historical Consciousness." In Australia, Migration and Empire. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22389-2_5.
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Stroud, April. "Freehold covenants." In Making Sense of Land Law. Macmillan Education UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-28810-3_14.
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Dixon, Martin. "Freehold Covenants." In Modern Land Law. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351237345-8.
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Dixon, Martin. "Freehold Covenants." In Modern Land Law. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003039808-8.
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Green, Kate. "Freehold Land." In Land Law. Macmillan Education UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14435-8_4.
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Davys, Mark. "Freehold land." In Land Law. Macmillan Education UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60928-1_6.
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Bray, Judith. "Freehold covenants." In Unlocking Land Law, 7th ed. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003123651-11.
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Kelly, Rebecca, and Emma Hatfield. "Freehold covenants." In Land Law. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315813738-14.
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Bray, Judith. "Freehold covenants." In Unlocking Land Law. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203732885-11.
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Sabuj, Mohammad. "Freehold covenants." In Essential Land Law for SQE1. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003204954-9.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Freeholder"
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"The investment performance of freehold income trust." In 19th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference: ERES Conference 2012. ERES, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2012_026.
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"ALTERNATIVE TENURE OPTIONS AVAILABLE TO HOUSE THE HOMELESS IN SOUTH AFRICA: THE CASE FOR NOT PROVIDING ACCESS TO OWNERSHIP OF FREEHOLD PROPERTY TO PEOPLE REQUIRING GOVERNMENT FUNDED HOUSING." In 17th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference: ERES Conference 2010. ERES, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2010_350.
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Waggitt, Peter, and Mike Fawcett. "Completion of the South Alligator Valley Remediation: Northern Territory, Australia." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16198.
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13 uranium mines operated in the South Alligator Valley of Australia’s Northern Territory between 1953 and 1963. At the end of operations the mines, and associated infrastructure, were simply abandoned. As this activity preceded environmental legislation by about 15 years there was neither any obligation, nor attempt, at remediation. In the 1980s it was decided that the whole area should become an extension of the adjacent World Heritage, Kakadu National Park. As a result the Commonwealth Government made an inventory of the abandoned mines and associated facilities in 1986. This established the size and scope of the liability and formed the framework for a possible future remediation project. The initial program for the reduction of physical and radiological hazards at each of the identified sites was formulated in 1989 and the works took place from 1990 to 1992. But even at this time, as throughout much of the valley’s history, little attention was being paid to the long term aspirations of traditional land owners. The traditional Aboriginal owners, the Gunlom Land Trust, were granted freehold Native Title to the area in 1996. They immediately leased the land back to the Commonwealth Government so it would remain a part of Kakadu National Park, but under joint management. One condition of the lease required that all evidence of former mining activity be remediated by 2015. The consultation, and subsequent planning processes, for a final remediation program began in 1997. A plan was agreed in 2003 and, after funding was granted in 2005, works implementation commenced in 2007. An earlier paper described the planning and consultation stages, experience involving the cleaning up of remant uranium mill tailings and other mining residues; and the successful implementation of the initial remediation works. This paper deals with the final planning and design processes to complete the remediation programme, which is due to occur in 2009. The issues of final containment design and long term stewardship are addressed in the paper as well as some comments on lessons learned through the life of the project.
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Gómez Pintus, Ana. "Barrios parque: análisis de trazados y morfología urbana sobre la expansión oeste del Gran Buenos Aires 1920-1950." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Facultad de Arquitectura. Universidad de la República, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6190.
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Este trabajo despliega un análisis de las formas y las medidas de los proyectos “barrios parque”, según la denominación que asumieron durante la primera mitad del siglo XX un grupo particular de suburbios residenciales a lo largo del proceso de configuración del área metropolitana de Buenos Aires. En esta oportunidad se presenta el re-dibujo a escala de dichas piezas comprendidas en la expansión Oeste del GBA con el fin permitir una análisis detallado y comparativo que contribuya a comprender mejor a las propias piezas y su contribución a la formación de áreas de expansión residencial de baja densidad.
 Entre sus características más conocidas destaca su contribución a la formalización de una periferia con bajas densidades de ocupación y predominancia de espacios vacíos sobre llenos. Sin embargo, lo que identifica la formación de barrios parques en Argentina, y más en general la formación de grandes áreas suburbanas es la consolidación de áreas verdes privadas, relegadas a los interiores de las manzanas y particionadas por una grilla de muros medianeros que pone en duda la imagen suburbana de “casitas en medio del verde”. The article presents an analysis of the shapes and measures regarding the garden suburbs that contributed in the formation of the Buenos Aires metropolitan area along the first half of the twentieth century. In this case, we display the drawings corresponding to the West sprawl in order to make possible a detailed and comparative morphological study that helps to understand the formation of the metropolitan areas, as well as to rehearse a characterization of the “garden suburb” according to the particular features assumed in the Great Buenos Aires area.
 Preliminary results show a diverse scenario in which we assist to the preeminence of low density, freehold land allotments as the main characteristic shared by the analyzed pieces, at the expense of other variables like urban design or urban tissue.
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Raxworthy, Julian. "A Story of Two Titles: The Torrens System and Parcel 702, Adelaide." In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a4023p41ye.
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Although the catchment - the topographically defined edge where “all rainfall… drains naturally … or is directed to by human intervention towards … the catchment outlet [which may be immediately a creek, but ultimately is the ocean] ” – is the most significant boundary for ecological function of landscapes, Raxworthy has argued that property boundaries and land tenure make it such that “landscape pattern is as much an emergent quality of capitalism as it is propensity[y] of [the landscape.” Despite its role in establishing the pattern of the landscape, landscape architects tend to treat property boundary as a given that is almost invisible when every act they do reacts to it in some way, necessitating, Raxworthy continues, a theorising of land tenure in landscape architecture. I hope to continue Raxworthy’s project in this paper by examining the celebrated model of contemporary land titling – the Torrens System – in its place of origination – Adelaide – and explore the relationship between landscape, people and land titling. Two of the things Adelaide is most famous for might seem complimentary but are actually contradictory: the Torrens System of title (which Atkinson, quoting Greg Taylor, calls ““South Australia’s most successful intellectual export.”” ) and the first successful determination Native Title in a capital city of Australia. Developed by Robert Richard Torrens, the “Real Property Act (1858)” (which subsequently became known as Torrens Title, or the Torrens System) and “simplify[ied] the Laws relating to the transfer and encumbrance of freehold and other interests in land,” by creating a centralised registration system of actual land ownership, rather than simply deeds, removing potentials for contestation. In the developing world the Torrens System has been a very important tool in helping secure land title in post-colonial countries “[becoming] the norm in both Anglophone and Francophone colonial Africa,” yet, as Leonie Kelleher has argued, the Torrens System effectively eclipsed the previous sovereignty of Aboriginal people in the very place of its creation.
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Pratama Purnomo, Rico. "The Legal Certainty of The Sale And Purchase of Land that Has Not Been Title Transferred in Simpang Perak Jaya Village, Kerinci Kanan Sub-district, Siak Regency, Riau Province (A Case Study on Freehold Title Number 733)." In 2nd World Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities. Acavent, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/2nd.shconf.2020.09.239.
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Reis Santos, Mariana. "Does the implementation of special zones of social interest (ZEIS) encourages adequate housing in precarious settlement? The case of San Paolo." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/hfqf7018.
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With the establishment of the Constitution of 1988, a new approach to urban governance emerged in Brazil. The document brought significant changes regarding the right to the city and adequate housing, in particular, for the urban poor. The recognition of these rights triggered the experimentation with inclusionary policies around the country (Rolnik and Santoro, 2013). As a result, informal settlements started to be acknowledged as part of the formal city and were included in zoning and planning laws. One of the main outcomes of these experiments was the creation of Special Zones of Social Interest (ZEIS), a land and housing policy that linked investments on infrastructure in precarious settlements to land regularisation processes. In 2001, ZEIS was incorporated into the City Statute, a document that established a range of collective rights to guide land use and development. Since then, the instrument has gained popularity in the country as a land regularisation tool. Nevertheless, a considerable share of settlements remains poorly built and addressing informality is still a challenge. Therefore, this paper evaluated the co-relation between the implementation of ZEIS, land regularisation processes and provision of basic infrastructure in precarious settlements. More specifically, it measured the quality of State interventions supported by the zoning. By focusing on quality, this article aimed to evaluate whether ZEIS has encouraged adequate housing conditions for the urban poor or reinforced precarious patterns of development. To explore this relationship, a case study was conducted on the performance of ZEIS in Favela of Sapé, a settlement in the West of São Paulo. As a methodology, case studies have become a common option for performing evaluations and analyse what a program, practice or police has achieved (Yin, 2012). Moreover, this research strategy commonly relies on various sources of field-based information (Yin, 2012). Accordingly, this paper comprised mainly primary qualitative data. It also made broad use of content and secondary analysis, with the goal of ensuring validity and reliability. The performance of ZEIS in Sapé demonstrated that since its implementation, in 2001, tenure security and physical characteristics have enhanced considerably in the area, particularly, when it comes to housing quality and provision of basic infrastructure. Nevertheless, these accomplishments are being compromised by a strong process of reoccupation which is supported by illegal organisations. In addition, there is a delay of the Municipality in meeting the demands for housing in the area because of governance issues and mismanagement of financial resources. This scenario, combined with a weak inspection body, has once again permitted the development of precarious housing and infrastructure in the area. It also has compromised the issuance of freehold land titles to the settlement’s dwellers. In other words, the site is under a vicious circle where neither the provision of housing and infrastructure is enough to meet the demand nor the land regularisation is completed because of the reoccupations. In sum, although the implementation of ZEIS seems to have a share of responsibility in Sapé’s upgrading process, the local authorities do not have the capacity of reinforcement necessary to maintain these improvements. Furthermore, it is fair to assume that the current legal framework provided by ZEIS is not adequate for the context of São Paulo and requires further adjustments. Not only because of the complex character of the city, but also because in practice, urban norms may be interpreted differently according to political and cultural conditions (Rolnik, 1997).
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Freeholder"
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Timar, Levente. Modelling private land-use decisions affecting forest cover: the effect of land tenure and environmental policy. Motu Economic and Public Policy Research, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29310/wp.2022.12.
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I use geographic data and discrete choice modelling to investigate private land-use decisions in the context of prominent New Zealand land institutions and environmental policies. Land-use conversions involving gains and losses in planted forests and natural forests are modelled individually. Land under Māori freehold tenure is found to be less likely to be used for pastoral grazing and also less likely to undergo land-use conversion (both to and from a forested use). With respect to environmental policies, results suggest the incentives of the Emissions Trading Scheme did not significantly affect land-use decisions during the sample period of 2008-2016: the carbon reward had little effect on afforestation, and the deforestation liability was largely ineffective at deterring deforestation. On the other hand, the East Coast Forestry Project is found to have increased planted forest area in the district both by encouraging afforestation beyond baseline levels and by discouraging deforestation. Evidence for its effect on regenerating natural forest area is weaker in the data.
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Bank Premises Department - Townsville - Flinders Street - Lease from Townsville Trust and Freehold Company Limited - 1912. Reserve Bank of Australia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/24153.
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