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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Freedom of expression and communication"
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Toula, Christopher M. "Freedom of Expression." Southern Communication Journal 85, no. 3 (2020): 203–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1041794x.2020.1731846.
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Slutskiy, Pavel. "Freedom of Expression, Social Media Censorship, and Property Rights." Tripodos, no. 48 (December 2, 2020): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51698/tripodos.2020.48p53-68.
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Sustainable Development Goal 16 stresses the importance of access to information. It is clearly emphasised in target 16.10 —“to ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements”. With social media becoming the default communication platforms, the questions of the extent to which their content moderating models are conducive to the implementation of public access to information and fundamental freedoms are becoming increasingly important. Facebook, Instagram, Tumblr as well as Twitter and other social media platforms have been recently criticised for censorship of user-generated content. This article looks at the controversy surrounding these policies from the property rights perspective —focusing on the role which property rights play in securing the freedom of expression. By recognising the owners’ right to control the legitimately owned property, I conclude that social media are not engaged in “censorship” —they merely exercise property rights. There is a difference between a private platform refusing to carry someone’s ideas on their property and a government prohibiting from speaking on a legitimately owned property.
 Keywords: SDG 16.10, freedom of expression, censorship, social media, property rights.
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Slutskiy, Pavel. "Freedom of Expression, Social Media Censorship, and Property Rights." Tripodos, no. 48 (December 2, 2020): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.51698/tripodos.2020.48p53-67.
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Sustainable Development Goal 16 stresses the importance of access to information. It is clearly emphasised in target 16.10 —“to ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements”. With social media becoming the default communication platforms, the questions of the extent to which their content moderating models are conducive to the implementation of public access to information and fundamental freedoms are becoming increasingly important. Facebook, Instagram, Tumblr as well as Twitter and other social media platforms have been recently criticised for censorship of user-generated content. This article looks at the controversy surrounding these policies from the property rights perspective —focusing on the role which property rights play in securing the freedom of expression. By recognising the owners’ right to control the legitimately owned property, I conclude that social media are not engaged in “censorship” —they merely exercise property rights. There is a difference between a private platform refusing to carry someone’s ideas on their property and a government prohibiting from speaking on a legitimately owned property.
 Keywords: SDG 16.10, freedom of expression, censorship, social media, property rights.
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Siroda, Sati, and Jūlija Surikova. "Does the Dependence of Brand Voice on AI Restrict Freedom of Expression in Social Media?" ACTA PROSPERITATIS 14, no. 1 (2023): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37804/1691-6077-2023-14-155-165.
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Abstract With the advent of social media and a unique brand voice, brand communications frequently employ artificial intelligence (AI) to facilitate timely interactions across the many channels of communication, and often integrate communications. This research seeks to investigate the influence of an AI-regulated brand voice on the freedom of expression (FOE) when communicating on social media. A qualitative research design is implemented based on content analysis. The research gap was identified by reviewing the role of brand voice using AI, the application of AI to monitor freedom of expression, and the study of integrating FOE in brand voice generation using AI. Various case studies were used to conclude that AI-regulated brand voice has a substantial impact on the freedom of expression on social media, which is frequently governed by privacy rules. This study establishes that a brand’s communication in its social media portfolio is governed by national and international laws that regulate freedom of expression and thus have legal implications. This study suggests that AI must be fed information to prevent content such as hate speech, bullying, and so on, and produce a brand voice with checkpoints for human validation and verification to maintain general societal decorum.
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Seleoane, M. "Freedom of expression: a comparative analysis." Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 23, no. 2 (2002): 232–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/ajs.23.2.232.
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Kenyon, Andrew T., Eva-Maria Svensson, and Maria Edström. "Building and Sustaining Freedom of Expression." Nordicom Review 38, no. 1 (2017): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nor-2016-0043.
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AbstractAlthough countries protect and promote freedom of expression in different ways, free speech can be understood to have two basic aspects in democratic constitutional systems: non-censorship and diversity of voices. This article examines how the approach to free speech in Sweden contains both these aspects. Selected comparisons with the US First Amendment, and German broadcasting law, indicate the value in the Swedish approach but also reveal challenges that it faces if free speech’s dual aspects are not clearly recognised – a danger that some contemporary statements suggests is real. Articulating free speech in terms of both non-censorship and diversity may aid Swedish parliamentary processes to uphold important structural aspects of the freedom, but it would also bring into focus larger questions about the limits of parliamentary processesalonein building a viable system of freedom of expression for the future.
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Mijović, Ljiljana. "Internet and freedom of expression in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad 54, no. 3 (2020): 1023–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfns54-24432.
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Internet as a means of communication, whatever the type of information it might be used for, falls within the exercise of the right to freedom of expression, as guaranteed by Article 10 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. As established in the European Court's case law, freedom of expression constitutes one of the essentials of a democratic society, therefore limitations on that freedom foreseen in Article 10 § 2 of the Convention are to be interpreted strictly. In order to ensure effective protection of one's freedom of expression on the Internet, States bear a positive obligation to create an appropriate regulatory framework, balancing the right to freedom of expression on one and the limitations prescribed in Article 10 § 2, on the other hand. Special attention in doing so is to be paid to the risk of harm posed by content and communications on the Internet to the exercise and enjoyment of other human rights and freedoms guaranteed by the European Convention, particularly the right to respect for private life. While it is the fact that the electronic network, serving billions of users worldwide, will never be subject to the same regulations and control, because of the national authorities' margin of appreciation, the European Court established commonly applicable general principles regarding the Internet as a media of exercising right to freedom of expression.
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Coe, Peter. "New media and freedom of expression." Journal of Media Law 11, no. 2 (2019): 163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17577632.2019.1708010.
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Francisquini, Renato. "Freedom of Expression and Communicative Equality." Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science 23 (June 30, 2014): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22151/politikon.23.2.
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This paper addresses the normative issue of free speech within the landscape of democratic societies where the mediated form of communication appears as a central feature. Contemporary discussions about free speech tend assimilate press freedom to a notion of freedom of expression as a negative liberty, so repudiating every single regulation to the mass media. In opposition to that line of thought, I argue that media freedom cannot be justified by analogy with negative liberty. The most convincing justification for the principle of freedom of expression relies on the idea of the fair value of communicative liberties, or the idea that society must assure fair opportunities for the exercise of communication. Following this account, I affirm that the institutions responsible for mediating the expressive acts should be structured in a way that contributes, at once, to individual self-determination and collective self-government.
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Evans, Malcolm. "The political cartoonist’s right to freedom of expression." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 10, no. 2 (2004): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v10i2.805.
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On 11 August 2003, after producing some 1600 cartoons, Malcolm Evans was controversially dismissed from his position as editorial cartoonist at The New Zealand Herald because he had refused to accept that the editor had the right to dictate the subjects he might address. This invited commentary for Pacific Journalism Review is published to further debate. Evans argues: ‘While I have always respected the editor’s right to reject a cartoon, he can never have the right to direct it – an understanding that was mutually agreed as a condition of my hire when I took the Herald job six years earlier. Rejection is an editor’s prerogative – direction is censorship. Although I have moved on personally as a professional cartoonist, I am concerned that the precedent set has the potential to affect the work of others.’
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Freedom of expression and communication"
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Wang, Qinqin. "The Understanding of Absolute Right to Freedom of Expression in the Case of Hate Speech." Scholar Commons, 2018. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7240.
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The purpose of this paper is to explore whether there is an absolute right to freedom of expression with regard to hate speech, and more specifically, whether tolerance should be exercised toward speech even in circumstances where this speech presents a clear and present danger to the public. The author will use legal research methods to analyze this question. The paper will delve into four major Supreme Court cases in the case of hate speech, as well as the decision by the Virginia Court that allowed the rally in Charlottesville which ended with the death of 32-year old woman. The aim is to determine how the Supreme Court has looked at hateful expression over the years and the status of hate speech in America today. The four major cases are Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969), National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie (1977), R.A.V v. City of St. Paul (1992), and Virginia v. Black (2003). Although the case of Kessler v. Charlottesville (2017) is not a Supreme Court case, its significance in relation to the right to freedom of expression is no less than those precedent four cases. This incident and related legal cases bring the concerns about hate speech and the constitutional right to freedom of expression directly into the public discourse.
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Svernlöv, Oscar. "Media in transition : The cost of increased freedom of expression in Ethiopia." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, JMK, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-183178.
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This thesis aims to portray the professional challenges for journalists in the private Ethiopian media sphere during a time of historical political change. Several liberal reforms have been enacted since the inauguration of Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed in 2018. Journalists have been released from prison, numerous websites have been unblocked and government intervention of independent media actors has declined. However, these changes are not without new challenges. The study uses qualitative, in-depth interviews with several key actors in the private media sector as the method of data collection and numerous findings that describe the new situation for journalists surfaced. While the interviewees commonly perceived an increase in media freedom and decrease in government threats, other challenges remain, and new ones have appeared. The data indicate that there are still considerable difficulties in accessing government information, as well as a significant uncertainty as to whether the transition will occur, as new media laws have yet to be put in place. The most prevalent finding was, however, the distinct and unanimous shift in perceived threats towards journalists. As government intervention has declined, public unrest and intimidations have increased to the point where several of the respondents no longer felt safe reporting from to certain geographical areas in the country. The investigation concludes that there is a need for further research into the often profound impact that political developments have on journalistic practice in sub-Saharan countries, as well as the impact of sudden increases in freedom of expression in countries with a history of heavily censored authoritarian leadership.
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Reineke, Jason Bernard. "Support for censorship, family communication, family values, and political ideology." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1216823927.
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Tabbara, Tarik. "Electronic mass media and freedom of expression in Germany, the United States and Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27467.
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This thesis examines the constitutional guarantee of freedom of expression as applied to electronic mass media. It compares the different approaches adopted in Germany, the United States and Canada. After an overview of freedom of expression doctrine in general and the main features of the regulation of electronic mass media the rationalization of this regulation in freedom of expression doctrine is analyzed.<br>The focus of this analysis is how electronic mass media have changed the traditional understanding of fundamental rights and freedoms as purely negative individual guarantees. This change occasions and necessitates a closer look at governmental regulation and the role of the state, and the different conceptions of freedom of expression that can be used to justify it.
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Lucchi, Nicola. "The role of Internet access in enabling individual’s rights and freedoms." Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Redovisning och Rättsvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-21576.
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The paper discusses the scientific and policy debate as to whether access to the Internet can be considered so fundamental for human interaction as to deserve a special legal protection. In particular, it examines the impact of computer-mediated communication on the realization of individual’s rights and freedoms as well as on democratization processes. It then considers how Internet content governance is posing regulatory issues directly related to the growing importance of an equitable access to digital information. In this regard, the paper looks at conflicts arising within the systems of rights and obligations attached to communication (and especially content provision) over the Internet. The paper finally concludes by identifying emerging tensions and drawing out the implications for the nature and definitions of rights (e.g. of communication and access, but also of intellectual property ownership) and for regulations and actions taken to protect, promote or qualify those rights. All these points are illustrated by a series of recent examples.
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GOMES, Raimunda Aline Lucena. "A liberdade de expressão e o direito humano à comunicação na América Latina: a garantia formal e as suas contradições." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2015. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/17147.
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Previous issue date: 2015-06-18<br>A presente pesquisa investiga o processo de garantia formal do Direito humano à comunicação na América Latina e suas contradições, a partir da experiência de sete Países da União das Nações Sul-Americanas (UNASUL) - Argentina, Bolívia, Brasil, Chile, Equador, Uruguai e Venezuela - com foco nas relações entre Estado, política, liberdade, comunicação, radiodifusão e Direitos Humanos. Para isto, empreende-se um estudo aprofundado sobre o conceito da comunicação como direito humano e suas relações com o conceito da liberdade de expressão; uma análise sobre as legislações de radiodifusão dos Países investigados, nas décadas de 1980, 1990 e 2000; como também das recomendações presentes nos Relatórios Anuais da Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos e da Relatoria Especial para a Liberdade de Expressão. A pesquisa trabalha com autores da Comunicação Social, bem como da interdisciplinaridade desta com outras áreas do conhecimento das Ciências Sociais. Tem como orientação epistêmica o pensamento crítico, portanto a dimensão sócio-histórica e o método de análise dialético, com ênfase na produção de conhecimento da América Latina sobre a América Latina, do Sul sobre o Sul. A investigação igualmente estabelece como marco teórico os estudos críticos que problematizam o conceito de público, privado e estatal, aplicado às políticas e sistemas de comunicação, e valem-se da análise dialética para identificar as condições políticas, econômicas, sociais e culturais que atuam no processo de garantia formal dos Direitos Humanos, especificamente do direito humano à comunicação. A garantia formal do direito humano à comunicação, no entanto, não é uma questão simplesmente técnica/jurídica. A invisibilidade e o silêncio desse direito no discurso do marco legal de proteção dos Direitos Humanos e nas legislações nacionais de radiodifusão implicam condicionamentos a outras dimensões da vida social, política, cultural e econômica.<br>This research investigates the formal assurance process of the human right due to the Communication in Latin America from the seven countries experience the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), focusing on the relationship between state, politics, freedom, communication, broadcasting and Human Rights. For this, it undertakes-one depth study of the concept of communication as a human right and its relations with the concept of freedom of expression; an analysis of the laws of broadcasting of the countries, in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s; as also an investigation of these recommendations in the Commission's Annual Reports Commission on Human Rights - Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression (81 documentary files). The research worked with authors Social communication and interdisciplinarity of this to other areas of knowledge of Social Sciences. Its orientation epistemological thought critical, so the socio-historical dimension and the dialectical method of analysis, with emphasis in knowledge production in Latin America on Latin America, South on South. The research also sets a theoretical framework the critical studies problematize the concept of public, private and state, applied to policies and systems communication, and worth-the dialectical analysis to identify the political, economic and cultural operating in the formal assurance process Rights Human, specifically the human right to communication.
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Araújo, Marilene. "A liberdade de expressão e o pluralismo no constitucionalismo contemporâneo." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6969.
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Previous issue date: 2016-01-26<br>Summary: No pluralism there is no effective exercise of the right to freedom of expression,
being the regular law such freedom via constitutional system. The law, communication and
human sociality are inextricably linked. Humanity without communicational interactions can
not exist. The very human dignity is only possible with the preservation of freedom and
communication, and freedom of expression appears as power to act human. In social terms the
various networks of conversations where emerging culture means that there is a plurality of
opinion, cultures. The more free speech, more plurality and the more plurality, more freedom
of expression. It is a circular and complex way. Freedom of expression currently understood
is a construct and not a given post. Greece was the right to speak in the Agora. A revolution of
the media does this freedom go through the emergence of the press and the revolutions of the
eighteenth century. The result is positivization this freedom through international and
constitutional documents. A second revolution is the technology of electromagnetic waves
and the emergence of radio and television, once again the law regulates via grants system and
the public service institute. Constitutions and American, French and German jurisprudence
buildings bring notions of freedom of expression from the perspective of pluralism. Similarly,
the European and American human rights protection system does. The Brazil supported in its
constitution and in international treaties have a protection system which includes the freedom
of expression and pluralism, but still faces problems for the realization of this right. The
challenges are many, because now comes a third revolution of the medium with the arrival of
the internet, the market players. But any proposal must pass the non divisibility of social and
individual sphere. The law can regulate and carry out increasingly setting such freedom,
punishing, rewarding and offering subsidies for realization of freedom of expression<br>Sem pluralismo não há efetivo exercício do direito a liberdade de expressão, cabendo ao
Direito regular tal liberdade via sistema constitucional. O Direito, a comunicação e a
socialidade humana são indissociável. A humanidade sem interações comunicacionais não
pode existir. A própria dignidade humana só é possível com a preservação da liberdade e da
comunicação, sendo que a liberdade de expressão aparece como potência de agir do humano.
No plano social as várias redes de conversações onde emergem a cultura faz com que haja a
pluralidade de opinião, culturas. Quanto mais liberdade de expressão, mais pluralidade e
quanto mais pluralidade, mais liberdade de expressão. É um caminho circular e complexo. A
liberdade de expressão atualmente entendida é um construir e não um dado posto. Na Grécia
era o direito à palavra na Ágora. A revolução dos meios de comunicação faz essa liberdade
passar pelo surgimento da imprensa escrita e as revoluções do século XVIII. O resultado é a
positivação desta liberdade por meio de documentos internacionais e constitucionais. Uma
segunda revolução é a tecnologia das ondas eletromagnética e o surgimento do rádio e a
televisão, mais uma vez o Direito regula via sistema de outorgas e o instituto do serviço
público. Constituições e construções jurisprudências americana, francesa e alemã trazem
noções da liberdade de expressão sob a perspectiva do pluralismo. Na mesma linha, o sistema
de proteção de direitos humanos europeu e americano o faz. O Brasil apoiado em sua
constituição e em tratados internacionais tem um sistema de proteção que contempla a
liberdade de expressão e o pluralismo, porém ainda convive com problemáticas para a
efetivação deste direito. Os desafios são muitos, porque agora surge uma terceira revolução do
meio com a chegada da internet, os agentes do mercado. Mas qualquer proposta deve passar
pela não divisibilidade da esfera social e individual. O Direito pode regular e efetivar cada vez
mais tal liberdade configurando, sancionando, premiando e ofertando subsídios para
efetivação da liberdade de expressão
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Lima, Cláudia do Carmo Nonato. "Jornalistas, blogueiros, migrantes da comunicação: em busca de novos arranjos econômicos para o trabalho jornalístico com maior autonomia e liberdade de expressão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/27/27152/tde-26062015-112522/.
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Esta tese investiga e procura responder a duas hipóteses de pesquisa: a) Os profissionais do jornalismo estão migrando das mídias tradicionais (impresso, rádio e TV) para novas mídias, principalmente para os blogs. b) Os jornalistas adotaram e estão migrando para os blogs em busca de maior autonomia, independência, liberdade de expressão e realização profissional. O referencial teórico que orientou este estudo conceitua o trabalho e a comunicação como atividade humana, ergológica (Schwartz), constitutiva da ontologia do ser social (Marx). O trabalho jornalístico é abordado a partir desse referencial teórico, para destacar como os processos produtivos nessa área profissional foram transformados pelas tecnologias, técnicas e organização diferenciadas das rotinas produtivas. Toma-se o conceito clássico de jornalismo e de sua deontologia e analisa-se seu desenvolvimento ao longo do século XX e início de XXI à luz das mudanças ocorridas a partir da globalização, do mundo do trabalho do jornalista e da organização das empresas de comunicação na contemporaneidade. Os valores humanistas que fundam o campo jornalístico são questionados em relação aos valores da sociedade de consumo, da informação e do espetáculo. Do ponto de vista metodológico, os procedimentos são: levantamento bibliográfico pertinente aos conceitos envolvidos e, também, o estudo empírico de casos e a observação de jornalistas experientes que migraram para os blogs como nova opção profissional. Como resultado, foi constatado que os jornalistas migraram para os blogs em busca de autonomia, entre outros motivos, mas encontraram obstáculos que os impede de exercer a plena liberdade de expressão no novo meio, como o cerceamento financeiro e o judicial. Além disso, estão em busca de novos arranjos econômicos que possibilite o pleno exercício da profissão nos blogs.<br>This thesis investigates and seeks to answer two research hypotheses: a) The journalism professionals are migrating from traditional media (print, radio and TV) to new media, especially for blogs. b) Journalists have adopted and are migrating to blogs in search of greater autonomy, independence, freedom of expression and professional achievement. The theoretical framework that guided this study conceptualizes the work and communication as a human activity, ergologic (Schwartz), a constituent of the ontology of social being (Marx). The journalistic work is approached from this theoretical framework, to highlight how the production processes in this professional area were transformed by technology, techniques and differentiated organization of productive routines. One takes the classical concept of journalism and its ethics and analyzes its development throughout the twentieth century and early twenty-first in the light of the changes brought about by the globalization, the journalist\'s job in the world and the organization of communication companies in the contemporaneity. The humanist values that founded the journalistic field are questioned in relation to the values of the consumer society, information and spectacle. From a methodological point of view, the procedures are: relevant literature to concepts involved and also the empirical case studies and observation of experienced journalists who migrated to blogs as a new career option. As a result, it was found that journalists migrated to the blogs in search of independence, among other reasons, but found obstacles that prevent them from exercising full freedom of expression in the new medium, as the financial restriction and the judicial. They are also looking for new economic arrangements that will allow the full exercise of the profession in blogs.
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Weston, Mindy. "The Right to Be Forgotten: Analyzing Conflicts Between Free Expression and Privacy Rights." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6453.
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As modern technology continues to affect civilization, the issue of electronic rights grows in a global conversation. The right to be forgotten is a data protection regulation specific to the European Union but its consequences are creating an international stir in the fields of mass communication and law. Freedom of expression and privacy rights are both founding values of the United States which are protected by constitutional amendments written before the internet also changed those fields. In a study that analyzes the legal process of when these two fundamental values collide, this research offers insight into both personal and judicial views of informational priority. This thesis conducts a legal analysis of cases that cite the infamous precedents of Melvin v. Reid and Sidis v. F-R Pub. Corp., to examine the factors on which U.S. courts of law determinewhether freedom or privacy rules.
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Mudawi, Abuobeida A. "A Virtual Ethnographic Study of Online Communication and Democratic Behavior in the Sudan's Diaspora." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1448971939.
Pełny tekst źródłaKsiążki na temat "Freedom of expression and communication"
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Sturges, Paul. Freedom of expression and the communication networks. Council of Europe, 1998.
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Heuer, Pierre. Les libertés de communication en Espagne: Convergences et divergences avec le droit suisse. P. Lang, 2002.
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Peter, Desbarats, Paré Michèle 1935-, and ORBICOM, eds. Freedom of expression and new information technologies. IQ, 1998.
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France. Conseil d'Etat. Assemblée générale. and France. Conseil d'Etat. Section du rapport et des études., eds. Inventaire méthodique et codification du droit de la communication: Étude adoptée par l'Assemblée générale du Conseil d'état le 9 février 2006. Documentation française, 2006.
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Freedom of expression in the American military: A communication modeling analysis. Praeger, 1989.
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Barry, Bruce. Speechless: The erosion of free expression in the American workplace. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc., 2007.
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La liberté de la communication audiovisuelle au début du 21e siècle. INA, 2013.
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Exploring communication law: A Socratic approach. Allyn and Bacon, 2008.
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Africa Community Publishing and Development Trust. and Media Institute of Southern Africa., eds. Follow the river and you will reach the sea: Community views on communication. Africa Community Pub. and Development Trust with the Media Institute of Southern Africa, 2004.
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Bello, Universidad Católica Andrés, ed. Comunicación y libertad. Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, 2005.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Freedom of expression and communication"
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Hungwe, Brian. "Fake News Versus Freedom of Expression." In Communication Rights in Africa. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003388289-14.
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Kulesza, Joanna. "Human Rights and Social Media: Challenges and Opportunities for Human Rights Education." In Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_8.
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AbstractSocial media and freedom of expression are intentionally ambiguous terms. Their meaning and scope change along with societies and the technologies they use. It is primarily for this reason that disinformation is a growing challenge faced by all forms of social media and its users. The fine line between freedom of expression and political propaganda raises increasing concerns during international unrest and hybrid threats. States and businesses strive to address this challenge promptly and effectively. Yet, the dogmatic distinction between free expression and journalistic due care must be made aware of the myriad new media channels and evolving means of communication. In 2022, the European Union proposed the Code of Practice on Disinformation (European Commission, 2022)—a nonbinding set of practical guidelines to support social media platforms to eliminate harmful online communications.
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Hardy, Jonathan. "Marketing communications and media." In The Routledge Companion to Freedom of Expression and Censorship. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429262067-37.
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Pöyhtäri, Reeta, Riku Neuvonen, Marko Ala-Fossi, Katja Lehtisaari, and Jockum Hildén. "Nordic Illusion and Challenges for Epistemic Rights in the Era of Digital Media." In Epistemic Rights in the Era of Digital Disruption. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45976-4_12.
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AbstractThe Nordic countries have been observed to have developed similar media and communications policies and communication rights. However, for historical reasons, the practical implementations of media policies and regulations in these countries also differ. The consequences of these varying implementations are especially observable in responses to current digital challenges. This chapter contributes to the study of epistemic rights by presenting three case studies that explore freedom of speech and dialogue, as well as Nordic countries’ responses to these issues through regulation and other media policy measures. While legislation values freedom of expression and dialogue, in practice, these principles can only be applied under favourable conditions. Support for epistemic rights is, therefore, continuously needed.
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Jougleux, Philippe. "Is EU Copyright Law a Danger to Online Freedom of Expression?" In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71117-1_9.
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McGonagle, Tarlach. "(Re-)casting Epistemic Rights as Human Rights: Conceptual Conundrums for the Council of Europe." In Epistemic Rights in the Era of Digital Disruption. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45976-4_5.
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AbstractThe Council of Europe has developed an elaborate system for the protection of human rights across its 46 Member States. Its centrepiece is the European Convention on Human Rights—Europe’s most important human rights treaty. The system offers strong protection for the rights to freedom of expression and participation in public debate. These rights, which concern freedom of expression, information, and communication and the integrity of the processes leading to the creation and dissemination of content and knowledge, have clear epistemic underpinnings. But the Council of Europe has yet to set out a comprehensive, coherent vision of the epistemic dimension to these rights. The Council, and in particular its judicial organ, the European Court of Human Rights, has so far addressed epistemic aspects of human rights in an incidental way. This chapter explores the epistemic values that help shape expressive and participatory rights, enquiring whether a re-conceptualisation of epistemic rights as human rights could strengthen the human rights that they already appear to inform. The Council of Europe has been selected as a case-study for this exploratory analysis due to its well-developed regulatory and policy framework. The framework is sufficiently concrete and coherent to allow reflection on the practical implications of the proposed re-conceptualisation.
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Malinen, Sanna, Aki Koivula, Teo Keipi, and Arttu Saarinen. "Shedding Light on People’s Social Media Concerns Through Political Party Preference, Media Trust, and Immigration Attitudes." In Europe in the Age of Post-Truth Politics. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13694-8_10.
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AbstractThe emergence of fake news has systematically challenged traditional media institutions as disinformation and misinformation are increasingly utilised in political attacks on social media. As in many countries, also in Finland, the emergence of current counter media sites is closely connected to the rise of the anti-immigration movement, and immigration policies and immigrants have been targets of the massive social media disinformation and misinformation campaigns. By employing a nationally representative survey (N = 3724) from Finland, this study investigates how three social-media-related concerns addressing misinformation and disinformation are explained by political party preferences, media trust, and immigration attitudes. We found that the supporters of the populist party, the Finns, had more critical views on freedom of expression and monitoring of hateful content on social media. Moreover, they were less concerned with the flow of fake news on social media. Based on mediation analysis, we found that trust in traditional media and attitudes on immigration are lowest among the supporters of the Finns, which also explained their different views on fake news, freedom of expression and hateful content monitoring. Even though the independent variables were highly inter-correlated, they also associated individually with social media users’ perceptions. We argue that the accumulation of negative immigration attitudes and low trust in the media is reflecting attitudes towards social media among the supporters of populist parties. The results underline the populist right-wing communication strategy, which questions the reliability of mainstream media, undermines professional journalism, criticises political correctness, and appeals to those who are most frustrated with mainstream media and critical towards immigration.
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Lull, James. "Expression." In Evolutionary Communication. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429456879-4.
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Spitzer, Matthew L. "Freedom of Expression." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-74173-1_155.
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Scriven, Michael. "Freedom of Expression." In Sartre and the Media. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23081-5_7.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Freedom of expression and communication"
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Indra Dewi, Sulih, Dinar Primasti, and Akhirul Aminulloh. "Social Media, Awkarin Phenomenon and the Freedom of Expression Among Teenaged Girls." In International Post-Graduate Conference on Media and Communication. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0007329003330338.
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Mistrik, Milos. "The Regulation of Freedom of Expression in TV Broadcasting." In Annual International Conference on Journalism & Mass Communications (JMComm 2016). Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2301-3710_jmcomm16.54.
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Jurečková, Lucie. "Bezdůvodně urážlivý projev dotýkající se náboženského cítění věřících a zvolený způsob komunikace." In Naděje právní vědy 2022. University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/zcu.nadeje.2022.175-182.
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In the context of the Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria case, the paper describes the importance of the chosen method of communication with the addressees of the speech when assessing statements hurting the religious feelings of believers. In particular, it points to the need to prioritize the protection of the religious feelings of believers over the protection of freedom of expression only if there are sufficient and relevant reasons for this. The mere use of language that can be perceived as a malicious violation of the spirit of tolerance is not a criterion capable of leading to a restriction of the freedom guaranteed by Article 10 of the ECHR. Otherwise, there could be serious interference with freedom of expression with negative consequences for democracy.
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GOLUBIȚCHI, Silvia. "Producing oral messages – modality of achieving oral communication in primary classes." In Ştiință și educație: noi abordări și perspective. "Ion Creanga" State Pedagogical University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46727/c.v2.24-25-03-2023.p298-302.
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Communication is carried out in all circumstances, we mean both received and transmitted messages. Oral communication is characterized by freedom of expression, the possibility of corrections and repetitions, the use of non-verbal or paraverbal codes, spontaneous construction, the obvious subjectivism of speech, the possibility of deviation from correct speech. Students must produce oral messages that are correct in terms of content as well as form, representing the neatest appearance. The oral message represents an act of communication, which is initiated with a specific purpose, among which: we want to attract attention, we want to impose our point of view, we direct the discussion or the attention to something specific - all carried out in the context of monologue, dialogue and descriptive communication.
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Sangadzhieva, Valentina Badmaevna, and Tsagan Nimaevna Ayushova. "PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES OF INTERACTIVE LEARNING IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY OF HUMANITIES AS A FACTOR OF SPIRITUAL AND MORAL EDUCATION OF STUDENTS." In Themed collection of papers from Foreign International Scientific Conference «Trends in the development of science and Global challenges» Ьу НNRI «National development» in cooperation with AFP. April 2023. - Managua (Nicaragua). Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/230415.2023.70.93.018.
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This article analyzes the use of forms of interactive learning at lectures and seminars as part of the study of students of humanities disciplines on the example of two groups of pedagogical direction. The authors of the article presented the results of pedagogical technologies of interactive learning, which provide motivation, communication, freedom of expression, democracy, creativity, contribute to the spiritual and moral education of students.
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Kochetkova, Anna Sergeevna, and Tatyana Vasilievna Korotaeva. "SIGNIFICANCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL WORK WITH DEVIANT TEENAGERS." In Russian science: actual researches and developments. Samara State University of Economics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/russian.science-2020.03-1-323/325.
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Social realities are formed in such a way that the slogans of freedom and self-expression, success and achievements, which cannot be realized by an individual, are actively being introduced into the consciousness of an individual, using the means of mass communication. This often leads to deviant ways of self-realization, building psychological defense systems. Severe environmental conditions, weakening of group relationships give rise to anxiety, frustration, stress and distress in a person, which are overcome in part of society by violating generally accepted norms of behavior, aggression, illegal actions, and the formation of a specific subculture
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Valkanova, Vesselina. "Visual Communication Online – Design Trends and Perspectives of Media in a Digital Environment." In COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA OF THE 21ST CENTURY: EDUCATIONAL AND PROFESSIONAL CHALLENGES. Faculty of Journalism and Mass Communication, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.60060/ijpn4562.
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The nature of visual communication and the ways in which the media address their audiences is changed from the functioning of the media in a digital environment. In the new user situation, the design is called to serve the reader’s control, their independence and freedom of use, therefore it is necessary to offer the contents in the most flexible form possible. It is pointed out in the article that communication design is a strategy for giving certain forms of representation to all the functional changes that traditional journalism has undergone in recent years. In the end, it is concluded that designers because of and with technology will gain new, powerful and expressive ways to build, share and influence visions.
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Smetanin, S. I. "TOXIC COMMENTS DETECTION IN RUSSIAN." In International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies "Dialogue". Russian State University for the Humanities, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2075-7182-2020-19-1149-1159.
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Currently, social network sites tend to be one of the major communication platforms in both offline and online space. Freedom of expression of various points of view, including toxic, aggressive, and abusive comments, might have a long-term negative impact on people’s opinions and social cohesion. As a consequence, the ability to automatically identify and moderate toxic content on the Internet to eliminate the negative consequences is one of the necessary tasks for modern society. This paper aims at the automatic detection of toxic comments in the Russian language. As a source of data, we utilized anonymously published Kaggle dataset and additionally validated its annotation quality. To build a classification model, we performed fine-tuning of two versions of Multilingual Universal Sentence Encoder, Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers, and ruBERT. Finetuned RuBERT achieved F1 = 92.20%, demonstrating the best classification score. We made trained models and code samples publicly available to the research community.
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Costovici (Mema), Denisa-Atena. "Ethics in Cyberspace – Dangers and Threats." In 2nd International Conference Global Ethics - Key of Sustainability (GEKoS). LUMEN Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/gekos2021/6.
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Rapid technology development and easy access to virtual space was directly proportional to the proliferation of multiple categories of network users and consumers. This contemporary reality has contributed to the emergence of the illusion of unrestricted accessibility of the online environment and the permissiveness of expression “no matter what”. The cyberspace draws a thin line between freedom of expression and violation of behavioural norms toward others. In order to mitigate the behaviours that transcend ethical boundaries, a series of basic conditions of use and restrictions have been legislated (mainly crimes related to threats and illegal content shared in the virtual world) which do not include all the situations encountered in practice. Given the cyberspace dimension, prevalent in most civilized areas of the planet, as a means and method of intercultural communication, ethical standards should be standardized and applied uniformly. This research paper is an attempt to objectively address the issues of standards and ethical values on the Web, with reference to cyber terrorism, groups of organized crime, hacktivism and states’ implication and responsibility. The main hypothesis of the research emphasizes that the information society requires the creation and enforcement of new laws, because it coexists in a completely new environment - the Network. Referring to the Network links, it is a fact that it cannot be kept safer against unauthorized access, without the application of adequate security measures and techniques. This research paper aims to shed the light on the dangers and threats that challenges the information society thought cyberspace.
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Allison, Brian, and Goldie Nejat. "An Expressive Socially Assistive Robot for Health-Care Applications." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-50082.
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It is anticipated that the use of assistive robots will be one of the most important service applications of robotic systems of the future. In this paper, a unique non-contact socially assistive robot consisting of a human-like demeanor is presented for utilization in hospital wards and veteran homes to study its role and impact on the well-being of patients, addressing patient’s needs and its overall effect on the quality of patient care. The robot will be an embodied entity that will participate in hands-off non-contact social interaction with a patient during the convalescence, rehabilitation or end-of-life care stage. The robot has been designed as a platform to incorporate the three design parameters of embodiment, emotion and non-verbal communication to encourage natural interactions between a person and itself. In this paper, we present the mechanical design of the robot. The robot is able to communicate via: (i) a unique human-like face with artificial skin that utilizes the modeling of muscles of a human face to express facial expressions, (ii) a 3 degrees-of-freedom (DOF) neck capable of expressing head gestures, and (iii) an upper torso consisting of a 2 DOF waist and two 4 DOF arms designed to mimic human-like body language.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Freedom of expression and communication"
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Yatsymirska, Mariya. SOCIAL EXPRESSION IN MULTIMEDIA TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11072.
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The article investigates functional techniques of extralinguistic expression in multimedia texts; the effectiveness of figurative expressions as a reaction to modern events in Ukraine and their influence on the formation of public opinion is shown. Publications of journalists, broadcasts of media resonators, experts, public figures, politicians, readers are analyzed. The language of the media plays a key role in shaping the worldview of the young political elite in the first place. The essence of each statement is a focused thought that reacts to events in the world or in one’s own country. The most popular platform for mass information and social interaction is, first of all, network journalism, which is characterized by mobility and unlimited time and space. Authors have complete freedom to express their views in direct language, including their own word formation. Phonetic, lexical, phraseological and stylistic means of speech create expression of the text. A figurative word, a good aphorism or proverb, a paraphrased expression, etc. enhance the effectiveness of a multimedia text. This is especially important for headlines that simultaneously inform and influence the views of millions of readers. Given the wide range of issues raised by the Internet as a medium, research in this area is interdisciplinary. The science of information, combining language and social communication, is at the forefront of global interactions. The Internet is an effective source of knowledge and a forum for free thought. Nonlinear texts (hypertexts) – «branching texts or texts that perform actions on request», multimedia texts change the principles of information collection, storage and dissemination, involving billions of readers in the discussion of global issues. Mastering the word is not an easy task if the author of the publication is not well-read, is not deep in the topic, does not know the psychology of the audience for which he writes. Therefore, the study of media broadcasting is an important component of the professional training of future journalists. The functions of the language of the media require the authors to make the right statements and convincing arguments in the text. Journalism education is not only knowledge of imperative and dispositive norms, but also apodictic ones. In practice, this means that there are rules in media creativity that are based on logical necessity. Apodicticity is the first sign of impressive language on the platform of print or electronic media. Social expression is a combination of creative abilities and linguistic competencies that a journalist realizes in his activity. Creative self-expression is realized in a set of many important factors in the media: the choice of topic, convincing arguments, logical presentation of ideas and deep philological education. Linguistic art, in contrast to painting, music, sculpture, accumulates all visual, auditory, tactile and empathic sensations in a universal sign – the word. The choice of the word for the reproduction of sensory and semantic meanings, its competent use in the appropriate context distinguishes the journalist-intellectual from other participants in forums, round tables, analytical or entertainment programs. Expressive speech in the media is a product of the intellect (ability to think) of all those who write on socio-political or economic topics. In the same plane with him – intelligence (awareness, prudence), the first sign of which (according to Ivan Ogienko) is a good knowledge of the language. Intellectual language is an important means of organizing a journalistic text. It, on the one hand, logically conveys the author’s thoughts, and on the other – encourages the reader to reflect and comprehend what is read. The richness of language is accumulated through continuous self-education and interesting communication. Studies of social expression as an important factor influencing the formation of public consciousness should open up new facets of rational and emotional media broadcasting; to trace physical and psychological reactions to communicative mimicry in the media. Speech mimicry as one of the methods of disguise is increasingly becoming a dangerous factor in manipulating the media. Mimicry is an unprincipled adaptation to the surrounding social conditions; one of the most famous examples of an animal characterized by mimicry (change of protective color and shape) is a chameleon. In a figurative sense, chameleons are called adaptive journalists. Observations show that mimicry in politics is to some extent a kind of game that, like every game, is always conditional and artificial.
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Solomin, Eugen. SOVIET-RUSSIAN PROPAGANDA AS A WAY TO PROMOTE NARRATIVES AND INTERFERE IN THE INFORMATION SPACE: REGIONAL ASPECT. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2024.54-55.12152.
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The article updates the activities of regional broadcasters in the information space of the Luhansk region, where numerous enemy information attacks preceded the invasion of the Russian occupation forces. Main objective of the study - mass media activities of the Luhansk region’s television companies in the pre-war and post-war periods and the specifics of the integration of the (pro) Russian agenda into the region’s information space. The study was done out using a descriptive, classification, comparative-historical method, which made it possible to consider the regional telespace in the context of historical transformations and highlight stages in development, identify system-forming factors, which made it possible to move from the consideration of certain elements to the analysis of the system. Conclusions. The mass communication activities of the Luhansk region’s television companies in different historical periods have shown their ability to maintain the regional media field, the diversity and variety of content. However, the media sphere was not devoid of Soviet party ideology (1958-1991), with its subsequent post-Soviet modification and political layering (1991-2004) of anti-Ukrainian forces; with the saturation (2004-2014) of the information space with non-Ukrainian information flows and the promotion of symbols, worldview and philosophical concepts of the updated Soviet ideology – the «Russkiy mir» and its further functioning (2014-2022) in the conditions of real military operations in the East of Ukraine. Significance. During the ongoing war, Ukraine’s experience can be used in research on Russian information interference, inciting enmity, hatred between peoples, promoting narratives in the Ukrainian and international information space, verifying the criteria for distinguishing between information destructive to democracy and a valid expression of freedom of speech, and creating an international platform for exchange information about threats, misinformation, narratives and their rapid leveling. Keywords: regional television, information war, media space, content, information flows, hybrid war.
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Audrine, Pingkan, and Indra Setiawan. Impact of Indonesia's Content Moderation Regulation on Freedom of Expression. Center for Indonesian Policy Studies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35497/347642.
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Sandoval-Martín, T., and L. Nachawati-Rego. Journalists honored by the Index on Censorship: the fight for freedom of expression in the post-Arab Spring era. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2018-1294en.
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Iffat, Idris. Trends in Conflict and Stability in the Indo-Pacific. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.009.
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This report looks at trends in conflict and instability in the Indo-Pacific region, focusing on climate change effects and a number of civil liberties. The Indo-Pacific region is both highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change and already facing significant security risks and challenges, many of which will be exacerbated by the impact of climate change. There are notable increases in resource-based conflicts, migration-induced violence, and armed insurgencies. The countries reviewed all show worrying trends in terms of erosion of freedom of expression, media freedom, freedom of belief, and civil society freedom. The situation in Bangladesh and India is particularly serious and is already fuelling violence and conflict. The two themes on which the Emerging Issues Report (EIR) focuses are (i) climate change and (ii) guarding civil space and including all voices. The EIR examines these two themes in five Indo-Pacific countries: Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand. These were chosen to give a broad range of situations and challenges/risks from the region. Note that this EIR is confined to an assessment of conflict risks and does not examine measures being taken by the government or others to address these.
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Steidel, Yaeko. Group painting as a means of self-expression and communication for mentally retarded persons: three case histories (volumes I and II). Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.848.
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Melnyk, Andriy. «Ареопагітика» Джона Мілтона і теорія вільного ринку ідей. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11732.
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The article is dedicated to one of the most famous rationales for the right to free expression of views and opinions, the marketplace of ideas theory, as well as John Milton’s pamphlet “Areopagitica” which is considered the first example of systematic protection of freedom of speech and the primary source for the theory. The combination of the author of the 17th century and the thinking that was finally formed in the 20th century should not be surprising, because Milton is considered the forerunner of marketplace arguments. Given the fact that freedom of speech is threatened today by authoritarianism amplified by modern technologies, as well as identity politics and political correctness, the actualization of arguments in its favor seems more relevant than ever. When covering the main topics of “Areopagitica”, emphasis is placed on the historical conditioning of Milton’s arguments. His position on freedom is based on ancient Greek models and seems rather elitist today, and his perception of heresy is pagan rather than Christian. It’s also worth remembering that Milton opposed pre-publication censorship but did not object to the persecution of dangerous ideas and books after publication, and also definitely excluded Roman Catholicism from the free circulation of ideas. Today, this kind of restriction is considered unacceptable. A fundamentalist interpretation of the free market of ideas which excludes any regulation is obviously not conducive to such a discussion. Utopian ideas about absolute freedom of speech rather harm it, give rise to inflated expectations and, as a result, disappointment in its capabilities or demonization. In this context, reading John Milton’s “Areopagitica” can be extremely instructive today. Key words: freedom of speech; marketplace of ideas; “Areopagitica”; censorship; identity politics; political correctness.
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Cunha e Melo, Mariana, and Jonas de Abreu Castro. Section 230 and the future of the internet. Center for Technology and Public Interest, SL, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59262/ejp3ba.
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The US Supreme Court is considering the fate of Section 230, a law that protects content platforms from liability for user-generated content. The case, Gonzalez v. Google, challenges the intermediary liability protection of Section 230. If the challenge succeeds, it could undermine the foundation of Web 2.0 and the internet's future. The case focuses on whether platforms like Google, Twitter, and TikTok should be held liable for third-party content from their recommendation engines. Challenging Section 230 could have severe consequences for freedom of expression and lead to restrictions on recommendation engines or higher restrictions on publishing or sharing. Section 230 has been settled law for over two decades and protects content platforms, even if they encourage users to post content.
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Beard, George. New Mobility - Alternative transport for better outcomes. TRL, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.58446/ykrl1775.
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Freedom of movement is enshrined in Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The expression of this right relies on there being accessible and safe transport available for people to use. Furthermore, transport underpins the fundamental needs of society to move goods and people around. Transport is not performing as well as it could. In many ways the freedom of movement for people and goods that transport supports is now more damaging than it needs to be to the environment, to the economy, and to people. TRL’s vision for new mobility is a transport system that provides better choice and access for everyone, serving as an enabler for better outcomes across these areas. In practice new mobility refers to a range of existing and emerging transport modes, services and technologies that have potential to provide a compelling alternative to the motor vehicle. At its core, new mobility is about rebalancing the movement of both people and goods away from single occupancy, inefficient, fossil-fuel powered vehicles. But achieving these goals is not straightforward; there is no ‘silver bullet’ that can entirely replace the need for internal combustion engine vehicles and solve all of our societal challenges. Instead the answer lies in understanding, developing and implementing the right mix of new mobility solutions.
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Lylo, Taras. THE MISSION OF A JOURNALIST IN THE ESSAYISTIC INTERPRETATIONS BY OLEGARIO GONZÁLEZ DE CARDEDAL. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2024.54-55.12156.
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The article analyzes Olegario González de Cardedal’s views on journalistic mission, that he interprets as a “ministry”. For him, a journalist is the minister of the word, the creator and the interpreter of events, the spokesperson of human being and the witness of human hope. For the Spanish Catholic theologian and author, the newspaper is both “structure and soul”. He believes that media is something more than an ordinary profitable enterprise and interprets journalism as a “spiritual ministry”. A prerequisite for the true ministry is the hierarchical system of values. In this context, for González de Cardedal the most important are “decisive values”, “permanent priorities”, from the positions of which one should think. He also defines two main ideals of mass communication: the development of nobility and the strengthening of freedom. In addition, Olegario González de Cardedal emphasizes such features of a journalist as the devotion to the truth, the respect for facts, the professional cognition of the order of reality, the empathy and the freedom in relation to the powerful of this world. Moreover, the essayist pays special attention to the need for a more targeted approach to the coverage of international events. Olegario González de Cardedal believes that a reader first of all looks in a newspaper not only for what helps him get closer to the people who live nearby, but also to those ones who live far away. This, in his opinion, is a necessity at a time when information is a source of orientation in the struggle for existence, especially at a time of integral challenges that make geographical distances relative. “Human life has already reached cosmic proportions, and we cannot be human without being neighbors. Even through a provincial newspaper, great events of the world must travel: its landscapes, its people, its destinies...” Recognizing the fact that all newspapers are fundamentally local, however, the thinker notes, they must all build a common consciousness, convince of the common purpose and hope. Keywords: journalistic mission, newspaper, values, ideals of communication, freedom.