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1
Perez, Michèle. "Franchiseurs et franchises dans le commerce français : approche sociologique de l'organisation des réseaux de distribution en franchise". Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05H035.
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Ce travail se propose de déterminer les facteurs à l'origine du faible retentissement en France de ce mode de partenariat qu'est la franchise, tout particulièrement dans le secteur commercial. La première partie décrit les caractéristiques de la franchise commerciale et précise les conditions socio-économiques qui ont permis à ce mode nouveau de distribution de se développer. L'auteur considère la faible envergure des réseaux franchisés, leurs résultats médiocres, voire leur échec, comme étant la conséquence d'un dysfonctionnement organisationnel dû à un déséquilibre du dispositif social ou le franchiseur domine tandis que le franchisé est dominé. La seconde partie contient une typologie des franchiseurs et une typologie des franchises; elle est consacrée, pour l'essentiel, à une analyse des divergences et des sources de conflits d'intérêts entre ces deux catégories d'acteurs. La troisième partie est réservée à l'examen minutieux de la manière dont se résolvent ces conflits. Elle se clot sur l'exposition des mesures destinées à améliorer le fonctionnement des réseaux de franchiseThis work attempts to determine the factors contributing to the low-outcome of the mode of partnership which constitutes franchising in France, particularly in the commercial sector. An introductory section describes the principal characteristics of commercial franchising, specifying the socio-economic conditions which, since 1958, allowed for the development of this mode of distribution. This is followed by a close analysis of the very mediocre results obtained so far. The analysis reveals the nearfailure of the mode of partnership as one caused by an organisational disorder springing from an imbalance which establishes itself between the franchisors and the franchisees. The main social supports work clearly in favour of the former and to the detriment of the latter. The second section proposes a typology of the franchisors and the franchisees and is devoted essentially to a study of the various disparaities and the sources of conflicts which exist between the two. A detailed view of the different manners in which these conflicts are resolved isn offered in the third section which closes with a few proposals for an ameliooration of the functioning of franchising
2
au, C. Inma@murdoch edu, i Chutarat Inma. "Building successful franchises: The influence of franchise heterogeneity and relationship management on franchise success". Murdoch University, 2002. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20070912.173434.
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Franchising is a form of business arrangement which has been claimed to offer a high possibility of business success. The reason for its growing support may be due to the benefits franchising offers to the individuals (franchisees), the organisations (franchisors), the public and the whole economy. The notion that franchising offers a successful guarantee for business operations warrants investigation into what factors contribute to likely success.
The characteristics of franchise firms have been identified as a significant factor in ensuring franchise success. In this study, franchise firms were classified into four groups using hierarchical cluster analysis: the beginners, the developers, the growers and the matures. The profiles were tested against reported performance measures, indicating that franchise firms in the growing group outperform firms in other groups. However, this is only one component which may influence a successful franchise development.
Relationship management is a second, critical area in building a strong franchise network. Some significant relationship building factors are explored in this thesis. Control, influence strategy, franchisee information asymmetry and communication strategy were found to be significant factors which lead to franchise competitive advantage. The results show that control and coercive influence strategy negatively influence franchise outcomes, while noncoercive influence strategy, information asymmetry and communication strategy positively enhance the franchise relationship. The results of multiple regression analyses also indicate that the combined effects of these franchise strategies have a significant impact on franchise outcomes; namely, financial performance, franchise goal congruence and franchisee satisfaction.
The findings suggest that franchise firms can adjust their strategies to enhance their business success. Control, influence, information and information strategies can be used to maintain and induce healthy franchise relationships within the franchise dyad. The study also significantly extends the existing understanding of franchise heterogeneity theories, key criteria of franchise business competitiveness, the unique business relationship between franchisor and franchisee and franchise factors contributing to franchise success in the current franchising literature.
3
Inma, Chutarat. "Building successful franchises: the influence of franchise heterogeneity and relationship management on franchise success". Thesis, Inma, Chutarat (2002) Building successful franchises: the influence of franchise heterogeneity and relationship management on franchise success. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2002. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/107/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Franchising is a form of business arrangement which has been claimed to offer a high possibility of business success. The reason for its growing support may be due to the benefits franchising offers to the individuals (franchisees), the organisations (franchisors), the public and the whole economy. The notion that franchising offers a successful guarantee for business operations warrants investigation into what factors contribute to likely success.
The characteristics of franchise firms have been identified as a significant factor in ensuring franchise success. In this study, franchise firms were classified into four groups using hierarchical cluster analysis: the beginners, the developers, the growers and the matures. The profiles were tested against reported performance measures, indicating that franchise firms in the growing group outperform firms in other groups. However, this is only one component which may influence a successful franchise development.
Relationship management is a second, critical area in building a strong franchise network. Some significant relationship building factors are explored in this thesis. Control, influence strategy, franchisee information asymmetry and communication strategy were found to be significant factors which lead to franchise competitive advantage. The results show that control and coercive influence strategy negatively influence franchise outcomes, while noncoercive influence strategy, information asymmetry and communication strategy positively enhance the franchise relationship. The results of multiple regression analyses also indicate that the combined effects of these franchise strategies have a significant impact on franchise outcomes; namely, financial performance, franchise goal congruence and franchisee satisfaction.
The findings suggest that franchise firms can adjust their strategies to enhance their business success. Control, influence, information and information strategies can be used to maintain and induce healthy franchise relationships within the franchise dyad. The study also significantly extends the existing understanding of franchise heterogeneity theories, key criteria of franchise business competitiveness, the unique business relationship between franchisor and franchisee and franchise factors contributing to franchise success in the current franchising literature.
4
Inma, Chutarat. "Building successful franchises : the influence of franchise heterogeneity and relationship management on franchise success /". Inma, Chutarat (2002) Building successful franchises: the influence of franchise heterogeneity and relationship management on franchise success. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2002. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/107/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Franchising is a form of business arrangement which has been claimed to offer a high possibility of business success. The reason for its growing support may be due to the benefits franchising offers to the individuals (franchisees), the organisations (franchisors), the public and the whole economy. The notion that franchising offers a successful guarantee for business operations warrants investigation into what factors contribute to likely success.
The characteristics of franchise firms have been identified as a significant factor in ensuring franchise success. In this study, franchise firms were classified into four groups using hierarchical cluster analysis: the beginners, the developers, the growers and the matures. The profiles were tested against reported performance measures, indicating that franchise firms in the growing group outperform firms in other groups. However, this is only one component which may influence a successful franchise development.
Relationship management is a second, critical area in building a strong franchise network. Some significant relationship building factors are explored in this thesis. Control, influence strategy, franchisee information asymmetry and communication strategy were found to be significant factors which lead to franchise competitive advantage. The results show that control and coercive influence strategy negatively influence franchise outcomes, while noncoercive influence strategy, information asymmetry and communication strategy positively enhance the franchise relationship. The results of multiple regression analyses also indicate that the combined effects of these franchise strategies have a significant impact on franchise outcomes; namely, financial performance, franchise goal congruence and franchisee satisfaction.
The findings suggest that franchise firms can adjust their strategies to enhance their business success. Control, influence, information and information strategies can be used to maintain and induce healthy franchise relationships within the franchise dyad. The study also significantly extends the existing understanding of franchise heterogeneity theories, key criteria of franchise business competitiveness, the unique business relationship between franchisor and franchisee and franchise factors contributing to franchise success in the current franchising literature.
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Loikkanen, Jenny, Jekaterina Mazura i Jelena Schrader. "Innovation in Swedish Restaurant Franchises". Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-26731.
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Background – The franchising industry in Sweden has experienced a vast growth in the recent years, and it makes up a significant part of the Swedish economy. The restaurant industry accounts for a large amount of the Swedish franchises. Due to the dynamic business environment today, companies need to increasingly strive for improvement in order to sustain their competitive advantage and to enhance their performance. Innovation may be required, and franchises are no exceptions. However, due to the nature of the franchise systems, with the franchisor imposing particular policies on the individual franchisees, the position of innovation in this context is not clear. On one hand, a franchise should act innovatively in order to remain competitive in the marketplace, but on the other hand, the franchisor limits the activities of the franchisee to ensure system uniformity through brand and quality management. The position of innovation in the franchise context is ambiguous, since very little research has been conducted on the topic. Purpose – The purpose of this thesis is to examine Swedish franchises within the restaurant industry and to determine the position of innovation in the franchise context from the perspective of the franchisee. Method – A case study with semi-structured interviews with five franchisees in a specific region in Sweden were conducted to gain empirical material on the topic of innovation within restaurant franchises. The obtained data was then analyzed with the help of existing literature on innovation and franchise systems. Conclusion – It was discovered that Swedish franchises within the restaurant industry pursue product and marketing innovation. The innovation is mostly incremental, rather than radical. Several different factors contribute to why franchisees pursue innovation. It was also identified that some Swedish franchisors take an active role in encouraging innovation in the franchises, while other franchisors have a more passive, or even discouraging stance towards franchise innovation.
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Kellner, Ashlea Kate. "Examining the Balance between Franchisor Control and Franchisee Autonomy in Human Resource Management". Thesis, Griffith University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367774.
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The franchise model has transformed modern retailing and the economic effects have been experienced on an international scale. Although the contemporary approach to franchising was only developed half a century ago, it has quickly evolved into a highly effective, profitable and widely adopted business strategy, particularly in the Australian market. Despite the current profusion of franchising and the potential for continued growth, fundamental questions about the management of people in these organisations remain relatively unexplored.
Franchising presents a unique composition of autonomy and control. The autonomy of franchisees is located midway between that of employed managers and independent business owners, while the powerful franchisor controls core business processes such as marketing and product development. Although agency theory suggests that heavy franchisor control over certain functions is integral to the success of the franchise model, the applicability of this concept to human resource management (HRM) is unclear. This thesis addresses research deficiencies at the junction of HRM and franchising through three research questions: how is the approach to HRM enacted in the franchise relationship; what factors influence the approach to HRM in the franchise relationship, and; what are the implications of the approach to HRM for franchisees?
The HR department is critical to determining the approach an organisation adopts to managing human resources. In this thesis, the work conducted by the HR department was identified and classified according to existing models, enabling comparisons with the roles performed in more traditional organisations. Determination of these roles was regarded as an outcome of the strategic decision-making process, influenced by certain contextual variables. Accordingly, this thesis considers how strategic HRM decision-making in franchises is impacted by internal and external factors determined by an extensive review of the relevant literature.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Bennett, Stephen John Peter Valentine. "How can franchisors overcome the perceived shortage of suitable franchisees?" Thesis, Griffith University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367655.
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The social and economic contribution of franchising to many Western economies is widely reported (Alon, 2004). Franchising is a business model in which a franchisee is granted the right to engage in offering, selling, or distributing goods or services under a marketing system that has been designed by the franchisor (Justis and Judd, 2004). The franchisor permits the franchisee to use the franchisor’s trade name and advertising (Mendelsohn, 2004). The Australian franchising sector has achieved consistent growth since the 1980s, with franchising activity currently contributing approximately (12 percent) of the country’s gross domestic product (Frazer et al., 2008).
However, research has revealed that franchising systems may be unable to expand at the rate they desire owing to difficulties in obtaining franchisee finance and a shortage of suitable franchisee applicants (Price Waterhouse Coopers, 2009; Frazer et al., 2008). There are currently 56,200 business format franchised units operating in Australia (Frazer et al., 2008), accounting for approximately (5 percent) of all small business in Australia (ABS, 2009). Though this appears to suggest that franchising has the potential to expand, prior research has shown that the lack of available suitable franchisee candidates may constrain system growth and sector expansion (Frazer et al., 2008). Previous research shows that this is not a recent phenomenon (Knight, 1986; McGuire, 1971) and may be reliant upon how franchisors classify attributes that are desirable in potential incumbent franchisees (Frazer and McCosker, 1999; Hedricks and Kiefer, 2005; Michael, 2003). However, there appears to be a gap in our current understanding of how these impediments to franchise growth may be overcome. In addition to acquiring valuable insights into current recruitment practice, the primary purpose of this research is to sustain informed decision-making in the future through a study of the fundamental and under-researched question of how franchisors may overcome the shortage of suitable franchisees.
On this basis, a thorough enquiry into possible solutions to the problem associated with a shortage of suitable franchisees is warranted. Hence, the following research questions are posed.
Research question 1:
“What are desirable franchisee attributes?”
Research question 2:
“How can franchisors overcome the perceived shortage of suitable franchisees”?
This research focuses on theory development by integrating known concepts with new research and emerging marketing techniques that may be applied to this problem.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Department of Marketing
Griffith Business School
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Esmeraldo, Rosa. "How can a potential franchisor establish a successful franchise in fast moving consumer goods". Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/235.
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Franchising has become the latest trend in business expansion and business acquisition and with the South African franchising market estimated at being around 12% and growing rapidly, enormous potential for future growth is indicated. Companies both local and international are seeking franchise expansion opportunities in Africa despite the higher risks. The significance of implementing franchises into Africa is the filtering down of business opportunities to the small and medium enterprise sector. It can be said that franchising promotes business growth and private ownership, while improving the quality of life of the poor through its impact on income and employment. A franchise organisation that grows too quickly might not have the necessary ‘factors’ in place to support all of the units properly. In the survey conducted, it was indicated that the franchise business practice echoed the literature reviewed. All the steps necessary to establish a franchise are important but not necessarily as equal. The more matured franchisee needed less guidance from the franchisor and relied more on the business concept and location. Potential franchisors need to take the necessary steps to establish a franchise and treat each step as an important part of the franchise process.
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Bahou, Mohamed El Amine. "Les franchises africaines d'Al Qaida". Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020073.
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Al-Shabaab et Al Qaida au Maghreb Islamique illustrent le fonctionnement du djihad contemporain. Nés dans des contextes de guerre civile, issus de la dislocation de mouvements djihadistes d'envergure nationale, ces deux groupes sont aujourd'hui les seuls en Afrique dont l'allégeance a été acceptée par à Al Qaida. Forgés dans le terreau de luttes nationales, les deux groupes ont exploité les clivages et les revendications sociales, économiques et politiques des populations dans leur quête de puissance. Confrontés à des difficultés d'ordre sécuritaire et politique, ils se sont tournés vers Al Qaida, dans l'espoir d'acquérir une stature internationale, et d'attirer ainsi les recrues et financements qui leur faisaient défaut. De son côté, affaiblie par la guerre contre le terrorisme, l'Organisation d'Oussama Ben Laden a accepté les allégeances africaines par opportunisme, accordant à ces groupes le statut de franchises. De l'autre côté de l'échiquier, les stratégies déployées par les États et des organisations internationales peinent à porter leurs fruits. En cause, des divergences idéologiques, et les interférences des intérêts particuliers des acteurs qui minent les efforts de lutte contre les extrémistes mais font finalement le jeu de la propagande terroristeAl Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb and Al-Shabaab perfectly illustrate the functioning of contemporary jihad. Born into a context of civil war, from the fall out of national jihadist movements, these two groups are, today, the only ones in Africa whose allegiance have been acknowledged by Al Qaida. Seizing on domestic political and economic struggles, the two groups rose to prominence through social fault lines and equality claims. Facing security and political stalemates, they made allegiance to Al Qaida hoping that international recognition would provide them with the wherewithal and recruits they lacked. The allegiances were opportunistically acknowledged by Al Qaida when Bin Laden's organization was severely weakened by years of war on terror.On the other side of the game, due to a set of divergent ideologies and particular interests, States and international organizations are deploying cacophonous strategies, that not only have poor effect on the ground, but also fit well with the jihadist propaganda. The tale of a foretold fiasco
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van, Wyk GJ, i Jager JW de. "Franchisees' level of satisfaction with the franchise relationship". Acta Commercii, 2009. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001450.
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Problem investigated and objectives: Franchisees often complain that franchisors do not meet their needs, and are generally viewed as being unhappy with the franchise relationship between franchisees and franchisors. The aim of this paper is to investigate the level of satisfaction of franchisees with the franchise relationship, including the following elements: franchisee independence, support with the selection of a distribution point, allocation of geographical trading areas, support with the design and layout of distribution points, comprehensive training programmes, the provision of continuous market and product information and operational support, and advertising and financial support, including systems for bookkeeping.
Approach: The data represents two groups of the same franchise, namely franchisees operating for two years and less as franchisees and franchisees who have been operating for longer than two years as franchisees. The extent to which these two groups view the relationship elements differently will be examined.
Findings: The findings indicate that both groups had a high level of satisfaction with the franchise relationship between franchisees and franchisors, with the exception of identified opportunities, which could be further developed in order to increase the franchisees’ level of satisfaction with the franchise relationship between franchisees and franchisors.
Conclusion: In view of the results of this research, it was concluded that the franchisees of the selected franchisor in the franchise industry displayed a high level of satisfaction with the franchise relationship between franchisors and franchisees.
Keywords: Franchisees’ satisfaction, franchisee and franchisor, franchise relationships, marketing orientation, Franchise Association of Southern Africa (FASA), franchise agreement, franchise legislation.
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Horgen, Alexandra, i Josef Westling. "En kvalitativ studie om investeringsprocessen i svenska franchiseföretag". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Företagsekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-41572.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the investment process within Swedish franchises. Furthermore, the study aims to investigate the franchisees participation in the investment process. Theory: The theoretical framework of reference in this essay consists of hand-picked theories and previous research articles of the investment process and franchise. Method: The thesis is a qualitative case study in which semi-structured interviews have been conducted with four cases. All companies are full members of the Swedish Franchise Association. Empirics: The data collected through semi-structured interviews is presented company á company to make the essay as clear and transparent as possible. Analysis of the empiricism comes in a separate section where the data is set against the theoretical framework of reference. Conclusion: The study results in the absence of a specific model for the investment process of Swedish franchises. The weight the companies put into the different phases of the investment process varies depending on how the franchise concept is structured. The study shows that franchisees participation in the investment process varies for the same reason.Syfte: Syftet med denna undersökning är att undersöka investeringsprocessen i svenska franchiseföretag. Vidare är syftet att undersöka franchisetagarens delaktighet i investeringsprocessen. Teori: Den teoretiska referensramen i denna uppsats består av handplockade teorier och tidigare forskning rörande investeringsprocessen och franchise. Metod: Uppsatsen är en kvalitativ fallstudie där semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med fyra fallföretag. Samtliga företag är fullvärdiga medlemmar i Svenska Franchiseföreningen. Empiri: Den data som samlats in med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer presenteras företag för företag i syfte att göra uppsatsen så tydlig och transparent som möjligt. Analys av empiri presenteras i ett eget avsnitt där datan ställs mot den teoretiska referensramen. Slutsats: Undersökningen påvisar att det inte finns någon specifik modell för investeringsprocessen i svenska franchiseföretag. Tyngden företagen lägger i de olika faserna av investeringsprocessen varierar beroende på hur franchisekonceptet är uppbyggt. Undersökningen visar att franchisetagares delaktighet i investeringsprocessen varierar av samma anledning.
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Tam, Chiu-yung Carrie. "Franchising in Hong Kong : current and unexplored opportunities /". [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13302267.
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Meakin, Richard Thomas. "An assessment of government's supervision of franchised bus operations". [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1986. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12323330.
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Billot, Kenneth Gordon. "Understanding brand within New Zealand franchises". Thesis, Griffith University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365199.
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Franchising is asserted to be the world’s fastest growing form of retailing. Similar growth is evidenced in Australia and New Zealand. Australia is described as the franchising capital of the world and New Zealand is credited with the highest proportion of franchise systems per capita.
Brands are recognised as one of an organisation’s most important assets, as evidenced by the contribution of brands to the intangible asset valuation on the sale of companies. In the New Zealand context it has been asserted that it is impossible to over-emphasise the importance of the brand in franchising.
This research is conducted at the nexus of brand and franchising and responds to a research problem in which the instantiated importance of brands to New Zealand franchising is contrasted with the dearth, and possibly absence, of independent research to inform how brands are understood and in which ways this understanding is created and maintained within New Zealand franchises.
To address the research problem, an initial research question was expressed and then collapsed into four central research questions which were examined through a review of extant literature. Franchising was addressed etymologically and historically, before assessing the contribution that the three dominant causality theories, (capital scarcity, resource constraint and agency theory) could make to inform the central research questions. Brand was also elaborated from etymological and historical perspectives. It was concluded that the brand component of brand identity best addressed the central research questions which focus on brand within New Zealand franchises and the brand identity prism (Kapferer, 2004) was selected as a template against which brand understanding could be informed and assessed. To determine how this brand understanding is created and maintained, a theory of knowledge creation initiated by Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) was employed.
Examining such an under-researched aspect of franchising resulted in this research being assessed as exploratory which resulted in the adoption of a largely qualitative methodological approach. The qualitative approach responds to the nature of the research questions, the interpretive community with which the researcher identifies and the incompatibility of existing theory with the central research questions. In this qualitative methodology, authenticity was supported by the qualitative referents of credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability. These referents were thoroughly and specifically operationalised within the research to increase the credibility of its findings.
The qualitative referents conditioned data collection, which was facilitated through case-based research in which a sequentially-selected sample of three franchise cases was purposively drawn from a population estimated at 350. Within these cases, three distinct cohorts represented the stratified structure of a franchise. Cohort Fo represented the franchisor stratum, cohort Fe the franchisee stratum and cohort ESOFe that of the customer-contact employee and single-operator franchisee. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 participants in each franchise case. The participants were purposively selected to represent the three cohorts. The data thus collected were complemented and triangulated using document analysis.
Data analysis was engaged at three levels of intensity. Classical content analysis was used to code portions of text and these codes were quantitised and presented as coding effects matrices. This provided a visual and arithmetical assessment of the degree to which the research questions were informed by employing two manifest effects, termed occupancy and shading density. The second level of analysis used Key-Words-In-Context (KWIC), while the third used narrative analysis. Data analysis was completed for individual cases, prior to cross-case analysis.
The findings from the cross-case analysis were that:
• The franchise brand is voiced as important to the success of each of the three franchises researched and each of the three cohorts in each franchise.
• The understanding of brand was more naïve than complex and degraded progressively from cohort Fo to cohort Fe to cohort ESOFe.
• The franchise brand was managed more as a static entity than the dynamic, evolving entity that extant literature describes. Brand change was episodic rather than continuous.
• Heterogeneity of brand understanding was evidenced more than homogeneity, both within and between cohorts. There was limited homogeneity in the expression of the brand essence, which is held to represent the enduring core of the brand.
• Articulation and communication processes relating to the franchise brand were found to be stratified, hierarchical, uni-directional and didactic more than representing an active dialogue between internal stakeholders.
• The physique facet of the brand was found to be carefully specified and legally protected on franchise initiation. Subsequent brand management was focused on compliance to that specification, to the partial exclusion of other aspects of brand identity management.
These six findings led to the expression of an emergent micro-level theory, that proposes that there is a tension, between the typically stratified, hierarchical structure of a franchise, which is exacerbated by the focus of franchisor management on explicit brand knowledge, and the dynamic, evolutionary and context-dependent structure of the brand construct in which tacit knowledge predominates explicit knowledge.
The findings in the cross-case analysis were extrapolated to wider populations, resulting in the expression of nine propositions relating to brand in NZ franchises, in all franchises and in all organisations. These propositions supported the statement of the above micro-level theory at a meso-level, referring to all NZ franchises.
The research was concluded to make a number of valuable contributions to theory and management practice. These contributions included extending and informing the current
debate on the nature of brand and its importance within franchising, at a time of economic stress in which the franchise brand is considered to be a major contributor to franchise strength and survival. The research adds to a research base at the nexus of brand and franchising that was possibly initiated by Pitt, Napoli and van der Merwe (2002), extending it to the New Zealand context, which is under-supplied with independent research on franchising. In supporting praxis the research provides franchise management with a theoretically-supported, 4-step, cyclical process to improve brand understanding.
This emergent research also identifies a multitude of future research directions, particularly in refining the method of assessing brand understanding by using theoretically-supported meta-matrices to test the stated meso-level theory, either quantitatively or qualitatively, to determine if franchise organisations exhibit a more sophisticated and homogeneous understanding of brand than non-franchise organisations.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School, Department of Marketing
Griffith Business School
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Hošek, Miroslav. "Metodika zavevedeni franšízy". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-223958.
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This diploma thesis focuses on the methodology introduction of master franchise. In a particular market Czech Republic and market with car services specifies the steps in the implementation of new licenses on the market. It also contains specific business plan drawn up directly to the network service stations operating under one brand.
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Kwan, Chui-lan Rachel. "A study of the death of franchise policy for ferry services in Hong Kong". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2103803X.
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Jones, Christopher. "How sports franchises communicate via social media". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/854.
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The aim of the research is to evaluate how professional sport organizations communicate via social media and lay groundwork on how to effectively do so in the future. The research focuses on the history of social media and its involvement in sport, how it's used today, examples of effective communication and how it can eventually drive revenue for a sport franchise and build a stronger fan base at the same time.B.A.
Bachelors
Sciences
Nicholson School of Communication
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Castronova, John. "The economic effects of sports stadiums and franchises". Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/989.
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Perreault, Jocelyn D. "Les dépanneurs indépendants, affiliés sous bannières et franchises". Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1986. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/5863/1/000556004.pdf.
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Maritz, Phoebus Alexander. "Entrepreneurial service vision in a franchised home entertainment environment". Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07302008-112225/.
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Lafontaine, Francine. "Franchising as a share contract : an empirical assessment". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28849.
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Contractual arrangements have been the subject of a substantial body of economic
research. In particular, economists have sought an explanation for the existence
of share contracts. Under this kind of contract, two or more parties share in the output of the production process. These contracts present a problem to economists because they imply more than one residual claimant. Thus incentives are diluted and inefficiency is expected to result. But this type of contract has existed for centuries and continues to be used today. Why is that if they are inefficient? The answer is that under conditions of uncertainty and imperfect information, share contracts can be preferable to fixed-wage (vertical integration) or fixed-rent (market transaction)
agreements. In fact, many explanations for the existence of share contracts and their coexistence with fixed-wage and rental arrangements are found in the theoretical literature.
While the theoretical literature on the subject of share contracts has flourished over the last decade, empirical analyses of these models has lagged behind. This thesis aims to rectify the situation somewhat. More precisely, recent advances in the theoretical literature are applied to the analysis of franchise contracts. An empirical
model of franchising based on profit-maximizing behavior is developed which makes it possible to examine whether the factors theorists have suggested as potential
explanations for share contracts are relevant when it comes to explaining what one observes in the context of franchising, and whether their effects are consistent with predictions from the various theories. Both the contract mix, i.e. franchisors' decisions concerning the proportion of stores they want to operate and franchise, and the terms of the franchise contract, fixed and variable fees, are examined.
In order to carry out the analysis, data on a cross-section of 548 individual franchisors
in 1986 were gathered. These franchisors are involved in a variety of business activities in the U.S., such as Fast-food Restaurants, Business Aids and Services, Construction and Maintenance, and Non-food Retailing. Censoring problems arise from the fact that a number of franchisors in the sample franchise all of their outlets. Also, some firms require no variable or no fixed fee. For these reasons, the maximum likelihood Tobit estimator is used.
Empirical work in an area such as this, where theories rely on concepts that are not easily quantifiable, can hardly provide unambiguous answers about the validity of the theories. Nevertheless, the following results emerge from the empirical analysis. First, the effect of risk, measured either by the proportion of discontinued outlets or by the variance of sales in the sector, is found to be the opposite of what pure risk-sharing and one-sided hidden-action models would predict. Second, firms resort to franchising more often when monitoring downstream operators becomes costlier, and use it proportionately less when the value of the inputs they themselves provide increases. This is consistent with two-sided hidden-action models. Results with respect to capital-market-imperfection arguments are rather inconclusive. It appears that franchising relaxes some form of constraint franchisors face in trying to expand their operations, since they use it more when they are growing faster, but whether this is a financial constraint remains unclear.
The explanatory power of the model is greater with respect to the proportion of franchised stores than it is for any of the two fees. Thus, in response to changes in the exogenous variables considered here, franchisors, who have a choice between modifying the terms of their franchise contract or changing the proportion of stores they want to franchise, tend to do mostly the latter.
Contrary to what one would have expected on a theoretical basis, the observed royalty rates and franchise fees are not negatively correlated in this data set. Combined
with the fact that the model is less satisfactory relative to the fees, this suggests that there are considerations in the determination of the royalty rate and the franchise
fee that have not been taken into account in the theories. One possibility in the case of the fixed fee is that it may include the price of services provided by the franchisors.
It also appears that franchisors use input sales as another means to extract rent from franchisees. This may contribute to the lack of correlation between the two fees. Finally, the equation for the franchise fee was derived under the assumption that all remaining surplus at the downstream level, given the royalty rate, should be extracted through the franchise fee. The lack of relationship between the fees could be an indication that this assumption is incorrect, and that there are in fact rents left at the downstream level. This would be consistent with the existence of queues of potential franchisees in many franchise chains.Arts, Faculty of
Vancouver School of Economics
Graduate
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Chiu, Esther Y. "An exploratory study of franchisee turnover and its relationship with franchisee satisfaction". Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10062009-020109/.
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Thomson, Guy. "Franchising a full service restaurant concept : a case study". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/874.
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This treatise investigates the restaurant industry, entrepreneurship, franchising and restaurant franchising in order to develop a model that will enable a full service restaurant concept to be converted into a successful franchise system. Restaurants play a significant role in our lifestyle, and dining out is a favoured social activity. The industry plays an important role in the transfer of skills as many people start working in the restaurant industry before moving onto more formal careers. The restaurant industry offers many opportunities for entrepreneurial activity as a result of the relatively low barriers to entry. Entrepreneurship is the pursuit of opportunity regardless of the resources at hand and it requires a willingness to take calculated risks in order to build something of value from virtually nothing. The success of emerging economies such as China and India has proven that the only growth sectors in these economies are small and medium enterprises, which are driven by entrepreneurs. Franchising is considered to be a viable growth strategy for small business as it provides a means of raising capital and a method of expanding the business in a relatively low risk manner. There are many well established restaurant franchise brands that originated in South Africa, starting out as successful single outlets and then by means of the business format franchise model, developed into multi unit franchise systems. There are certain basic generic steps that must be followed when developing a franchise system. This was verified by the empirical study of this treatise which was conducted as a single unit case study on the Dulce Franchise Group. Finally, as a result of the analysis of the literature study and the findings of the case study, a restaurant franchise conversion model was developed.
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Chan, Sheung-ling Anthony. "A study of setting up a ramp handling company at Chek Lap Kok Airport /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18003631.
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Knott, Stuart. "The adaptive contexts of videogame adaptations and franchises across media". Thesis, De Montfort University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/12100.
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Videogame adaptations have been a staple of cinema and television since the 1980s and have had a consistent presence despite receiving overwhelmingly negative reactions. Recognising the perseverance of videogame adaptations, I examine some of the key issues and debates surrounding the genre with in-depth analysis of the source material, the machinations of the film and videogame industries, and the films themselves, specifically relating to three prominent onscreen videogame adaptations. Following an introduction to the various theories and areas of study already performed in this field, all of which I incorporate into an intricate, blended methodology, I explore issues of fidelity, localisation, and evolution that occur when adapting Sonic the Hedgehog out of the confines of its limited narrative. In examining adaptations of Mortal Kombat and Street Fighter, I explore how cinematic genres (such as the Hong Kong martial arts and American action movies) have influenced the creation of videogames and the production of their film and television adaptations. Finally, I delve into the history of zombie horror films, which influenced the Resident Evil franchise. As this became the longest-running (and, by extension, most successful) live-action videogame franchise, I explore the complex production of videogame adaptations, their critical and financial reception, and their ability to evolve into multimedia franchises. Overall, my work is designed to take videogame adaptations seriously by examining them through in-depth analysis, exploring how they convey the gameplay mechanics of their source material, analysing why they remain so popular despite their negative reputation, and by establishing an academic framework by which to discuss them with the same reverence afforded to literary adaptations.
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Jang, Yisak. "Perceived Value of Fast-food Restaurant Franchises in the USA". FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1823.
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The main research objective of this study was to find out whether perceived value significantly affects consumers’ purchase intention. Additionally, this study examined if there are any significant differences in perceived value for different fast-food restaurant brands and attempted to identify which fast-food restaurant is perceived to be the industry leader.
A total number of six fast-food restaurants (McDonalds, Subway, Starbucks, Wendy’s, Burger King, and Taco Bell) were selected. Findings showed that among the five perceived service value dimensions, Starbucks is the leader in terms of quality, emotional response, and reputation.
Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and multiple regression analysis were performed to test the study hypotheses. Results indicated that there were significant differences in perceived value for different fast-food restaurant brands. Besides, monetary and behavioral price significantly affects consumers’ purchase intention. Findings are expected to help hospitality marketers to strategically manage their brands.
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Menefee, William Chadwick. "The Impact of Retro Stadiums on Major League Baseball Franchises". NCSU, 2005. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11282005-204504/.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ?retro? stadiums on professional baseball franchises. Retro stadiums, baseball-exclusive facilities modeled on classic architectural designs of the past, were built at an increasing rate beginning in 1992 with Baltimore?s Camden Yards. This study analyzed changes in franchises? attendance, winning percentage, revenue and team value in the seasons following a team?s relocation to a retro stadium. Retro stadiums were found to positively increase attendance, revenue and team value for franchises at a higher rate than teams that did not build retro stadiums. An analysis of these variables and a discussion of the results for all individual franchises that constructed retro stadiums during the 1992-2004 period are presented in this study.
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Stanvliet, Gavin Dennis. "The valuation of franchises : a restaurant case study / Gavin Stanvliet". Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/6878.
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The objective of a business valuation arrangement is to reach a reasonable and acceptable opinion of value. Valuing a business entity has become less of a guessing game than before. Business valuations are two thirds science and one third art according to several theorists and practitioners. The result of a valuation is only definite if it can accurately predict the future, and given that it is not possible, there will always be an element of risk that the actual value differs from the expected estimate.
There are several reasons why business valuations need to be performed. They can be categorised into three groups, namely transaction-based, tax-based, and litigation-based. Most business entities will require a business valuation at some stage. Business valuations can be categorized into different approaches and methods. The three approaches comprise the income based valuation approach, the market derived valuation approach, as well as the asset based valuation approach. Each one of these approaches has different methods that can be used under them. For the purpose of this research study, the methods used under the income based valuation approach are the discounted economic income valuation method and the direct capitalisation valuation method. The guideline publicly traded business entity valuation method and the merger and acquired business entity valuation method are used under the market derived valuation approach. When performing a business valuation under the asset based valuation approach, the asset accumulation valuation method and the capitalised excess earnings valuation method are used.
In this research study a business valuation is going to be performed on a franchised restaurant, namely a Spur Steak Ranch. The particular Spur Steak Ranch that is going to be used is the Tampa Bay Spur. A franchise is a right granted to individuals or groups to market a business entity‟s products or services within a particular location. Franchising is a method of expanding a business entity on less capital than would otherwise be possible. The franchisee pays a capital lump sum to enter the franchise and accepts some of the running costs of its outlet. In addition, the franchise offers the franchisee the use of the franchise name and any goodwill related with it, the use of its business structures and support services, its product or service to sell, as well as management and staff training programmes. Franchising has become a dominant force in the distribution of products and services in several parts of the world.
Any facility that prepares separate meals for eating on or off the premises falls under the title „„restaurant.‟‟ Not one restaurant is the same, and by producing meal experiences with unique characteristics, restaurants accommodate the requirements of particular customer categories. A restaurant is as much a financial entity as any other business entity. The most important elements in profitability in restaurants are economy and productivity.
The franchised restaurant used in this research study is the Spur Steak Ranch which has been in South Africa for over 40 years. Allen Ambor, the founder and executive chairperson of Spur, is the person who started it all in 1967 when he invested R4,000 to open the Golden Spur in Newlands, Cape Town. Today, Spur restaurants are very popular for having play areas for children, thus, entertaining the whole family, making Spur a very popular fully-licensed franchised restaurant.
The particular Spur Steak ranch used in this case study is the Tampa Bay Spur. The Tampa Bay Spur Steak Ranch is a family-oriented franchised restaurant, based on the widely known Spur concepts. The restaurant is owned by Lungisa Financial Administrators and is located in the Time Square Building, Dias Road, in Jeffrey‟s Bay. The restaurant spans in the region of 550m2 and can accommodate up to 180 customers. The Tampa Bay Spur was taken over by new owners in December 2011 and also completed a revamp that ended in March 2011.
The research question and objective in this research study is to find out what combination of valuation approaches and methods seems to be the most reliable and accurate to value a franchised restaurant, particularly, a Spur Steak Ranch, and more specific the Tampa Bay Spur. To achieve this objective, five secondary objectives must be carried out. The first objective is to critically evaluate and compare popular valuation approaches and methods with each other. The second objective is to deliberate the advantages and disadvantages of each of the methods. Thirdly, to point out the uncertainty factors in valuations, for example, to calculate the discount rate by using the WACC or CAPM formula. The fourth objective is to develop an empirical case study based on actual information of a selected Spur (Tampa Bay Spur) and comparing different valuation approaches and methods with the original amount calculated by Spur after performing a business valuation on the Tampa Bay Spur. The fifth and last objective is to make recommendations regarding the valuation method used by the Spur.
After performing a business valuation on the Tampa Bay Spur by using several valuation approaches and methods, calculating an average value from the different approaches and comparing it to the original value that the Spur calculated after performing a valuation on the Tampa Bay Spur, a conclusion can be made that the valuation method used by the Spur is fair and reliable. However, the method used by the Spur does not give enough insight for the buyer and seller to understand how they calculated the final value and needs improvement.Thesis (M.Com. (Management Accountancy))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Yeloshyna, Natallia. "The New Collaborative Cinema: Fan Labor in Contemporary Film Franchises". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou161800816475422.
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Yip, Yau-kuen. "Regulatory framework of non-franchised buses in Hong Kong with reference to the control of illegal bus services". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38349334.
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Chui, On Kei. "A survey on franchising and an application of incomplete contract /". View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ECON%202004%20CHUI.
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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 34-36). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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Kirabira, Godfrey. "The development of a model on which to base franchise relationships". Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/85.
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This paper aims at developing a model on which to base good quality franchise relationships. The franchise sector has the potential to generate wealth for the franchisee and the franchisor, create employment and be a tool of empowerment. It is also associated with relatively less risk than other forms of self-employment. However, there have been a disturbing number of failures in the sector and reported cases of abuses of franchisees by franchisors. Some franchisors have sought liquidation of franchise units in courts of law. An investigation was commissioned into the sector with the objective of uncovering problems in the quality of the relationships in the sector. The obligations of both the franchisees and franchisors were stipulated. Aspects of quality were then considered to lay a foundation upon which improvements in the relationships could be based. This was followed by a survey to find the performance gap between the quality of service that was expected from the franchisor and what the franchisees were actually receiving. Five dimensions of service quality – tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy were empirically investigated. The findings of this research revealed that the quality of service of franchisors fell short in all dimensions. It is arguable that other aspects of quality are being neglected by the franchisors. It is against this backdrop that a model is proposed to improve the quality of service in the franchise relationships. The model incorporates contemporary ideas on quality. Principles of total quality management, quality function deployment, customer satisfaction and self-assessment are applied to the franchise relationship. The use of the model will contribute towards better relationships in the franchise sector.
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Calvet, Arnaud. "Franchise et concurrence : la protection du franchiseur face à la concurrence de son ancien franchisé". Perpignan, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PERP1064.
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La franchise se caractérise par les liens particulièrement étroits existant entre l'entreprise du franchiseur et celle du franchisé. Ces liens, qui perdurent dans le temps, rendent la cessation du lien contractuel particulièrement dangereuse pour le franchiseur. Ce dernier cherche donc à encadrer le départ du franchisé via l'insertion de diverses stipulations contractuelles. Parmi elles, la clause de non-concurrence est la plus utilisée et la plus restrictive vis à vis de la liberté du distributeur. Cette clause est aussi la plus controversée. L'atteinte considérable à la liberté économique du franchisé, commerçant indépendant propriétaire de son fonds de commerce, permet de constater l'illégitimité de la clause de non-concurrence tandis que la protection du savoir-faire transmis à l'occasion du contrat de franchise constitue une justification insuffisante d'une telle interdiction. L'encadrement de la fin du contrat de franchise, qui demeure pourtant une nécessité, doit ainsi se faire au moyen d'autres mesures de protection réellement adaptées aux risques liés au départ du franchisé et auxquels la clause de non-concurrence est totalement inadaptée. Tout d'abord, le concept élaboré par le franchiseur apparaît comme étant particulièrement vulnérable face à la concurrence développée : tant par l'ancien franchisé que par l'ensemble de la concurrence, ce qui exige la mise en oeuvre de moyens de protection spécifiquement adaptés au travers du droit de la propriété intellectuelle, du droit de la concurrence déloyale et enfin du droit des contrats. Par ailleurs, l'organisation du réseau de franchise élaborée par le franchiseur constitue la seconde source de danger liée au départ du franchisé. La clause de non ré-affiliation représente un instrument juridique adapté face à cet enjeu.
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Asmat, Velarde Kevin Alejandro, i Briceño Maria Claudia Inocente. "Análisis de la expansión internacional de franquicias peruanas del sector gastronómico a Latinoamérica y su Intensidad: Perspectiva del Franquiciante, operando en el exterior, al 2020". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/652730.
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El propósito de la presente investigación es identificar las variables que impulsan la expansión internacional de franquicias peruanas del sector gastronómico a Latinoamérica. Asimismo, busca conocer si existe un impacto positivo de las variables sobre la intensidad de expansión de las franquicias peruanas en Latinoamérica del sector gastronómico al 2020. Para lograr estos objetivos se consideraron las siguientes variables: La experiencia franquiciando, el conocimiento de marca, la atractividad del concepto de negocio y la efectividad de la adaptación del concepto de negocio. Para el análisis de intensidad también fueron considerados cuatro indicadores como lo con los años operando como franquicia en Latinoamérica, las unidades franquiciadas en Latinoamérica, la cantidad de países en los que la marca tiene presencia como franquicia y el promedio de unidades franquiciadas en Latinoamérica por país.
Esta investigación usa un análisis mixto. Para el análisis cualitativo se hizo uso de herramientas entrevistas semi-estructuradas a expertos del sector. Para la parte cuantitativa se hizo uso de un análisis de regresión logística para el objetivo de la identificación de variables que impulsan la expansión y un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple para medir el impacto de las variables en la intensidad de expansión de las franquicias.
Los resultados concluyeron a las variables de experiencia franquiciando y conocimiento de marca como impulsoras de la expansión de franquicias en Latinoamérica al 2020. Como segunda conclusión se identificó a la variable experiencia franquiciando como la única que tiene un efecto en la intensidad de expansión internacional de franquicias del sector gastronomía.The purpose of this research is to identify the variables that drive the international expansion of Peruvian franchises in the gastronomic sector to Latin America. Moreover, it determines if there is a positive impact of the variables on the intensity of expansion of Peruvian franchises in Latin America in the gastronomic sector by 2020. To achieve these objectives, the following variables will be considered: franchising experience, brand awareness, attraction of the business concept and effectiveness of the adaptation of the business concept. For the intensity analysis, there were also four indicators like years operating as a franchise in Latin America, franchised units in Latin America, the number of countries in which the brand has a franchise presence and the average number of franchised units in Latin America by country. This research uses mixed analysis. For the quantitative research, a Logistic Regression analysis was used in order to identifying the variables that drive expansion and a Multiple Regression Analyses to measure the impact of the variables on the intensity of expansion of franchises. The results concluded with the variables of franchising experience and brand value as drivers of franchise expansion in Latin America. As a second conclusion, the variable franchising experience was identified as the only one that has an effect on the intensity of international expansion of franchises in the gastronomy sector.
Tesis
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Rehak, Robert John. "State of the art special effects in United States Blockbuster franchises /". [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3238504.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Communication and Culture, 2006."Title from dissertation home page (viewed July 12, 2007)." Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-10, Section: A, page: 3631. Adviser: Barbara Klinger.
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Adams, Jason. "The NBA's Revenue Sharing Scorecard: Determining Success for Small-Market Franchises". Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1569.
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Thesis advisor: Christopher MaxwellAlthough there is extensive theoretical and empirical literature discussing the impact of revenue sharing agreements on competitive balance in professional sports leagues, there has been little work done to improve the structure of current agreements which are designed to improve competitive balance. This paper focuses on the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the current revenue sharing agreements it has in place. This paper both evaluates franchises’ efforts in earning revenue sharing payments and offers alternative metrics designed to accomplish the goals of league-wide profitability and competitive balance
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2010
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics Honors Program
Discipline: Economics
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Codsi, Marie-Claude. "Title tunes and the branding of music in Hollywood film franchises". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31381.
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The use of leitmotifs in films has often been critiqued. Theodor Adorno and Hanns Eisler went as far as to claim in 1947 that "The whole form language of current cinema music derives from advertising" and that leitmotifs were in part to blame. While I take a more neutral stance, I argue that Eisler and Adorno's critique is partly correct, especially in regards to film series produced from the 1960s onwards. The analytical work undertaken for this research suggests that multiple franchises use elements of their scores as branding tools. I argue that these melodies, which have often been referred to as leitmotifs in film music scholarship, should be described as something else: title tunes. It seems that over time, they come to represent not just one or two movies, but entire franchises. They also appear to possess a marketing value not necessarily present in leitmotifs. As such, I would argue these title tunes resemble much more sonic logos as described in the sonic branding world than leitmotifs. This thesis is an exploration of title tunes. My thesis focuses primarily on mainstream Hollywood film franchises from the 1960s onwards. Various case studies from different time periods and different movie genres are analysed to describe and understand this new category of promotional film music. This thesis first takes a historical look at the concept of title tunes, explaining how other sonic branding practices used in radio, television and cinema appear to have influenced the creation of title tunes. From the sample of films analysed for this thesis, I argue that title tunes share commonalities, yet the commonalities seem to vary slightly across movie genres. The analyses undertaken also suggest that title tunes are dynamic entities, that some title tunes are more complex than others (featuring multiple components), and that some franchises can feature more than one title tune. My interpretation of the data also suggests that these title tunes are used as emotional and nostalgic tools and that specific orchestrations and arrangements might carry additional emotional power. While the majority of this thesis explores the use of title tunes in films, their use in trailers and other commodities is discussed. Finally, I suggest how title tunes might change in the future and why certain franchises have omitted using such recurring motifs.
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Kung, Syu-yan Louis. "An review of Hong Kong's public transport policies with reference to impacts on franchised bus services". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38477634.
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Hough, A. J. "Power and authority and their consequences in franchise organisations : A study of the relationship between franchisors and franchisees". Thesis, University of Westminster, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372082.
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Lewis, Josephine Edwardine. "Business viability : a comparison between franchises and independent businesses / by Joyce Lewis". Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/5076.
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The study is based on a comparison between franchises and independent businesses.
The purpose of the study is to have a clear understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of SMEs and franchise businesses in Rustenburg (North West Province) and its environs.
A number of textbooks, published works and web articles on SMEs and franchise businesses were used in determining definitions and advantages and disadvantages that are experienced by the entrepreneur.
A survey research design was used with a questionnaire as data-gathering instrument. The purpose of the questionnaire was to determine the experience and viewpoints of the entrepreneurs towards SMEs and franchise businesses. The study population consisted of 71 entrepreneurs who operate in the business environment of Rustenburg (North West Province) and its environs.
Limitations in the research were identified and several recommendations were made in order to guide the entrepreneur in choosing a business that will suit his/her needs.
The findings of the study offer advantages and disadvantages for both the franchise and independent businesses. The research results lead the entrepreneur to seek for a good business opportunity that will add value in terms of enterprise development, ownership, and financial benefits.Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
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Sankar, Ramya. "Power of networks : a study of health franchises in resource limited settings". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/57524.
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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2009.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 62-64).
Billions of dollars are spent to develop drugs for infectious diseases in developing countries. How will these drugs along with clinical services be delivered to the patients who currently do not have access to them? Health franchises have been around since early 1990s, creating networks of shops and clinics that provide specialized care to low income individuals. This thesis attempts to understand the underlying mechanisms of successful health franchises. Two cases are taken into consideration, CFWshops in Kenya and Mi Farmacita Nacional (MFN) in Mexico. Both are pharmaceutical shops with small clinics attached to them. The two cases were examined through a framework derived from successful commercial franchises and franchise theory. The elements that were addressed include operational structure, marketing strategy, product and service offerings, monitoring of businesses, and financial structure. CFWshops and MFN had some stark differences in how they addressed each of these elements. Unlike typical commercial franchises, health franchises aim to provide social benefits to the population. This goal requires franchises to not only create a business strategy to be financially sustainable and take advantage of networks, but also show health improvements in the community. The success of a health franchise is dependent on the health impacts it provides because its mission is not to generate a profit for the stakeholders but rather the value added to the customer by providing access that was not there before.
(cont.) The comparative case analysis suggests several key recommendations. Health innovations in resource limited settings should create networks with other public and private health groups to leverage existing knowledge and best practices. This reduces cost and time of learning and allows businesses to utilize existing channels to provide access for drugs and services to individuals who currently are not receiving them.
by Ramya Sankar.
S.M.in Technology and Policy
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Hamer, Naomi Elana. "Reading tween franchises : cross-media practices and the discourses of tween girlhood". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2010. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10007385/.
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The 'tween' age group, particularly preadolescent females between the ages of 8 and 12, constitutes a heavily targeted niche for the branding and cross marketing of products. Consequently, books aimed at tween readers are often part of cross-media franchises that may include film and television adaptations, affiliated music albums, online fan clubs, video games, clothing, and cosmetics. In this context, representations may be adapted across a number of media forms, and conversely, responses to texts may be facilitated by engagement with diverse media. In light of these trends, this research explores how intersecting discourses of tween girlhood are negotiated through crossmedia practices by both producers and consumers of tween franchises. The thesis begins with a review of research from the fields of children's literature criticism, cultural and media studies, girlhood studies, and New Literacies. Building on this review, I outline a theoretical and methodological frame rooted in theories of discourse as articulated through multimodal design and cross-media play. The analysis traces a cultural history of key discourses in Anglo-American texts for and about preadolescent girls. In the following chapters, two tween-oriented cross-media worlds, The Chronicles ofNarnia and Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, are used as case studies to examine the roles of multi modal design and cross-media play in the articulation of these discourses of tween girlhood. Each case study addresses the design of franchise texts (i.e. books, DVDs, tie-in texts); fan cultures related to these texts; and the responses of eightyear- old participants during fieldwork in Toronto, Canada. The conclusion of this thesis discusses the potential application of this doctoral study in future research on crossmedia texts and practices.
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Genovese, Erika <1998>. "Marvel and DC Multiverse: A Journey into Transmedia Storytelling and Media Franchises". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/22019.
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After 25 billion of dollars at the global box office and a huge impact on popular culture, Marvel Cinematic Universe, owned by the Walt Disney Company, has now reached a phase where it has 6 movies released in theatres, tv shows and a two years plan about future films. Meanwhile, the second most popular superhero’s franchise, DC Extended Universe, distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures, produced 11 movies, earned 5,8 billion of dollars worldwide and is currently developing 6 more movies to be released over the next two years. MCU is now dealing with the descendant phase of the ‘Product Life Cycle Management’; while the DCEU is facing several pitfalls and setbacks due to the unclear business vision. This reflects for both in the decision of bringing novelty to the storytelling process and enactment: ‘Multiverse’ is introduced. The main goal of this paper is to investigate the idea of multiverse from its origins to the different fields of studies and media in which it was later adjusted to. This will be conducive to better analyse its role and its working logic in the MCU and DCEU, answering research questions such as: Can the Multiverse logics be framed into the wider context of franchises and transmedia storytelling rules? Are Multiverse logics going to create a new paradigm of rules or are those already existing enough? This research addresses such issues and tries to provide a set of possible answers, with different outcomes for the two major film studios.
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Lee, Soo Bum. "An Investigation of Factors Affecting the Quality of the Relationship between Franchisee and Franchisor and its Impact on Franchisee's Performance, Satisfaction, and Commitment: A Study of the Restaurant Franchise System". Diss., Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27390.
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The growth of franchising has been an important trend in the hospitality industry, since it was introduced into the restaurant sector by Howard Johnsons in the 1930s. In recent years, because of intense competition quick service restaurants have experienced significant external and internal pressures. Such pressures have caused disputes and abuses of the system and have affected external suppliers, customers, and suppliers, as well as franchisees within the franchise system. Because the franchisor-franchisee relationship has yet to be fully explored, knowledge of the factors that produce a high-quality relationship between franchisor and franchisee are critical to the advancement of knowledge in the hospitality industry.
Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) theory is offered of an effective theoretical model of antecedents that can predict the effectiveness the franchisor-franchisee relationship. This study presents a model based on a subset of the Leader-Member Exchange theory.
Using the survey responses of franchisees in the restaurant industry, this study identifies the key factor that affect the franchisee's commitment, the franchisee's satisfaction with purchasing or operating franchise outlets, the effects of the franchisor's brand name on the quality of the relationship, the franchisee's perception of the franchisor's support, the franchisee's motivation to become a franchisee, and the franchisee's performance.
The results of this study generally support the hypothesized model and provide strong support for the idea that the quality of the relationship between franchisee and franchisor plays a role in ensuring that the contractual relationship will lead to franchisee job satisfaction and financial success for both. The proposed model provides franchisors with valuable information for establishing an effective management strategy to improve the relationship between franchisor and franchisee and thus improve the rate of success of both franchisor and franchisee. Similarly, the model can assist both the franchisor and franchisee in understanding their policies in strategic terms and in integrating their different activities to provide the firm with the quality relationship required for maintaining advantage.Ph. D.
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Asgharian, Bourkheili Ehsan. "Performance in Franchise Systems : The Franchisee Perspective". Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell ekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-122563.
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During the last decades, franchising as an organizational form has received a lot of attention from researchers and practitioners alike. While many studies have examined various aspects of franchising from the franchisor's perspective, little research has taken the franchisee’s perspective. Therefore, given the importance of franchisees in a franchise system, the lack of research about consequences from the franchisee's perspective, and that many of the previous studies have taken a top-bottom view, this research concentrated on the franchisee's performance. This study focused on business format franchising in the restaurant industry in two countries, Iran and Sweden. In this study, the three perspectives of entrepreneurship, strategic management, and marketing were used to study the franchisee’s performance. Moreover, the resourcebased view, relational view, and relational exchange theory have been used to find the influential factors in a franchisee’s performance. Therefore, by considering franchising as a mutual relationship and examining the influential factors in a franchisee's performance, the related factors of both the franchisor and franchisee, as well as the relationship between them, were examined. According to the franchisee’s related factors, the franchisor's related factors, and the relationship and environmental factors, 12 main hypotheses and 9 sub-hypotheses were developed. In total, 191 usable questionnaires from Sweden and Iran, comprising a response rate of 22 percent, were returned from the franchisees. In this study, confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the construct measurement; to test the hypothesis, hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed. Moreover, the Chow test was conducted to integrate the data from these two countries. A primary contribution of this study is taking a bottom-top view in franchising research. This study also provided a detailed and holistic view about the consequences of franchising for franchisees. Moreover, this study, offers important contributions toward understanding entrepreneurial activities, as a controversial issue, in franchising outlets. The results provide interesting insights into the franchisee’s performance. While the franchisees’ related factors of absorptive capacity, Kirznerian entrepreneurial orientation, and social capital positively affected their performance, Schumpeterian entrepreneurial orientation and human capital did not affect their performance. Moreover, the franchisor’s related factors of system profitability, brand reputation, advertisement and providing raw material had a positive influence on the performance. However, training did not cause a difference in the franchisee’s performance. All relationship factors also positively affected the performance, and conflict and satisfaction mediated the relationship between trust and performance. Finally, the implications of this study and suggestions for further contributions in this stream of research are discussed.
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Meoño, Santiváñez Luis Renato, i Caro Rodrigo Alfonso Tuesta. "Principales factores que permitieron la internacionalización de las franquicias peruanas al mercado latinoamericano durante el periodo 2013-2018". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/652716.
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En los últimos años, el comercio internacional ha tomado el protagonismo debido a que ha mostrado tener gran potencial de expansión hacia los años siguientes, este fenómeno no ha sido ajeno en Latinoamérica y el Perú en general. En los años 2011 – 2018 la exportación de servicios mostró un crecimiento promedio anual de 7% en la región y en el Perú ha sido de 9%, en comparación del 4% de las exportaciones de bienes. Entre los servicios exportados por el Perú, se encuentran las franquicias como un servicio que ha tenido gran acogida a nivel Latinoamérica. Para ello, para la presente investigación se propuso descubrir ¿Cuáles fueron los factores críticos que permitieron a las franquicias peruanas ingresar a mercados latinoamericanos durante el periodo 2013-2018?, en la cual, por medio de una investigación de tipo cualitativo y exploratorio, se desarrollaron los factores push y pull para conocer los factores críticos que se llevaron a cabo por los actores del mercado. Por medio de entrevistas estructuradas a expertos, se encontró en cuanto a factores push, una escasa participación e impulso por parte de entidades gubernamentales para la exportación de franquicias; sin embargo, por su parte los factores pull como la “proximidad geográfica” y la “similitud cultural y de idioma”, son factores que han facilitado el ingreso de las franquicias peruanas al exterior.For the last several years, international trade has been taking a lead role because it has shown a great potential for expansion for the future. This phenomenon has not been different in Latin America and Peru in particular. In 2011 - 2018, the export of services showed an average annual growth of 7% in the region and in Peru it was 9%, in contrast to 4% of the exports of assets. Among the services exported by Peru, franchises as a service that actually are highly valued in Latin America. For the present research it was proposed to discover about which were the critical factors that allowed Peruvian franchises to enter Latin American markets during the 2013-2018?, through qualitative and exploratory research, they were developed the push and pull factors to know the critical factors that were carried out by the market participants. By structured interviews with experts, it was found about the push factors, a low participation and impulse implemented by the government entities for export franchises; however, for the other hand, pull factors such as “geographic proximity” and “cultural and language similarity” are factors that have facilitated the entry of Peruvian franchises abroad.
Tesis
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Frank, Franziska. "Franchising in Russland rechtliche Grundlagen und Probleme /". München : Beck, 2000. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/45541407.html.
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Tam, Chiu-yung Carrie, i 譚肖容. "Franchising in Hong Kong: current and unexplored opportunities". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31265480.
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Spencer, Elizabeth Crawford. "The regulation of the franchise relationship in Australia: a contractual analysis". Gold Coast, QLD : Bond University, 2007. http://epublications.bond.edu.au/theses/spencer.
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Vaughan, Stephen. "Conversion franchising and the effect on competitive advantage : a case study approach". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1997. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36288/1/36288_Vaughan_1997.pdf.
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Franchising has grown in recent decades to become a ma3or sector m the leading
econo1TI1es of the world. One particular type of franchising, namely business format
franchising has been the subject of the majority of recent literature, largly because it has
been the area of major growth in the number of outlets. Currently, a rising trend is in the
area of conversion franchising, and this is particularly evident in the retail sector where
many existing small independent businesses are experiencing increased competition from
larger national chains.
There has been a lack of research on the extent of franchising in Australia, in particular the
effects of conversion franchising. A topic which has been almost untouched is in the area
of conversion franchising and its effect on competitive advantage. That is the change to
competitive advantage of a converted business as a result of the conversion process.
Hence, the research problem is the following:
RP: How is the conversion to a franchise system perceived as changing the competitive
advantage of an existing small business?
Extensive research of the literature detailed in chapter 2 made possible the development of
two research questions:RQ 1: What are the competitive advantage factors which have influenced the use of
conversion franchising?
RQ2: How have the competitive advantage factors of an existing business been perceived
as having changed as a result of the conversion process?
Chapter 3 addresses the research paradigm and establishes that a case study methodology
is the most appropriate approach for investigating the research problem. A multiple case
approach was conducted with a sample of 5 cases.
Chapter 4 presents the results of the case study research and applies the methods of data
analysis as explained in chapter 3.
Chapter 5 discusses the conclusions and implications of the entire research project. These
conclusions have been incorporated within a theoretical model developed from the
:findings and based on Porter's competitive advantage model. The :findings attempt to
explore the many competitive advantage activities an existing business is likely to be
seeking from a franchise arrangement. The study then examines how franchisors have
perceived these competitive advantage factors to have changed as a result of the
conversion process. This research has attempted to explore several issues which will
require future research in the area of conversion franchising.