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Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 27 lipca 2024

Data aktualizacji: 29 lipca 2024

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1

Burke, James. "The New Model Army and the problems of siege warfare, 1648–51". Irish Historical Studies 27, nr 105 (maj 1990): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400010282.

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The destruction of the Royalist field armies at Naseby and Langport in 1645 did not end the English Civil War. Althought the king had suffered irreversible military defeats, Parliament was unable to govern effectively while politically important towns and fortresses remained in enemy hands. To ensure political stability Parliament’s army was forced to besiege and reduce a large number of strongholds in England, Ireland and Scotland, a task that was not finally completed until the surrender of Galway in 1652. In particular the war in Ireland was to test the army’s siege-making capacity more severely than any previous campaign. To complete the political conquest of Britain and Ireland the army and its generals were compelled increasingly to practise an aspect of warfare that had been traditionally neglected by English soldiers. In contrast, siege warfare was an area in which their continental counterparts had excelled.In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, European wars produced few set-piece battles. Conflicts were more frequently resolved by the assault and defence of fortified cities and towns. Consequently the art of siege warfare evolved rapidly. England’s political and military insularity during this period detached the country from advances in siege technology that had transformed the conduct of European warfare. No major siege had been undertaken by an English army since Henry VIII had invested Boulogne in 1544, and as there had been no siege of English towns or fortresses since medieval times, there had been little innovation in defensive fortifications. What improvements did occur were sporadic and unco-ordinated. In the sixteenth century a great fortress was built at Berwick-on-Tweed to counter Scottish infiltration and a number of coastal towns in the south-east were refortified against the threat of Spanish invasion. However, by the outbreak of civil war in 1642, even these were obsolete by contemporary continental standards.

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2

Trevor-Roper, Hugh. "Pietro Giannone and Great Britain". Historical Journal 39, nr 3 (wrzesień 1996): 657–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00024481.

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ABSTRACTPietro Giannone was a revolutionary thinker who sought in the early decades of the eighteenth century to free Italy from the inveterate, legally entrenched feudal power of the church and then to free Christianity itself from the stifling and corrupting embrace of the political church. This essay tells the improbable story of how his writings were taken up and disseminated in Britain by the non-juring bishop and antiquary Richard Rawlinson, the learned but morally unsound Scottish journalist Archibald Bower, and an odd crew of Jacobites. It is shown that the translations of Giannone got into some very influential hands and represent part of an undervalued Jacobite contribution to the origins of the Scottish Enlightenment and to the thought of Edward Gibbon.

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3

Gadjiev, Murtazali. "On the Construction Date of the Derbend Fortification Complex". Iran and the Caucasus 12, nr 1 (2008): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338408x326163.

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AbstractThe paper discusses several aspects of the history of one of the great architectural and fortifying undertakings of the Sasanian period, namely the Derbend defensive wall. Comparing all the available data on the time of this construction, the author draws a picture of the key historical events of the 6th century A.D., the complicated relations of the Sasanians with their neighbours, and the phenomenon of the so-called Northern tribes, against whom, strictly speaking, the Derbend fortification complex was erected. The article gives a convincing answer to the problem of the construction date of the Derbend fortification complex, rightfully called the Great Caucasian Wall.

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4

Zosidze, Nugzar. "GEORGIA IN THE PLANS OF GERMANY AND ITS ALLIES AT THE INITIAL STAGE OF THE WORLD WAR I (MILITARY OPERATIONS ON THE TRANSCAUCASUS FRONT)". Innovative economics and management 10, nr 3 (29.11.2023): 170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.46361/2449-2604.10.3.2023.170-178.

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Nugzar zosidze E-mail: n.zosidze@bsu.edu.ge Associate Professor, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University Batumi, Georgia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2613-3365 Abstract. In the early twentieth century, two large opposing hostile coalitions have formed in Europe: Triple Alliance and Triple Entente. The Triple Alliance initially included: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. After the start of the World War I, the latter withdrew from the bloc, but Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined it, thus forming the Quadruple Alliance. The countries included in it demanded a "place under the sun" and assumed to take the colonies from the Entente countries through war. The core of the "Entente" consisted of the world's largest colonial empires of that time - Great Britain, France and Russia. It was between these two imperialist groups that the World War I of 1914-1918 broke out, involving thirty-eight states from different continents. The war was imperialistic, unjust and conquering on both sides, resulting in the deaths and maiming of millions of people, destruction and extermination on a grand scale. Germany and its allies had significant plans for Transcaucasia and the expulsion of Russia from there. This unity of these interests largely led to the Ottoman Empire joining the Alliance, following the 1908 Young Turk Revolution. After the Revolution, three leaders distinctively stood out in the political life of the Ottoman Empire: Enver Pasha, Military Minister and and de facto dictator of the Ottoman Empire; Talaat Pasha, Minister of Internal Affairs; and Ahmed Djemal Pasha, Minister of Marine. Those three were obviously prone to Germanophilism. Young Turks, in their attempts to find ways for quickly reorganizing their army defeated in the Balkan wars, looked at Germany with hope. That is why they happily met Germany's proposal to send a military mission to the Ottoman empire, which was received. On 8 October 1913, an agreement was signed between Germany and the Ottoman Empire, which gave the Sanders military mission extensive rights (M.Larcher, La guerre Turque dans la guerre mondiale: 609-610). The German military mission undertook considerable work in the Ottoman Empire prior to the war. The members of the mission had responsible positions in the local general staff, border corps and fortifications. The history of the period in question became especially relevant from the beginning of the 50s of the twentieth century. However, many details and features of these liasons have not yet been fully investigated, comprehensively studied and scientifically substantiated.

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5

Richards, Stephen. "The SS Great Britain (review)". Technology and Culture 49, nr 1 (2007): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2008.0017.

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6

Stewart Weaver. "Great Britain and the World". Reviews in American History 37, nr 3 (2009): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.0.0112.

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7

Fisher, Patty. "History of School Meals in Great Britain". Nutrition and Health 4, nr 4 (styczeń 1987): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010608700400402.

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This paper describes the early origins of the school meals service, their rapid growth in the second world war, their post war development and their recent retrenchment. The factors contributing to their early success and the problems to be overcome are discussed.

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8

Mitton, D., i R. Ackroyd. "History of photodynamic therapy in Great Britain". Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 2, nr 4 (grudzień 2005): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1572-1000(05)00111-0.

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9

Lowry, Bullitt, i J. M. Bourne. "Britain and the Great War, 1914-1918." Journal of Military History 55, nr 1 (styczeń 1991): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1986146.

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10

Goldstein, Erik. "Great Britain and Greater Greece 1917–1920". Historical Journal 32, nr 2 (czerwiec 1989): 339–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00012188.

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The First World War saw the collapse of the old order in the Eastern Mediterranean with the disintegration of the Ottoman empire, an event which threatened to create a dangerous power vacuum. Great Britain for the pastcentury had attempted to prevent just such a crisis by supporting the maintenance of the territorial integrity of the Ottoman state. Britain had a number of crucial strategic concerns in the Eastern Mediterranean, in particular the Suez Canal and the Straits. The former was the more critical interest and Britain was determined to keep this essential link to its Indian empire firmly under its own control. As to the Straits Britain, which was concerned about over-extending its strategic capabilities, was content to see this critical waterway dominated by a friendly state. The question inevitably arose therefore as to what would replace the Ottoman empire. One alternative was Greece, a possibility which became increasingly attractive with the emergence of the supposedly pro-British Eleftherios Venizelos as the Greek leader in early 1917.

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11

Biliaieva, S. O. "THE FORTRESSES OF THE GREAT LITHUANIAN PRINCIPALITY ON THE TERRITORY OF THE KIEVAN AREA (HISTORY OF RESEARCH)". Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 43, nr 2 (30.06.2022): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.02.07.

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The study of fortresses on the territory of the Kyiv area in the Lithuanian period is one of the actual tasks of the formation of a new look on the Ukrainian history. As it is known it was the stage of the castell tower system of fortification, taking not only defense, but social and political, economic position, status of administrative centers and places of living of the social elite. In the course of the Lithuanian period, the following stages of the development of system of castell constructing are fixed: At the end of 14th — at the beginning of 15th century the castell tower system of fortification had been formed; On the second stage at the middle of 15th — in the second half of 16th century — the period of adaptation of the castell tower system to the artillery and the appearance of the system of basteja. In the Kyiv area two types of fortress constructing were fixed. The North and central parts of the area: the continuation of Old Rus traditions of the fortification on the base of wooden and earth constructions with two or three flour wooden towers. The transmission to the arm stage on the base of artillery took place. Planning structure: triangle and rectangular forms. On the South — the transition to the stone tower system, fortificated with wooden-earth constructions and stone counterforts, two or three flour towers, distribution of European types artillery. Planning structure: triangle and rectangular forms. For example: the Kyiv Castle which became the center of statehood in the time of Vladimir Olgerdovich; the system of castles in the rest of the territory; the creation of the fortification system of the South by Prince Vytautas, which facilitated trade in Europe from Krakow to the Black Sea coast and composition of the new federal state.

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12

Pichkov, O. B. "HISTORY OF POVERTY REDUCTION INITIATIVES IN GREAT BRITAIN". RUDN Journal of Economics 25, nr 2 (2017): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2017-25-2-199-208.

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13

Mares, Detlev. "Too Many Nazis? Contemporary History in Great Britain". Soudobé dějiny 14, nr 1 (1.03.2007): 106–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51134/sod.2007.004.

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14

Wallace, Ian. "GDR Studies in Great Britain". East Central Europe 14, nr 1 (1987): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633087x00025.

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15

Kiernan, Kathleen E. "Transitions in Young Adulthood in Great Britain". Population Studies 45, nr 1 (marzec 1991): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000145916.

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16

Cronin, James E., i Charles Tilly. "Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834". Journal of Interdisciplinary History 28, nr 1 (1997): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/206176.

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17

Buick, A. "The Socialist Party of Great Britain Centenary". History Workshop Journal 59, nr 1 (1.03.2005): 286–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbi029.

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18

Costu, Mehmet Davut. "Little Turkey in Great Britain". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 46, nr 1 (23.09.2018): 204–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2018.1507434.

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19

Carr, W. "Exile in Great Britain. Refugees from Hitler's Germany". German History 2, nr 1 (1.01.1985): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/2.1.67.

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20

Miziniak, Helena. "Polish Community in Great Britain". Studia Polonijne 43, Specjalny (20.12.2022): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/sp2243.5s.

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The article presents the activity of Poles in Great Britain in the 20th century, beginning with the end of World War II, when a large group of Polish refugees and veterans settled in the UK. In 1947, the Federation of Poles was established to represent Polish community in Great Britain. The Association of Polish Women (1946) and the Relief Society for Poles (1946) were also formed at the same time. The article shows the involvement of the Polish community in Great Britain in the context of Polish history. This involvement included the organisation of anti-communist protests, carrying out various actions to inform people about the situation in Poland, organising material aid, supporting Poland at the time of the system transformation, and supporting Poland’s accession to the European Union. Over the decades, the Polish community in Great Britain has managed to set up numerous veterans’ and social organisations, Polish schools, it also built churches in order to preserve Polish culture abroad.

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21

Podolsky, Vadim. "History of the social policy in the United Kingdom". Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost, nr 5 (2021): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086904990016102-4.

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In the XVII century Great Britain became the first country in the world with a full-scale system of social support, which was regulated at the state level. The “Old Poor Law” of 1601 and the “New Poor Law” of 1834 are well-studied in both foreign and Russian science, but the solutions that preceded them are less known. The aim of this study is to describe the development of social policy in Great Britain up to 1834, when the system of assistance to people in need was redesigned according to the liberal logic of minimal interference of the state. The article is based on comparative and historic approach and analysis of legal documents. It demonstrates the evolution of institutions and practices of social support in Great Britain. In this country social policy grew from church and private charity and developed at local level under centrally defined rules. Consistent presentation of social policy history in Great Britain is valuable for studies of charity, local self-government and social policy.

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22

Dunkley, Peter, i Charles Tilly. "Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834." American Historical Review 102, nr 3 (czerwiec 1997): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2171560.

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23

Martill, David M. "The early history of pterosaur discovery in Great Britain". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 343, nr 1 (2010): 287–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp343.18.

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24

Eisner, H. S. "A history of mine safety research in Great Britain". Journal of Occupational Accidents 9, nr 2 (sierpień 1987): 153–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-6349(87)90032-0.

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25

van Roon, Ger. "Great Britain and the Oslo States". Journal of Contemporary History 24, nr 4 (październik 1989): 657–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002200948902400405.

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26

Dmitriev, Vladimir. "The Border Defense Systems of Sasanian Iran". ISTORIYA 13, nr 2 (112) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840019843-6.

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Almost all the great ancient both Eastern and Western powers sought to secure their borders by erecting border defensive lines. In this respect, Sassanian Iran was no exception. On the borders of the Sassanid Empire at different times, but mainly during the period of the highest power of the Sasanid kingdom (4th—6th centuries CE), strong fortification systems were erected. In scale, they surpassed many of the more famous similar structures created in the Classical world. These included the Wall of the Arabs, the Wall of Gorgan, the Wall of Tammishe, Jar-i Kulbad, the Darband fortification system, and the Darial Gorge.

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27

Tilly, Charles. "Contentious Repertoires in Great Britain, 1758-1834". Social Science History 17, nr 2 (1993): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1171282.

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Morris, R. J., i Charles Tilly. "Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834." Economic History Review 49, nr 4 (listopad 1996): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597985.

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29

Williamson, Philip, Kathleen Burk i Alec Cairncross. "'Goodbye, Great Britain': The 1976 IMF Crisis." Economic History Review 46, nr 3 (sierpień 1993): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2598384.

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30

Tilly, Charles. "Contentious Repertoires in Great Britain, 1758–1834". Social Science History 17, nr 2 (1993): 253–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200016849.

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A quick comparison of characteristic British struggles in 1758 and 1833 will show how greatly the predominant forms of popular collective action changed during the intervening 75 years. That change sets a research problem that I have been pursuing for many years: documenting, and trying to explain, changes in the ways that people act together in pursuit of shared interests—changes in repertoires of collective action. This interim report has two complementary objectives: first, to situate the evolving concept of repertoire in my own work and in recent studies of collective action; second, to illustrate its applications to the experience of Great Britain from the 1750s to the 1830s. It will do no more than hint, however, at explanations of the changes it documents.

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31

Hoffman, Philip T. "The Great Divergence: Why Britain Industrialised First". Australian Economic History Review 60, nr 2 (18.02.2020): 126–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aehr.12192.

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32

Boyer, George R. "The Evolution of Unemployment Relief in Great Britain". Journal of Interdisciplinary History 34, nr 3 (styczeń 2004): 393–433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002219504771997908.

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The history of unemployment relief in Britain from 1834 to 1911 was not a “unilinear progression in collective benevolence,” culminating in unemployment insurance. The combination of poor relief and private charity to assist cyclically unemployed workers from 1834 to 1870 was more generous, and more certain, than the relief provided for the unemployed under the various policies adopted from 1870 to 1911. A major shift in policy occurred in the 1870s, largely in response to the crisis of the Poor Law in the 1860s. Because the new policy—a combination of self-help and charity—proved unable to cope with the high unemployment of cyclical downturns, Parliament in 1911 bowed to political pressure for a national system of relief by adopting the world's first compulsory system of unemployment insurance.

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33

Murphy, M. J. "Differential family formation in Great Britain". Journal of Biosocial Science 19, nr 4 (październik 1987): 463–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017107.

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SummaryDifferentials in variables concerned with the timing, number, and distribution of fertility by a wide range of socioeconomic, attitudinal, inherited and housing characteristics from the British Family Formation Survey are reported. Variables associated with the couple's housing history and the wife's employment career are becoming more strongly associated with demographic differentials among younger cohorts than traditionally-based ones such as religion or region of residence. Cluster analysis techniques show which groups of family formation variables are strongly associated with particular types of non-demographic ones, and a natural grouping of explanatory variables is derived. The implications of these conclusions for data collection in demographic surveys are discussed.

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34

Schmidt, Gustav. "Great Britain and Germany in the Age of Imperialism". War & Society 4, nr 1 (maj 1986): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/106980486790303907.

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35

Lucas, Colin. "Great Britain and the Union of Norway and Sweden". Scandinavian Journal of History 15, nr 3-4 (styczeń 1990): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468759008579204.

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36

Turner, Ian. "Great Britain and the Post-War German Currency Reform". Historical Journal 30, nr 3 (wrzesień 1987): 685–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x0002094x.

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British policy towards Germany during the period of occupation aimed at preventing a resurgence of German military might in the future, whilst ensuring stable economic conditions in the short term. By mid 1946, however, the scale of the economic problems confronting the occupying powers in Germany had already manifested itself in the reduction of food rations and the consequent falling off in the output of Ruhr coal. The fragile economy was to suffer an even greater setback during the cruel winter of 1946/7. The immediate restoration of economic activity became imperative, not least because the dollar cost of sustaining the British Zone with imported grain weighed heavily on the British exchequer.

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37

NAROVLIANSKIY, Oleksandr. "EDUCATIONAL TOURISM IN GREAT BRITAIN". Dnipro Academy of Continuing Education Herald. Series: Philosophy, Pedagogy, Vol. 2 No. 2 (2023) (29.12.2023): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54891/2786-7013-2023-2-17.

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The article is devoted to the organisation of educational excursions in the UK and their role in the educational process of secondary schools. The purpose is to analyze the existing experience of organising school trips and to identify opportunities for using this experience in modern education in Ukraine. The historical origins of educational excursions are identified. The results of surveys and other studies conducted in the UK to determine the attitude of teachers to excursions as an element of the educational process, as well as the problems that arise in their organisation, are highlighted. Current experience of conducting excursions in various subjects - history, geography, natural sciences, mathematics, social sciences, computer technology. The article identifies the most popular educational tourism sites in the UK and highlights the methods used to organise school tours (specially designed tours related to the school curriculum, master classes, workshops, etc.) It is noted that special educational and training centers have been set up at certain facilities to conduct training sessions. It is noted that in Britain, excursions to government facilities such as the Parliament, the Royal Palace, the residence of the head of government, and the court have become widespread. It is determined that most museums and other visitor attractions establish preferential conditions for receiving groups of schoolchildren or provide opportunities for free visits. The problems that hinder the development of educational tourism at the present stage of development, in particular, lack of funding, are identified. The role of charitable foundations in the development and support of school excursions and the directions of their activities are highlighted. The experience of involving business structures, in particular Hyundai, in supporting educational tourism is analyzed. The unique experience of parliamentary support for educational tourism through the development of special bills on outdoor education, which are at different stages of consideration by the parliaments of Great Britain, Scotland and Wales, is indicated. The elements of experience that can be used in domestic education are identified.

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38

Cox, Jeffrey. "Provincializing Christendom: The Case of Great Britain". Church History 75, nr 1 (marzec 2006): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640700088351.

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39

Syroezhkin, Aleksey M. "Administrative Procedures of Licensing in Great Britain". Administrative law and procedure 2 (9.02.2023): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2071-1166-2023-2-54-59.

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The article deals with the legal regulation of administrative procedures of licensing in Great Britain. The feature of licensing is the stipulation of the duty of obtaining several permits to lawfully conduct the licensed activity under the concept of dual licensing. In Great Britain personal, ethical, qualification and economical requirements are stipulated. Licensing sanctions are variation of licenses, fines, license suspension and revocation.

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40

Altholz, Josef L., i John Wolffe. "The Protestant Crusade in Great Britain, 1829-1860." American Historical Review 98, nr 2 (kwiecień 1993): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2166883.

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41

Osborne, John Morton, R. J. Q. Adams i Philip P. Poirier. "The Conscription Controversy in Great Britain, 1900-18". American Historical Review 94, nr 1 (luty 1989): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1862139.

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42

Teng, Jun, Wei Liang Guo, Bai Sheng Rong, Zuo Hua Li i Zhi Jun Dong. "Research on Seismic Performance Objectives of High-Rise Diagrid Tube Structures". Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (grudzień 2010): 1100–1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.1100.

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Diagrid tube structures have advantages on constructing high-rise buildings for its great lateral stiffness, but its seismic design methodology researches are limited. The two-stage design method in Chinese code is not specific enough for the seismic fortification objectives of this kind of structures. It is necessary to propose some specific seismic performance objectives for the key components. Typical CFST diagrid tube-concrete core tube structures are studied by dynamic elastic-plastic time-history analysis using Perform-3D program. The structure plasticity developing process is summarized and the distribution characteristics of seismic fortification lines between tubes are discussed. The influences of main structure lateral stiffness related factors on the plasticity developing process are researched. The key components of structure lateral stiffness and plastic energy dissipation are studied. The seismic performance objectives of the key components are proposed for the three-level seismic fortification objectives.

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43

Daddow, Oliver J. "Euroscepticism and History Education in Britain". Government and Opposition 41, nr 1 (2006): 64–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2006.00171.x.

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AbstractThis article examines the role played by national history in generating and sustaining the popularity of British Eurosceptic arguments. The core argument advanced is that the modernist approach to history prevalent among British historians and the society in which they work has to be considered the key reason for Euroscepticism retaining such a popular appeal in Britain. The overly reverential attitude to recent martial history on the part of the British, and an almost total neglect of the peacetime dimensions of modern European history since 1945, both serve to exaggerate the tendency in the country to fall back on glib images of Britain as a great power with a ‘special relationship’ across the Atlantic and Europe as a hostile ‘other’ to be confronted rather than engaged with constructively.

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Zaba, Zofia, i Basia Zaba. "The Formation of the Polish Community in Great Britain". Population Studies 45, nr 2 (1.07.1991): 370–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000145586.

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KyeoungLok Kim. "Ming Dynasty History from the perspective of the Great Wall and the Frontier Fortification". military history ll, nr 106 (marzec 2018): 407–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29212/mh.2018..106.407.

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Safford, Jeffrey J., i Lawrence Spinelli. "Dry Diplomacy: The United States, Great Britain, and Prohibition". Journal of American History 76, nr 4 (marzec 1990): 1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2936685.

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Samusieva, K. V. "THE CONCEPT OF DEVOLUTION IN THE HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN". Juridical scientific and electronic journal, nr 4 (2021): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2021-4/33.

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Thorpe, Andrew, Noreen Branson i Phil Cohen. "History of the Communist Party of Great Britain, 1941-1951". Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 31, nr 2 (1999): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4052801.

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Larkin, Steve. "THE ABBE PREVOST AND DAVID HUME'S HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN". Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 3, nr 3 (1.10.2008): 192–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-0208.1980.tb00591.x.

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Rausch, Fabian. "«Constitutional Fever»? Constitutional Integration in Post-Revolutionary France, Great Britain and Germany, 1814–c.1835". Journal of Modern European History 15, nr 2 (maj 2017): 221–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/1611-8944-2017-2-221.

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«Constitutional Fever»? Constitutional Integration in Post-Revolutionary France, Great Britain and Germany, 1814–c.1835 This article proposes a comparative perspective on the role of constitutions in European political cultures from 1814 to c.1835. Through its analysis of constitutions first as a means to legitimising post-revolutionary monarchies, and secondly as a means to integrating the divided societies in France, Great Britain as well as the German states, this article suggests two major results: 1) Constitutions were a central instrument that was imagined by post-revolutionary European societies in order to open up an «evolutionary» path to political progress and thereby finally «end» or «prevent» further revolutionary changes. 2) The major challenges to constitutional integration were posed by the emergence of competing political groups that often demanded a strengthening of certain parts of the constitutions or their further reform. The problems, which were faced by almost all political actors regarding the acceptance of these new imperatives of party politics and the different constitutional «solutions» that they had developed to meet these challenges, provide explanations for the different constitutional paths that were taken by Great Britain, the German states and France during the early 1830s. In Great Britain, a common constitutionalist language enabled a precarious understanding amongst the competing groups, whereas anti-pluralist constitutional conceptions led to constitutional instability in France and even damaged the very idea of constitutional integration in Germany thus benefitting a «unification first»-approach in the German states.

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