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Wills, Peter. "Novel biocidal formulation". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/novel-biocidal-formulation(776ed624-6717-496f-9b31-ad2edce8e24b).html.
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In this modern age, society has become much more aware of the danger bacteria can have on people's health. Personal and household antimicrobial formulations are commonly used within the home to lower the levels of harmful bacteria such as E. Coli, Salmonella and Pseudomonas. The active which kills the bacteria within the formulation is described as a biocide. This research looks at the often neglected potential of cationic polyelectrolyte as a biocide, firstly within solution and secondly in creating an antimicrobial surface. The solution properties and antimicrobial activity for a range of commercially available cationic polyelectrolytes (polymeric quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) and biguanides) of differing molecular weights were investigated. All polyelectrolytes were observed to have some level of antimicrobial activity. The second phase of this research investigated polyelectrolyte/surfactant/water mixture of similar charge (cationic). Two QAC surfactants were investigated: Alkyl (C12 70%; C14 30%) dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (BAC) and Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDQ). At a critical concentration, these mixtures segregatively phase separate into a surfactant rich upper phase and polyelectrolyte rich lower phase. This phase separation phenomenon was investigated in respect of surfactant and polyelectrolyte type as well as polyelectrolyte molecular weight. Surfactant type was observed to be the dominant factor in determining the onset of phase separation and by mixing different ratios of surfactants the ability to tune this phase separation concentration was shown. Dilute solutions of these mixtures well below their respective phase separation concentration were then deposited onto glass substrates via a drop cast or inkjet printer method. The surfactant/polyelectrolyte film composites left after drop evaporation ranged from an amorphous film to nodular like structures. The ability to order/structure actives onto a surface could alter active adhesion and surface roughness properties of the film. This change in surface property could consequently affect antimicrobial performance.
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Pinto, Maria Jorge Pratas de Melo. "Biodiesel fuel formulation". Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/9328.
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Doutoramento em Engenharia QuímicaO consumo de energia a nível mundial aumenta a cada dia, de forma inversa aos recursos fósseis que decrescem de dia para dia. O sector dos transportes é o maior consumidor deste recurso. Face ao actual cenário urge encontrar uma solução renovável e sustentável que permita não só, diminuir a nossa dependência de combustíveis fósseis mas fundamentalmente promover a sua substituição por energias de fontes renováveis. O biodiesel apresenta-se na vanguarda das alternativas aos combustiveis derivados do petróleo, para o sector dos transportes, sendo considerado uma importante opção a curto prazo, uma vez que o seu preço pode ser competitivo com o diesel convencional, e para a sua utilização o motor de combustão não necessita de alterações. O biodiesel é uma mistura líquida, não tóxica, biodegradável de ésteres de ácidos gordos, sem teor de enxofre ou compostos aromáticos, apresenta boa lubricidade, alto número de cetano, e origina emissões gasosas mais limpas. O presente trabalho contribui para um melhor conhecimento da dependência das propriedades termofisicas do biodiesel com a sua composição. A publicação de novos dados permitirá o desenvolvimento de modelos mais fiáveis na previsão do comportamento do biodiesel. As propriedades densidade e viscosidade são o espelho da composição do biodiesel, uma vez que dependem directamente da matéria prima que lhe deu origem, mais do que do processo de produção. Neste trabalho os dados medidos de densidade e viscosidade de biodiesel foram testados com vários modelos e inclusivamente foram propostos novos modelos ajustados para esta família de compostos. Os dados medidos abrangem uma ampla gama de temperaturas e no caso da densidade também foram medidos dados a alta pressão de biodiesel e de alguns ésteres metilico puros. Neste trabalho também são apresentados dados experimentais para o equilíbrio de fases sólido-liquído de biodiesel e equlibrio de fases líquidolíquido de alguns sistemas importantes para a produção de biodiesel. Ambos os tipos de equilíbrio foram descritos por modelos desenvolvidos no nosso laboratório. Uma importância especial é dado aqui a propriedades que dependem do perfil de ácidos gordos da matéria-prima além de densidade e viscosidade; o índice de iodo e temperature limite de filtrabalidade são aqui avaliados com base nas considerações das normas. Os ácidos gordos livres são um sub-produto de refinação de óleo alimentar, que são removidos na desodoração, no processo de purificação do óleo. A catálise enzimática é aqui abordada como alternativa para a conversão destes ácidos gordos livres em biodiesel. Estudou-se a capacidade da lipase da Candida antartica (Novozym 435) para promover a esterificação de ácidos gordos livres com metanol ou etanol, utilizando metodologia de superfície de resposta com planeamento experimental. Avaliou-se a influência de diversas variáveis no rendimento da reacção.
World energy consumption rises every day and, inversely, fossil fuel resources are dwindling day by day. Transportation sector is the bigger consumer of oil. Faced with the actual scenario a renewable and sustenable alternative is needed, not just to decrease our dependence of petroleum but also to base our power in a renewable source. Biodiesel is at the forefront of the alternatives to petroleum based fuels in the transportation sector, being considered an important short-time option since its price can be competitive with conventional diesel and no motor changes are required. Biodiesel consists on a liquid blend of, non toxic, biodegradable fatty acid esters, with non sulfur and aromatic content, good lubricity, high cetane number, nontoxic character of their exhaust emissions and cleaner burning. Aiming at tuning biodiesel to optimize the fuel composition, the present work contributes for a better knowledge of de depencende of thermophysical properties of biodiesel on their compositon. New data is required to help in the development of reliable models to predict biodiesel behavior. Density and viscosity data are a mirror of biodiesel composition, as both depend on the raw material, more than the production process. New data of density and viscosity were measured and respective models were tested and compared, and new adjusted parameters proposed for this family of compounds. The measured data include a wide range of temperatures and in the case of density data were also measured at high pressure for biodiesel and some pure methyl esters. This work also reports experimental data for the solid-liquid-phase equilibria of biodiesel and, liquid-liquid equilibria of some important systems in biodiesel production. Both type of equilibria were described with models developed in our laboratory. A special importance is here given to properties that depend on fatty acid profile of raw material besides density and viscosity; the iodine value, and cold filter plugging point are here evaluated based on norm considerations. Free Fatty Acids (FFA) are a by-product in edible oil refining, that are removed in the deodorizing step on oil purification. Enzymatic catalysis is here studied as an alternative to convert this by-product into biodiesel. The ability of immobilized lipase from Candida antartica (Novozym 435) to catalize the esterification of FFA with methanol and ethanol were evaluated using response surface methodology with an experimental design. Influence of several variables were evaluated in the yield of reaction.
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El, fakhri Rehab M. Mohamed. "Cryomilling for formulation". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/49060/.
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The pharmaceutical industry has experienced an increase in the amount of development candidates with low aqueous solubility and accordingly poor bioavailability. In order for this problem to be solved, amorphisation is thought to be the most favourable solution. The amorphous state is higher in free energy thus higher in solubility when compared to the crystalline form. Milling and specially cryomilling is a very unique technique for providing of the crystalline to amorphous transformation since there are no heat or solvents involved. Phthalic acid, isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid, individual and pair mixtures, are crystalline organic non medicinal compounds, which have been used for the first time as model compounds to investigate whether cryogenic milling can induce crystal to amorphous transformation and if the preparation of pair mixtures could affect the recrystallization rate of the subjected materials or not. The materials were cryomilled and analysed by DSC, XRPD, and FTIR. It was found that only terephthalic acid become amorphous after cryomilling, and even after the cryomilled sample been stored for three weeks DSC thermogram still detects recrystallization exothermic along with the XRPD pattern, which shows a very broad peaks indicative of particle size reduction. Pair mixtures were also studied and analysed by DSC and XRPD. Phthalic acid/isophthalic acid, isophthalic acid/terephthalic acid, phthalic acid/terephthalic acid were cryomilled together and mixed physically after been cryomilled separately. XRPD results show that unlike the cryomilled separately mixtures, phthalic acid/ isophthalic acid, isophthalic acid/terephthalic acid, terephthalic acid/phthalic acid cryomilled together samples produces a synergistic effect in which the Bragg peaks of both phthalic acid and isophthalic acid are suppressed. It appears that co cryomilling of these pair mixtures together resulted in the production of a new material that could potentially either be two-component single phase (nano-sized co-crystal), or a new polymorphic form of either phthalic acid, isophthalic acid or terephthalic acid. Single-component of aspirin (ASP), paracetamol (PCM) and caffeine (CAFF), along with multi-component systems of paracetamol/aspirin, paracetamol/caffeine and aspirin/caffeine were milled at room temperature and by a cryomill. The milled samples were analysed using DSC, XRPD and FTIR. It was noted that there are no clear indications of crystal to amorphous transformation in all three materials. When milling aspirin at room temperature a marked reduction in the melting point was observed. Generally, a reduction in the melting point is either attributed to particle size effects, polymorphism, impurities and decomposition. In this case, the decrease in the melting point was only noticed when aspirin was milled at room temperature, so it is possible that the heat generated during the milling process resulted in chemical decomposition of aspirin to salicylic acid. Anhydrous caffeine is acknowledged to have two polymorphic forms, Form II which is considered to be stable at room temperature until ~145 °C. Form I is stable from ~145 °C to its melting point ~ 236 °C. This polymorphic transformation was detected by DSC, XRPD and hot stage microscope and it was noticed only with the as received and the room temperature milled samples. Cryomilled caffeine data showed only the presence of Form I. On the other hand, for the cryomilled multi-component systems DSC and hot stage microscope images confirmed the eutectic formation with a composition of 45:55% w/w (PCM:ASP), 50:50% (ASP:CAFF) AND 50:50% (PCM:CAFF). The obtained data were compared with room temperature milled and the theoretical values resulted from Van Laar equation. Solid pharmaceuticals represent heterogeneous systems that typically consist of one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and a number of excipients. Multi-component systems from mixing aspirin, paracetamol and caffeine with different excipients, which included sucrose, lactose monohydrate, xylitol and trehalose dihydrate were prepared by the use of a cryomill and were analyesd by DSC and XRPD. It was found from the XRPD data that mixing both sucrose and lactose monohydrate respectively with ASP, PCM and CAFF would produce more of a synergistic effect than xylitol and trehalose dihydrate. Cryomilling caffeine/sucrose and caffeine/lactose resulted in a production of a new XRPD trace that cannot be described in terms of a linear combination of caffeine, sucrose and lactose monohydrate. A new material was therefore formed as a result of cryomilling which has not been reported before.
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Kahlon, Sandeep. "Formulation in psychology : a review of child formulation use and an exploration of formulation experiences of clients with depression". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/49311/.
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Formulation has been established as a core competency in Clinical Psychology training. There is a small but growing evidence base demonstrating the benefits of its use from the perspective of clinicians. However, there are few empirical studies investigating formulation use with children and adolescents. In addition, there is little known about the client's experience of cognitive-behavioural theraphy (CBT) formulation. This thesis explores formulation in Psychological Therapy. The first paper reviews the use of formulation within the child and adolescent literature. The key components within a formulation, key factors of formulation which should be explored with children and the clinical utility of formulation are described and discussed based on the extant literature. The research highlights the need to consider developmental milestones, collaboration with families and to consider the child's wider system when formulating. Formulation appeared to be a trans-theoretical concept, occuring throughout the assessment-intervention continuum. However, more empirical research is needed to understand these findings further. The second chapter is an interpretative phenomenological analysis exploring CBT formulation with clients who have depression. Themes were identified highlighting how formulations were developed, that formulations were difficult to receive, although, after some time participants reported many positive feelings and reactions towards their formulation. It seemed that sharing initial difficult feelings with their clinician was difficult. Although several benefits of formulation were established such as, making a new sense of oneself, better control and perspective over feelings and thoughts. Research limitations and suggestions for future research are made. The final paper provides a reflective account on the challenges of working from a scientist and clinician perspective during the research process. The challenge of maintaining a balance between the two perspectives is discussed within the context of generating a research idea, recruitment, interviewing and writing up the empirical paper.
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Smola, Malgorzata Vandamme Thierry F. Sokolowski Adam. "Contribution à l'étude de la formulation et de l'analyse physicochimique de formulations pédiatriques microémulsionnées". Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2008. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/956/01/SMOLA_Malgorzata_2008.pdf.
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Smola, Malgorzata. "Contribution à l'étude de la formulation et de l'analyse physicochimique de formulations pédiatriques microémulsionnées". Strasbourg 1, 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/SMOLA_Malgorzata_2008.pdf.
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Inkichari, Mohamed Nejmeddine. "Faisabilité et potentiel de l'encapsulation de molécules d'intérêt dans des formulations filmogènes". Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOPE01.
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Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif une meilleure connaissance des formulations filmogènes développées par les Laboratoires URGO. Deux aspects ont été développés.Il a tout d’abord été recherché un système d’encapsulation afin de protéger des molécules d’intérêt dans des solutions filmogènes. Des polymersomes en phase aqueuses et en phase organique ont été développés à base de copolymères amphiphiles m-PEG-PCL synthétisés et caractérisés au laboratoire. Ces auto-assemblages des copolymères possèdent des tailles variables (40 nm à 800 nm) avec une membrane en bicouche. Leur caractérisation a été réalisée en phase aqueuse et organique par différentes techniques : DLS, NTA, microscopie biphotonique et AFM. Puis des techniques de caractérisation ont été mises au point pour évaluer une formulation filmogène à base de nitrocellulose contenant de l’urée libre ou encapsulée dans des polymersomes. Cette formulation a été suivie au cours d’essais de stabilité à 25°C et à 40°C pendant 6 mois. Il a été observé une chute de viscosité, surtout à 40°C, attribuée à une coupure des chaînes macromoléculaires de la nitrocellulose (par CES). Les films formés ont un module de Young stable dans le temps avec apparition d’un jaunissement (paramètre b en colorimétrie). La quantité d’urée reste stable dans le temps mais elle accélère les phénomènes de vieillissement. Le jaunissement est dû à la décomposition de l’huile de ricin. L’encapsulation de l’urée au sein des polymersomes n’a pas amélioré la stabilité de la formulation prouvant ainsi le rôle catalyseur de l’uréeThis work aims at a better understanding of film-forming formulations developed by Laboratoires Urgo. Two parts have been developed. First, an encapsulation system to protect a model drug in film forming solutions was investigated. Polymersomes in aqueous and organic media have been developed based on amphiphilic copolymers m-PEG-PCL which were synthesized and characterized in the laboratory. Auto-assemblies of copolymers display variable sizes (40 nm to 800 nm) with a bilayer membrane. Their characterization was carried out in aqueous and organic phase by various techniques: DLS, NTA, bi-photonic microscopy and AFM. In a second part, characterization techniques have been developed to assess a film forming solution based on nitrocellulose, containing free or encapsulated urea in polymersomes. This formulation was investigated during stability studies at 25°C and 40°C up to 6 months. A drop in viscosity was observed, especially at 40°C, due to cleavage of the macromolecular chains of nitrocellulose (SEC). The formed films have a stable Young's modulus over time with an appearance of yellowing (parameter b in colorimetry). The urea quantity remains stable in time, but accelerates the aging of the solution. Yellowing is caused by the decomposition of castor oil. The encapsulation of the urea within polymersomes did not improve the stability of the formulation thus proving the catalytic role of urea
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BARDOT, ISABELLE. "Contributions au developpement de methodologies en formulation. Applications a la formulation sensorielle". Massy, ENSIA, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993EIAA0032.
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L'objet de ces travaux est de proposer de nouvelles strategies basees sur des techniques mathematiques, informatiques et automatiques pour formuler efficacement un produit alimentaire a partir de criteres sensoriels. Apres la presentation des principales donnees bibliographiques sur l'optimisation et la formulation, les performances de differentes methodes sont comparees a l'aide d'un support methodologique informatise, base sur le melange de couleurs. Parmi les methodes directes, le simplex modifie est simple et rapide. Parmi les methodes indirectes, les reseaux de neurones permettent d'obtenir les meilleurs modeles de representation compares aux modeles lineaires classiquement utilises. Une approche innovante est proposee: la technique guidee par la sujet. Elle est basee sur la description sensorielle du produit par le sujet afin d'accelerer la recherche de la formule optimale. Les methodes les plus efficaces sont utilisees pour formuler des produits liquides varies. Apres une premiere etude sur des melanges simples, les methodes directes et indirectes sont mises en uvre pour formuler des melanges aromatiques plus complexes. Enfin, la technique guidee par le sujet est utilisee dans un cadre industriel pour mettre au point un produit nouveau qui plaise au consommateur. L'originalite de certaines des methodes est l'interactivite entre la reponse du sujet et la conception du nouvel echantillon. Un automate de formulation sensorielle (a. F. S. ) est concu et fabrique pour faciliter la realisation de cette boucle fermee
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Salonen, Antti. "Formulation of Maintenance Strategies". Licentiate thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-4836.
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In industry, there is a constant demand for increased productivity in order to stay competitive. Still, Swedish industry has an average utilization of about 60% in its production systems. One important factor for increasing the equipment utilization is effective maintenance of production assets.
Within process industry a strategic view on maintenance activities is common and most companies regard maintenance as a profit centre. Meanwhile, the discrete units manufacturing industry still in many cases view maintenance as a cost driver. However, with the spread of Toyota-inspired production concepts, the manufacturing industry is beginning to view maintenance as a strategic asset. Still, though, many companies have no formulated maintenance strategy.
The main purpose of the research, presented in this thesis, has been to develop a work-process for formulation of effective maintenance strategies for enterprises in the manufacturing industry.
Through one descriptive and two prescriptive case studies a work-process for formulation of maintenance strategies has been developed. The descriptive study revealed some of the differences between companies with and without maintenance strategies. It also showed how some companies view the strategic contributions of maintenance. The first prescriptive study showed how stakeholder involvement may contribute to the identification of relevant performance measures for the maintenance activities. Stakeholder involvement also contributes to the organizational acceptance of the maintenance strategy. Last, the second prescriptive case study led to the development of a work-process for formulation of maintenance strategies. The work-process was tested and verified in three companies, handling different challenges for their maintenance activities. All three companies intend to use the formulated maintenance strategy as a road map for the development of their production maintenance.
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Burgess, Kristen. "The formulation of relationships". PDF viewer required Home page for entire collection, 2008. http://archives.udmercy.edu:8080/dspace/handle/10429/9.
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O'Neill, Catherine A. "Formulation of pharmaceutical gels". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317524.
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Steyn, H. J. "Advanced analytics strategy formulation". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96091.
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Thesis (MCom)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Despite the high potential impact of advanced analytics on the performance of businesses around the world, its uptake and application in an integrated and strategically aligned manner has been limited. This problem is more pronounced with specific reference to optimization. Optimization methods lag behind other analytical methods such as data visualization and predictive models in terms of their level of adoption in organizations. This research suggests that part of the problem of limited application and integration lies in an overall inability of companies to develop and implement an effective advanced analytics strategy. The primary objective of this research is therefore to establish an approach for the development of an advanced analytics strategy for a company. Due to the absence of well described examples or published research on the subject it was necessary to generate insight and knowledge using a research approach that allowed for the development, testing, and improvement of a strategy over multiple cycles. Such a research approach presented itself in the form of action research. An initial advanced analytics strategy was developed for one of the subsidiary companies in a group of companies. The subsidiary company specializes in the importation, distribution, and marketing of industrial fasteners and has branches throughout South Africa. The strategy document was presented to the senior decision makers in the holding company for evaluation. The feedback from the evaluation was used to formulate changes to the initial strategy aimed at improving its alignment with the decision makers’ thinking on advanced analytics and increasing the probability of its implementation. The suggested changes from the first research cycle were used to define the second cycle strategy framework. The second cycle strategy framework included a strategy development process that consisted of three main steps: • Establishing business focus and relevance which included an assessment of the value creating potential of the business, identifying and prioritizing of value creating opportunities, and an assessment of key underlying decision processes, • Developing business relevant concept applications which included determining their potential value impact and creating a ranked pipeline of decision optimization applications. • Selecting concept applications and moving them into production. The strategy development process was informed by a number of different models, methods and frameworks. The most important model was a detailed valuation model of the company. The valuation model proved to be invaluable in identifying those aspects of the business where an improvement will result in the highest potential increase in shareholder value. The second cycle strategy framework will be used to develop an improved version of the advanced analytics strategy for the researched company. Moreover, the generic nature of the framework will allow for it to be used in the development of advanced analytics strategies for other companies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ten spyte van die potensieel omvangryke impak van gevorderde analitiese tegnieke op die prestasie van besighede wˆereldwyd, is die toepassing en strategiese integrasie daarvan beperk. Hierdie probleem is nog meer sigbaar wanneer die aanwending van optimeringsmetodes oorweeg word. Die mate waarin optimeringsmetodes deur besighede aangewend word, is heelwat laer as ander analitiese metodes soos data visualisering en vooruitskattingsmodelle. Hierdie navorsing plaas ’n groot gedeelte van die probleem voor die deur van besighede se onvermo ¨e om effektiewe gevorderde analitiese strategie¨e te ontwikkel en te implementeer. Die primˆere doel van die navorsing is gevolglik om ’n benadering tot die ontwikkeling van ’n analitiese strategie vir ’n maatskappy voor te stel. In die lig van die afwesigheid van gepubliseerde voorbeelde of soortgelyke navorsing op hierdie onderwerp moes insig en kennis gevolglik bekom word deur die aanwending van ’n navorsingsbenadering wat die navorser in staat gestel het om ’n voorgestelde strategie te ontwikkel, te toets en te verbeter oor verskeie navorsingsiklusse. Die navorsingsbenadering wat gebruik is staan bekend as aksienavorsing. Die eerste gevorderde analitiese strategie is onwikkel vir een van die filiaalmaatskappye in ’n maatskappygroep. Die filiaalmaatskappy spesialiseer in die invoer, verspreiding, en bemarking van industri¨ele hegstukke en het takke regoor Suid Afrika. Die strategie dokument is voorgelˆe aan die senior besluitnemers van die houermaatskappy vir oorweging. Op grond van hul terugvoer is veranderings aan die strategie aangebring ten einde hul benadering tot gevorderde analitiese tegnieke te akkommodeer en om die waarskynlikheid van implementering daarvan te verhoog. Die voorgestelde veranderings is gebruik om ’n strategiese raamwerk vir die tweede navorsingsiklus te definieer. Hierdie raamwerk sluit ’n strategiese ontwikkelingsproses in wat bestaan uit drie hoofstappe: • Vestiging van besigheidsfokus en relevansie wat insluit ’n oorweging van die waardeskeppingsvermo ¨e van die maatskappy, identifisering en prioritisering van waardeskeppingsgeleenthede en die oorweging van die onderliggende besluitnemingsprosesse, • Ontwikkeling van besigheidsrelevante konsep oplossings wat insluit die bepaling van die potensi¨ele waarde impak en die skepping van ’n ranglys van besluitoptimeringsoplossings, en • Die verskuiwing van geselekteerde oplossings na ’n produksie omgewing. Die strategiese ontwikkelingsproses maak gebruik van verskeie modelle, metodes en raamwerke. Die belangrikste model was ’n gedetaileerde waardasiemodel van die maatskappy. Die waardasiemodel was instrumenteel in die idenfikasie van die aspekte van die maatskappy waar ’n verbetering die grootste bydrae kan maak tot die skepping van aandeelhouerswaarde. Die tweede siklus strategiese raamwerk sal aangewend word om ’n verbeterde analitiese strategie vir die nagevorsde maatskappy te ontwikkel. Die generiese aard van die raamwerk sal ’n gebruiker daarvan in staat stel om ’n gevorderde analitiese strategie vir ander maatskappye te ontwikkel.
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Brown, Helen. "Formulation in Clinical Psychology". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.502447.
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This thesis includes a literature review, empirical paper, and reflective paper, which explore different aspects of formulation within Clinical Psychology. Chapter one reviews literature to answer the question 'Why Formulate? Why not Formulate?' This review considers the idea that formulation is a defining skill within clinical psychology, before discussing the function, reliability and validity of formulating across differentsituations. Literature suggests that individual differences and client characteristics determine the focus of the formulation, as well as the amount ofinformation shared and how the information is delivered. The basis for not formulating was considered, although it seems to be a tenuous premise to suggest that some clinical psychologists do not formulate just because these' hypotheses are not shared with clients. There is a shortage of evidence to support the notion that formulation is unique to clinical psychology but it is without contention that the skills involved in formulating are integral to the profession. The review raises a number of important research questions, including reaching a better understanding of who does and does not use formulation in everyday practice, comparing the value of formulating and not formulating, and illuminating client's experiences ofreceiving formulations. There are a number ofvalidity considerations to be examined and there is also a shortage of empirical evidence regarding the use offormulation within integrative frameworks. These research questions suggest qualitative analyses in the first instance and it seems likely that in most cases the clients themselves will Chapter two reports the findings of an empirical paper, exploring clients' experience of formulation with the use ofa grounded theory approach to methodology. Views from clients and therapists were sought respectively and the emergent theories highlighted two subtly different models. A linear model was proposed to describe clients' views, detailing a journey of growth. This consisted ofthree core constructs: initial doubt, assimilation and empowerment. Each construct was understood on a continuum to represent the fluctuating nature of the process. A circular model was proposed to describe therapists' views of clients' experience of formulation. Connection with the process, self, and other was thought to result from interaction in the 'dance'. This enabled clients to view formulation as tangible, providing them with the opportunity to integrate the formulation. Integration was thought to continue throughout clients' lives, whereby understanding and connectivity contributed to a reflexive loop of development. Similarities and differences between the models are considered, as are limitations and ideas for future research. Clinical implications are made, and include the use ofthe models to offer guidance to training programmes on the areas on which to focus when teaching formulation. The role of the models in developing measures to assess clients' experiences, to ensure that therapists are focussing on the elements thought to be central to formulations, in addition to reassuring individuals new to the process of formulation is also considered. This study also draws attention to the presentation of a formulation, how it might be used, the audience who might have access to it, and the importance of not forcing a model on a client. Chapter three reports a reflective paper, which consists of therapeutic letters to therapists', clients' and myself. This chapter (and the letters contained within it) is XIII 1111111111'11111 ttl XIV Consideration is made ~fhowmy own training mirrors the models derived from the .........-=.:---.:~--------~.'.-,,-, .U1I I the impact that this research has had on my personal and professional development. empirical paper, alongside reflections on why the topic of formulation was chosen and experiences, interests, beliefs and social identity has shape~ this research. J therefore reflexive, enabling me to reflect upon ways in which my own values experiences, interests, beliefs and social identity has shape~ this research. Consideration is made ~fhowmy own training mirrors the models derived from the .........-=.:---.:~--------~.'.-,,-, .U1I I the impact that this research has had on my personal and professional development. empirical paper, alongside reflections on why the topic of formulation was chosen and the impact that this research has had on my personal and professional development.
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Iqbal, Mohammed. "Formulation of immunomodulatory agents". Thesis, Aston University, 1990. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/12576/.
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Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography procedures were developed for the analysis of pyrimidine-based drugs bropirimine and its derivatives (2-N-acetyl- and 2-N-propanoyl-) and for pyrimethamine and its 2/4- substituted derivatives (2, N-propanoyl and 2,4-N, N-dipropanoyl-) and its 6- substituted (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl- and isopropyl- carboxylates) analogues. Stability studies indicated that these derivatives were not sufficiently labile to act as potential prodrugs. Solubility-pH profiles were constructed from which the dissociation constants were calculated. The physicochemical properties of these compounds were studied and attempts were made to increase the poor aqueous solubility of bropirimine (35g/mL) by prodrug synthesis, solvate formation (acetic acid, N, N-dimethylformamide and N-methylformamide) and the use of co-solvents and additives. The first two methods proved to be fruitless whereas the latter method resulted in an intravenous formulation incorporating 32mg/mL of bropirimine. An in-vitro method for the detection of precipitation was developed and the results suggested that by using low injection rates (< 0.24mL/min) and high mobile phase flow rates (> 500mL/hr) precipitation could be minimised. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that bropirimine debrominates in the presence of a number of additives commonly used in formulation work but the temperature at which this occurred were usually > 200oC. In-vitro work gave encouraging results for the possibility of rectal delivery of bropirimine but in-vivo work on rabbits showed considerable variations in the resulting plasma levels and pharmacokinetic parameters.
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Nyrell, Lina, Jimmie Björkman i Lovisa Petersson. "Formulation Of Marketing Strategy In India : Application of the Global Strategy Formulation Model". Thesis, Växjö University, School of Management and Economics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-6201.
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Abstract
As a part of the strategic planning process a company has to formulate a marketing strategy before entering a new market. For global marketers, formulation of a global marketing strategy is of big importance since it contributes benefits, including raising the efficacy of new-products launches, cost reduction and improving product quality and market share performance. India is a fast growing subcontinent and it is predicted to be among the top five economies in the world by the year 2025. The driving force in the Indian economy is the growing number of people from the middle class, which currently consists of over 300 million Indians. They are consuming progressively more western brands and more and more foreign companies are establishing in the country.
The purpose of this thesis is to get a better understanding of the Indian market in order to formulate a strategy for this market. The thesis aim to identify how a business to business company, with baby products aimed for the upper class segment, should formulate their marketing strategy. To be able to answer our research question we have conducted a number of qualitative interviews, including a focus group interview with potential Indian consumers. The result of our interviews, empirical data along with our collected theory shows that the Indian market is fragmented and diverse. This thesis tells us that a company offering exclusive products should focus on consumers living in urban areas of India. A company should considerate on important aspects when formulating a marketing strategy for the Indian market: Assessment and adjustment of core strategy (choice of competitive strategy), formulation of a global strategy (choice of competitive strategy, choice of segment, marketing in India, the purchase process, culture) and development of global marketing program (degree of standardization).
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Berg, Lisa. "Optimization of a biostimulant formulation". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för bioteknologi (BIO), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-215305.
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Sarkar, Supti. "Biophysical characterisation of plasmid formulation". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446862/.
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DNA vaccination and gene therapy offer significant advantages in the treatment of many intractable diseases but many technical challenges must be overcome before the potential of these techniques are realised. A major challenge for non-viral vector particles is their physical instability in physiological conditions. The delivery vector investigated was a Lipid-Peptide-DNA (LPD) complex. The initial system was composed of lipofectin, peptide 6 and a 6.9 kb plasmid DNA. The aim of this work was to study parameters with a view of optimising the biophysical characteristics of the system, namely with regard to storage and transportation. The effects of ionic strength and pH on colloidal stability and structure of the gene delivery vector were investigated using dynamic and static light scattering. Results showed increased levels of aggregation at physiological concentrations (150mM NaCl), although a more stable system was observed in distilled water and at extreme sah conditions of IM. The rates of aggregation were found to be related to the zeta potential of the system and could be predicted using Monte Carlo simulations. Fractal dimension of complexes (where higher values correspond to more compact structures) showed values of 1.6 for 150 mM NaCl and 2.4 for IM NaCl. Lipids, peptides and plasmid DNA were investigated to see the effect of chemistry and physical structure on the aggregation properties of the system. Lipid studies assessing the release of fluorescent calcein from a variety of lipids, over a range of pH found Cl4 Unsaturated + DOPE had the greatest level of release when observed at pH 5.0. The effect of increasing plasmid DNA size (number of base pairs 5.7-72) was also investigated, larger plasmid sizes showed greater stability although further investigation is required to confirm this.
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Edmonson, Peter Thomas. "The formulation of chocolate crumb". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510442.
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Gabrielsson, Jon. "Multivariate methods in tablet formulation". Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-268.
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李德利 i Deli Li. "Thermodynamic formulation for damaging materials". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31233764.
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AlShamari, Majed Aadi. "Task formulation in usability testing". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533712.
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Usability testing is widely used for measuring a system's usability, particularly in relation to websites. It consists of a number of variables such as tasks, number of users, usability measures and other elements. Each variable can influence the usability testing results either negatively or positively. This research investigates the impact of task design upon usability testing results and further examines the role of the number of users in such testing. In addition, usability measure correlations are also explored. In order to achieve these objectives, three experiments were conducted; the first examines the proposal that task design can seriously influence usability testing results. It explores the way in which three different types of task affect these results, the types being: structured, uncertain and problem-solving. Each type of task seems to reveal different types of associated problems. Subsequently, user numbers and usability measures are also examined. In light of the first experiment's results, the second experiment's objectives investigate how a mixed set of different task types can influence the usability testing results concluding again with an examination of user numbers and usability measures. The third and final experiment validates the results of the previous two experiments by examining the influence of task order on usability testing results. The first experiment designed to investigate the influence of task type on usability testing results, involves 5 tasks all performed by 20 users for each of 3 groups. The usability testing results differ significantly. Each type of task reveals certain types of problems, and each one performs differently. In this experiment, "five users" fail to achieve what was promised i. e. the identification of 85% of usability problems. This experiment raises questions and suggests a number of recommendations, such as that tasks should be mixed in usability testing in order to offer better results: these the objectives for the 2 "d experiment. The second experiment investigates the influence of a mixed set of different task types on usability testing results. The three types of tasks above form a set of tasks to be performed by a single user or by a group of users. The participant number is increased to 30 users, who performed 10 tasks. The results show that performing a mixed set of tasks by a group of users can offer better results. In this experiment, "five users" again fail to achieve satisfactory results. This experiment suggests that task order may influence usability testing results, a question addressed in the final experiment's design. In the third experiment; therefore, the tasks are ordered differently to previous experiment. However, this is shown to have no influence on the usability testing results, although does reveal some interesting effects on users behaviour during the performance of such tasks
22
Feurer, Rainer. "Dynamic strategy formulation and implementation". Thesis, Cranfield University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259991.
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Mahmud, Ahmad. "Formulation of oral liquid medicines". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356950.
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Hardy, John George. "Dendrons for active ingredient formulation". Thesis, University of York, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437583.
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Johnstone, Lucy Clare. "Psychological formulation : a radical perspective". Thesis, Middlesex University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669686.
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Bulos, Remedios de dios. "Goal formulation in intelligence agents". Thesis, University of Sussex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285077.
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The development of the research "Goal Formulation in Intelligent Agents" is anchored on the rationale that to be truly called "intelligent", an agent must not only be capable of knowing how to achieve its given goals; preferably, it must also have the capability to formulate its own goals. It must be able to detect its own goals, assess their feasibility, prioritize them, evaluate their validity as to whether they have to be acted upon, terminated, or suspended. This research has developed and implemented an intelligent system that is capable for formulating its own goals. Goal formulation refers to the intelligent behavior that an agent exhibits when reasoning about what goals to pursue and when to pursue them. It is an integrated reasoning mechanism that identifies the relevant goals that an agent needs to accomplish to affect the external world (Goal detection); constantly updates the qualitative and quantitative information attributed to the active goals as events unfold (Active goal status evaluation); assesses whether a goal is attainable through the application of the agent's own actions (Goal achievability assessment); and dynamically evaluates the relative merits of an agent's tasks, provides the agent with a sound basis to make a rational choice among a set of competing alternatives and then decides what to do next based on the choice made (Next action selection). In the development of the goal formulator, the types and structure of the required knowledge are identified; architectures for the various goal formulation components have been designed; and algorithms for the various goal formulation reasoning mechanisms (e.g. application of NPV economic decision criterion) have been developed and implemented in Prolog. To prove the applicability of the goal formulation concepts that this research had developed, the system was applied in the housekeeping domain. Simulations of some housekeeping cases are provided.
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Potyka, Ingrid. "Emulsion-formulation of microbial herbicides". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/618a10ab-a6e4-49c4-bf4c-1b3c343c4135.
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Development of microbial herbicides is constrained by unreliability in the field where conditions are often sub-optimal for infection. Crucially, sufficient moisture, often dew, is required to establish infection. Two model systems, Colletotrichum dematium (Pers. ex Fr. ) Grove on Chenopodium album L. and Mycocentrospora acerina (Hartig) Deighton on Viola arvensis Murr., have been investigated and formulation requirements for each system identified, principally to reduce the dew period necessary for infection. Effects of adjuvants (surfactants, stickers and humectants) on spore germination and appressorium formation were investigated in vitro. Few were toxic and then, principally, at high concentration. The surfactants Tween 40,60 and 80 were compatible with both pathogens. Similarly, the stickers acacia, ghatti, guar, karaya, locust bean and xanthan gums and low viscosity alginic acid were all non-toxic as was the humectant glycerol. Each pathogen reacted differently to the adjuvants and any potential microbial herbicide will need individual matching of adjuvants to give an effective formulation. A working formulation (rapeseed oil-in-water (1: 10 v/v) emulsion using 0.1 % v/v Tween 40 as the emulsifier) was found to reduce the dew period requirement of M. acerina from 36 to 18 hours. The formulation protected spores from desiccation for 24 hours after application, or for 16 hours following a sub-optimum dew period occurring immediately after application. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the applied spores, and the developing mycelium, were immersed in the oil deposit. Transmission electron microscopy of sections through formulation deposits on the leaf revealed that some inversion of the emulsion, to form a water-inoil deposit, had occurred, suggesting a mechanism of protection against desiccation. The oil phase infiltrated the cortical intercellular spaces only when the leaf was infected. This intercellular oil contained more water than that on the leaf surface. Emulsion-formulation applied to run-off with an 'air brush', consistently gave significantly better weed control under sub-optimal dew conditions than a formulation of surfactant only. When applied with a conventional hydraulic nozzle at 400 1 ha" the emulsion was only occasionally superior to the surfactant alone. Such interactions require further in-depth investigation. The importance of correct inoculum placement for maximum effectiveness, independent of formulation type, was highlighted. Unless all meristems are killed, survivors quickly grow, despite the death of neighbouring leaves and petioles, and the weed suffers merely a growth check. Formulation as emulsion improved diseasee stablishmenta nd diseasee xpressioni n the target weedo nly in somec ircumstancesF. urther researchin to spraya pplicationm ethodsa ndt heir interactions with formulation, host and environment is clearly necessary
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Ivol, Flavien. "Formulation d'électrolytes sécuritaires pour supercondensateurs". Thesis, Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR4020.
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L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer et d’optimiser un électrolyte organique performant et sécuritaire pour des supercondensateurs capacitifs. En effet, l’électrolyte aujourd’hui utilisé dans ces systèmes, présente des risques d’inflammabilité importants. Dans le cadre de cette thèse plusieurs solvants nitriles et dinitriles ont été utilisés pour la formulation d’électrolytes alternatifs pour les supercondensateurs. Ces solvants sont choisis pour leur grande stabilité thermique et faible volatilité. Par ailleurs, il a été proposé de remplacer le sel d’électrolyte de référence par des liquides ioniques aprotiques commerciaux ou issus de synthèses en laboratoire. En effet, la forte miscibilité et compatibilité des liquides ioniques avec les solvants choisis permet la formulation d’électrolyte fortement concentrés en ions favorisant ainsi le processus de stockage à la double-couche électrochimique. En outre, ces nouvelles formulations présentent un domaine liquide bien plus étendu que les formulations utilisant le sel de référence. Plus important encore, les travaux exposés dans ce manuscrit présentent une démarche expérimentale multiparamétrique s’appuyant parfois sur des modèles mathématiques et prédictifs pour aboutir à des formulations d’électrolytes optimiséesThe main objective of this PhD thesis is to design and optimize an efficient and safe organic electrolyte for capacitive supercapacitor applications. The benchmark electrolyte currently used in these particular systems presents a significant safety drawback, due to its high flammability. To overcome this issue, several nitrile and dinitrile solvents have been used to formulate alternative electrolytes for supercapacitors. These solvents were initially identified based on their relatively high thermal stability and low volatility. Furthermore, it was also proposed to substitute the reference molten salt with commercially available aprotic ionic liquids, or ones synthetized in the laboratory. The substitution was found to enhance the salt miscibility and compatibility when combined with selected organic solvents, allowing for the formulation of highly concentrated electrolytes with improved electric double-layer storage process. In addition, the ionic liquid-based electrolytes have a larger liquidus temperature range than that of the benchmark molten salt. More importantly, this work presents a clear strategy led by a multi-parametric experimental approach supported by theoretical calculations to optimize the formulation of safer electrolytes for supercapacitors
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Hildebrandsson, Victor. "The Hamiltonian formulation of geodesics". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Algebra och geometri, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-451816.
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Li, Deli. "Thermodynamic formulation for damaging materials /". [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1367173X.
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CONCHA, AGUILERA PATRICK KEISSY. "Geometrical Formulation of Supergravity Theories". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2637626.
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This thesis deals with a geometrical formulation of diverse Supergravity theories.
In particular, the construction of Supergravity actions in four and three dimensions are
considered in dierent frameworks with interesting physical implications.
Before approaching supersymmetry, we brie
y review some gravity theories in the
Cartan formalism. The formalism used in the introductory chapter is crucial in order
to understand the development of the present thesis. Some interesting results are
presented in chapter 2 using the semigroup expansion method in the Chern-Simons
(CS) and Born-Infeld (BI) gravity theories. Subsequently, a brief introduction of
supersymmetry and some supergravity models are considered in chapter 3.
Chapters 4, 5, 6 and 7 contain the main results of this thesis which are based on
ve articles written during the cotutelle research process.
Initially, we present a family of superalgebras using the semigroup expansion of
the Anti-de Sitter superalgebra. In the MacDowell-Mansouri approach, we study the
construction of diverse four-dimensional supergravity theories for dierent superalgebras.
Interestingly, we show that the pure supergravity action can be obtained as
a MacDowell-Mansouri like action using the Maxwell symmetries. Additionally, a
generalized supersymmetric cosmological constant term can be included to a supergravity
theory using a particular supersymmetry, called AdS-Lorentz. Furthermore,
we present a supergravity model in three dimensions using the CS formalism and the
Maxwell superalgebras.
Subsequently, the thesis is focused on a supergravity model with partial breaking of
N = 2 to N = 1 supersymmetry which, in the low energy limit, gives rise to a N = 1
supersymmetric theory.
Eventually, the thesis ends with some comments about possible developments.
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Economou, Vanita. "Improving the Canadian Air Quality Index (AQI) formulation: Research syntheses of index development and AQI formulation approaches, and analytical comparisons of AQI formulation options". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27839.
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There has been increasing evidence showing that current Canadian Air Quality Indices (AQIs) are not providing the public with accurate information on air quality conditions. In response, a process for improvement of Canadian AQIs was initiated in 2001 by Environment Canada and a broad multi-stakeholder community. This thesis work was conducted in an effort to aid this process and produce new knowledge in the area of AQI formulation and application. Two reviews were undertaken to identify the conceptual and measurement aspects of index development, and the current state of knowledge relating to AQI formulation. An analytical comparison of AQI formulation options was conducted using air pollution data from four urban centres in Ontario. The results suggest that there are a number of advantages associated with the health risk based formulation approach developed by Health Canada. Recommendations for Canadian AQI improvement are presented.
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Lindqvist, Joakim. "Performance Comparisons of IP Problem Formulation". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-189024.
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When solving optimization problems, the importance of speed can not be emphasized enough for many organizations. One company encountered a major performance difference when solving a problem with the same integer programming solver, in two different locations. The difference was shown not to be caused by the environment of the solver, but rather a reformulation of the problem. However, the reformulation did not improve the performance of an expanded version of the problem. By analyzing and comparing the two versions one might be able to find the properties of a problem which enables the reformulation to reduce the solving time. This in turn can be used to identify for which problems the reformulation should be applied to increase the speed at which they are solved.
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Rystedt, Alma. "Botulinum Toxin : Formulation, Concentration and Treatment". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Neurologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-181667.
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Botulinum toxin (BTX) is used in various fields of medicine, including the treatment of hyperhidrosis and cervical dystonia. Botox®, Dysport®, Xeomin® and NeuroBloc® are commercially available BTX products, which are formulated differently and their dosing units are unique. Dosage and concentration of the prepared solution for injection varies considerably among studies comparing the products. Improved guidelines on concentration and dosing when changing from one product to another are warranted. This would ensure the use of the lowest effective doses for good effect, minimal risk of antibody formation and side-effects as well as reduced costs. The aim of the present work was to find the most appropriate BTX concentration for each of the four products to achieve the highest sweat reducing effect and to investigate dose conversion ratios between Botox and Dysport in the treatment of cervical dystonia when the products are diluted to the same concentration, 100 U/ml. Paper I and II clearly confirm that it is crucial to consider the BTX concentration in a treatment regimen, especially when changing between different products. The optimal concentration to reduce sweating varies among the products and was found to be 25 U/ml for Botox and Xeomin, approximately 100 U/ml for Dysport and 50 U/ml for NeuroBloc. However, for NeuroBloc the optimal concentration might be even lower. In Paper III, which is a retrospective study using casebook notes from 75 patients with cervical dystonia, it was found that the most appropriate dose conversion ratio to use when switching from Botox to Dysport was 1:1.7. In Paper IV, Botox and Dysport were prospectively compared in a double-blind, randomized clinical trial in two different dose conversion ratios (1:3 and 1:1.7) when diluted to the same concentration (100 U/ml). No statistically significant difference was seen between Botox (1:3) and Dysport nor between Botox (1:1.7) and Dysport four weeks after treatment. Some of the secondary outcome observations, however, did indicate that the ratio 1:3 resulted in suboptimal efficacy of Botox but this must be further validated in a larger patient material.
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Mugridge, Karen, i n/a. "Teacher involvement in system policy formulation". University of Canberra. Professional & Community Education, 1998. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061020.145128.
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Policy formulation is a complex process involving many stakeholders. Teacher
involvement in this process is vital if policies are to be successfully implemented at
the classroom level. An understanding of the factors that affect teacher involvement
in policymaking may assist in enhancing teacher involvement in future policy
development.
This study investigated teacher perceptions of their involvement in system po1icy
formulation in relation to eight areas: the complex policy process, political /
economic influences, teacher empowerment and morale, willingness, relationship
with the governing body, opportunities, support / encouragement and
implementation.
Teachers from four primary schools and one high school were involved in the study.
A questionnaire was completed by 68 respondents and a sub-sample of 8 participated
in a semi-structured interview.
The main findings of the study show that teachers are willing to become involved in
the policy process, however, are inhibited by ineffective information flows
(Kennedy: 1992) (Fullan:1994) (Waugh & Godfrey: 1995), lack of support
(Short: 1994), knowledge (Gamoran:1994), and awareness of opportunities
(Pajak:1992).
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Dudley, Paul. "Strategic Formulation Processes: An Institutional Perspective". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/4428.
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My research addresses the question of' 'how does the institutional context impact on
the individual t'raming of' strategic issuesT These early stages of' decision making
represent an important area of study, setting the t'Oundations t'Or the latter stages of
decision-making. I show that although both the problem formulation and strategic
issue diagnosis literatures have increased our understanding of these formative stages,
neither has adequately addressed how 'Institutional forces' impact on the individual
fi-aming of strategic issues. My research applies an institutional perspective, drawing
on Barley & Tolbert (1997) and their work on 'scripted behaviours' to address this.
Institutional i sts highlight the institutional context, represented by powerful social and
symbolic fOrces that influence organisations, their practices and behaviours of
individual actors through the enactment of scripts.
A naturalistic approach, incorporating the use of semi-structured interviews was
applied. Respondents were drawn from two universities: Alpha & Beta, possessing
membership of' multiple institutions: academia and law, academia and accountancy.
So, the research sought to understand the role of multiple institutions on the framing
of strategic issues.
It was established that scripts are widely shared within the institutional settings,
playing a pivotal role in the framing of strategic issues (representative of top-down
institutional processes being at play) but do not operate in isolation. I draw on the
work of Bartunek ( 1984) to further ground the second inter-related concept described
in my thesis as 'meanings'. These enable respondents to interpret institutionally
defined scripts, indicative of bottom-up institutional processes also being at play.
Several contributions are made, firstly to the strategic issue and problem formulation
literatures and secondly to the institutional literature by focusing on micro-
institutional processes.
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Diaz, Martinez Felix. "Collective formulation in problem-oriented talk". Thesis, Lancaster University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343628.
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Do, Tram-Anh. "Reduced-fat chocolate through formulation innovation". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493335.
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The objective of this study was to investigate how to decrease the viscosity of reduced fat chocolate. This was with the aim of improving the industrial feasibility and the sensory properties of reduced fat chocolate.
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Harrison, Sean. "Protein formulation, stability, rheology and optimisation". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.536104.
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Gao, Hai Yan. "Formulation and delivery of protein drugs". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337032.
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Richardson, Peter J. "Formulation of benzodiazepines for parenteral delivery". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334488.
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Bowsell, Robin Alexander. "Knowledge refinement for a formulation system". Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388492.
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Stano, Andrzej Jan. "Analysis and formulation of iron chelators". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429290.
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Ba-Dhfari, Thamer Omer Faraj. "Hypothesis formulation in medical records space". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/hypothesis-formulation-in-medical-records-space(cfbc207f-89df-49f4-988b-d5c0204b84c5).html.
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Patient medical records are a valuable resource that can be used for many purposes including managing and planning for future health needs as well as clinical research. Health databases such as the clinical practice research datalink (CPRD) and many other similar initiatives can provide researchers with a useful data source on which they can test their medical hypotheses. However, this can only be the case when researchers have a good set of hypotheses to test on the data. Conversely, the data may have other equally important areas that remain unexplored. There is a chance that some important signals in the data could be missed. Therefore, further analysis is required to make such hidden areas become more obvious and attainable for future exploration and investigation. Data mining techniques can be effective tools in discovering patterns and signals in large-scale patient data sets. These techniques have been widely applied to different areas in medical domain. Therefore, analysing patient data using such techniques has the potential to explore the data and to provide a better understanding of the information in patient records. However, the heterogeneity and complexity of medical data can be an obstacle in applying data mining techniques. Much of the potential value of this data therefore goes untapped. This thesis describes a novel methodology that reduces the dimensionality of primary care data, to make it more amenable to visualisation, mining and clustering. The methodology involves employing a combination of ontology-based semantic similarity and principal component analysis (PCA) to map the data into an appropriate and informative low dimensional space. The aim of this thesis is to develop a novel methodology that provides a visualisation of patient records. This visualisation provides a systematic method that allows the formulation of new and testable hypotheses which can be fed to researchers to carry out the subsequent phases of research. In a small-scale study based on Salford Integrated Record (SIR) data, I have demonstrated that this mapping provides informative views of patient phenotypes across a population and allows the construction of clusters of patients sharing common diagnosis and treatments. The next phase of the research was to develop this methodology and explore its application using larger patient cohorts. This data contains more precise relationships between features than small-scale data. It also leads to the understanding of distinct population patterns and extracting common features. For such reasons, I applied the mapping methodology to patient records from the CPRD database. The study data set consisted of anonymised patient records for a population of 2.7 million patients. The work done in this analysis shows that methodology scales as O(n) in ways that did not require large computing resources. The low dimensional visualisation of high dimensional patient data allowed the identification of different subpopulations of patients across the study data set, where each subpopulation consisted of patients sharing similar characteristics such as age, gender and certain types of diseases. A key finding of this research is the wealth of data that can be produced. In the first use case of looking at the stratification of patients with falls, the methodology gave important hypotheses; however, this work has barely scratched the surface of how this mapping could be used. It opens up the possibility of applying a wide range of data mining strategies that have not yet been explored. What the thesis has shown is one strategy that works, but there could be many more. Furthermore, there is no aspect of the implementation of this methodology that restricts it to medical data. The same methodology could equally be applied to the analysis and visualisation of many other sources of data that are described using terms from taxonomies or ontologies.
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Schreck, Benjamin J. "Towards an automatic predictive question formulation". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/105963.
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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2016.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 119-121).
In this thesis, we designed a formal language, called Trane, for describing prediction problems over relational datasets, implemented a system that allows humans to specify problems in that language, and allows them to build models that solve them using real data. We show that this language is able to describe all 54 prediction problems on the Kaggle data science competition website[14] and so is comprehensive. The implemented system consists of a web application connected to a server-side interpreter, which translates input from the web application into a series of transformation and aggregation operations to apply to a dataset in order to generate labels that can be used to train a supervised machine learning classifier. Using a smaller subset of this language, we developed software that enumerated 1077 prediction problems automatically for the Walmart Store Sales Forecasting dataset found on Kaggle[16], and built models that attempted to solve them, for which we produced 235 AUC scores. The web application also allowed us to collect 157 ratings from humans on the meaningfulness of randomly-generated prediction problems. We used these ratings along with an enumeration of 6105 prediction problems and 7 datasets to train a collaborative-filtering based recommendation system to propose meaningful prediction problems on new, unseen datasets.
by Benjamin J. Schreck.
M. Eng.
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Mendoza, Zabala Jose Luis. "State-space formulation for structure dynamics". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38777.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1996.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-85).
by Jose Luis Mendoza Zabala.
M.S.
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Alvarez-Nunez, Fernando Antonio. "Solubilization of drugs. Formulation development perspective". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289009.
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This dissertation discusses some aspects of the solubilization of drugs from the perspective of the formulator. Chapter I emphasizes the importance of this research as well as the study of the practical aspects of aqueous solubilization of drugs. The most important solubilization techniques such as pH control, cosolvency, micellization, and complexation are introduced in Chapter II. Chapter III evaluates specifically the cosolvency technique by means of a discussion of the effect of pharmaceutically acceptable cosolvents upon the solubilization of several drugs. Chapter IV discusses the micellization technique in detail. In this chapter, the effect of Tween 80 on the solubilization of several drugs is evaluated. Finally, in Chapter V, the consequences of the dilution of a pH solubilized formulation are evaluated by means of two in vitro formulation dilution methods.
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Strachan, Christine Elizabeth. "The formulation technology of dispersible tablets". Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2000. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5071/.
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Carter, E. Thomas Jr. "Risk assessment formulation for nitrate leaching". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40347.
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Puigcerver, I. Pérez Joan. "A Probabilistic Formulation of Keyword Spotting". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/116834.
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[ES] La detección de palabras clave (Keyword Spotting, en inglés), aplicada a documentos de texto manuscrito, tiene como objetivo recuperar los documentos, o partes de ellos, que sean relevantes para una cierta consulta (query, en inglés), indicada por el usuario, entre una gran colección de documentos. La temática ha recogido un gran interés en los últimos 20 años entre investigadores en Reconocimiento de Formas (Pattern Recognition), así como bibliotecas y archivos digitales.
Esta tesis, en primer lugar, define el objetivo de la detección de palabras clave a partir de una perspectiva basada en la Teoría de la Decisión y una formulación probabilística adecuada. Más concretamente, la detección de palabras clave se presenta como un caso particular de Recuperación de la Información (Information Retrieval), donde el contenido de los documentos es desconocido, pero puede ser modelado mediante una distribución de probabilidad. Además, la tesis también demuestra que, bajo las distribuciones de probabilidad correctas, el marco de trabajo desarrollada conduce a la solución óptima del problema, según múltiples medidas de evaluación utilizadas tradicionalmente en el campo.
Más tarde, se utilizan distintos modelos estadísticos para representar las distribuciones necesarias: Redes Neuronales Recurrentes o Modelos Ocultos de Markov. Los parámetros de estos son estimados a partir de datos de entrenamiento, y las respectivas distribuciones son representadas mediante Transductores de Estados Finitos con Pesos (Weighted Finite State Transducers).
Con el objetivo de hacer que el marco de trabajo sea práctico en grandes colecciones de documentos, se presentan distintos algoritmos para construir índices de palabras a partir de modelos probabilísticos, basados tanto en un léxico cerrado como abierto. Estos índices son muy similares a los utilizados por los motores de búsqueda tradicionales.
Además, se estudia la relación que hay entre la formulación probabilística presentada y otros métodos de gran influencia en el campo de la detección de palabras clave, destacando cuáles son las limitaciones de los segundos.
Finalmente, todas la aportaciones se evalúan de forma experimental, no sólo utilizando pruebas académicas estándar, sino también en colecciones con decenas de miles de páginas provenientes de manuscritos históricos. Los resultados muestran que el marco de trabajo presentado permite construir sistemas de detección de palabras clave muy rápidos y precisos, con una sólida base teórica.[CAT] La detecció de paraules clau (Keyword Spotting, en anglès), aplicada a documents de text manuscrit, té com a objectiu recuperar els documents, o parts d'ells, que siguen rellevants per a una certa consulta (query, en anglès), indicada per l'usuari, dintre d'una gran col·lecció de documents. La temàtica ha recollit un gran interés en els últims 20 anys entre investigadors en Reconeixement de Formes (Pattern Recognition), així com biblioteques i arxius digitals. Aquesta tesi defineix l'objectiu de la detecció de paraules claus a partir d'una perspectiva basada en la Teoria de la Decisió i una formulació probabilística adequada. Més concretament, la detecció de paraules clau es presenta com un cas concret de Recuperació de la Informació (Information Retrieval), on el contingut dels documents és desconegut, però pot ser modelat mitjançant una distribució de probabilitat. A més, la tesi també demostra que, sota les distribucions de probabilitat correctes, el marc de treball desenvolupat condueix a la solució òptima del problema, segons diverses mesures d'avaluació utilitzades tradicionalment en el camp. Després, diferents models estadístics s'utilitzen per representar les distribucions necessàries: Xarxes Neuronal Recurrents i Models Ocults de Markov. Els paràmetres d'aquests són estimats a partir de dades d'entrenament, i les corresponents distribucions són representades mitjançant Transductors d'Estats Finits amb Pesos (Weighted Finite State Transducers). Amb l'objectiu de fer el marc de treball útil per a grans col·leccions de documents, es presenten distints algorismes per construir índexs de paraules a partir dels models probabilístics, tan basats en un lèxic tancat com en un obert. Aquests índexs són molt semblants als utilitzats per motors de cerca tradicionals. A més a més, s'estudia la relació que hi ha entre la formulació probabilística presentada i altres mètodes de gran influència en el camp de la detecció de paraules clau, destacant algunes limitacions dels segons. Finalment, totes les aportacions s'avaluen de forma experimental, no sols utilitzant proves acadèmics estàndard, sinó també en col·leccions amb desenes de milers de pàgines provinents de manuscrits històrics. Els resultats mostren que el marc de treball presentat permet construir sistemes de detecció de paraules clau molt acurats i ràpids, amb una sòlida base teòrica.
[EN] Keyword Spotting, applied to handwritten text documents, aims to retrieve the documents, or parts of them, that are relevant for a query, given by the user, within a large collection of documents. The topic has gained a large interest in the last 20 years among Pattern Recognition researchers, as well as digital libraries and archives. This thesis, first defines the goal of Keyword Spotting from a Decision Theory perspective. Then, the problem is tackled following a probabilistic formulation. More precisely, Keyword Spotting is presented as a particular instance of Information Retrieval, where the content of the documents is unknown, but can be modeled by a probability distribution. In addition, the thesis also proves that, under the correct probability distributions, the framework provides the optimal solution, under many of the evaluation measures traditionally used in the field. Later, different statistical models are used to represent the probability distribution over the content of the documents. These models, Hidden Markov Models or Recurrent Neural Networks, are estimated from training data, and the corresponding distributions over the transcripts of the images can be efficiently represented using Weighted Finite State Transducers. In order to make the framework practical for large collections of documents, this thesis presents several algorithms to build probabilistic word indexes, using both lexicon-based and lexicon-free models. These indexes are very similar to the ones used by traditional search engines. Furthermore, we study the relationship between the presented formulation and other seminal approaches in the field of Keyword Spotting, highlighting some limitations of the latter. Finally, all the contributions are evaluated experimentally, not only on standard academic benchmarks, but also on collections including tens of thousands of pages of historical manuscripts. The results show that the proposed framework and algorithms allow to build very accurate and very fast Keyword Spotting systems, with a solid underlying theory.
Puigcerver I Pérez, J. (2018). A Probabilistic Formulation of Keyword Spotting [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/116834
TESIS