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Weidner, Jan [Verfasser], i Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Soergel. "Modular equivariant formality = Modulare äquivariante Formalität". Freiburg : Universität, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1123480745/34.
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Emley, Bryce. "Formality". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/376.
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Of the many aspects of the composition of poetry, the most common component of the form involves emotional response. There is an infinite number of ways to write a poem, and likewise an infinite number of forms which a poem can be structured according to. In writing this collection of poems composing my thesis, I set out to write poetry in as many ways as I could to explore how different forms, devices, voices, points of view, sounds, tones, and as many other variables as I could think of affect poetry as stimulus. The poems in this collection cover a range of classic poetic forms and styles as well as variations of free verse and contemporary forms. My hope is that the readers of these poems will be able to experience a wide range of emotional responses and gain the same insight into the vast abilities inherent in poetry that I gained in writing them.B.A.
Bachelors
Arts and Humanities
Creative Writing
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Pedroza, Andrés. "Equivariant formality and localization formulas /". Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & Theses @ Tufts University, 2004.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2004.Adviser: Loring W. Tu. Submitted to the Dept. of Mathematics. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 43-45). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;
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Zaki, Yamani Mai Ahmed. "Formality and propriety in the Hejaz". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274822.
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Fergus, Edward Joseph. "Specifying distributed applications : the limits of formality". Thesis, Open University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236204.
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Sherr-Ziarko, Ethan. "Prosodic properties of formality in spoken Japanese". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:85d42ec3-0cba-493d-bb8a-8edfe4f33d44.
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This thesis investigates the relationship between prosody and formality in spoken Japanese, from the standpoints of both speech production and perception. The previous literature on this topic has often produced inconsistent or contradictory results (e.g. Loveday, 1981; Ofuka at al., 2000; Ito, 2001; Ito, 2002), and this thesis therefore seeks to address the research question of whether speakers and listeners use prosody in any predictable way when expressing or judging formality in spoken Japanese. Chapter 2 describes a pilot study which aimed to determine which prosodic variables were worth investigating in a larger corpus-based study. Speech of different levels of formality was elicited from subjects indirectly via the inclusion of indexical linguistic items in carrier sentences. Analysis of the relationship between mean f0 and duration shows a significant correlation with the categories of formal and informal speech where both variables are higher in informal speech. Consequently, in Chapter 3 f0 and articulation rate were analyzed in the corpus-based study. Corpus data for the study was collected via one-on-one conversations recorded at NINJAL in Tachikawa-shi, Japan. The speech data from the corpus was analyzed in order to test the hypothesis that the prosodic variables of mean f0, articulation rate, and f0 range would all be consistently higher in informal speech. Analysis using mixed effects models and a functional data analysis shows that all three prosodic variables are significantly higher in informal speech. These results were then used to inform the design of a speech perception study, which tested how manipulation of mean f0, articulation rate, and f0 range upwards or downwards affect listeners' judgments of de-lexicalized speech as formal or informal. Results show that manipulation of all three variables upwards or downward leads to listeners' judging recordings as more informal or formal respectively. However, manipulation of individual variables does not have a significant correlation with changes in listeners' judgements. This result led to the theory that categorization tasks in speech perception are probabilistic, with listeners accessing distributions of acoustic cues to the categories in order to make judgments. Chapter 5 of the thesis describes a probabilistic Bayesian model of formality formulated based on the theory of the cognitive process of category judgment described in Chapter 4, which attempts to predict a recording's level of formality based only on its prosody. Given information on the overall and speaker-specific distributions of the prosodic cues to the different levels of formality, the model is able to discriminate between categories at a rate better than chance (~63% accurate for formal speech, ~74% accurate for informal speech), performing better than human listeners - who could not predict formality based on only prosodic information at a rate above chance in the study in Chapter 4. The studies in this thesis show a consistent, significant relationship between prosody and formality in spoken Japanese in both speech production and perception, which can be modeled probabilistically using a Bayesian statistical framework.
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Critchley, Patricia. "The role of formality in English property law". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390268.
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Güler, Demen [Verfasser], i Klaus-Jörn [Akademischer Betreuer] Lange. "Characterizing Formality / Demen Güler ; Betreuer: Klaus-Jörn Lange". Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1182985866/34.
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Lupton, Gregory Michael. "The intrinsic formality of certain types of algebras". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12488.
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Saleh, Bashar. "Formality and homotopy automorphisms in rational homotopy theory". Licentiate thesis, Stockholms universitet, Matematiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-160835.
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This licentiate thesis consists of two papers treating subjects in rational homotopy theory. In Paper I, we establish two formality conditions in characteristic zero. We prove that adg Lie algebra is formal if and only if its universal enveloping algebra is formal. Wealso prove that a commutative dg algebra is formal as a dg associative algebra if andonly if it is formal as a commutative dg algebra. We present some consequences ofthese theorems in rational homotopy theory. In Paper II, we construct a differential graded Lie model for the universal cover of the classifying space of the grouplike monoid of homotopy automorphisms of a space that fix a subspace.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript.
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Pires, Pedro Oliveira Monteiro. "Labor rights, formality and spillovers: evidence from Brazil". reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/16550.
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We analyze the effects of constitutional amendment 72/13 in Brazil, which matched labor rights of domestic workers to those of other employees. We show that, after the legislation, a sizable media coverage and an intensified public interest increased general knowledge of domestic workers' labor rights. As a consequence, non-compliance of labor legislation in the domestic services sector became more difficult. At the same time, the amendment's need for additional regulation caused labor costs to remain mostly unchanged. Using a difference-in-differences approach that compares selected occupations over time, we find that the amendment -- and the discussion it sparked -- caused an increase in formality and wages among domestic workers. Then, using the heterogeneity of the amendment's impact on demographic groups, our results show that domestic employment was reduced and low-skilled women were pushed out of the labor force and into lower quality jobs. Placebo tests and robustness analysis indicate that our results cannot be explained by a number of alternative interpretations.
Nós analisamos o efeito da emenda constitucional 72/13 no Brasil, que igualou direitos trabalhistas de empregadas domésticas a aqueles de outros empregados. Mostramos que, após a legislação, uma considerável cobertura midiática e um interesse público intensificado aumentou o conhecimento geral de direitos trabalhistas de empregadas domésticas. Como consequência, o não-seguimento de legislações trabalhistas no setor de serviços domésticos ficou mais difícil. Ao mesmo tempo, a necessidade de regulamentar adicionalmente a emenda fez com que custos trabalhistas ficassem praticamente inalterados. Usando uma abordagem de diferença-em-diferenças que compara ocupações selecionadas ao longo do tempo, mostramos que a emenda -- e a discussão que ela causou -- levou a um aumento na formalização e nos salários de empregados domésticos. Então, usando a heterogeneidade do impacto da emenda em grupos demográficos, nossos resultados mostram que emprego doméstico foi reduzido e que mulheres pouco qualificadas saíram força de trabalho e foram para empregos de menor qualidade. Testes de placebo e análises de robustez indicam que nossos resultados não são explicados por diversas interpretações alternativas.
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Schnürer, Olaf M. "Equivariant sheaves on flag varieties, dg modules and formality". [S.l. : s.n.], 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:25-opus-46628.
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Schneider, Geoffrey Ernest. "RECURSIVELY GENERATING FORMALITY QUASI-ISOMORPHISMS WITH APPLICATIONS TO DEFORMATION QUANTIZATION". Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/444851.
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MathematicsPh.D.
Formality quasi-isomorphisms Cobar(C) -> O are a necessary component of the machinery used in deformation quantization to produce quantized algebras of observables, however they are often constructed via transcendental methods, resulting in computational difficulties and quasi-isomorphisms defined over extensions of Q We will show that these formality quasi-isomorphisms can be "demystified" for a large class of dg-operads, by showing that they can be constructed recursively via an algorithm that builds them from systems of linear equations over Q, given certain assumptions on H(O).
Temple University--Theses
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Mohanani, R. P. (Rahul Prem). "Requirements fixation: the effect of specification formality on design creativity". Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2019. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526224381.
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Abstract There is a broad consensus in the software engineering (SE) research community that understanding system desiderata and design creativity is critical for the success of software projects. This has motivated a plethora of research in SE to improve requirements engineering (RE) processes. However, little research has investigated the relationship between the way desiderata are presented (i.e., framed) and creative design performance. This dissertation, therefore, examines the effects of more formal presentations of desiderata on design creativity. The research was conducted in three phases. The first consisted of summarizing the available literature on cognitive biases in SE to build a comprehensive body of knowledge, understand the current state of research, and identify the relevant literature to position and delineate subsequent investigations involving the framing effect and fixation. This research phase also investigated how creativity is conceptualized (i.e., understood, assessed and improved) in SE by exploring the perceptual differences and similarities between SE researchers and practitioners. In the second phase, two controlled experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of framing desiderata first as requirements (in general) and then as prioritized requirements on design creativity (i.e., the originality and practicality of a design). The third phase involved a protocol study to explore the underlying cognitive mechanisms that may explain why framing desiderata as formal requirements affects creativity. The empirical evidence from the second and third phases was interpreted together to propose a theoretical framework that explains the effect of specification formality on design creativity. While the results of the experiments show that specification formality is negatively related to design creativity (i.e., desiderata framed as requirements or prioritized requirements result in designs that are less creative), the findings from the protocol study indicate that the negative relationship between specification formality and design creativity is mediated by fixation (i.e., more formal presentation of desiderata induces fixation and hinders critical thinking). Overall, the results of this dissertation suggest that more formal and structured presentations of desiderata cause requirements fixation—the tendency to attribute undue confidence and importance to desiderata presented as formal requirements statements—that affects design creativity, and thus undermines software engineering successTiivistelmä Ohjelmistotuotannon tutkijoiden keskuudessa on laaja yksimielisyys järjestelmän tarpeiden ja suunnittelun luovuuden ymmärtämisen kriittisyydestä ohjelmistoprojektien menestyksessä. Tämä on motivoinut monia ohjelmistotuotannon vaatimusmäärittelyprosessien parantamiseen liittyviä tutkimuksia. Harvassa on tarkasteltu tarpeiden esitystavan (eli muotoilun) ja luovan suunnittelun lopputuloksen välistä yhteyttä. Tässä väitöskirjassa tarkastellaan tarpeiden muodollisempien esitystapojen vaikutuksia suunnittelun luovuuteen. Tutkimus oli kolmivaiheinen. Ensin referoitiin ohjelmistotuotannossa kognitiivisiin harhoihin liittyvä kirjallisuus kartoittamaan nykytutkimuksen tila ja merkityksellinen kirjallisuus myöhempien, kehysvaikutuksen ja fiksaation sisältävien tutkimusten sijoittamiseen ja rajaamiseen. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin luovuuden käsitteellistämistä (eli ymmärrettävyyttä, arviointia ja parantamista) tutkimalla katsannollisia eroja ja yhtäläisyyksiä tutkijoiden ja ammattilaisten välillä. Toisessa vaiheessa tehtiin kaksi kontrolloitua koetta tarpeiden muotoilun vaikutuksien tutkimiseksi, ensin vaatimuksina (yleisesti) ja sitten tärkeysjärjestykseen laitettuina vaatimuksina suhteessa suunnittelun luovuuteen (eli omaperäisyyteen ja käytännöllisyyteen). Lopuksi, protokollatutkimuksella selvitettiin taustalla olevia kognitiivisia mekanismeja selittämään syitä muodollisina vaatimuksina esitettyjen tarpeiden vaikutuksista luovuuteen. Toisesta ja kolmannesta vaiheesta saatujen empiiristen aineistojen tulkittiin yhdessä muodostavan teoreettisen viitekehyksen, joka selittää määrittelyn muodollisuuden vaikutusta suunnittelun luovuuteen. Vaikka kokeiden tulokset osoittavat määrittelyjen muodollisuuden vaikuttavan negatiivisesti suunnittelun luovuuteen (eli tarpeiden muotoilu vaatimuksina tai priorisoituina vaatimuksina vähentää suunnitelmien luovuutta), protokollatutkimuksen tulokset viittaavat fiksaation vaikuttavan negatiiviseen yhteyteen määrittelyjen muodollisuuden ja suunnittelun luovuuden välillä (eli tarpeiden muodollisempi esitystapa aiheuttaa fiksaatiota ja vaikeuttaa kriittistä ajattelua). Kaiken kaikkiaan, väitöskirjan tulokset esittävät muodollisempien ja strukturoidumpien tarpeiden esitystapojen aiheuttavan vaatimusten fiksaatiota, taipumusta pitää luottamusta ja tärkeyttä tarpeiden muodollisten vaatimusten ilmaisun ansioina, joka vaikuttaa suunnittelun luovuuteen heikentäen ohjelmistotuotannon menestymisen mahdollisuutta
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Karlsson, Sandra. "Formality in Websites : differences regarding country of origin and market sector". Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-2230.
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Löffler, Johannes [Verfasser]. "Singular propagators in deformation quantization and Shoikhet-Tsygan formality / Johannes Löffler". Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1077445784/34.
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Dolgushev, Vasiliy A. "A proof of Tsygan's formality conjecture for an arbitrary smooth manifold". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/30354.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mathematics, 2005.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-110).
Proofs of Tsygan's formality conjectures for chains would unlock important algebraic tools which might lead to new generalizations of the Atiyah-Patodi-Singer index theorem and the Riemann-Roch-Hirzebruch theorem. Despite this pivotal role in the traditional investigations and the efforts of various people the most general version of Tsygan's formality conjecture has not yet been proven. In my thesis I propose Fedosov resolutions for the Hochschild cohomological and homological complexes of the algebra of functions on an arbitrary smooth manifold. Using these resolutions together with Kontsevich's formality quasi-isomorphism for Hochschild cochains of R((y1, . . . , yd)) and Shoikhet's formality quasi-isomorphism for Hochschild chains of R((y1, . . . , yd)) I prove Tsygan's formality conjecture for Hochschild chains of the algebra of functions on an arbitrary smooth manifold. The construction of the formality quasi-isomorphism for Hochschild chains is manifestly functorial for isomorphisms of the pairs (M,(vector differential)), where M is the manifold and (vector differential) is an affine connection on the tangent bundle. In my thesis I apply these results to equivariant quantization, computation of Hochschild homology of quantum algebras and description of traces in deformation quantization.
by Vasiliy A. Dolgushev.
Ph.D.
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Calaque, Damien. "Formality theorems for Lie algebroids and quantization of dynamical r-matrices". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/CALAQUE_Damien_2005.pdf.
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Eschler, Bruce H. "Finnish Teacher Collaboration: The Behaviors, Learning, and Formality of Teacher Collaboration". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6191.
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Finnish teachers continue to receive significant attention among educators, educational leaders, and policy makers in the United States and around the globe. In addition, teacher collaboration continues to receive support as a meaningful part of teacher work and practice. Teacher collaboration is frequently described in various ways within different contexts. This study aims to: (a) better understand the nature of Finnish teacher collaboration by examining three teacher collaboration behaviors (sharing information and knowledge, planning, and problem-solving); (b) explore the extent to which Finnish teacher collaboration is formal (or school-required) collaboration and informal (or voluntary) collaboration; and (c) investigate the extent to which Finnish teachers attribute teacher learning to teacher collaboration. Using both qualitative and social network methods, the sample included 19 teachers from two comprehensive Finnish schools (1st–9th grades) who completed an online survey of professional network and open-ended questions. Analyses highlights the following: (a) Finnish teachers at a comprehensive school engage in the three teacher collaboration behaviors (sharing information and knowledge, planning, and problem-solving); (b) Finnish teachers at a comprehensive school value and collaborate in both formal and informal network structures; and (c) Finnish teachers at a comprehensive school attribute a degree of teacher learning, in terms of teacher improvement, to teacher collaboration.
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Lipitakis, Alexandra A. I. A. "E-business strategy planning and performance : a comparative study of the UK and Greece". Thesis, University of Kent, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.650807.
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This thesis investigates whether the financial and non-financial performance of organizations is influenced bye-business strategy planning. Four strategic planning parameters of Formality, Participation, Sophistication and Thoroughness are examined when applied to e-business strategy planning. We try to establish if relationships exist between these parameters and Financial and Non-Financial Performance, and if so we examine the directions of these relationships. A conceptual model has been constructed and quantitative research methods are used to test the four hypotheses. The model was tested in two EU countries, the United Kingdom and Greece. The conclusions of this research study, including numerical results and statistical analysis, show that in both countries Participation has a positive relationship with Financial Performance. Furthermore, Formality has a positive relationship with Non-Financial Performance. In Greece, all of the independent variables of Formality, Participation, Sophistication and Thoroughness were found to have a positive relationship with Financial and Non-Financial Performance. In the UK, Participation had a positive relationship with Financial Performance and Formality had a positive relationship with Non-Financial PerfOlmance. This research study brings together elements of e-business strategy planning, strategy planning and performance management. It demonstrates . how strategy planning components have a positive relationship with e-business strategy management and performance. It is also shown that this model is extendable and valid in countries other than the UK, thus being able to be easily adapted to and used in other national environments.
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Laha, Somjita. "(In) formality in e-waste movement & management in the global economy". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/in-formality-in-ewaste-movement-and-management-in-the-global-economy(fa1b9572-53d3-4f0a-bb13-e594c828a41a).html.
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This thesis unpacks the dynamic nature and architecture of the global e-waste (electronic and electrical waste) recycling network. It analyses the functions of formal (guided by regulatory apparatus) and informal sectors (usually outside the regulatory orbit) involved in waste production and processing and their structural inter-linkages to situate the process and practise of informality in e-waste in the realm of formal capitalist economy. Additionally, it investigates the impact of regulatory interventions on the waste network and the actors therein. It focuses on the spatiality of waste treatment where the narrative of the physical material starts in the formal sector of electronics manufacturing and consumption and travels along quasi-legal channels of e-scrap trade and traffic to reach the informal sector (often in developing countries) for its end-of-life management. Till date, the systemic interconnections between formality and informality in waste processing operations have not been analysed in the waste scholarship. Despite critically reviewing the widespread presence and preponderance of informality with its definite characteristics, the literature has largely disregarded its relationship with formality and the broader lexicon of production and exchange. This research addresses this important omission in the literature and examines the drivers of informality and myriad formal-informal associations in e-waste transfer and treatment in the changing contours of the global economy. The following research question guides the structure and argument of this thesis. Main Research Question: What drives informality in e-waste movement and management?The research follows the trajectory of the international waste stream and examines how these path(way)s are embedded in the socio-economic processes of formality and informality. It uses the qualitative field work conducted in Netherlands, Belgium and India (Delhi) in 2011 and 2012. The fieldwork covers all the stakeholders engaged directly or indirectly in the e-waste network starting with the manufacturers, consumers to the traders, collectors, dismantlers, recyclers and second-hand sellers in both formal and informal sectors as well as the state and NGOs. The production, distribution and consumption of electronics, its waste and the recovered elements are not disjoint despite their apparent dispersion across geographical and political borders. Rather it is a functionally and organizationally inter-connected network characterised by a continuum of formal-informal material transfer, socio-economic transactions and financial arrangements between different players performing diverse functions. The analytical foundation of this study is laid by the Global Production Network (GPN) approach which follows the spatial e-waste flow in the post-consumption stage and locates the role and position of the various actors engaged in the process. It deconstructs the inter-connections between the formal and the informal actors by drawing on the rich formality-informality discourse. It uses the Global Value Chain (GVC) framework to specifically interrogate the vertical and horizontal governance patterns and power imbalances between the different players and additionally employs the idea of informal social networks from the industrial clusters literature to understand the ties of family, kinship and community between them. The study also engages with the diverse (re)valuations of e-waste and the (re)creation of secondary products that are used for further consumption and production. The value generated, circulated and captured in the waste recycling stream by the participating actors is understood using the Marxian exposition of circuits of capital. The e-waste network is institutionally embedded in particular geographical settings, socio-cultural milieus and regulatory framework leading to spatially differential comprehensions and treatment of e-waste. The roles of the regulatory and civic initiatives in conditioning and configuring this network are scrutinised to deliberate on the different paradigms of its management. The research illustrates that the fluidity between formality and informality in waste processing is crucial in (re)fashioning and (re)constructing waste for further use. It suggests that commodity production, consumption, waste generation and treatment are conjoined internationally in which value is created and circulated across sectoral and geographical boundaries. In effect, it reflects on the politics and practices of waste production and management and questions the design and enforcement of state policies towards eco-friendly processing of e-waste.
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Brooks, Sarah. "How does perceived formality shape upward challenge in a UK police force?" Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16209/.
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Winter, Jeff. "Measuring usability - balancing agility and formality : for stakeholders' needs in software development /". Licentiate thesis, Karlskrona : Department of Interaction and System Design, School of Engineering, Blekinge Institute of Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-00438.
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Elchinger, Olivier. "Formalité liée aux algèbres enveloppantes et étude des algèbres Hom-(co)Poisson". Phd thesis, Université de Haute Alsace - Mulhouse, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00857460.
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Le but de cette thèse est d'étudier quelques aspects algébriques du problème de quantification par déformation. On considère d'une part la formalité dans le cas des algèbres libres et de l'algèbre de Lie so(3), et on s'intéresse d'autre part à la quantification par déformation pour des structures Hom-algébriques. Suivant le résultat de formalité de Kontsevich en 1997 pour les algèbres symétriques, on étudie dans la première partie de cette thèse les algèbres libres, qui sont un cas particulier d'algèbres enveloppantes, et on montre qu'il n'y a pas formalité en général, sauf dans les cas triviaux. On montre aussi qu'il n'y a pas formalité pour l'algèbre de Lie so(3). Les techniques utilisées sont de type homologiques. On calcule la cohomologie de ces algèbres et on procède à la construction du L-infini-quasi-isomorphisme entre l'algèbre de Lie différentielle graduée des cochaînes de Hochschild munie du crochet de Gerstenhaber et l'algèbre de la cohomologie munie du crochet de Schouten. Dans la seconde partie de ce travail, on utilise un principe de déformation par twist pour les structures Hom-algébriques, pour construire de nouvelles structures de même type, ou encore pour déformer une structure classique en une Hom-structure correspondante à l'aide d'un morphisme d'algèbres. En particulier, on applique ce procédé aux structures de Poisson et aux star-produits de Moyal-Weyl. Par ailleurs, on établit une correspondance entre les algèbres enveloppantes d'algèbres Hom-Lie possédant une structure Hom-coPoisson et les bigèbres Hom-Lie.
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Koerper, Gary S. (Gary Steven) 1969. "Balancing flexibility and formality in product development at a high growth technology company". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/50409.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1998.Includes bibliographical references (leaf 51).
by Gary S. Koerper.
S.M.
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Cordeiro, Guerra Susana Leite Ribeiro. "On the fringes of formality : organizational capability in street-level bureaucracies in Brazil". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117311.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Political Science, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 197-200).
Middle capability countries have over the last few decades implemented a range of reforms to improve their service delivery systems - and yet have made only marginal progress. Despite better macroeconomic conditions, service delivery outcomes are still lagging behind. This is more than a puzzle, it has been a cause for revolt. Millions and millions have risen in protest-demanding improvements in the quality of basic services. When the state is unable to deliver on its core functions, then it highlights a fundamental crisis of the state in these countries. My dissertation aims to unravel a piece of this puzzle by examining variation in the implementation of a comparable type of reform across the policing, education and industrial policy sectors in Brazil. It does this in particular by looking at intermediate outputs of front-line service delivery units (police units, schools, and innovation institutes), using this as a proxy for bureaucratic administration, which has been shown to be associated with service delivery outcomes. My research finds that there is much variation in these intermediate outputs and that this variation cannot be easily explained by structural factors. For instance, while some schools do very well on these bureaucratic administration metrics in poor neighborhoods, others do poorly in rich neighborhoods. What lies behind this variation in bureaucratic administration in front-line service delivery units? Drawing on extensive fieldwork over the course of three years, I find that there is a particular behavioral profile among middle-tier bureaucrats - what I call the fringes of formality behavior - that is associated with more positive bureaucratic administrative- outputs in the front-line units. Middle-tier bureaucrats practicing this behavior exhibit three main characteristics: initiative, a focus on strategic functions, and an ability to identify and make use of bureaucratic zones of opportunity. I detail in the dissertation the different categories of action of how the fringes of formality behavior manifests itself in practice. I demonstrate how these categories are consistent across sectors, and then, drawing on case studies and surveys, I show the positive association between the fringes of formality behavior and bureaucratic administrative outputs both within and across sectors. Ultimately, I argue that the way the fringes of formality bureaucrats behave differs from the "best practices" often advocated by the development and public policy communities. My findings suggest that there may be an alternative path to building a higher capability bureaucracy that does not necessarily involve adherence to top-down rationalistic approaches. Rather, they provide support for identifying those behaviors that are already meeting the genuine needs of the local units on the ground - even if they do not seem to adhere to preconceived notions of effective bureaucratic administration - and then nurturing and promoting those behaviors. These findings will have significant implications for how best to improve service delivery by bureaucracies in middle-income countries.
by Susana Leite Ribeiro Cordeiro Guerra.
Ph. D.
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Klein, Axel. "Fishing without formality : an economic anthropology of the Ewe of the Lagos-Badagry seabeach". Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287522.
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Omerovic, Aida. "Transforming registers:context and pupil writing at English 7". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-36763.
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The aim of this essay was to investigate whether pupils with higher grades based on formative assessment were more successful at adapting informal texts into formal texts.Six pupils in English 7 were asked to write an informal blog entry about their favorite hobby/pastime and a formal entry also about their favorite hobby/pastime intended for an English encyclopedia. The pupils that were selected were assessed as havingformative grades A-E. The ability to transform informal into formal texts was assessedquantitatively by counting a number of lexical and grammatical features. The results showed that pupils with a higher formative grade did not experience significant difficulties in adapting their language and switching from informal to formal language. The results also showed that the usage of slang and contractions among the pupils with lower grades was maximized.
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Ishizuka, Midori. "Beyond Facts and Formality: How Different Genres Remember Japanese American Experiences During World War II". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1185.
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This thesis will compare and contrast how different genres tell the stories of Japanese American experiences during World War II. In the 1980s and 1990s the emergence of different genres such as memoirs, historical fiction, and documentaries, inspired a fresh approach to portraying history. Using the traditional historical monograph as a foil, this thesis will analyze how these newer genres can deepen our understanding of historic events and peoples on a personal, psychological, and emotional level. Topics of medium, authorship, affect, influence, and authenticity are commonly discussed in the comparisons of these genres. Each chapter will focus on one genre and analyze two works. Chapter 1 on memoirs examines Farewell to Manzanar by Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston and Nisei Memories by Paul Howard Takemoto. Chapter 2 on historical fiction will compare David Guterson’s narrative fiction novel Snow Falling on Cedars and Alan Parker’s narrative film Come See the Paradise. Chapter 3 on documentaries will discuss Ken Burns’ The War and Steven Okazaki’s Unfinished Business. Ultimately, while each work and each genre is unique, the significant commonality among them is their ability to expose the intimate and emotional aspects of historical experiences. This, in turn, prompts our engagement and emotional connection to the portrayed stories, which heightens our understanding of history in a more holistic way.
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Zoller, Leopold [Verfasser], i Oliver [Akademischer Betreuer] Goertsches. "On the Toral Rank Conjecture and Variants of Equivariant Formality / Leopold Zoller ; Betreuer: Oliver Goertsches". Marburg : Philipps-Universität Marburg, 2020. http://d-nb.info/120329946X/34.
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Lindgren, Sara. "Politeness in BELF Communication : A Study on Directness Strategies and Formality in Professional E-Mail Communication". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-104737.
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This paper investigates communication between speakers with different first languages in a business setting, referred to as BELF, Business English as a lingua franca. The present paper investigates politeness strategies in BELF e-mail correspondence, and the interplay between them. Politeness strategies play an important role in e-mail correspondence, and this has been identified through studying formality in greetings and closings, and directness in requests. The dataset consists of 46 naturally-occurring e-mails, which have been grouped into internal or external correspondence to accordingly answer the research question, which aims to investigate whether or not there is a difference in the communicative approach depending on who the receiver is. This has been analysed in terms of the politeness strategies formality and directness, and the results show that the internal and external correspondence are very similar to each other, hence the level of formality and directness rather appears to depend on the sender him/herself. The results furthermore present that greetings are mainly informal, closings mainly formal and requests predominantly direct, for both internal and external correspondence. This would conventionally indicate that the e-mails are impolite; however, in accordance with some recent scholars it has been agreed that, along with the development of e-mails, the requirements for politeness have changed, and the e-mails in the present study are primarily considered polite.
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Fernando, Renuka. "The neutrality and formality of conflict : strategies, transformation and sights of the logical framework in Sarvodaya". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3111/.
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This thesis investigates the neutrality and formality of accounting as a form of intervention in situations of conflict faced by Nongovernmental Organisations (NGOs). In this thesis, neutrality and formality of accounting are limited to evaluation devices and formats used by donors to assess NGOs, specifically the Logical Framework (LF). Technical attributes and views were desirable for making sense of evaluator experiences in development projects in the 1960s. Responding to this, contractors under the United States International Development Agency (USAID) combined scientific and management approaches and created the LF (Chapter 2). Many development agencies since then have required NGOs to use an LF within project proposals and as a basis to monitor and evaluate project performance. At the same time, the neutrality and formality of the LF have been widely criticised in development circles. This thesis found, however, that in situations where conflict is prevalent, neutrality and formality play a role in shaping, informing and structuring conflict. To understand ways in which conflict and technicality intersect, this thesis is based on a case study of a grassroots NGO in Sri Lanka, Sarvodaya. This thesis identifies and discusses conflict between donors and the NGO, conflict as part of society and conflict between actors within an NGO project. Contrary to previous literature in accounting, neutrality and formality in Sarvodaya were found to be a malleable resource for mobilisation in conflict situations. Neutrality and formality of evaluation devices, mainly the LF, were used in Sarvodaya as a way to strategize around sources of conflict between external donors and internal NGO accounts in the late 1980s (Chapter 4). Later, after the end of Sri Lanka’s civil war, the LF was used to work on projects focused on reconciliation and reconstruction. Neutrality and formality of the LF helped to transform social conflicts into manageable projects in Sarvodaya (Chapter 5). Lastly, this thesis proposes a framing of ‘sights’ – plain sight, oversight and foresight - to explore the ways in which neutrality and formality provide a visual methodology for staff to make sense of their daily work, accountability and visions of the future (Chapter 6).
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Mohammed, Karim Sadaf, i Ivona Tasevska. "Klienters upplevelser av revisorers användning av formalia". Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-15932.
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Revisorer har sedan länge kopplats till professionella bedömningar men idag visar trenden allt mer på ett arbetssätt med mer användning av formalia. Även ett behov av revisorns tjänster och konsulttjänster förekommer allt mer hos klienten. Syftet med studien är att förstå hur klienten upplever revisorns användning av formalia i arbetsprocessen gentemot klienten i form av olika formella dokument för både stora som små företag. Studien bygger på en kvalitativ undersökning och abduktiv ansats då vi växlar mellan empirisk och teoretisk reflektion. Vår intervjuguide var till en början utforskande och utvecklades till att bli mer semistrukturerad. För att uppnå syftet med studien har vi genomfört elva intervjuer där vi har begränsat vårt urval till klienter som arbetar som redovisningsansvarig/chef och ekonomiansvarig/che f i södra Sverige. Eftersom revisorns tjänster erbjuds till klienten är denna studie analyserad utifrån ett klientperspektiv. Klientperspektivet hjälper oss att besvara frågor kring hur revisorer arbetar med formalia och hur dessa upplevs. Denna studie bidrar till diskussionen kring klienten som erhåller en formalia att följa, likt en förberedelselista, inför varje bokslutsmöte med revisorn. Utifrån förberedelselistan förbereder klienten dokument som efterfrågas av revisorn. Resultatet indikerar att klienter ställer sig positivt till arbetet med formalia där onödiga moment reduceras i samarbetet med revisorn och att arbetet med formalia gynnar klientens verksamhet på så sätt att verksamheten kan visa sin legitimitet gentemot sina intressenter. Vi identifierar klientens upplevelser kring revisorns användning av formalia och visar en förståelse för klientens synpunkter och värderingar vid revision.Accountants have long been linked to professional judgements but the current situation shows an increasing trend on an approach with more use of formality. The client is in existing need of use of auditand consulting services. The study’s purpose is to contribute better understanding and analysis of how clients perceive auditors’ structural use of formalities towards them. The study is based on a qualitative survey with abductive approach as we alternate between empirical and theoretical reflection. The interviewguide has evolved to become more semi-structured. In order to achieve the purpose of the study we have completed eleven interviews which we have limited our selection to clients in southern Sweden. As the auditor’s services are offered to the client, this study is analyzed based on clients’ perspective. The clientperspective helps us to answer questions concerning how accountants are working with formalities and how these are perceived. This study contributes to discussion of clients who receives formality, similar to a preparation list, before each year-end meeting with the auditor. Based on the preparatory list, the client prepares documents requested by the auditor. It indicates that the client is in favor of working with formalities with reduced unnecessary moments under the cooperation. To work with the formalities favors the client's business so that they can prove its legitimacy to stakeholders. We are identifying client experiences of auditor’s use of formalities and presenting an understanding of client’s views and values at audit.
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Vinh, Nguyen Quoc. "The Concepts of Public Policy and Formality Under Vietnamese Civil Law: AMillstone Round Contracting Parties' Autonomy[Ⅱ]". 名古屋大学大学院法学研究科, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/6035.
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Watt, Jennifer Gail. "From watchful eye to bureaucratic formality, the evaluation of teacher performance in Ontario from 1870 to 1999". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0007/MQ46185.pdf.
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Machili, I. "Writing in the workplace : variation in the writing practices and formality of eight multinational companies in Greece". Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2014. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/23424/.
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Workplace writing is a high stakes activity. It constitutes a permanent record of a company’s transactions and this has implications for both the employees involved in the production of documents and also for the company as a whole. Workplace writing is dynamic, and processes and practices vary between teams, departments, companies and industries. In this context, the study is concerned with workplace writing practices in eight multinational companies situated in Greece. The thesis is structured in two parts: the first part aims to explore the writing practices in the participant organisations focusing on factors behind inter- and intra- company variation. The discussion draws on the analysis of questionnaire and interview data. The second part takes a micro perspective and focuses on one genre, that of the business email. The analysis reports on a sample of naturally occurring emails from three participant companies. As the business email tends to be perceived as an informal genre, special attention is paid to the notion of formality, which has not been systematically discussed and defined in this context. The findings show that writing practices vary according to company size, employees’ hierarchical level and years of experience. Business email emerges as the most frequent genre, which serves a range of functions in different contexts. Dynamic continua of writing practices ranging from ‘formal to informal’ and ‘transactional to relational’ are mobilised as employees reflect on their use of email at work and this is aligned with the findings of the linguistic analysis. The data also indicate the impact of the globalised socioeconomic activity on employees’ practices in modern organisations. The participants in this study operate at the interface of different languages and practices, which cut across national and professional boundaries. The complex choices they make in different contexts have implications for language training and specifically the teaching of writing in academic contexts.
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Vinh, Nguyen Quoc. "The Concepts of Public Policy and Formality Under Vietnamese Civil Law : A Millstone Round Contracting Parties' Autonomy[Ⅰ]". 名古屋大学大学院法学研究科, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/6026.
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Farmer, Eilunid. "Negotiating the edge : resolving the conflicts and potentials between endogenous and exogenous environments in peri-urban settlement by creating a condition for a narrative between the two extremes". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/45279.
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In Mabopane’s core, designers have, in an idealistic, static and utopian fashion, created environments for a society that does not exist, which has resulted in a tension between formal environments and informal activities. Because of the nature of formal institutions, informality (which is the backbone of identity of place) is suffering and being encroached upon by formal developments. In reality, in all formality lies some informality, and vice
versa. The intention is not to formalise the informal or informalise the formal, but rather to create a hybrid space where the two extremes (which are dependent on each other for survival) can co-exist and form a symbiotic relationship. How does one create this landscape of co-dependence? The answer is firstly sought in a programmatic approach .
An apprenticeship workshop inherits current site activities and forges a new relationship between the two extremes by sourcing the by-products of retail from the formal structure (i.e. the shopping centre) and utilising the evident resource effi ciency of the community in order to solve a series of urban problems. The programme consists of two branches: the larger product manufacturing (where a current modular housing system with added recycled insulation is produced); and the smaller workshops (where fi ner crafts are practised, such as sewing and mending). These spaces are aimed at creating social,
economic and knowledge-exchange environments. The programme is used as a vessel to illustrate the concept that three types of spaces are required: the necessary, the optional and the spontaneous. The programme is designed in such a way that it compliments existing activities, introduces new ones where necessary and capitalises on established networks. The built form is thus required to create a hybrid landscape of exchange. In order to create this landscape, a visual language is extracted from the context, deciphered and applied to the proposed site and activities. The designer is only capable of creating the formal and not in control of the informal, but one can learn from the fabric by deciphering some of the visible patterns on how to create successful space. This understanding of “anonymous architecture” aims to stimulate the narrative between the two extremes. By examining the context, understanding what works and why it works in that specifi c way, a decision on what formal intervention is needed, could be supported to compliment and refl ect the dynamic properties of the context. This familiarity of form is used to create an architecture that is region specifi c in its message and use.Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2014.
Architecture
MArch(Prof)
Unrestricted
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Eriksson, Daniel. "Using the F-measure to test formality in sports reporting : A comparison of the language used in soccer and horse polo articles in two British newspapers". Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för språk, litteratur och interkultur (from 2013), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-67982.
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This paper investigates the formality level of the language used in twenty articles from two sports that seem to cater to different social classes (soccer and horse polo). The articles that serve as the data were published in two different types of British newspapers, one broadsheet (The Daily Telegraph) and one tabloid (The Daily Express) from September 2010 through November 2017. The study uses a quantitative method by means of the F-measure, and a qualitative analysis of two articles whose results deviate from the rest. The quantitative results show that there is a difference in formality in sports articles on the two sports soccer and horse polo, where articles on polo score higher on the F-measure in both newspapers. Most articles on horse polo follow the pattern of the informational production with features like a high ratio of nouns, pronouns, long words, and adjectives often found in academic papers and legal documents etc. Articles on soccer follow the involved production, characterized by a high ratio of verbs, adverbs, pronouns, and WH-questions often found in spoken interaction. The qualitative analysis shows that the article on soccer which has a much higher F-score than the rest is an informative article on the price of season tickets, and that the polo article with a very low Fscore contained a lot of quoted speech.I den här uppsatsen undersöks formalitetsnivån i tjugo artiklar om fotboll och hästpolo. Två sporter som vanligtvis har utövare från olika samhällsklasser. Artiklarna som använts som data har blivit publicerade i två olika typer av brittiska tidningar, en dagstidning (The Daily Telegraph) och en kvällstidning (The Daily Express) från september 2010 till november 2017. I studien används en kvantitativ metod kallad the F-measure och en kvalitativ analys av de två artiklar där resultaten skilde sig från övriga. De kvantitativa resultaten visar att det är skillnad på formaliteten i artiklarna om fotboll och hästpolo, där artiklar om hästpolo får ett högre Fvärde än artiklar om fotboll i båda tidningarna. Flertalet artiklar om hästpolo följer mönstret för informativa texter som karaktäriseras av ett högt antal substantiv, pronomen, adjektiv och långa ord av den typ som ofta finns i akademiska uppsatser och juridiska dokument etc. Artiklar om fotboll följer oftast mönstret för involverade texter, som kännetecknas av ett högt antal av verb, adverb, pronomen och frågeordsfrågor som ofta hittas i talat språk. Den kvalitativa analysen visar att fotbollsartikeln som hade ett mycket högre F-värde än övriga var en informativ artikel om priser på säsongsbiljetter, och att poloartikeln som hade ett väldigt lågt F-värde innehöll en hel del citat från intervjuer.
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Mineiro, Daniel Nuno Oliveira. "A verdade como encontro: desde uma recetividade e uma materialidade". Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/23156.
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A presente investigação pretende ser a prova de que só é possível chegar ao
conceito zubiriano de verdade como encontro por meio de uma via da recetividade
material. Por isso constitui de uma só vez uma radicalização da proposta da tradição
filosófica e, ao mesmo tempo, uma aposta numa via mais profunda presente nos textos
de Zubiri, do seguinte modo:
Ao nível da fundamentação, na primeira parte mostrar-se-á onde se encontram as
bases de uma recetividade material e de que modo é que se pode dizer que esta via é a
única que pode fazer frente às propostas intelectualistas, realistas, logicistas,
fenomenológicas e hermenêuticas.
Na segunda parte, dar-se-á conta das consequências da analítica ao nível da
estrutura da realidade, para tornar patente o eixo formal/material que existe ao longo da
atualização da realidade. E, na terceira parte, ter-se-á especial atenção na prova de que o
pensar, a razão e o conhecimento sencientes relevam de uma recetividade material.
Por fim serão ainda ponto integrante desta investigação as limitações que esta
analítica mais radical da recetividade material integra, fazendo-se notar que:
Em primeiro lugar, está por explicar a introdução de uma filosofia da linguagem
que não tenha de relevar de uma analítica.
Em segundo lugar, é ainda ponto discutível a proposta das apreensões das
realidades matemáticas. Em terceiro lugar, parece-nos existir uma mescla entre os
conceitos de realidade-sentido e realidade possibilidade, à qual nem esta “segunda
analítica” que propomos parece dar resposta.
Em quarto lugar, parece-nos que existem momentos de uma “filosofia do
sentido” desautorizados como é o caso da re-atualização que terá sempre de contar com
uma coisa-sentido a priori, como é o caso de uma formalidade que não depende de uma
impressão e como é o caso – dentro daquilo que é o sentimento afetante – dos
sentimentos religiosos e psicológicos; Abstract:
The present investigation intends to be proof that it is only possible to gett to the
concept of truth as a zubirian encounter through the mean of a material receptivity
pathway. This way it constitutes at once a radicalization of the philosophical proposal
and, at the same time, a bet on a more profound way present in the zubirian texts in the
following way:
At the level of the statement of reasons in the first part it will be shown where to be
found the bases of a material receptivity and in which way that we can say that, this is
way, is the only that can stand up to the intellectualist, realist, logicist,
phenomenological and hermeneutic proposals.
In the second part the analytic consequences as will be detailed at the structure level of
reality to make relevant the formal/material axis that exist during the reality update
consequences. And in the end, on the third part, it will be paid special attention to the
proof that the thinking, the reason and “senciente” knowledge up rise from a material
receptivity. In the end it will be still integrating point off this investigation, the
limitations that this radical analysis of the material receptivity integrates making a
notice that :
In the first place, there is still to explain the introduction of a language philosophy that
does not have to come from an analytical. In second place, it is also a moot point for the
proposal of the apprehensions of mathematical realities. In third place, it seems to us the
existence of a blend between the concepts of reality-meaning and reality possibility
which neither this “second analysis “that we propose seems to give answer. In fourth
place it seems to us the existence of moments of a “philosophy of meaning “
unauthorized as is the case of the re-update that will always have to rely on a priori
thing-meaning, as is the case of a formality that does not depend on an impression and,
as is the affective feeling- of religious and psychological feelings.
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Lindblad, Maria. "A Comparative Study of the Quality between Formality Style Transfer of Sentences in Swedish and English, leveraging the BERT model". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299932.
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Formality Style Transfer (FST) is the task of automatically transforming a piece of text from one level of formality to another. Previous research has investigated different methods of performing FST on text in English, but at the time of this project there were to the author’s knowledge no previous studies analysing the quality of FST on text in Swedish. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate how a model trained for FST in Swedish performs. This was done by comparing the quality of a model trained on text in Swedish for FST, to an equivalent model trained on text in English for FST. Both models were implemented as encoder-decoder architectures, warm-started using two pre-existing Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) models, pre-trained on Swedish and English text respectively. The two FST models were fine-tuned for both the informal to formal task as well as the formal to informal task, using the Grammarly’s Yahoo Answers Formality Corpus (GYAFC). The Swedish version of GYAFC was created through automatic machine translation of the original English version. The Swedish corpus was then evaluated on the three criteria meaning preservation, formality preservation and fluency preservation. The results of the study indicated that the Swedish model had the capacity to match the quality of the English model but was held back by the inferior quality of the Swedish corpus. The study also highlighted the need for task specific corpus in Swedish.Överföring av formalitetsstil syftar på uppgiften att automatiskt omvandla ett stycke text från en nivå av formalitet till en annan. Tidigare forskning har undersökt olika metoder för att utföra uppgiften på engelsk text men vid tiden för detta projekt fanns det enligt författarens vetskap inga tidigare studier som analyserat kvaliteten för överföring av formalitetsstil på svensk text. Syftet med detta arbete var att undersöka hur en modell tränad för överföring av formalitetsstil på svensk text presterar. Detta gjordes genom att jämföra kvaliteten på en modell tränad för överföring av formalitetsstil på svensk text, med en motsvarande modell tränad på engelsk text. Båda modellerna implementerades som kodnings-avkodningsmodeller, vars vikter initierats med hjälp av två befintliga Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT)-modeller, förtränade på svensk respektive engelsk text. De två modellerna finjusterades för omvandling både från informell stil till formell och från formell stil till informell. Under finjusteringen användes en svensk och en engelsk version av korpusen Grammarly’s Yahoo Answers Formality Corpus (GYAFC). Den svenska versionen av GYAFC skapades genom automatisk maskinöversättning av den ursprungliga engelska versionen. Den svenska korpusen utvärderades sedan med hjälp av de tre kriterierna betydelse-bevarande, formalitets-bevarande och flödes-bevarande. Resultaten från studien indikerade att den svenska modellen hade kapaciteten att matcha kvaliteten på den engelska modellen men hölls tillbaka av den svenska korpusens sämre kvalitet. Studien underströk också behovet av uppgiftsspecifika korpusar på svenska.
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Pettersson, Lena. "Writing Business Emails in English as a Lingua Franca - how informal can you be? : An analysis of formality in BELF emails". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-118100.
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As a result of globalisation, the number of companies working globally is increasing at an unprecedented pace. Consequently, the need to communicate with people from other countries is getting bigger. In such intercultural communication, a common language must be used to interact. The language of choice is most often English, which is the business lingua franca (BELF) today. Furthermore, email has become the obvious choice of medium when interacting with foreign business associates. The present study was conducted through intensive and extensive analyses, investigating BELF emails written by 21 individuals with 14 different native languages. The data consists of 209 emails. The study follows Bjørge’s (2007) work on formality in emails written in academic settings. The aim of the study was to determine how formal the participants were in greetings and closings and whether they accommodated their language to the respondent. The results suggest that the level of formality mainly depends on the purpose of the email and, to some extent, how formal the correspondent is. The accommodation to the correspondent seems to be individual. The present study wishes to extend knowledge on email communication in BELF settings. The results are likely to be relevant for teachers and students of Business Communication and English as a Second or Foreign Language along with managers in internationally functioning companies, especially as regards what should be considered in BELF communication.
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Nteta, Zarina. "(In)formality in Africa: Exploring the social and cultural factors influencing mobile payment non-adoption by informal traders in Cape Town". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/24921.
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This research explores and identifies the various reasons for which informal traders in Cape Town, South Africa, do not adopt mobile payment technology and prefer cash. In the informal economy, a cash preference creates challenges such as financial exclusion (Bromley, 2006; Donner & Tellez, 2008; Blanco et al., 2009; Bick et al., 2009; Kendall et al., 2014). Recently, with the mobile phone's ubiquity, mobile payments have emerged as one of the ways to enable access to finance for underbanked or unbanked people, primarily because mobile payments are considered low-cost and easy to use (Donovan, 2012; Mbogo, 2010; Maurer, 2012). However, research reflects low adoption of mobile payments in South Africa (Pew Research Centre, 2015). In light of this low adoption, this research is interested in asking: 'Why don't informal traders in Cape Town, South Africa use mobile payment facilities?' This research explores this question through the critical social theory perspective. This qualitative study was conducted in four trading locations in Cape Town's inner city over June to September 2015. Primary data was collected through semi-structured face to face interviews with twenty informal traders, and participant observations. The empirical findings demonstrate that social and cultural factors influence non-adoption. The theoretical contribution made in this paper is the contributes to the development ofmodification of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM, 1989). The modified model places social and cultural factors as central to the determinants of adoption. This modified TAM contributes towards the field of mobile technology acceptance research in South Africa, and is a response to the call for information systems research exploring social and cultural explanations for adoption or non-adoption (Lee, 2003; Bagozzi, 2003; Ventakesh, 2007; Dahlberg et al., 2008; Donner & Tellez, 2008; William et al., 2009; Crabbe et al., 2009; Morawczynski, 2009).
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Lund, Lisa. "The effect of communication method on user experience in a formal communication with a stranger". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-291126.
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This thesis aims to find out how communication method a˙ects user experience in a formal communication with a stranger, such as a job application process. The communication methods investigated were instant messaging and email. To this end, two studies were performed. The first one based on a set of interviews with recruiters. The second one based on a questionnaire sent out to job candidates. Recruiters did not value communication method as important for the candidate to make a good first impression, but they were concerned with the need for rapid communication and needing to be constantly available when using informal communication methods. I found that candidates significantly preferred formal communication methods, results also showed that candidates felt less insecure when communicating using a formal method. Finally, we also found that younger users did not have a stronger preference for informal communication methods than older users, contrary to my expectations.Målet med denna uppsats var att ta reda på hur kommunikationsmetod påverkar användarupplevelsen i en formell kommunikation med en främling, så som i en arbetsansökan. Kommunikationsmetoderna som undersöktes var e-post och chatt. För att ta reda på detta gjordes två studier. Den första bestod av intervjuer med rekryterare. Den andra bestod av ett frågeformulär som skickades ut till kandidater. Rekryterarna värderade inte kommunikationsmetoden i sig högt när det gällde vilket intryck de fick av en kandidat, men kommunikations-hastigheten var en viktig faktor i valet av metod. Speciellt så uppfattade de ett behov av att vara tillgänglig och kunna svara snabbt om en informell kommunikationsmetod användes, denna uppfattning delades av kandidaterna. Mina resultat visade att jobbkandidater hade en signifikant preferens för att använda formella kommunikationsmetoder, och visade sig känna sig mindre osäkra när de använde formella kommunikationsmetoder än när de använde informella metoder. Slutligen upptäckte jag att yngre användare inte visade sig föredra informella kommunikationsmetoder mer än äldre användare.
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Chauvidul, Narisa. "Formality and informality in internal control systems : a comparative study of control in different social and cultural environments in a global bank". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2003. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1700/.
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This thesis examined the relationship between formal systems and informal norms in internal control systems in a global bank. The thesis argues that the global policies and standardised manuals and procedures of multinational firms cannot be internalised and interpreted in the same way as anticipated by the management in every branch. This assumption confirms the importance of the need for this study to increase an understanding of the issues and concerns in the management of internal control systems among different organisations in different cultural and social environments. A broad range of literature has been reviewed and it was found that little research in information systems security had previously focused on the internal control systems. As such, this research presents a new area in information systems security study. This research aimed to provide a qualitative approach to increase an understanding of the relationship between formal and informal systems. The main objective was to analyse in depth the interaction between these two systems. More focus was placed on the study of people who played a significant role in the control systems. In pursuing this aim, the interpretive case study of a global bank in two branches was conducted. The findings from this research suggest that there are problems in implementing internal control systems globally across the bank. The internal control systems should be examined with respect to both formal and informal analysis. The considerations should be focused more at the informal level where pragmatic and semantic concerns should be addressed. The thesis concludes that qualitative approach is an appropriate way to conduct research in cross-cultural studies in information systems security, also that semiotics theory is an appropriate approach in this area of study.
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Owusu-Ansah, L. K. "Variation according to context in a second language : a study into the effects of formality on the English used by Ghanaian university students". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20081.
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The present study focuses on interpersonal relationships as one of the most important sources of contextual variation in the English of Ghanaian University students. The assumption being made is that a well-established variety is one that shows linguistic variation in the wide range of contexts in which it is used (Kachru 1983). When a non-native variety attains this status, it is no longer appropriate to look at it as an interlanguage or of a deviant form of native English (NE). Previous studies have suggested, however, that the salient features of Ghanaian English (GE) include deviations from native norms, general over-formality and unusual lexical items and expressions. Thus the null hypothesis is that GE lacks contextual variation. Chapter 1 is a discussion of the historical and social background to the use of English in Ghana and claims that English is now used in a wider range of contexts including both institutionalised and non-institutionalised domains. This is followed by a review of the related studies (Ch. 2) and a discussion of the sociolinguistic approach adopted in the investigation of formality (Ch. 3). A preliminary study (Ch. 4) conducted to test the null hypothesis and to establish the most important questions for the main study found variation in lexico-grammatical and discourse patterns between the two tests analysed. Following this, both spoken and written data characterised by varying social distance (coded 1-5) were collected during fieldwork (Ch. 5) in Ghana from January to March 1990. This was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively (Chs. 6-9) for variation in respect of selected lexico-grammatical and discourse features and the results discussed in relation to the features of the contexts in which the texts were produced.
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Böhne, Sebastian [Verfasser], Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Kreitz, Christoph [Gutachter] Kreitz, Christoph [Gutachter] Benzmüller i Cezar [Gutachter] Ionescu. "Different degrees of formality : an introduction to the concept and a demonstration of its usefulness / Sebastian Böhne ; Gutachter: Christoph Kreitz, Christoph Benzmüller, Cezar Ionescu ; Betreuer: Christoph Kreitz". Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1219514713/34.
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Cunha, Aline Lemos da. "“Histórias em múltiplos fios”: o ensino de manualidades entre mulheres negras em Rio Grande (RS – Brasil) e Capitán Bermúdez (Sta. Fe – Argentina) (re)inventando pedagogias da não-formalidade ou das tramas complexas". Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos, 2010. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/2104.
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Previous issue date: 25Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos
Esta tese trata de uma pesquisa sobre o ensino e a aprendizagem de trabalhos manuais com mulheres negras em Rio Grande (RS – Brasil) e Capitán Bermúdez (Santa Fe – Argentina). Tal pesquisa foi elaborada a partir da temática “Pedagogias da não-formalidade ou das tramas complexas (re)inventadas por mulheres negras através do ensino e da aprendizagem de trabalhos manuais e a busca por emancipação”. Foram promovidos encontros, no Brasil, município de Rio Grande, com mulheres pertencentes ao grupo étnico afro possuidor de experiências em profissões destinadas historicamente às mulheres e, em particular, às mulheres negras: o trabalho doméstico (domésticas, lavadeiras, cozinheiras, etc.), o cuidado de crianças pequenas e o embelezamento capilar vinculado às tranças. Também participaram desta investigação, na Argentina, município de Capitán Bermúdez, mulheres que, mesmo não expressando o grupo étnico ao qual pertencem, apresentam fenotipicamente indícios de serem descendentes de indígenas argentinas, atuantes nas me
This thesis is a survey about the teaching and learning of Manual Works (Handicrafts) with black women in Rio Grande (RS – Brazil) and Capitán Bermúdez (Santa Fe – Argentina). Such survey was elaborated from the following theme: “Non-formalities Pedagogy or Complex plots (re)invented by black women through teaching and learning of manual works (handicrafts) and the seek for emancipation”. There were held meetings in Brazil – city of Rio Grande – with women belonging to the Afro ethnic group that have experience in professions historically destined to women and particularly to black women, being: domestic labour (housekeepers, washers, cooks …), babysitting and hair embellishment linked to hair plaits (corn rolls). Also took part in this investigation, in Argentina – city of Capitán Bermudez, women that, even not expressing the ethnic group which they are part of, demonstrate phenotypically pointers of being descendents from Argentinean Indians, acting in the same professions. At a first sight it may seem wron
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Silva, Andria Carla Araujo da. "A constru??o e estrutura??o do territ?rio comercial no bairro Alecrim Natal/RN". Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2011. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18919.
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Previous issue date: 2011-02-24The study done has as objective the comprehension of the constructed territorial spaces through the commercial perspective, because it is a social practice which enables the dynamic of the space and the appearing of territories. Related to the territory, we emphasized the interest for the idea of used territory treated by Milton Santos, because we agreed with him believing that is the use of the territory which warrants its legitimacy. Then, the spatial dimension chose concentrates itself into the district of Alecrim, localized at the east zone of Natal/RN, where it is recognized by its strong commercial dynamic which was built during years, facing some events which happened in the context of the city. However, this dynamic counts with a hard dichotomy which involves as the considered by the State formal activities, as the informal one. About the commerce of the district, it has characteristics into its activities whose make him to be considered popular, as by the existing products, as by the strong presence of informal workers that constitutes the district s landscape. The informal workers practice expresses one of the multiples constructed alternative territorialities. We believe that this fact has direct relation with the growing process of the exclusion from the formal jobs market. Still talking about the spatial dimension, this real example of the Alecrim district shows how the techniques changes, together with the capitalism process, may influence one entire spatial dynamic across years, involving many agents, since the transient people from somewhere, until the State. Shall the Geography understand the multiple forms from the space, face to the relations that occur into it and also how new territories have been built
O estudo realizado objetiva a compreens?o dos espa?os territoriais constru?dos atrav?s da perspectiva comercial, tendo em vista que ? um tipo de pr?tica social que viabiliza a din?mica do espa?o e o surgimento de territ?rios. Em rela??o ao territ?rio, enfatizamos nosso interesse pela ideia de territ?rio usado trabalhada por Milton Santos, pois concordamos com ele ao acreditarmos que ? o uso do territ?rio que garante a sua legitimidade. Para tanto, o recorte espacial escolhido concentra-se no bairro Alecrim, localizado na zona leste de Natal-RN e reconhecido pela sua forte din?mica comercial constru?da ao longo dos anos mediante alguns eventos que se deram no contexto da capital natalense. Por?m, essa dinamicidade conta com uma forte dicotomia que abarca n?o s? as atividades consideradas formais frente ao Estado, como tamb?m a grande presen?a das atividades informais. Quanto ao com?rcio do bairro, possui caracter?sticas nas suas atividades que o classificam como popular, tanto pelos produtos existentes quanto pela forte presen?a de trabalhadores informais que constituem a paisagem urbana do bairro. A pr?tica dos trabalhadores informais expressa uma das diversas territorialidades alternativas constru?das. Acreditamos que esse fato possui uma liga??o direta com o processo de crescimento da exclus?o do mercado formal de trabalho. Ainda em rela??o ao recorte espacial escolhido, esse exemplo real do bairro Alecrim nos esclarece como as mudan?as t?cnicas, juntamente com o processo do capitalismo, podem influenciar toda uma din?mica espacial ao longo dos anos, envolvendo diversos agentes, desde os transeuntes de um local at? o Estado. Cabe ? Geografia compreender as diversas formas assumidas pelo espa?o mediante as rela??es que se d?o nele e tamb?m o modo como os novos territ?rios t?m sido constru?dos
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Maassarani, Mohamad. "Formalité pour certains espaces de configurations tordus et connexions de type Knizhnik - Zamolodchikov". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAD039/document.
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Pour X un espace topologique, l'algèbre de Lie de Malcev de son groupe fondamental (ou algèbre de Lie de Malcev de X) fait partie des invariants étudiés en homotopie rationnelle. Un espace est dit 1-formel si cette algèbre de Lie est quadratique. Les connexions de type Knizhnik-Zamolodochikov peuvent permettre d'établir des résultats de "formalité " des espaces de configurations de points sur les surfaces. On s'intéresse à une famille d'espaces X qui sont des espaces de configurations de points sur la sphère, tordus par l'action d'un groupe fini d'homographies. On étudie le groupe fondamental de X et on construit une connexion de type Knizhnik-Zamolodochikov qui permet de calculer l'algèbre de Lie de Malcev de X et de démontrer sa 1-formalitéThe Malcev Lie algebra of the fundamental group of X (or Macev Lie algebra of X) is an algebraic invariant of the space X studied in rational homotopy theory. The space X is 1-formal if its Malcev algebra is quadratic. One can use Knizhnik–Zamolodchikov-type connections to obtain "formality" (1-formality or filtered formality) results for configuration spaces of surfaces. In the thesis we consider a family of orbit configuration spaces X of the complex projective line associated to finite finite groups of homographies. We study the fundamental group of X and constuct Knizhnik– Zamolodchikov-type connections. This allows us to give a presentation of the Malcev Lie algebra of X and to prove the 1-formality of X