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Tchougounnikov, Serge. "European Formalism and Empiriocriticism: Formalism within the International Empiriocritical Movement". Linguistic Frontiers 3, nr 1 (1.06.2020): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lf-2020-0004.
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AbstractThis paper argues that Russian Formalism is to be considered a constitutive part of the international empiriocritical movement—Ernst Mach (1838—1916) and Richard Avenarius’s (1843—1896). The conceptual parallelism between Empiriocriticism and Formalism is striking indeed. Thus, the cornerstones of the empiriocritical approach—the concept of series [Reihe] and the concept of elements [Elemente], understood as sensations [Empfindungen]—are plainly recognizable within formalist theories: the notion of ‘series’ (for example, the notion of ‘literary series’ or ‘poetic series’, leading to the famous concept of ‘literariness’, literaturnost’) and the very formalist idea of a necessarily perceptible character of aesthetic form are only two, most famous, examples of this astonishing affinity. Here are some of the most striking convergences between Empiriocriticism and Formalism: the relativity of any knowledge; continuity between knowledge and perception; the pragmatic dominant; the leitmotif of ‘the Unsalvageable Ego’. Besides, the paper seeks to situate Russian Formalism within European Aesthetic German-speaking Formalism. This kind of formalism formulates some basic oppositions correlated to different types of forming being associated with specific means and specific formal devices to affect them. In this context, particular morphological features result in producing particular feelings conceived in the spatial or syntactic perspective. From its German-speaking analogue, Russian Formalism has inherited this relational and spatial definition of feelings and, largely speaking, of emotionality within art. Indeed, both formalisms treat emotion as a ‘non-subjective’, ‘kinetic’, ‘syntactic’ phenomenon located on the surface of aesthetic objects.
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Leporati, Matthew. "New Formalism in the Classroom: Re-Forming Epic Poetry in Wordsworth and Blake". Humanities 8, nr 2 (20.05.2019): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h8020100.
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Recent years have seen a resurgence of interest in “New Formalism,” a close attention to textual language and structure that departs from the outdated and regressive stances of old formalisms (especially “New Criticism”) by interrogating the connections between form, history, and culture. This article surveys the contributions of New Formalism to Romanticism studies and applies its techniques to two canonical texts, suggesting that New Formalism is useful both for literary criticism and teaching literature. Opening with a survey of New Formalist theory and practices, and an overview of the theoretical innovations within New Formalism that have been made by Romantic scholars, the article applies New Formalist techniques to William Wordsworth’s Prelude and William Blake’s Milton: a Poem. Often read as poems seeking to escape the dispiriting failure of the French Revolution, these texts, I argue, engage the formal strategies of epic poetry to enter the discourse of the period, offering competing ways to conceive of the self in relation to history. Written during the Romantic epic revival, when more epics were composed than at any other time in history, these poems’ allusive dialogue with Paradise Lost and with the epic tradition more broadly allows them to think through the self’s relationship to the past, a question energized by the Revolution Controversy. I explore how Wordsworth uses allusion to link himself to Milton and ultimately Virgil, both privileging the past and thereby asserting the value of the present as a means of reiterating and restoring it; Blake, in contrast, alludes to Milton to query the very idea of dependence on the past. These readings are intertwined with my experiences of teaching, as I have employed New Formalism to encourage students to develop as writers in response to texts. An emphasis on form provides students with concrete modes of entry into discussing literature and allows instructors to help students identify and revise the forms and structures of their own writing in response to literature.
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Lin, Songtuan, i Pascal Bercher. "On the Expressive Power of Planning Formalisms in Conjunction with LTL". Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 32 (13.06.2022): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v32i1.19806.
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Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) has been widely employed in various planning formalisms, e.g., in the STRIPS formalism, in order to specify constraints over state trajectories in a planning problem. In this paper, we investigate the expressive power of two planning formalisms in conjunction with LTL that are most commonly seen in non-hierarchical planning and hierarchical planning respectively, namely the STRIPS formalism and the Hierarchical Task Network (HTN) formalism. We do so by interpreting the set of all solutions to a planning problem as a formal language and comparing it with other formal ones, e.g., star-free languages. Our results provide an in-depth insight into the theoretical properties of the investigated planning formalisms and henceforth explore the common structure shared by solutions to planning problems in certain planning formalisms.
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Baumann, Veronika, i Stefan Wolf. "On Formalisms and Interpretations". Quantum 2 (15.10.2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2018-10-15-99.
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One of the reasons for the heated debates around the interpretations of quantum theory is a simple confusion between the notions of formalism versus interpretation. In this note, we make a clear distinction between them and show that there are actually two inequivalent quantum formalisms, namely the relative-state formalism and the standard formalism with the Born and measurement-update rules. We further propose a different probability rule for the relative-state formalism and discuss how Wigner's-friend-type experiments could show the inequivalence with the standard formalism. The feasibility in principle of such experiments, however, remains an open question.
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Carlson, Lauri, i Krister Linden. "Unification as a Grammatical Tool". Nordic Journal of Linguistics 10, nr 2 (grudzień 1987): 111–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s033258650000161x.
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The present paper is an introduction to unification as a formalism for writing grammars for natural languages. The paper is structured as follows. Section 1 briefly describes the history and the current scene of unification based grammar formalisms. Sections 2–3 describe the basic design of current formalisms. Section 4 constitutes a tutorial introduction to a representative unification based grammar formalism, the D–PATR system of Karttunen (1986). Sections 5—6 consider extensions of the unification formalism and its limitations. Section 7 examines implementation questions and addresses the question of the computational complexity of unification. — Some notes on terminology.
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Manavella, E. C. "EXTENDED FADDEEV-JACKIW CANONICAL QUANTIZATION FOR THE (1+1)-DIMENSIONAL NONRELATIVISTIC ELECTRODYNAMICS". Anales AFA 31, nr 4 (15.01.2021): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31527/analesafa.2020.31.4.127.
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Some time ago, we proposed an extension of the usual Faddeev-Jackiw formalism for constrained systems with Grassmann dynamic variables in the field theory context. In the present work, we apply this extended formalism to the (1+1)-dimensional nonrelativistic electrodynamics. By comparing the obtained results with those corresponding to the implementation of Dirac formalism on this model, we find the same constraints and generalized brackets. In this way, we can conclude that the extended Faddeev-Jackiw and the Dirac formalisms can be considered equivalent, at least for this model. On the contrary, in this case, we find that there is no equivalence between the usual Faddeev-Jackiw and the Dirac formalisms. On the other hand, we observe that the extended formalism is more economical than the Dirac one regarding the computation of both, constraints and generalized brackets.
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Bogdanov, Alexei, i Andrzej Karcz. "The Polish Formalist School and Russian Formalism". Slavic and East European Journal 49, nr 3 (1.10.2005): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20058317.
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Liziero, Leonam Baesso da Silva. "Perspectivas do federalismo: contrastes entre o formalismo e a abordagem sociopolítica". Revista Justiça do Direito 31, nr 3 (23.01.2018): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.5335/rjd.v31i3.7243.
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Perspectivas do federalismo: contrastes entre o formalismo e a abordagem sociopolítica
Resumo: Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar o contraste entre a perspectiva jurídica do federalismo, essencialmente formalista, e perspectivas não-formalistas, como a sociológica e a política, aqui tratadas no mesmo conjunto. Deste modo, serão apresentadas, na perspectiva jurídica, considerações sobre as abordagens realizadas por Jellinek e Kelsen. Sob este ponto de vista, o federalismo é uma questão do direito constitucional de cada federação. Posteriormente, são apresentadas considerações teóricas desenvolvidas por Sidgwick e Riker, para os quais a questão do federalismo é política, bem como a de Livingston, para quem a abordagem sobre o federalismo deve ser antes de mais nada sociológica.
Palavras-chave: Estado federal. Federalismo. Formalismo. Jellinek. Kelsen. Livingston.
Federalism perspectives: contrasts between formalism and the socio-political approach
Abstract: This article aims to present the contrast between the juridical perspective of federalism, essentially formalist, and non-formalist perspectives, such as a sociological and a political one, treated here in the same set. In this way, we present, from a legal perspective, considerations on the approaches taken by Jellinek and Kelsen. From this point of view, federalism is a question of the constitutional law of each federation. Subsequently, theoretical considerations developed by Sidgwick and Riker, for which they are questionable by the federal government, as well as by Livingston, for whom an approach on federalism is first and foremost sociological.
Keywords: Federal State. Federalism. Formalism. Jellinek. Kelsen. Livingston.
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Chittajallu, S. N. S. H., T. R. Ramamohan i Karupparaj R. Thundil. "Formalism for Determining the Force and Torque on a Sphere Moving in a Quiescent Fluid at Arbitrary Reynolds Numbers". Applied Mechanics and Materials 367 (sierpień 2013): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.367.78.
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There are formalisms available in the literature for determining the force and torque on a particle moving in a fluid at zero and low Reynolds numbers. The formalism for determining the force and torque on a particle in a fluid at arbitrary Reynolds numbers has only recently been developed, Magnaudet [. This paper focuses on developing a formalism for the special case of a sphere moving in a quiescent fluid at arbitrary Reynolds numbers using the formalism of Magnaudet.
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Glaser, Ben. "White Things: Form, Formalization, and the Use of Prosody". New Literary History 54, nr 4 (wrzesień 2024): 1547–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nlh.2024.a922185.
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Abstract: The limited prosodic literacy of revamped formalisms perpetuates the whiteness of lyric reading. By prizing ironic distance and elevating the critic as form’s discoverer, the concept of poetic form reinscribes racialized value judgments even where critics hope to valorize nonwhite poetic strategies. Formalism should instead attend to the history that gave poets their sense of form. Nonwhite poets mark how this process of formalization, through which forms become abstracted and bear value, consistently entails racialization. They prompt us, I argue, not to form but to prosodic details whose contingency and phenomenological complexity suspend codes of formalist reading.
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Bannur, Vishnu M. "Landau's statistical mechanics for quasi-particle models". International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, nr 10 (15.04.2014): 1450056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14500560.
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Landau's formalism of statistical mechanics [following L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Statistical Physics (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980)] is applied to the quasi-particle model of quark–gluon plasma. Here, one starts from the expression for pressure and develop all thermodynamics. It is a general formalism and consistent with our earlier studies [V. M. Bannur, Phys. Lett. B647, 271 (2007)] based on Pathria's formalism [following R. K. Pathria, Statistical Mechanics (Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1977)]. In Pathria's formalism, one starts from the expression for energy density and develop thermodynamics. Both the formalisms are consistent with thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. Under certain conditions, which are wrongly called thermodynamic consistent relation, we recover other formalism of quasi-particle system, like in M. I. Gorenstein and S. N. Yang, Phys. Rev. D52, 5206 (1995), widely studied in quark–gluon plasma.
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Miller, Paul B. "The New Formalism in Private Law". American Journal of Jurisprudence 66, nr 2 (26.10.2021): 175–238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajj/auab013.
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Abstract: Private law scholarship is experiencing a reawakening in the United States with the rise of the New Private Law. New Private Lawyers have emphasized our common commitment to the scholarly interest and practical importance held by legal concepts; a belief that private law ought to be analyzed (in part) from an internal point of view; and a conviction that functionalist and conceptual analyses of private law doctrines, procedures and institutions are, or can be, complementary. We are also joined in criticism of aspects of American legal realism and in lament over some of its continuing legacies in private law. However, New Private Law scholars have yet to articulate a scholarly methodology that defines and differentiates our work. I argue that the New Private Law is rooted in a shared—if implicit—new formalist methodology and provide the first programmatic explanation of it. The Article does several things. It provides a clear statement of methodological tenets of the new formalism. It relates these to wider developments in general jurisprudence, with particular attention to scholarship on law and practical reason. It explains the sense in which the new formalism is novel, especially relative to older varieties of legal formalism. It distances the new formalism from foolish and implausible claims prominent in pejorative renderings of legal formalism. It shows how the new formalism is reflected in New Private Law scholarship. And it explains how a clear grasp of new formalist methodology enables reconciliation of the otherwise baffling eclecticism in the New Private Law while promising new and fruitful avenues for its future development.
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Cadoli, M., F. M. Donini, P. Liberatore i M. Schaerf. "Space Efficiency of Propositional Knowledge Representation Formalisms". Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 13 (1.08.2000): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.664.
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We investigate the space efficiency of a Propositional Knowledge Representation (PKR) formalism. Intuitively, the space efficiency of a formalism F in representing a certain piece of knowledge A, is the size of the shortest formula of F that represents A. In this paper we assume that knowledge is either a set of propositional interpretations (models) or a set of propositional formulae (theorems). We provide a formal way of talking about the relative ability of PKR formalisms to compactly represent a set of models or a set of theorems. We introduce two new compactness measures, the corresponding classes, and show that the relative space efficiency of a PKR formalism in representing models/theorems is directly related to such classes. In particular, we consider formalisms for nonmonotonic reasoning, such as circumscription and default logic, as well as belief revision operators and the stable model semantics for logic programs with negation. One interesting result is that formalisms with the same time complexity do not necessarily belong to the same space efficiency class.
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GEVORKYAN, M. N., A. V. KOROL'KOVA, D. S. KULYABOV, A. V. DEMIDOVA i T. R. Velieva. "IMPLEMENTATION OF GEOMETRIC ALGEBRA IN COMPUTER ALGEBRA SYSTEMS". Программирование, nr 1 (1.01.2023): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0132347423010041.
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For describing specialized mathematical structures, it is preferable to use a special formalism rather than a general one. However, tradition often prevails in this case. For example, to describe rotations in the three-dimensional space or to describe motion in the Galilean or Minkowski spaces, vector (or tensor) formalism, rather than more specialized formalisms of Clifford algebra representations, is often used. This approach is historically justified. The application of specialized formalisms, such as spinors or quaternions, has not become a mainstream in science, but it has taken its place in solving practical and engineering problems. It should also be noted that all operations in theoretical problems are carried out precisely with symbolic data, and manipulations with multidimensional geometric objects require a large number of operations with the same objects. And it is in such problems that computer algebra is most powerful. In this paper, we want to draw attention to one of these specialized formalisms—the formalism of geometric algebra. Namely, it is proposed to consider options for the implementation of geometric algebra in the framework of the symboliccomputation paradigm.
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Costa, e. "Interaction parameters of oxygen and deoxidants in liquid iron". Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 52, nr 1 (2016): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb150901001c.
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During decades before the evolution of more powerful computational tools, simplified formalisms such as the Wagner dilute solution formalism, have been successfully used in the study of deoxidation reactions of steel. This formalism relies on the introduction of interaction coefficients to account from deviations from Henry?s Law. With the evolution of thermodynamic modeling and of the CALPHAD method, the fact that thermodynamic descriptions using these parameters were derived to be used at relatively dilute solution has been sometimes overlooked and the formalism has been criticized for deviating from reality in non-dilute solutions. In this work, it is shown that the interaction parameters used in this formalism correlate with properties of the solutes and of the solvent. The work focuses on the interactions in systems Fe-M-O, where M is a deoxidant. Correlations between interaction coefficients and heats of formation of the corresponding oxides and with the atomic number of the deoxidants are demonstrated. This not only helps supporting the physicochemical soundness of the formalism but also provides a way of checking the consistency of data presented in this formalism.
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Seppänen, Samuli. "Formalism and anti-formalism in the Chinese Communist Party’s governance project". Global Constitutionalism 10, nr 2 (lipiec 2021): 290–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045381720000271.
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AbstractThis article argues that the governance project of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) oscillates between rule-based formalism and anti-formalist scepticism about rule-based governance. In this dichotomy, anti-formalist arguments support CCP leaders’ efforts to maintain and increase the Party’s influence over the judiciary and other state organs, which is a key justification for the Party’s power. Formalist language, in contrast, supports Party leaders’ attempts to constrain lower-level cadres’ uses of power within the Party. Formalist language is particularly prominent in the writings of Party ideologues on the interpretation of the Party’s internal regulations, including the CCP Constitution. At the same time, Party ideology also provides for various anti-formalist arguments about rule-based governance within and outside the Party. Paradoxical as it may be, the Party leadership seeks to exert rule-transcending political leadership through formal rules. While the focus of this article is on China, it argues that other illiberal regimes may also be studied in terms of similar, potentially incoherent approaches to rule-based governance.
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Bozovic, Marijeta. "Whose Forms? Missing Russians in Caroline Levine's Forms". PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 132, nr 5 (październik 2017): 1181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2017.132.5.1181.
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Caroline Levine's Forms has been received as a prototype and a manifesto, a sign of the new formalist times in American literary studies. In the cover endorsements for the hardbound edition, Amanda Claybaugh calls Forms a “book of a generation,” Bruce Robbins “a big, brilliant, necessary book”—large claims for a text of 150 pages. Levine's treatise promises no less than “a way to understand the relations among forms—forms aesthetic and social, spatial and temporal, ancient and modern, major and minor, like and unlike, punitive and narrative, material and metrical” (23). Levine claims to provide “a reading practice that does not fit any familiar formalism,” a practice that instead “draws from all” formalisms (21).
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Bonora, Loriano, i Rudra Prakash Malik. "BRST and Superfield Formalism—A Review". Universe 7, nr 8 (1.08.2021): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7080280.
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This article, which is a review with substantial original material, is meant to offer a comprehensive description of the superfield representations of BRST and anti-BRST algebras and their applications to some field-theoretic topics. After a review of the superfield formalism for gauge theories, we present the same formalism for gerbes and diffeomorphism invariant theories. The application to diffeomorphisms leads, in particular, to a horizontal Riemannian geometry in the superspace. We then illustrate the application to the description of consistent gauge anomalies and Wess–Zumino terms for which the formalism seems to be particularly tailor-made. The next subject covered is the higher spin YM-like theories and their anomalies. Finally, we show that the BRST superfield formalism applies as well to the N=1 super-YM theories formulated in the supersymmetric superspace, for the two formalisms go along with each other very well.
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AL-SUGHEIR, M. K., H. B. GHASSIB i B. R. JOUDEH. "FERMI PAIRING IN DILUTE 3He-HeII MIXTURES". International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, nr 18 (20.07.2006): 2491–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206034844.
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In this paper the Galitskii–Migdal–Feynman (GMF) formalism is applied to dilute 3He-HeII mixtures. In particular, the effect of the hole-hole scattering on pairing in these systems is investigated. To this end, the relative phase shifts incorporating many-body effects based on both Brueckner–Bethe–Goldstone (BBG) and GMF formalisms are calculated. In the GMF formalism, the S-wave phase shift at zero relative momentum is –π and has a cusp at the Fermi momentum; while in the BBG formalism, this phase shift has zero values up to the Fermi momentum. From these results we conclude that hole-hole scattering plays a crucial role in any possible fermion-fermion pairing in these systems.
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Fadil, Marjan, Martunus Rahim i Indra Ikhsan. "The Islamic Formalism Movement in Malay Land: Experiences of the Muslim Community in Kerinci, Jambi". Jurnal Fuaduna : Jurnal Kajian Keagamaan dan Kemasyarakatan 5, nr 1 (30.06.2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30983/fuaduna.v5i1.4596.
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<p>This article aims to analyze the development of Islamic religious movements in the Malay traditional land of Kerinci Jambi, particularly related to the tendency of religious formalism in Islamic communities. The pattern of education, local customs and traditions, as well as religious ideology contributed to the emergence of a Muslim community that only paid attention to the formal side of religion or known as formalist Islam. This study uses an anthropological approach through interviews, observations, and documentation of Muslim communities in Kerinci Jambi. This paper finds that formalist Islam tends to be difficult to develop in Malay society exclusively from indigenous groups, and more easily accepted for inclusive societies from immigrant groups or mixing with outsiders and academics. This exclusive Malay community seeks to maintain the Islamic ideology that has been institutionalized in the structure of society that does not contradict between custom and religion since the first, namely Islam with the nuances of Sufism, based on the Shafi'i Madhhab in fiqh<em>,</em> and al-Ghazali Madhhab in theology. Meanwhile, inclusive societies tend to be open to accepting various Islamic identities and most of them do not hold strong traditional values.</p><p> </p><p><em>Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perkembangan gerakan keagamaan Islam di tanah adat Melayu Kerinci Jambi, khususnya terkait kecenderungan formalisme keberagamaan komunitas-komunitas Islam. Pola pendidikan, adat dan tradisi lokal, serta ideologi keagamaan memberi kontribusi bagi kemunculan komunitas Muslim yang hanya memperhatikan sisi formal agama saja atau dikenal dengan Islam formalis. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan antropologis melalui wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi terhadap komunitas-komunitas Muslim yang terdapat di Kerinci Jambi. Tulisan ini menemukan bahwa Islam formalis cenderung sulit berkembang dalam masyarakat Melayu eksklusif dari golongan masyarakat pribumi, dan lebih mudah diterima bagi masyarakat inklusif dari golongan pendatang atau percampuran dengan masyarakat luar dan para akademisi. Masyarakat Melayu eksklusif ini berupaya mempertahankan ideologi Islam yang telah melembaga dalam struktur masyarakat yang tidak mempertentangkan antara adat dan agama semenjak dahulu yakni Islam dengan nuansa tasawuf, bermazhab Syafi’i dalam fikih, dan bermazhab al-Ghazali dalam teologi. Sedangkan masyarakat inklusif cenderung terbuka menerima beragam identitas Islam dan mereka sebagian besar tidak memegang nilai adat secara kuat. </em></p>
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Nuzzo, Angelica. "Form, Formality, Formalism in Hegel’s Dialectic-Speculative Logic". History and Philosophy of Logic 44, nr 2 (3.04.2023): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01445340.2023.2181581.
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Lapidus, R. "THE AIMS AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE RUSSIAN FORMALISTS IN THE YEARS 1913-1925". East European Scientific Journal 3, nr 7(71) (11.08.2021): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/essa.2782-1994.2021.3.71.94.
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The formalist groups which were active in Russia between the years 1913 and 1925 initiated the formalist method. This method has been shown to have had very significant consequences for the development of the humanities and to a certain degree also for the social sciences in the twentieth century. Although formalism was originally intended only as a method of research, it gave rise - even if indirectly and over many decades - to new conceptions in art and science as a whole. We will now examine the chief basic principles of Russian formalism as revealed in the sources of the period and we will look at its achievements from the vantage-point of more than a hundred years after it began.
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SATHIAPALAN, B. "CONNECTION BETWEEN THE LOOP VARIABLE FORMALISM AND THE OLD COVARIANT FORMALISM FOR THE OPEN BOSONIC STRING". Modern Physics Letters A 21, nr 11 (10.04.2006): 863–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732306020032.
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The gauge-invariant loop variable formalism and old covariant formalism for bosonic open string theory are compared in this paper. It is expected that for the free theory, after gauge fixing, the loop variable fields can be mapped to those of the old covariant formalism in bosonic string theory, level by level. This is verified explicitly for the first two massive levels. It is shown that (in the critical dimension) the fields, constraints and gauge transformations can all be mapped from one to the other. Assuming this continues at all levels one can give general arguments that the tree S-matrix (integrated correlation functions for on-shell physical fields) is the same in both formalisms and therefore they describe the same physical theory (at tree level).
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Carrozza, Sylvain, Steffen Gielen i Daniele Oriti. "Editorial for the Special Issue “Progress in Group Field Theory and Related Quantum Gravity Formalisms”". Universe 6, nr 1 (20.01.2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe6010019.
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This editorial introduces the Special Issue “Progress in Group Field Theory and Related Quantum Gravity Formalisms” which includes a number of research and review articles covering results in the group field theory (GFT) formalism for quantum gravity and in various neighbouring areas of quantum gravity research. We give a brief overview of the basic ideas of the GFT formalism, list some of its connections to other fields, and then summarise all contributions to the Special Issue.
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Dowling, Christopher. "Zangwill, Moderate Formalism, and Another Look at Kant's Aesthetic". Kantian Review 15, nr 2 (lipiec 2010): 90–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1369415400002454.
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In recent years Nick Zangwill has gone a long way in championing a moderate aesthetic formalism in an attempt to accommodate those objects that many of us call beautiful despite their lack of any formal beauty. While there is some dispute in the literature about the extent to which Kant can be interpreted as an aesthetic formalist, the appeal of his famous distinction between free and dependent beauty should present a fairly natural ally for Zangwill's project. Indeed, such an alliance has been expressed by Zangwill, who first reaches for this ‘invaluable but misunderstood and underappreciated distinction’ in his ‘Feasible aesthetic formalism’ (1999: 613). Here, Zangwill claims that this essential distinction can be cut loose from Kant's terminology and views about aesthetic judgement. More recently he expresses more strongly that ‘Kant was also a moderate formalist, who opposes extreme formalism when he distinguished free and dependent beauty in §16 of theCritique of Judgement’ (2005: 186n). Yet, a decade on from the initial suggestion, there has been little further exploration or elucidation of this move, or indeed this potential characterization of Kant's aesthetics. It is the aim of this paper to begin to address that deficiency by identifying the extent to which a moderate formalist position is available in Kant's aesthetic. I will suggest that Kant's account does not require substantial modification in order to cast him as a moderate formalist. Taking the time to isolate the plausible grounds for characterizing Kant's aesthetic in this way, this discussion will enable us to explore some of the rival interpretations of his work such that we may also identify the kind of Kantian the moderate formalist is likely to be.
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Schauer, Frederick. "Formalism". Yale Law Journal 97, nr 4 (marzec 1988): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/796369.
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Tucker, Herbert F. "Formalism". Victorian Literature and Culture 46, nr 3-4 (2018): 702–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106015031800061x.
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Gao, Yuan. "Rethinking the Formalism-Substantivism Debate in Social Science: A Perspective from Recent Developments in Economic Methodology". Modern China 47, nr 1 (28.05.2020): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0097700420924603.
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Taking as its point of departure the 1960s formalism-substantivism debate in social science methodology, this article argues that what is distinctive about the new development of formalism in economics since then is mainly the prevalence of using “complete models”—tractable, manipulable, and fully specified mathematical objects—to construct and express theories. The objective of complete models is not to establish general laws, but to formulate auxiliary devices of cognition to facilitate the explanation of targeted aspects of the empirical world; not to create idealistic or ideological discourses, but to derive implications with empirically delimited utility—this in order to make inferences that cannot be achieved via purely qualitative methods. This methodological trend is to some extent a substantivization of formalist economics. Exploring its nature can help clarify the unique cognitive value of contemporary formalism and answer the question of why substantivism is still an irreplaceable approach to social scientific studies, even in an age dominated by formalism.
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Sorenson, Kaitlyn Tucker. "Experience as Device: Encountering Russian Formalism in the Ljubljana School". Slavic Review 79, nr 1 (2020): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/slr.2020.11.
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Russian Formalism and the Ljubljana School are two of the most influential Slavic contributions to global critical theory. Yet, cast as the prolegomena and coda of the short twentieth century's groundswell of critical theory, these two theoretical movements are rarely considered in tandem. This article seeks to challenge that perception on both historical and theoretical grounds. It begins by documenting the introduction of Russian Formalism to Slovene literary criticism, and then traces how the early Ljubljana School, while developing its own theoretical platform, was exposed to certain Formalist principles. After chronicling this historical encounter, the article concludes by considering how these two strains of Slavic critical theory might most productively intertwine, and proposes new ways of encountering Russian Formalism in the Ljubljana School.
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Kuhlmann, Marco, Giorgio Satta i Peter Jonsson. "On the Complexity of CCG Parsing". Computational Linguistics 44, nr 3 (wrzesień 2018): 447–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00324.
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We study the parsing complexity of Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) in the formalism of Vijay-Shanker and Weir ( 1994 ). As our main result, we prove that any parsing algorithm for this formalism will take in the worst case exponential time when the size of the grammar, and not only the length of the input sentence, is included in the analysis. This sets the formalism of Vijay-Shanker and Weir ( 1994 ) apart from weakly equivalent formalisms such as Tree Adjoining Grammar, for which parsing can be performed in time polynomial in the combined size of grammar and input sentence. Our results contribute to a refined understanding of the class of mildly context-sensitive grammars, and inform the search for new, mildly context-sensitive versions of CCG.
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BISHOP, GARNER C., i JUDY SMITH. "A MODEL FOR SCATTERING FROM AN ACOUSTICALLY HARD SURFACE WITH NONDIFFERENTIABLE PERIODIC ROUGHNESS". Journal of Computational Acoustics 01, nr 02 (czerwiec 1993): 249–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218396x93000147.
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A model is described and numerical results are shown for the far-field scatter of a plane wave from an acoustically hard surface with a periodic roughness profile function that is continuous everywhere, but is nondifferentiable at a finite number of points within a period, and that may have a large maximum amplitude or slope. Scattering from these types of surfaces is modeled by approximating the roughness profile by truncating its Fourier series representation, and using the integral equation scattering formalism of Holford [J. Acoust. Soc. Am.70, (1981) 1116–1128]. To determine the effects of this approximation on the far-field scatter, the exact profile function and the scattering formalism of DeSanto [Radio Sci.16, (1981) 1315–1326], which is not an integral equation formalism, is also used to calculate the far-field scatter. Both formalisms are used to calculate plane wave scattering from sinusoidal surface roughness and from nondifferentiable periodic surface roughness constructed from (1) a trapezoid, (2) a rectified sinusoid, (3) concave upward and concave downward semi-ellipses, and (4) a power law spectrum. It is shown that the amplitudes of the plane wave modes scattered from a continuous and nondifferentiable surface and from its truncated Fourier series representation are essentially identical for all surfaces considered and over a wide range of incident grazing angles, wavenumbers, and surface roughness. In addition, it is shown that the Holford formalism may be used to calculate scattering from surfaces considerably rougher and at grazing angles lower than the DeSanto formalism, but that the Holford formalism is more computationally intensive than the DeSanto formalism, and that in the regions where both theories are numerically stable, the DeSanto formalism is preferable.
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YAMAMOTO, HISASHI, i NAOHITO NAKAZAWA. "EXPLICIT EVALUATION OF COVARIANT ONE-LOOP FOUR-POINT AMPLITUDE FOR OPEN FERMIONIC STRING". Modern Physics Letters A 02, nr 03 (marzec 1987): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732387000306.
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We carry out the explicit evaluation of the covariant one-loop amplitude with four massless external bosons for open fermionic string by the operator formalism. The resulting expression of the amplitude completely coincides with that of the light-cone new formalism for type-I superstring theory in both the non-regularized and regularized schemes, giving an explicit demonstration for the one-loop equivalence of the old and new formalisms for the open superstring theory at the four-point interacting level.
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Gretchko, Valerij. "Aesthetic conception of Russian Formalism: the cognitive view". Sign Systems Studies 31, nr 2 (31.12.2003): 523–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2003.31.2.12.
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At present the theory of Russian Formalism becomes actual once again owing to the rapid development of cognitive science. Aesthetic theories recently put forward within the framework of cognitive science turned out to be consonant with the Formalist’s views on the general principles of artistic activity. In my paper I argue that (1) the theory of Russian Formalism contains a number of methodological assumptions that are close to a cognitive approach; (2) some of the main principles of the Formalist theory (e.g., “elimination of automatism of perception” or “the dominant”) permit the reformulation into cognitive terms; (3) such reformulation is not only possible, but useful because it makes the theory more powerful for explanation of the artistic phenomena. The findings from the new field of cognitive science not only prove some Formalist theses, but deepen and specify them as well.
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Bottrighi, Alessio, i Paolo Terenziani. "META-GLARE: A Computer-Interpretable Guideline System Shell". Applied Sciences 13, nr 14 (13.07.2023): 8164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13148164.
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Computer-interpretable Guideline (CIG) systems are important tools for ensuring healthcare practice quality and standardization. They usually provide a tool to acquire CIGs, and one to execute them on specific patients. Current CIG systems rely on their own formalism to represent clinical guidelines, so moving to new phenomena/domains may require substantial extensions. We propose an innovative approach, providing a “shell” that facilitates system designers to define new CIG systems (or to update an existing one) through the definition of a new CIG representation formalism, based on the Task-Network model. We based it on our previous work on META-GLARE, and we extend it with a general execution tool, able to operate on any CIG representation formalism acquired through the META-GLARE acquisition tool. Developed with modularity and compositionality principles, the tool exploits an open library of basic execution methods. It offers a general execution mechanism supporting various CIG formalisms. We successfully applied our approach to three practical case studies. We have identified a reference CIG formalism (the one currently supported by the META-GLARE library) and compared its expressiveness to benchmark approaches. META-GLARE constitutes the first shell in the literature to facilitate the (formalism-based) design and development of CIG systems, considering both acquisition and execution.
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Liu, Kehan. "“In the Midst of Chaos There Was Shape”: Formalist Aesthetics and Ekphrasis in To the Lighthouse". American, British and Canadian Studies 41, nr 1 (1.12.2023): 145–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/abcsj-2023-0023.
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Abstract Virginia Woolf’s autobiographical novel To the Lighthouse explicitly connects itself with Bloomsbury formalist aesthetics, with a special acknowledgement of Roger Fry’s formalist influence. This essay focuses on the influence of Fry’s formalist principles on To the Lighthouse, but additionally proposes a reorientation of reading that argues for Woolf’s modifications of formalism, which is concretized as the reconciliation of formalism and everyday life, where everyday life is specified as Woolf’s notion of “moments of being.” The essay contends that such a reconciliation is facilitated by representation and thus adopts James Heffernan’s theory of ekphrasis to analyse Lily Briscoe’s painting. Drawing on Heffernan’s definitions of ekphrasis, this essay regards the formalist elements in Lily’s picture as representational but not pictorial, whereas the object represented in Lily’s picture – in the text, Mrs. Ramsay – is of second-degree representationality, which spells out as intimacy and unity in terms of human relations. With intimacy and unity as core values in her mind, Lily eventually manages to represent Mrs. Ramsay’s being until “there she sat.”
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Sousa, Tiago. "Questioning the formalist facet of Kant's approach to music - an application to Mussorgsky, a comparison with Hanslick and a response to Samantha Matherne". Con-Textos Kantianos. International Journal of Philosophy 17 (6.07.2023): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/kant.88697.
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In this article I explore the formalist facet of Kant's theory of music and how this facet can be reconciled with sensory gratification and emotional expression. I argue that 1) Kant does not give us an adequate notion of musical form, 2) the status that Kant gives to sensations in music is not plausible, and 3) the presence of an emotionally expressive component introduces inconsistencies within Kant’s text. Remarks about the status that Kant assigns to sensations in music are illustrated by analyzing a work by Mussorgsky later orchestrated by Ravel. Kant's formalist facet is problematized through a comparison with Eduard Hanslick's musical formalism. I conclude by examining Samantha Matherne's (2014) proposal to reconcile the aforementioned dimensions. I argue that Matherne's "expressive formalism" does not resolve all the inconsistencies and implausibilities it tries to resolve
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Goldstein, Sheldon, Roderich Tumulka i Nino Zanghì. "The Quantum Formalism and the GRW Formalism". Journal of Statistical Physics 149, nr 1 (19.09.2012): 142–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10955-012-0587-6.
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Dauphinais, Guillaume, David W. Kribs i Michael Vasmer. "Stabilizer Formalism for Operator Algebra Quantum Error Correction". Quantum 8 (21.02.2024): 1261. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-02-21-1261.
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We introduce a stabilizer formalism for the general quantum error correction framework called operator algebra quantum error correction (OAQEC), which generalizes Gottesman's formulation for traditional quantum error correcting codes (QEC) and Poulin's for operator quantum error correction and subsystem codes (OQEC). The construction generates hybrid classical-quantum stabilizer codes and we formulate a theorem that fully characterizes the Pauli errors that are correctable for a given code, generalizing the fundamental theorems for the QEC and OQEC stabilizer formalisms. We discover hybrid versions of the Bacon-Shor subsystem codes motivated by the formalism, and we apply the theorem to derive a result that gives the distance of such codes. We show how some recent hybrid subspace code constructions are captured by the formalism, and we also indicate how it extends to qudits.
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Freimuth, Frank, Stefan Blügel i Yuriy Mokrousov. "Theory of unidirectional magnetoresistance and nonlinear Hall effect". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 34, nr 5 (10.11.2021): 055301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ac327f.
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Abstract We study the unidirectional magnetoresistance (UMR) and the nonlinear Hall effect (NLHE) in the ferromagnetic Rashba model. For this purpose we derive expressions to describe the response of the electric current quadratic in the applied electric field. We compare two different formalisms, namely the standard Keldysh nonequilibrium formalism and the Moyal–Keldysh formalism, to derive the nonlinear conductivities of UMR and NLHE. We find that both formalisms lead to identical numerical results when applied to the ferromagnetic Rashba model. The UMR and the NLHE nonlinear conductivities tend to be comparable in magnitude according to our calculations. Additionally, their dependencies on the Rashba parameter and on the quasiparticle broadening are similar. The nonlinear zero-frequency response considered here is several orders of magnitude higher than the one at optical frequencies that describes the photocurrent generation in the ferromagnetic Rashba model. Additionally, we compare our Keldysh nonequilibrium expression in the independent-particle approximation to literature expressions of the UMR that have been obtained within the constant relaxation time approximation of the Boltzmann formalism. We find that both formalisms converge to the same analytical formula in the limit of infinite relaxation time. However, remarkably, we find that the Boltzmann result does not correspond to the intraband term of the Keldysh expression. Instead, the Boltzmann result corresponds to the sum of the intraband term and an interband term that can be brought into the form of an effective intraband term due to the f-sum rule.
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Tchougounnikov, Serge. "Ornament as a formalist object". Linguistic Frontiers 6, nr 1 (1.06.2023): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lf-2023-0007.
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Abstract This study deals with folkloric research object within Germanic and Russian Formalism, it shows why folklore and ornament have become an ideal research object of the European formalist current in Germanic and Slavic areas.
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Brewka, Gerhard, Miroslaw Truszczynski i Stefan Woltran. "Representing Preferences Among Sets". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 24, nr 1 (3.07.2010): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v24i1.7584.
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We study methods to specify preferences among subsets of a set (auniverse). The methods we focus on are of two types. The first one assumes the universe comes with a preference relation on its elements and attempts to lift that relation to subsets of the universe. That approach has limited expressivity but results in orderings that capture interesting general preference principles. The second method consists of developing formalisms allowing the user to specify "atomic" improvements, and generating from them preferences on the powerset of the universe. We show that the particular formalism we propose is expressive enough to capture the lifted preference relations of the first approach, and generalizes propositional CP-nets. We discuss the importance of domain-independent methods for specifying preferences on sets for knowledge representation formalisms, selecting the formalism of argumentation frameworks as an illustrative example.
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Behnke, Gregor, Florian Pollitt, Daniel Höller, Pascal Bercher i Ron Alford. "Making Translations to Classical Planning Competitive with Other HTN Planners". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, nr 9 (28.06.2022): 9687–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i9.21203.
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Translation-based approaches to planning allow for solving problems in complex and expressive formalisms via the means of highly efficient solvers for simpler formalisms. To be effective, these translations have to be constructed appropriately. The current existing translation of the highly expressive formalism of HTN planning into the more simple formalism of classical planning is not on par with the performance of current dedicated HTN planners. With our contributions in this paper, we close this gap: we describe new versions of the translation that reach the performance of state-of-the-art dedicated HTN planners. We present new translation techniques both for the special case of totally-ordered HTNs as well as for the general partially-ordered case. In the latter, we show that our new translation generates only linearly many actions, while the previous encoding generates and exponential number of actions.
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Amrani, Moussa, Dominique Blouin, Robert Heinrich, Arend Rensink, Hans Vangheluwe i Andreas Wortmann. "Multi-paradigm modelling for cyber–physical systems: a descriptive framework". Software and Systems Modeling 20, nr 3 (czerwiec 2021): 611–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10270-021-00876-z.
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AbstractThe complexity of cyber–physical systems (CPSs) is commonly addressed through complex workflows, involving models in a plethora of different formalisms, each with their own methods, techniques, and tools. Some workflow patterns, combined with particular types of formalisms and operations on models in these formalisms, are used successfully in engineering practice. To identify and reuse them, we refer to these combinations of workflow and formalism patterns as modelling paradigms. This paper proposes a unifying (Descriptive) Framework to describe these paradigms, as well as their combinations. This work is set in the context of Multi-Paradigm Modelling (MPM), which is based on the principle to model every part and aspect of a system explicitly, at the most appropriate level(s) of abstraction, using the most appropriate modelling formalism(s) and workflows. The purpose of the Descriptive Framework presented in this paper is to serve as a basis to reason about these formalisms, workflows, and their combinations. One crucial part of the framework is the ability to capture the structural essence of a paradigm through the concept of a paradigmatic structure. This is illustrated informally by means of two example paradigms commonly used in CPS: Discrete Event Dynamic Systems and Synchronous Data Flow. The presented framework also identifies the need to establish whether a paradigm candidate follows, or qualifies as, a (given) paradigm. To illustrate the ability of the framework to support combining paradigms, the paper shows examples of both workflow and formalism combinations. The presented framework is intended as a basis for characterisation and classification of paradigms, as a starting point for a rigorous formalisation of the framework (allowing formal analyses), and as a foundation for MPM tool development.
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Matthews, Clive. "Grammar Frameworks In Intelligent CALL". CALICO Journal 11, nr 1 (14.01.2013): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/cj.v11i1.5-27.
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Most recent work in ICALL has tended to focus on syntactic structure. Clearly the grammar formalism chosen for such systems is of some importance. However, as this paper argues, little consideration seems to have been paid to such matters beyond the question of computational efficiency. Following previous work, the paper further argues for choosing a formalism that potentially meshes with work in SLA. Of all the main grammar formalisms being developed, GB theory, with its emphasis on Universal Grammar, has had the most impact on SLA research. Recent advances in "principle based" parsing now make possible the integration of such work into ICALL.
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Ren, Jinluan, Liping Zhao, Bo Li, Lihua Liu i Ruben Xing. "Measuring Service Utilities in Service Value Networks". International Journal of Information Systems in the Service Sector 9, nr 2 (kwiecień 2017): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijisss.2017040101.
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In spite of the importance of service value networks (SVNs) in today's service sectors, academic studies of SVNs, in terms of their formalisms, models and value creation processes, are still lacking, with only sporadic publications available. This paper intends to make a contribution to the formal studies of SVNs with a threefold aim: (1) to provide an overview of existing work on value creation processes in SVNs and SVN models, (2) through this exposition, to propose a formalism for measuring service utility for SVNs, and (3) to illustrate this formalism through a real world SVN scenario based on China's mobile services market. The proposed formalism consists of a formal definition of service utilities for both primitive and complex services and a systematic approach with repeatable processes for measuring these utilities. Among several potential practical uses, this formalism can be embedded into a software system as a decision tool for service selection, composition and pricing. In addition, it can also serve as a business services analysis tool during the early stages of developing software intensive service systems, where business service abstractions can be represented as SVNs.
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WEIR, ALAN. "INFORMAL PROOF, FORMAL PROOF, FORMALISM". Review of Symbolic Logic 9, nr 1 (7.08.2015): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020315000234.
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AbstractIncreases in the use of automated theorem-provers have renewed focus on the relationship between the informal proofs normally found in mathematical research and fully formalised derivations. Whereas some claim that any correct proof will be underwritten by a fully formal proof, sceptics demur. In this paper I look at the relevance of these issues for formalism, construed as an anti-platonistic metaphysical doctrine. I argue that there are strong reasons to doubt that all proofs are fully formalisable, if formal proofs are required to be finitary, but that, on a proper view of the way in which formal proofs idealise actual practice, this restriction is unjustified and formalism is not threatened.
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Mikura, Yusuke, i Yuichiro Tada. "On UV-completion of Palatini-Higgs inflation". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2022, nr 05 (1.05.2022): 035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2022/05/035.
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Abstract We investigate the UV-completion of the Higgs inflation in the metric and the Palatini formalisms. It is known that the cutoff scales for the perturbative unitarity of these inflation models become much smaller than the Planck scale to be consistent with observations. Expecting that the low cutoff scales originate in the curvature of a field-space spanned by the Higgs fields, we consider embedding the curved field-space into a higher dimensional flat space and apply this procedure to the metric-Higgs and the Palatini-Higgs scenarios. The new field introduced in this way successfully flattens the field-space and UV-completes the Higgs inflation in the metric formalism. However, in the Palatini formalism, the new field cannot uplift the cutoff up to the Planck scale. We also discuss the unavoidable low cutoff in the Palatini formalism in the context of the local conformal symmetry.
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Singh, Laishram Samson, i Mousumi Deka. "K.C.S. Paniker's Words and Symbols: A Formalist Approach". ECS Transactions 107, nr 1 (24.04.2022): 8923–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.8923ecst.
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Formalism developed from the 19th century aesthetic of “Art for art’s sake.” The Formalist exponents believed in the evaluation of a artwork solely based on its form rather than its content. They reacted to an artwork on its formal and aesthetic qualities. Understanding the depth of Formalism is crucial in appreciating modern abstract art both of the West as well Indian. K. C. S. Paniker, being one of the most important figures in the abstractions of post-independence India, and had many influences from western artists, although he always maintained his Indian identity in his works. His series of ‘Words and Symbols’ is one of his most important contribution to modern Indian art in which he was interested in the formal structure of the ancient Indian texts and symbols. Therefore, this paper aims at understanding the more complex nature of Formalism and how that can be used to reassess Paniker’s works.
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KAYA, ALI. "IN–IN FORMALISM, PSEUDO-INSTANTONS AND RETHINKING QUANTUM COSMOLOGY". International Journal of Modern Physics D 23, nr 03 (24.02.2014): 1450026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271814500266.
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Unlike flat space quantum field theories that focus on scattering amplitudes, the main observables in quantum cosmology are correlation functions. The systematic way of calculating correlators is called in–in formalism, which requires only a single asymptotic region, i.e. past infinity. The rules in perturbation theory and the path integral measure are very different for in–in and in–out formalisms, and thus the results which are standard in one approach may not necessarily hold in the other one. We show that stationary phase approximation works completely different for a scalar in–in path integral. Hence, in a cosmological background there are solutions, pseudo-instantons, that allow tunneling between locally stable vacua even in infinite volume, which is counterintuitive from an in–out perspective. We argue that various familiar notions of in–out formalism must be re-examined in the in–in formalism, which might have important consequences for quantum cosmology.
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Tchougounnikov, Serge. "The formal method in Germany and Russia: the beginnings of European psycholinguistics". Linguistic Frontiers 1, nr 2 (1.12.2018): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lf-2018-0008.
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AbstractGerman–Austrian psychology is a direct source of the European formalism movement both in the German context (Germany, Austria) as well as in Russia. This interest of the formalists in the corporeal component of linguistic and literary production has resulted in a particular research stream, which could be defined as a ‘linguo-somatic orientation’. In particular, this is the case of Alois Riegl’s [1] perceptive ‘tactile–optical’ method; Adolf von Hildebrand’s [2] architectonic conception; Konrad Fiedler’s [3] ‘sensorial aesthetics’; W. Wölfflin’s [4] ‘basic concepts’ of the art history, W. Worringer’s [5] psychological arts typology as well as Oskar Walzel’s sound-corporeal poetics elaborated during 1920 [6]. Within Russian formalism, psychological notions (such as ‘representation’, ‘sensation’, ‘apperception’, ‘series’, ‘clear and dark zones of consciousness’, ‘verbal gestures’ and ‘sound gestures’) are fundamental in nearly all the formalist conceptions (Viktor Šklovskij, Evgenij Polivanov, Lev Jakubinskij, Osip Brik, Boris Eixenbaum and Jurij Tynianov). This psychological background constitutes a rather heterogeneous constellation composed of psychological aesthetics and psychological linguistics of the second half of the 19th century. Independently of its intrinsic theoretical values, the formalist way of thinking about language and literature is based on the implicit dominance of psychology, which takes its sense only with respect to the German cognitive tradition, appropriated by the Geisteswissenschaften of this time. In this respect, European formalism participates in the large movement of psychologisation of the humanities. To this extent, the case of Russian formalism is really representative: it invites the rethinking of the genealogy of European structuralism in general. This accumulation of conceptual tools borrowed from the German psychological tradition also reveals a cognitive charge of the formalist theories. The latter constitute a conceptual link between the properly psychological past of the European Geisteswissenschaften and the ‘cognitive’ future of the actual research programmes. Beyond the borrowing of conceptual tools from the psychological trend, the formal method has found in psychology its inspiration for producing new models of analysis. This intrinsically cognitivist dimension of the formalist programme explains its late success during the 1950s–1960s, the period often and abusively called the period of the cognitivist revolution. In reality, it deals with the re-emergence of the research programme of the cognitivist sciences, rather exhaustively formulated by the German psychological tradition..