Artykuły w czasopismach: „Formal structure”

1

Bart, Christopher K. "Product strategy and formal structure". Strategic Management Journal 7, nr 4 (lipiec 1986): 293–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250070402.

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Fairchild, Kim, Greg Meredith i Alan Wexelblat. "A formal structure for automatic icons". Interacting with Computers 1, nr 2 (sierpień 1989): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0953-5438(89)90021-0.

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Tienda Palop, Lydia de. "The formal structure of practical rationality". Pensamiento. Revista de Investigación e Información Filosófica 77, Extra 295 (30.11.2021): 491–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.14422/pen.v77.i295.y2021.004.

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The concept of rationality is strongly normative. Indeed, qualifying an action as rational implies demarcating spaces of inclusion and exclusion that have a practical impact. However, the notion of rationality is not fully explained. In this article I intend to clarify the constitutive elements of the formal structure of practical rationality in order to facilitate its conceptualisation.

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Lupton, Nathaniel, i Paul Beamish. "Organizational structure and knowledge-practice diffusion in the MNC". Journal of Knowledge Management 18, nr 4 (8.07.2014): 710–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkm-11-2013-0448.

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Purpose – This study aims to examine the interaction of formal and informal cross-border knowledge-sharing practices of four large multinational corporations (MNCs) in aerospace, software, IT services and telecommunications industries. The goal was to determine the manner in which coordination and control mechanisms facilitated knowledge transfer. Design/methodology/approach – Case studies comprised secondary data and semi-structured interviews with corporate headquarters and subsidiary managers in large MNCs conducted in the USA, Canada, Mexico, China, India and Eastern Europe. Findings – The primary finding of this study is that knowledge transfer mechanisms arise as a result of both formal and informal structures of the MNC. Formal structures which create either mutual dependencies or occasions for knowledge exchange facilitate transfer. Formal structure which inhibits knowledge transfer can be overcome by knowledge brokers and evaluation metrics. Research limitations/implications – These findings suggest that knowledge transfer is more informal than formal, but that MNC headquarters does play a role, intended or not, through shaping the interdependencies among geographically distributed units. Managers should be mindful of both the manner in which tasks and the organization are structured, as these have an indirect impact on the development of knowledge channels. Originality/value – This paper investigates the role of organizational structure and its effect, both intended and unintended, on the transfer of knowledge-based practices. While knowledge transfer has been heavily researched, this study examines the phenomenon at a finer-grained level of analysis.

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Cattaneo, Alberto S., Benoit Dherin i Giovanni Felder. "Formal Lagrangian Operad". International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 2010 (2010): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/643605.

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Given a symplectic manifoldM, we may define an operad structure on the the spacesOkof the Lagrangian submanifolds of(M¯)k×Mvia symplectic reduction. IfMis also a symplectic groupoid, then its multiplication space is an associative product in this operad. Following this idea, we provide a deformation theory for symplectic groupoids analog to the deformation theory of algebras. It turns out that the semiclassical part of Kontsevich's deformation ofC∞(ℝd) is a deformation of the trivial symplectic groupoid structure ofT∗ℝd.

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Biggar, Oliver, Mohammad Zamani i Iman Shames. "On Modularity in Reactive Control Architectures, with an Application to Formal Verification". ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems 6, nr 2 (30.04.2022): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3511606.

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Modularity is a central principle throughout the design process for cyber-physical systems. Modularity reduces complexity and increases reuse of behavior. In this article we pose and answer the following question: how can we identify independent “modules” within the structure of reactive control architectures? To this end, we propose a graph-structured control architecture we call a decision structure and show how it generalizes some reactive control architectures that are popular in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and robotics, specifically Teleo-Reactive programs (TRs), Decision Trees (DTs), Behavior Trees (BTs), and Generalised Behavior Trees ( k -BTs). Inspired by the definition of a module in graph theory [ 16 ] we define modules in decision structures and show how each decision structure possesses a canonical decomposition into its modules, which can be found in polynomial time. We establish intuitive connections between our proposed modularity and modularity in structured programming. In BTs, k -BTs, and DTs the modules we propose are in a one-to-one correspondence with their subtrees. We show we can naturally characterize each of the BTs, k -BTs, DTs, and TRs by properties of their module decomposition. This allows us to recognize which decision structures are equivalent to each of these architectures in quadratic time. Following McCabe [ 26 ], we define a complexity measure called essential complexity on decision structures, which measures the degree to which they can be decomposed into simpler modules. We characterize the k -BTs as the decision structures of unit-essential complexity. Our proposed concept of modules extends to formal verification, under any verification scheme capable of verifying a decision structure. Namely, we prove that a modification to a module within a decision structure has no greater flow-on effects than a modification to an individual action within that structure. This enables verification on modules to be done locally and hierarchically, where structures can be verified and then repeatedly locally modified, with modules replaced by modules while preserving correctness. To illustrate the findings, we present an example of a solar-powered drone completing a reconnaissance-based mission using a decision structure. We use a Linear Temporal Logic-based verification scheme to verify the correctness of this structure and then show how one can repeatedly modify modules while preserving its correctness, and this can be verified by considering only those modules that have been modified.

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Clement, Julien, David Krackhardt i Bill Mcevily. "Linking Formal Organization and Informal Social Structure". Academy of Management Proceedings 2017, nr 1 (sierpień 2017): 12565. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2017.12565symposium.

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Kusliy, Petr S. "Formal Semantics and the Structure of Meaning". Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences 63, nr 8 (1.12.2020): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2020-63-8-34-46.

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The article discusses the reasons why modern formal semantics of natural language is an integral part of a larger philosophical research program for the study of the nature of intentionality. The purpose of this article is to show how research in the field of formal semantics of natural language became the implementation of a large philosophical research program that is focused on the nature of intentional objects, which since the time of F. Brentano have been considered an integral part of mental phenomena. Mental phenomena are opposed to physical phenomena due to their inherent intentionality (being focused on an object). In modern philosophy, it is commonly considered that the comprehension of the nature of intentionality is the key to understanding the nature of consciousness, and, consequently, the nature of man. The article shows that formal semantics represents the structure of the meaning of linguistic expressions, with the help of which human thought is formed, which is one of the main objects of intentional consciousness. In formal semantics, this representation is carried out in a rigorous, systematic, and empirically verifiable way on the basis of natural languages, that is, on those symbolic systems that real people use in real practice to shape their thoughts. The research is based on the works of G. Frege, who laid the foundation for the formal-semantic methodology. Thus, the answer is given to the question of why modern formal linguistics, which originates in the analytical philosophy of the 20th century, is a philosophically significant discipline. This response is a reaction to the objections of skeptics who believe that modern analytic philosophy cannot be considered a direction that has any serious philosophical significance.

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9

Lange, Klaus-Jörn. "COMPLEXITY AND STRUCTURE IN FORMAL LANGUAGE THEORY". Fundamenta Informaticae 25, nr 3,4 (1996): 327–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-1996-253408.

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Leal, Wilmer, i Guillermo Restrepo. "Formal structure of periodic system of elements". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 475, nr 2224 (kwiecień 2019): 20180581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2018.0581.

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For more than 150 years, the structure of the periodic system of the chemical elements has intensively motivated research in different areas of chemistry and physics. However, there is still no unified picture of what a periodic system is. Herein, based on the relations of order and similarity, we report a formal mathematical structure for the periodic system, which corresponds to an ordered hypergraph. It is shown that the current periodic system of chemical elements is an instance of the general structure. The definition is used to devise a tailored periodic system of polarizability of single covalent bonds, where order relationships are quantified within subsets of similar bonds and among these classes. The generalized periodic system allows envisioning periodic systems in other disciplines of science and humanities.

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Morita, Tohru. "Formal Structure of the Cluster Variation Method". Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement 115 (1994): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/ptps.115.27.

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Powichrowski, Tomasz. "The Formal Structure of the Eucharistic Prayer". Rocznik Teologii Katolickiej 6 (2007): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/rtk.2007.06.12.

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MacGillivray, Brian H. "Heuristics Structure and Pervade Formal Risk Assessment". Risk Analysis 34, nr 4 (23.10.2013): 771–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.12136.

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Cooper, Paul R. "STRUCTURE RECOGNITION BY CONNECTIONIST RELAXATION: FORMAL ANALYSIS". Computational Intelligence 8, nr 1 (luty 1992): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00336.x.

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15

Atmanspacher, Harald. "Levels of unconsciousness and their formal structure". Journal of Analytical Psychology 59, nr 3 (czerwiec 2014): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-5922.12087.

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钟, 茂生. "Formal Description for the Argumentative Discourse Structure". Modern Linguistics 05, nr 04 (2017): 340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ml.2017.54046.

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CAO, HUAI-DONG, i JIAN ZHOU. "FORMAL FROBENIUS MANIFOLD STRUCTURE ON EQUIVARIANT COHOMOLOGY". Communications in Contemporary Mathematics 01, nr 04 (listopad 1999): 535–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219199799000201.

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For a closed Kähler manifold with a Hamiltonian action of a connected compact Lie group by holomorphic isometries, we construct a formal Frobenius manifold structure on the equivariant cohomology by exploiting a natural DGBV algebra structure on the Cartan model.

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Nowakowska, Maria. "On a formal structure of a dialogue". Synthese 63, nr 3 (czerwiec 1985): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00485600.

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Papadima, Stefan. "The cellular structure of formal homotopy types". Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 35 (1985): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4049(85)90039-8.

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Thamm, Robert. "Social Structure and Emotion". Sociological Perspectives 35, nr 4 (grudzień 1992): 649–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389303.

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This paper explores the possibility of developing a general and formal social-action theory of labeling emotions. The theory is based upon the assumption that there is an underlying formal structural social-action system of expectations and sanctions that significantly influence how actors label their emotions. Some permutations of the four basic expectation-sanction states are elaborated, hypothetically labeled, and tested over a 14-year period. The “constructionist” view of the necessity of a cultural context in labeling emotions is challenged by removing the “moral” content from the survey instrument. The findings indicate that the formal model, devoid of content, is effective in differentiating emotion labels. The tests yielded promising results for developing a comprehensive and formal mapping of emotions. Taxonomical extrapolations of the theory are suggested and some further applications and needed research are discussed.

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21

Levin, Harry, i Peter Garrett. "Sentence structure and formality". Language in Society 19, nr 4 (grudzień 1990): 511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500014792.

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ABSTRACTThe evidence is practically unequivocal that left-branching (LB) sentences are more difficult to process than right-branching (RB) sentences. In this study, the hypothesis was tested that LB sentences are judged to be more formal than RB ones and that center-branching (CB) sentences would behave like LB ones. Three groups of subjects, university students in England, Wales, and the United States, ordered three versions of 18 sentences in terms of their formality. LB and CB sentences were considered more formal than RB ones by all three groups of students. LB and CB types did not differ from each other. In a second study, American students choose from the group of three sentences the one they would say to a formal listener (professer/employer) or to an informal listener (brother/sister or close friend). RB sentences were attributed to informal listeners and LB and CB sentences, to formal listeners. (Grammar, formality, sociolinguistics)

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Niewiadomska, Eliza, i Adam Grabowski. "Introduction to Formal Preference Spaces". Formalized Mathematics 21, nr 3 (1.10.2013): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/forma-2013-0024.

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Summary In the article the formal characterization of preference spaces [1] is given. As the preference relation is one of the very basic notions of mathematical economics [9], it prepares some ground for a more thorough formalization of consumer theory (although some work has already been done - see [17]). There was an attempt to formalize similar results in Mizar, but this work seems still unfinished [18]. There are many approaches to preferences in literature. We modelled them in a rather illustrative way (similar structures were considered in [8]): either the consumer (strictly) prefers an alternative, or they are of equal interest; he/she could also have no opinion of the choice. Then our structures are based on three relations on the (arbitrary, not necessarily finite) set of alternatives. The completeness property can however also be modelled, although we rather follow [2] which is more general [12]. Additionally we assume all three relations are disjoint and their set-theoretic union gives a whole universe of alternatives. We constructed some positive and negative examples of preference structures; the main aim of the article however is to give the characterization of consumer preference structures in terms of a binary relation, called characteristic relation [10], and to show the way the corresponding structure can be obtained only using this relation. Finally, we show the connection between tournament and total spaces and usual properties of the ordering relations.

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Moschovakis, Yiannis N. "The formal language of recursion". Journal of Symbolic Logic 54, nr 4 (grudzień 1989): 1216–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022481200041086.

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This is the first of a sequence of papers in which we will develop a foundation for the theory of computation based on a precise, mathematical notion of abstract algorithm. To understand the aim of this program, one should keep in mind clearly the distinction between an algorithm and the object (typically a function) computed by that algorithm. The theory of computable functions (on the integers and on abstract structures) is obviously relevant to this work, but we will focus on making rigorous and identifying the mathematical properties of the finer (intensional) notion of algorithm.It is characteristic of this approach that we take recursion to be a fundamental (primitive) process for constructing algorithms, not a derived notion which must be reduced to others—e.g. iteration or application and abstraction, as in the classical λ-calculus. We will model algorithms by recursors, the set-theoretic objects one would naturally choose to represent (syntactically described) recursive definitions. Explicit and iterative algorithms are modelled by (appropriately degenerate) recursors.The main technical tool we will use is the formal language of recursion, FLR, a language of terms with two kinds of semantics: on each suitable structure, the denotation of a term t of FLR is a function, while the intension of t is a recursor (i.e. an algorithm) which computes the denotation of t. FLR is meant to be intensionally complete, in the sense that every (intuitively understood) “algorithm” should “be” (faithfully modelled, in all its essential properties by) the intension of some term of FLR on a suitably chosen structure.

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Pylypenko, Halyna, i Oksana Tsurkan. "Functional types of agricultural landscapes, peculiarities of their mapping". Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, nr 48 (23.12.2014): 280–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2014.48.1352.

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A formal solution of applied agrolandscape maps’ preparation using GIS-technologies on example of agrolandscape is presented. Four types of agro landscapes are featured taking into consideration landscape structure of territory and features of land use. A new format of disclosing agrolandscape map content is offered. Key words: steppe agrolandscape, nature-comfortable, adapted-balanced, inert-depressive, stressed-unbalanced types of agrolandscape structures.

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25

Biris, Ioan. "The Formal Structure of Experience in Carnap’s Aufbau". Balkan Journal of Philosophy 2, nr 2 (2010): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/bjp2010227.

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Patel, S. R. "Fréchet algebras, formal power series, and analytic structure". Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 394, nr 2 (październik 2012): 468–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmaa.2012.04.053.

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Granger, Michel, i Mathias Schulze. "On the formal structure of logarithmic vector fields". Compositio Mathematica 142, nr 03 (maj 2006): 765–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1112/s0010437x06001916.

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Kirsch, J. L., i R. A. Kirsch. "The Structure of Paintings: Formal Grammar and Design". Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 13, nr 2 (czerwiec 1986): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b130163.

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Yannakoudakis, E. J. "A Formal Coding Structure for Database Record Processing". Kybernetes 18, nr 1 (styczeń 1989): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb005808.

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MCCRAE, JULIAN. "Simplifying the Formal Structure of UK Income Tax". Fiscal Studies 18, nr 3 (sierpień 1997): 319–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1997.tb00267.x.

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Werner, Christian. "Explorations into the formal structure of drainage basins". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 19, nr 8 (grudzień 1994): 747–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290190807.

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32

Zellers, Margaret, i Brechtje Post. "Combining Formal and Functional Approaches to Topic Structure". Language and Speech 55, nr 1 (3.01.2012): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830911428872.

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Tsitsiashvili, G. Sh, V. E. Lelyukhin, O. V. Kolesnikova i M. A. Osipova. "Formal design of structure process in machining parts". Applied Mathematical Sciences 11 (2017): 1573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/ams.2017.75167.

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Stevenson, William B. "Organizational growth and hierarchical change in formal structure". Journal of Mathematical Sociology 11, nr 4 (październik 1985): 287–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022250x.1985.9989995.

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Polanyi, Livia. "A formal model of the structure of discourse". Journal of Pragmatics 12, nr 5-6 (grudzień 1988): 601–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(88)90050-1.

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Wang, Lidong, Xiaodong Liu i Jiannong Cao. "A new algebraic structure for formal concept analysis". Information Sciences 180, nr 24 (grudzień 2010): 4865–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2010.08.020.

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Stevenson, William B. "Formal structure and networks of interaction within organizations". Social Science Research 19, nr 2 (czerwiec 1990): 113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0049-089x(90)90017-d.

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Wu, Qiang, Yan Dong i Liping Xie. "Finding the Key Structure of Mechanical Parts with Formal Concept Analysis". Information 11, nr 2 (20.02.2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11020116.

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Aiming at the problem that the assembly body model is difficult to classify and retrieve (large information redundancy and poor data consistency), an assembly body retrieval method oriented to key structures was presented. In this paper, a decision formal context is transformed from the 3D structure model. The 3D assembly structure model of parts is defined by the adjacency graph of function surface and qualitative geometric constraint graph. The assembly structure is coded by the linear symbol representation of compounds in chemical database. An importance or cohesion as the weight to a decision-making objective on the context is defined by a rough set method. A weighted concept lattice is introduced on it. An important formal concept means a key structure, since the concept represents the relations between parts’ function surfaces. It can greatly improve the query efficiency.

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Sborshikov, Sergey, i Alexey Bobin. "Formal description model management of cluster structures in construction". MATEC Web of Conferences 251 (2018): 05032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825105032.

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Modern organizational forms organization of construction production are cluster structures. Currently, work is underway to develop, formalize and describe the processes of interaction and management within these structures. This article provides a theoretical description of the cluster structure management model based on the system technical management model through logistic interpretation. This work defines and describes a number of limitations for the developed model.

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Lasnik, Howard. "Syntactic Structures: formal considerations 60 years later". Revista Linguíʃtica 13, nr 2 (1.09.2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31513/linguistica.2017.v13n2a14026.

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Chomsky (1955), The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory (henceforth LSLT), laid out in great detail the formal foundations for a rigorous new way of looking at language scientifcally, transformational generative grammar. This awesome accomplishment was announced to the world in Chomsky (1957), Syntactic Structures (henceforth SS), a publication that revolutionized the feld, or really, created a new feld. Needless to say, syntactic theory has undergone vast changes since then, but certain fundamental ideas, and even a few technical details, persist. In this article, I will brieﬂy discuss some instances of each sort.

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Gonzalo, Adriana. "Reconstrucción formal, interpretación y elección". Metatheoria – Revista de Filosofía e Historia de la Ciencia 6, nr 1 (1.10.2015): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.48160/18532330me6.244.

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En la primera parte del trabajo se llevarán a cabo algunos comentarios introductorios, que enmarcan la visión del trabajo de formalización como tarea reconstructiva de las teorías científicas. La segunda parte del trabajo se divide a su vez en dos etapas. En la primera de éstas se introduce una presentación de las primeras teorías de la gramática chomskiana, que aparecieron en Syntactic Structures (Chomsky 1957) y The Logical Structure of Lingusitic Theory (Chomsky 1975); y a continuación en Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (Chosmky 1965). En la segunda, se presentan y comentan ejemplos de reconstrucción de dichas teorías (Peris-Viñé 1990, Quesada 1990, Gonzalo 2001 y Gonzalo & Balzer 2006). Finalmente, se comparan las reconstrucciones presentadas y se extraen algunas conclusiones, que se centran en mostrar cómo los procesos reconstructivos no son meros ejercicios de formalización, sino que en aquellos operan fuertes mediaciones interpretativas y tomas de decisión con relación a la selección de los componentes metateóricos, de modo de probar cómo éstas mediatizan inexorablemente gran parte de la labor reconstructiva.

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Pokryshen, Dmytro. "INFORMATION SYSTEM OF ACCOUNTING FOR PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATORS IN FORMAL AND NON-FORMAL EDUCATION". Physical and Mathematical Education 31, nr 5 (18.11.2021): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31110/2413-1571-2021-031-5-001.

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Formulation of the problem. The article is devoted to the possibility of conducting centralized or regional accounting of professional development of educators, recognition of learning outcomes of various subjects of professional development. The review and analysis of the structure of the information system of accounting for professional development of educators in formal and non-formal education is made, its structural components are characterized. The purpose of its use is determined. An ER model of such a system has been designed. The system of data access and the level of its distribution are determined. Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, the following research methods were used: theoretical - analysis of legal documents relating to the system of teacher training; generalization of best practices in business documentation, accounting for issued certificates; analysis and systematization of functional responsibilities in educational institutions; diagnostic - research of structure of a database of the account of documents on passing of advanced training for the purpose of necessary structure; analysis of the activities of persons keeping records. Results. The proposed structure of the information system of accounting for professional development of educators in formal and non-formal education provides for the need to preserve information about the educator, the subject of professional development, acquired competencies and documents received. The structure of each entity is proposed, the indices and the relationship between the components are defined. The information system needs to define users and access rights. Access to the table with information on professional development of educators should be open. This is necessary so that stakeholders and other educators can see how a teacher is involved in professional development. Data entry is provided through authenticated authorized access of the employee responsible for advanced training (internship) and certification. This person has the necessary data about educators, enters this information into the database. Conclusions. The functioning of such a regional or all-Ukrainian information system for accounting for professional development of educators in formal and non-formal education will address a number of issues arising in the certification and certification of educators.

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Candra, Mutiara. "Pengaruh Struktur Kewenangan, Karakteristik Sistem Informasi Keuangan Daerah dan Perilaku Manajer Terhadap Kesadaran Akan Biaya (Studi Empiris Pada Pemerintah Kota Solok)". Ekonomis: Journal of Economics and Business 4, nr 1 (19.03.2020): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/ekonomis.v4i1.115.

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This research aimed to identify and to get empirical evidence of the effect of the structure of authority that is broken down into formal and informal authority structures, the characteristics of regional financial information systems and managers' behavior on cost consciousness. This study was 37 SKPD registered in Solok city with a total sample of 74 people consisting of leaders and treasurer office / agency / office at SKPD in Solok city. Dependent variable in this research is the cost consciousness and independent variable that is authority structure (structure of formal authority and structure of informal authority), Characteristics of regional financial information systems and manager behavior. The hypothesis is tested by using multiple regression analysis using SPSS version 14. This study shows the test results that manager behavior does not affect the cost consciousness, while formal, informal authority structures and Regional financial information systems have a significant effect on the cost consciousness.

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Heinzer, William, Christel Rotthaus i Judith D. Sally. "Formal fibers and birational extensions". Nagoya Mathematical Journal 131 (wrzesień 1993): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0027763000004529.

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Suppose (R, m) is a local Noetherian domain with quotient field K and m-adic completion Ȓ. It is well known that the fibers of the morphism Spec(Ȓ) ₒ Spec(R), i.e., the formal fibers of R, encode important information about the structure of R. Perhaps the most important condition in Grothendieck’s definition of R being excellent is that the formal fibers of R be geometrically regular. Indeed, a local Noetherian ring is excellent provided it is universally catenary and has geometrically regular formal fibers [G, (7.8.3), page 214]. But the structure of the formal fibers of R is often difficult to determine. We are interested here in bringing out the interrelatedness of properties of the generic formal fiber of R with the existence of certain local Noetherian domains C birationally dominating R and having C/mC is a finite R-module.

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Hirlinger, Michael W., i Robert E. England. "The Use of Formal Intergovernmental Service Agreements: Does Government Structure Matter?" American Review of Politics 12 (1.07.1991): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.1991.12.0.41-58.

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This study is concerned with the effect municipal government structure has on intergovernmental contracting. In addition, the impact of four other types of factors on the decision to enter into intergovernmental arrangements is examined-supply (cost savings), fiscal pressures, political influences, and legal constraints. The analysis also distinguishes between two different types of intergovernmental agreements-complete service contracting and joint contracting. Based on a sample of 614 U.S. cities, the findings indicate that municipal governments with reform structures (e.g., council-manager form of government, at-large elections, nonpartisan ballots) are significantly more likely to engage in complete intergovernmental service contracting than their unreformed counterparts. When considering joint contracting with other governments, though, government structure does not appear to be an important factor.

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Shynkarenko, V. I., i V. M. Ilman. "Constructive-Synthesizing Structures and Their Grammatical Interpretations. i. Generalized Formal Constructive-Synthesizing Structure". Cybernetics and Systems Analysis 50, nr 5 (wrzesień 2014): 655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10559-014-9655-z.

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Bhat, Mudaser Ahad. "Formal Structure and Efficiency of Self-Help Groups: An Economic Analysis". Asian Review of Social Sciences 7, nr 3 (5.11.2018): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2018.7.3.1460.

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Self-help groups are generally seen as instruments for goals including empowering women, poverty alleviation, developing leadership qualities among poor and needy people. SHGs bridge the gap between haves and have-nots. These groups have become basic sources of village capital. Self-help group’s (SHGs) have had a record of success, but they are gradually losing their significance as an instrument of micro-finance and financial inclusion. The persistence of poverty and gender inequality on the scale at which they still exist are not acceptable. This reflects that SHGs face the issues of declining efficiency and quality, although their quantity is alright. Further, the natures of formal structure within which SHGs operate and function have a fundamental effect on their functioning and efficiency and on the efficiency of micro-finance and inclusion programmes. If the problems of these groups are addressed efficiently and are provided with sufficient institutional and financial support, the efficiency of these groups will improve and “efficient and viable self-help groups could do wonders”. Due to enhancement in efficiency and sustainability, self-help could improve the social capital base not only of members but also of non-members. It is in this background that this paper attempts to identify the particular parameters/elements that must be present uniquely in the formal structure of all SHGs so that all SGHs may follow a unique logical architecture in their functioning. This study also attempts to analyze the relationship between the formal structure of SHGs and their total savings, their lending capacity, total amount left after disbursements and number of beneficiaries. Finally, this study also attempts to analyze the impact of their formal structure, bank loans received the ability to repay received bank loans, regularity/irregularity towards savings on their frequency of using the bank. From the obtained data and statistical analysis, the study found that the majority of SHGs function independently of their organizational structures. This mars their overall efficiency because the formal structure has its significance in achieving group goals and thereby, increases the level of work quality. Working of SHGS according to a well-established structure positively and significantly impacts their savings, borrowing capacity, lending capacity and a number of beneficiaries. Referred to the data, we can conclude that those SHGs use their operational bank accounts frequently that have a well-established logical structure, received and repaid banks loan since their inception, maintained regularity in group savings and participated in income generation activities than those which lack a formal structure, were unable either to receive or repay bank loans, faced irregularities towards group savings and not participated in income generation activities. So SHGs should pay specific attention towards the formulation of logical structures to work on, maintain regularity in their savings and should participate in income generation activities. Further, banks should provide sufficient loans to these voluntary saving groups and should increase the loan repayment period for them so that these group may become able to maintain their sustainability in the long-run.

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MA, Mingxu. "PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE FORMAL MODELING BASED ON PRODUCT STRUCTURE". Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 42, nr 09 (2006): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2006.09.083.

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Kendall-Raynor, Petra. "Urgent need for formal HCA training structure, says Carter". Nursing Standard 22, nr 7 (24.10.2007): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.22.7.7.s7.

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Kaminsky, Peter. "Principles of Formal Structure in Schumann's Early Piano Cycles". Music Theory Spectrum 11, nr 2 (październik 1989): 207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/745936.

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