Rozprawy doktorskie: „Forest”

1

Manokaran, N. "Population dynamics of tropical forest trees". Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 1988. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=59678.

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Öhman, Karin. "Forest planning with consideration to spatial relationships /". Umeå : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-6082-4.fulltext.pdf.

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3

Holmgren, Eva. "Forest commons in boreal Sweden : influences on forest condition, management and the local economy /". Umeå : Dept. of Forest Resource Management and Geomatics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/10124692.pdf.

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4

Richards, Mark L. A. "Modelling competition amongst individual trees in Caledonian Forest". Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2007. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=24803.

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5

Jucker, Tommaso. "Relating aboveground wood production to tree diversity in forest ecosystems". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709094.

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6

Tacconi, Luca. "The process of forest conservation in Vanuatu : a study in ecological economics /". [Canberra : s.n.], 1995. http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/%7Ethesis/adt-ADFA/public/adt-ADFA20041111.140928/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of New South Wales.
Photocopy of original held in Defence Academy Library, University College, University of New South Wales. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued online.

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7

Lincoln, Philippa R. "Stalled gaps or rapid recovery the influence of damage on post-logging forest dynamics and carbon balance /". Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=24813.

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8

Lindemuth, Robert M. "A Field Trial Comparison of Sampling Methods for Estimating Basal Area and Volume in Partially Harvested Stands in Maine". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/LindemuthRM2007.pdf.

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9

Painter, Luke. "Growth rates and the definition of old-growth in forested wetlands of the Puget Sound region". Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2007. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession86-10MES/Painter_L%20MESThesis%202007.pdf.

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10

Hartley, Mitschka John. "Effects of Small-gap Timber Harvests on Songbird Community Composition and Site-fidelity". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2003. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/HartleyMJ2003.pdf.

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11

Himes, Jamie Marie. "Treefall gap characteristics within an Appalachian hardwood forest in West Virginia influences of topographic position and forest type /". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10503.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2009.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 68 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-67).

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12

Holmström, Hampus. "Data acquisition for forestry planning by remote sensing based sample plot imputation /". Umeå : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-6086-7.pdf.

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13

Andersson, Mikael. "Spatial allocation of forest production : aspects on multiple-use forestry in Sweden /". Alnarp : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2002. http://diss-epsilon.slu.se/archive/00000166/.

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Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2002.
Thesis documentation sheet inserted. Appendix includes four papers and manuscripts co-written with others. Includes bibliographical references. Also partially issued electronically via World Wide Web in PDF format; online version lacks appendix.

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14

Nascimento, Marcelo T. "A monodominant rain forest on Maraca Island, Roraima, Brazil : forest structure and dynamics". Thesis, University of Stirling, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21893.

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A forest type dominated by Peltogyne gracilipes Ducke (Caesalpiniaceae) occurs on Maraca Island on a range of soil types. Maraca is located in Roraima State (Brazil) in the Rio Uraricoera and has an area of about 100,000 ha. This study compares the structure and floristic composition of the Peltogyne forest with the most widespread lowland forest type on Maraca and investigates some factors that could be involved in the persistent monodominance of Peltogyne. Three 0.25 ha plots were set up in each of three forest types: Peltogyne-rich forest (PRF), Peltogyne-poor forest (PPF) and forest without Peltogyne (FWP). Within each plot all trees (~ 10 cm dbh) were recorded. Seedlings and saplings were sampled in sub-plots of 2 m x 1 m (seedlings) and 4 m x 4 m (saplings). In the PPF and FWP, Sapotaceae were the most important family with the highest dominance and relative density values. Caesalpiniaceae showed high values in the PRF and PPF. Licania kunthiana, Pradosia surinamensis and Simarouba amara occurred in the forest types. Peltogyne dominated had 20% of stems and 53% of the trees ~ 10 cm dbh, and 91% of the canopy layer the canopy in total basal stems and 97% in all the the PRF and area of all of the total basal area of individuals > 50 cm dbh. In PPF, Lecythis corrugata and Tetragastris panamensis were the most abundant species, followed by Peltogyne. In the FWP the most abundant trees (~ 10 cm dbh) were L. kunthiana and P. surinamensis. In general, Peltogyne had low rates of seed predation and herbivory, but suffered locally high levels of damage to its seeds by leaf-cutter ants and was once observed to have an infestation of larvae of the moth Eulepidotis phrygionia on its young leaves. Peltogyne had no allelopathic effects on tested species and had VA mycorrhizal associations. Its occurrence remains unexplained but is most clearly correlated with soil magnesium.

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15

Loewenstein, Edward F. "An analysis of the size- and age-structure of a managed uneven-aged oak forest /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9717178.

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16

Jackson, William James, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture i Centre for Systematic Development. "The dynamics of lekh forest use in the Middle Hills of Nepal". THESIS_FEMA_CSD_Jackson_W.xml, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/673.

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Extending Nepal's community forestry programme and its protected area network into lekh forests has been hampered by the assumption that people who live in or near lekh forests treat them as unregulated open access resources. This study tests this assumption by examining the interaction between local people and forests in two lekh areas of the central Middle Hills. The research is comprised of an action research approach, a theoretical framework of ecological anthropology that was also informed by forestry science, and tools and methods drawn from ethnographic fieldwork and rapid rural appraisal. The belief that lekh forests are treated as unregulated open access is challenged by demonstrating that there are clearly defined local use rights to lekh forests. Access to forest resources is regulated by forest users and relatively sophisticated and dynamic indigenous systems of forest management have been developed. The potential for implementing community forestry in the two lekh areas was explored by incorporating an element of action research in the study. A number of challenges are highlighted for the Nepal government to facilitate the improved management and conservation of lekh forests while ensuring an equitable flow of benefits to the people who depend on these forests.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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17

Butler, Sarah Marie. "Forest Disturbance History and Stand Dynamics of the Coweeta Basin, Western North Carolina". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2006. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/ButlerSM2006.pdf.

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18

Jackson, Noah Voorhees. "Knowledge and use of native trees by local forest users implications for a Philippine protected area /". CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-03022008-104527/.

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19

Magill, Daniel J. "Assessing West Virginia NIPF owner characteristics and preferred assistance topics". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1571.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2000.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 75 p. : ill., map. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-75).

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20

Lefevre, Robert E. "Riparian Forests of the Coronado National Forest". Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296638.

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21

McCarter, James B. "Landscape management system (LMS) : background, methods, and computer tools for integrating forest inventory, GIS, growth and yield, visualization and analysis for sustaining multiple forest objectives /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5520.

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22

Kamwi, Jonathan Mutau. "The use of high-resolution satellite imagery in forest inventory : a case of Hans Kanyinga Community Forest - Namibia". Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/650.

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23

Bhandari, Rajendra Man Singh Sansanee Choowaew. "Applying adaptive community forest management in Nepal : Silviculture demonstration plot perspective : a case study of Nureni Chisapani Community Forest user group, Makwanpur, Central Nepal /". Abstract, 2007. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2550/cd398/4837458.pdf.

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24

Axelsson, Robert. "Forest policy, continuous tree cover forest and uneven-aged forest management in Sweden's boreal forest /". Uppsala : Institutionen för skogens produkter, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet (SLU), 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/10947312.pdf.

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25

Duveneck, Matthew Joshua. "Managing for Resistance and Resilience of Northern Great Lakes Forests to the Effects of Climate Change". PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1551.

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Climate change is expected to drastically change the environmental conditions which forests depend. Lags in tree species movements will likely be outpaced by a more rapidly changing climate. This may result in species extirpation, a change in forest structure, and a decline in resistance and resilience (i.e., the ability to persist and recover from external perturbations, respectively). In the northern Great Lakes region of North America, an ecotone exists along the boreal-temperate transition zone where large changes in species composition exist across a climate gradient. Increasing temperatures are observed in the more southern landscapes. As climate change is expected to substantially affect mid-continental landscapes, this region is especially vulnerable to climate change. My research assessed the effects of climate change under business as usual (BAU) management as well as alternative management strategies. To do so, I simulated forest change in two landscapes (northeastern Minnesota and northern lower Michigan) under three climate change scenarios (current climate, low emissions, and high emissions), and four management scenarios (BAU, modified silviculture, expanded reserves, and climate suitable planting) with a spatially-explicit forest simulation model from year 2000 to year 2150. Specifically, I explored how climate change would affect relationships between tree species diversity and productivity; how expanded reserves and modified silviculture may affect aboveground biomass (AGB) and species diversity; how climate suitable planting may affect functional diversity, and AGB; and how alternative management may affect the resistance and resilience of forests to multiple disturbances interacting with climate change. Under the BAU management scenario, I found that current and low emissions climate scenarios did not affect the relationship between species diversity and productivity; however, under a high emissions climate scenario, a decline in simulated productivity was coupled with a stronger positive relationship between diversity and productivity. Under the high emissions climate scenario, overall productivity declined in both landscapes with specific species declines projected for boreal species such as balsam fir (Abies balsamea) and black spruce (Picea mariana). Under alternative management scenarios, I simulated a limited ability to increase tree species and functional diversity, AGB, and net primary productivity under climate change. The limits of management were especially apparent under the high emissions climate scenario. In a novel approach to measuring resilience, I plotted the recovery of both initial species composition and AGB to stochastic fire events for each simulation. This approach assessed both a general response (i.e. AGB) with a more specific response (i.e. species composition). My results suggest that climate change will reduce the resilience of northern Great Lake forest AGB and species composition and that management effects will be largely outweighed by the declines expected due to climate change. My results highlight the necessity to consider even more innovative and creative solutions under climate change (e.g., planting species from even further south than I simulated).

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26

Hogan, Anthony David. "Australia's native forest and rainforest timber usage and the plantation strategy alternative /". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envh714.pdf.

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27

Bender, John Richard. "Identifying structural differences in mixed mesophytic and northern hardwood forests on the Monongahela National Forest using remote sensing data". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=976.

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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 1999.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 55 p. : ill. (some col.), maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 44-48).

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28

Hollis, Steven Scott. "Patterns of mineral element retranslocation in four species of tropical montane forest trees in Monteverde, Costa Rica". Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2008. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession86-10MES/Hollis_SSMESThesis2008.pdf.

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29

Hoffman, Deborah L. "Community-based sustainable forest management a case study of Rutland Township, Ohio /". Ohio : Ohio University, 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1137583291.

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30

Brown, Ian K. "Wisconsin statewide urban forest assessment : development and implementation /". Link to full text, 2007. http://epapers.uwsp.edu/thesis/2007/Brown.pdf.

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31

Rapera, Corazon L. "Potential impacts of various capital gains tax structures on forest investments". Diss., This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07282008-135205/.

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32

Jackson, William James. "The dynamics of lekh forest use in the middle hills of Nepal /". [Richmond, N.S.W.] : Centre for Systemic Development, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1999. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030520.101936/index.html.

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33

Holmgren, Eva. "Forest commons in boreal Sweden aims and outcomes on forest condition and rural development /". Umeå : Dept. of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/200996.pdf.

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34

Mohammadi-Aragh, Mahnas Jean. "Visualization of Computer-Modeled Forests for Forest Management". MSSTATE, 2004. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-10262004-162903/.

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Forest management is a costly and time-consuming activity. Remote sensing has the potential to improve the process by making it cheaper and more efficient, but only if appropriate characteristics can be determined from computer-models. This thesis describes the implementation of a forest visualization system and a corresponding user study that tests the accuracy of parameter estimation and forest characterization. The study uses data obtained from field-surveys to generate a computer-modeled forest. Five different stands were tested. Based on the quantitative results obtained, generally, there is no statistically significant difference in parameter estimation when comparing field-recorded movies and computer-generated movies.

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35

Mohdnoor, Khamurudin. "An input-output framework for the economic impact analysis of industrialization policies for the wood-based industry in Sarawak /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5461.

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36

Brown, Sara H. "Modeling the spatial distribution of lightning fires on two national forests". Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2009/s_brown_062109.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in environmental science)--Washington State University, August 2009.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on Sept. 15, 2009). "School of Earth and Environmental Sciences." Includes bibliographical references (p. 54-56).

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37

Hart, Tim. "Stem profile equations for several commercially important timber species in Wisconsin /". Link to full text, 2009. http://epapers.uwsp.edu/thesis/2009/Hart.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stevens Point, 2009.
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree Master of Science in Natural Resources (Forestry), College of Natural Resources. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-87).

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38

Wibowo, D. H. "An economic analysis of deforestation mechanisms in Indonesia : empirics and theory based on stochastic differential and fokker-planck equations /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 1999. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16272.pdf.

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39

Mansell, Jeremy. "Draft forest management plan for Cashmere Forest, Port Hills, Canterbury". Connect to this title online, 2006. http://library.canterbury.ac.nz/etd/adt-NZCU20070420.100644.

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40

McCarthy, Megan Elaine. "The impact of forest harvesting on forest floor coleoptera of balsam fir forests of Western Newfoundland /". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq23159.pdf.

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41

Strandberg, Tora. "Inventorying humans in the forest : a study of coastal forest owners'understanding of the political shift in focus within Swedish forestry". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1950.

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Forestry operations in Sweden can be traced a long way back in history. The overall emphasis has traditionally been on the forests’ economic or profitable role, even though they are also of great ecological and social interests. Nevertheless, the focus has shifted during the last decade due to the impact of sustainable development. A new Forestry Act has now provided the Swedish forestry with a new policy which is guided by two equally-weighted objectives; production and environmental concern. The European Union (EU) has also adapted to the direction of sustainable development. It places particular interest in the creation of sustainable coastal areas within the union.

The aim of the Bachelor of Science thesis was to investigate how Swedish coastal forest owners define their role in the creation of sustainable coastal forests. The study is built on interviews which were conducted with seven forest owners, all of whom have properties in the coastal zones of Östergötland and Kalmar. These two counties are situated in the south-eastern part of Sweden.

The study raises three different issues. The first is the manner in which the informants shape their knowledge of the existing forestry legislation, based on their identities and responsibilities. The second concerns the preconditions with which they are faced when managing their coastal forest properties and whether or not they see the new legislation as a shift in focus. The final issue highlights the importance of local knowledge and looks at the participation of the informants in the development of new regulations.

The following conclusions are drawn from the investigations. Many owners of forest properties do not identify themselves as forest owners; it is therefore important to be aware of this distinction which is made between being a forest owner and being the holder of a forest property. The coastal forest owners who were interviewed run their forests according to their individual situations. Because of this they do not appear to be part of any shift of focus within the Swedish forestry. As a result, they may not have a defined role in its development. This role would probably be clearer or greater if their local knowledge were more explicitly valuated.

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42

Díaz, Avalos Carlos. "Space-time analysis of forest fires /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6375.

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43

Naficy, Cameron Edwards. "Changes in forest structure and composition associated with unique land use histories:". [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12012008-173306/unrestricted/Naficy_Cameron_Thesis.pdf.

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44

Boisvenue, Céline. "Assessing forest responses to climate change and resolving productivity measurements across spatial scales". Diss., [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-01042008-115155/.

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45

Canham, Lois. "Ecology of capercaillie within a managed pine forest". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1754.

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The capercaillie is a rare species of forest bird which is once again facing extinction in Britain. Working pine forests are thought to represent the future for capercaillie in Scotland. However, few studies have focused on capercaillie within working forests and as a result current management recommendations are based on studies conducted within semi-natural pinewoods. Therefore study of the ecology of capercaillie within working forests is vital for the survival of the species in Scotland. The present study investigated the ecology of capercaillie, based on indirect measures of capercaillie use, within Morangie Forest, a pine plantation managed by the Forestry Commission. Monthly dropping counts were collected over a 30 month period to gain insight into the capercaillie population at Morangie Forest, and to explore the use of faecal counts as a non-invasive monitoring tool. Habitat analysis, dietary analysis of droppings and genetic analysis of feathers were further conducted to fully explore ecology of capercaillie within Morangie Forest. Results showed that the capercaillie population in Morangie Forest was subject to seasonal movements and that movements were not confined to the bounds of the forest. Substantial mixing occurred with capercaillie from neighbouring Novar Forest. In addition, capercaillie within Morangie Forest selected habitat at a radius of 50m and beyond. The population of capercaillie at Morangie Forest was estimated at around 65 individuals based on measures from dropping counts and genetic determination of individuals from feathers. Results also suggested that winter dropping counts could represent a useful tool for forest managers to monitor the size and movement of capercaillie populations frequenting their forests. In addition winter dropping counts could be used in conjunction with habitat data to plan management of habitat for capercaillie. The present study contributes towards future management strategies for the conservation of capercaillie within working forests and suggests further research priorities for capercaillie in Scotland, particularly those focused at a landscape scale.

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46

Folegatti, Bruno da Silveira Smidt Mathew F. "The use of mechanical thinning treatments in management of small stands at the wildland urban interface". Auburn, Ala, 2004. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2004/FALL/Forestry_and_Wildlife_Sciences/Thesis/FOLEGATTI_BRUNO_23.pdf.

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47

Uprety, Dharam Raj. "Community forestry, rural livelihoods and conflict : a case study of community forest users' groups in Nepal /". Wien : Guthmann-Peterson, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0804/2008366153.html.

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48

Soda, Miho. "Using remote sensing to detect forest change associated with timber processing mills in West Virginia". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2003. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2976.

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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2003.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 18 p. : ill. (some col.), col. map. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 18).

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49

MARSOEM, Sri Nugroho. "Status and Prospects of Asian Forests and Forest Products". 名古屋大学農学国際教育協力研究センター, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/8924.

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50

Melito, Melina Oliveira. "Effects of forest fragmentation on biomass in tropical forests". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-28032017-144953/.

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In spite tropical forests are the most important terrestrial global carbon sinks due to carbon storage in aboveground biomass, it is also the primary target of deforestation. The conversion of Tropical forests into anthropogenic areas might disrupt biological flux and also lead to severe microclimatic changes at forest edges. These combined effects can trigger profound changes in plant composition through both high mortality of fragmentation-sensitive species and proliferation of disturbed-adapted species which will ultimately impacts carbon storage. Thus, our main objective in this study was understand the role of human-induced disturbances in modulate the dimension of biomass loss at tropical forests. We applied a systematic literature review searching for empirical evidences that edge effects can drive biomass loss in tropical forests (Chapter 2). Our findings highlighted the gap of knowledge about the pattern and process related to biomass loss in tropical forests. To strengthen this understanding, we formulated a conceptual model linking landscape structure and patch-level attributes to severity of edge effects affecting aboveground biomass. Our model hypothesizes that habitat amount, isolation, time since edge creation, and the synergism between edge distance, patch size, and matrix type are the main drivers of biomass loss in anthropogenic tropical forests. We thus used a large plant dataset (18 503 trees ≥ 10 cm dbh) from 146 sites distributed across four Mexican and four Brazilian rainforest regions to test our conceptual model predictions, specifically the influence of forest cover, site isolation, edge distance, patch size and type of matrix on biomass (Chapter 3). We observed that carbon-rich sites presented species that are typical of old-growth forests (shade-tolerant, large-seeded, zoocoric) contrasting to carbon-poor sites composed by disturbed-adapted species (pioneer occupying the understory). Large shade-tolerant trees (≥ 40 cm dbh) were impacted severely by the combination of forest loss and edge effects. Edge distance, patch size, and the amount of open-matrix strongly influence small shade-tolerant trees (≤ 20 cm dbh). Although our results do not fully corroborate the initial predictions of the conceptual model, they support the idea that landscape composition interact with patch structure and ultimately impacts biomass stocks in fragmented tropical forests. Finally, we further investigated if the disturbance level of the region influences plant-structure responses to forest loss (Chapter 4). Biomass, but not plant density, was affected by forest loss in regions with intermediate disturbance levels, i.e. regions showing a combination of moderate deforestation (20-40% of remaining forest cover) disturbed during the past 30-60 years, high defaunation but harboring relictual populations of large-mammals, and areas mostly composed by heterogeneous matrices. In general, our findings highlight that both landscape composition and patch structure are the main drivers of biomass loss in Neotropical forests, and that the landscape context must be considered to obtain more reliable estimations of carbon emissions due to forest degradation. Landscape planning (e.g. restoration of forest cover) should be included in conservation strategies in order to sustain carbon storage. Moreover, we advocate that conservation initiatives will be less costly and more effective if implemented in areas under intermediate disturbance levels
Apesar das florestas tropicais serem a mais importante fonte mundial de carbono da porção terrestre do globo devido ao armazenamento de carbono na biomassa acima do solo, elas são também o alvo primário do desmatamento. A conversão das florestas Tropicais em áreas antropogênicas pode interromper o fluxo biológico e também levar a severas mudanças microclimáticas na borda dos fragmentos. A combinação desses efeitos pode engatilhar profundas mudanças na composição da vegetação através tanto da mortalidade de espécies sensíveis à fragmentação como também pela proliferação de espécies adaptadas distúrbios, com impactos finais nos estoques de carbono. Assim, o maior objetivo desse estudo foi compreender o papel dos distúrbios induzidos pelo homem na modulação da dimensão da perda de biomassa em florestas Tropicais. Nós aplicamos uma revisão sistemática da literatura procurando por evidências empíricas de que o efeito de borda pode levar a perda de biomassa em florestas tropicais (Capítulo 2). Nossos resultados destacam a lacuna de conhecimento entre padrões e processos relacionados à perda de biomassa em florestas Tropicais. Para fortalecer esse conhecimento, nós formulamos um modelo conceitual conectando estrutura da paisagem e atributos na escala do fragmento à severidade do efeito de borda, e assim afetando a biomassa acima do solo. Nosso modelo hipotetiza que a quantidade de hábitat, o isolamento, o tempo desde a formação da borda e o sinergismo entre tamanho do fragmento, distância da borda e tipo de matriz são os principais condutores de perda de biomassa em florestas Tropicais antropogênicas. Utilizando um grande banco de dados (18 503 árvores ≥ 10 cm dap) provenientes de 146 locais distribuídos em quatro regiões de floresta úmida no México e quatro no Brasil, nós então testamos as predições do nosso modelo conceitual. Especificamente, a influência da cobertura florestal, isolamento, distância da borda, tamanho do fragmento e tipo de matriz sobre a biomassa (Capítulo 3). Nós observamos que áreas com muito carbono apresentaram espécies típicas de florestas maduras (tolerantes ao sombreamento, zoocóricas, com sementes grandes) contrastando com áreas com pouco carbono compostas por espécies adaptadas à distúrbio (pioneiras ocupando o sub-bosque). Árvores grandes tolerantes ao sombreamento (≥ 40 cm dap) foram impactadas severamente pela combinação de perda de cobertura florestal e efeitos de borda. Distância da borda, tamanho do fragmento e a extensão da área de matriz aberta influenciaram fortemente as árvores pequenas tolerantes a sombreamento (≤ 20 cm dap). Apesar dos nossos resultados não corroborarem completamente as predições iniciais do nosso modelo conceitual, eles dão suporte à ideia de que a composição da paisagem interage com a estrutura do fragmento com impactos finais nos estoques de biomassa em florestas Neotropicais. Por fim, nós investigamos se o nível de distúrbio da região pode influenciar nas respostas da estrutura da vegetação à perda de cobertura florestal. Biomassa, mas não a densidade de indivíduos, foi afetada pela perda de cobertura florestal em regiões com nível intermediário de distúrbio, i.e. regiões apresentando uma combinação de níveis moderados de desmatamento (20-40% de cobertura florestal remanescente) em que a perturbação ocorreu ao longo dos últimos 30-60 anos, com alto grau de defaunação mas ainda abrigando populações relictuais de grandes mamíferos e, em sua maioria, compostos por uma matriz heterogênea. Em geral, nossos resultados destacaram que tanto a composição da paisagem como a estrutura do fragmento são os principais condutores de perda de biomassa em florestas Neotropicais e que o contexto da paisagem deve ser considerado para se obter estimativas mais confiáveis de emissão de carbono devido à degradação florestal. O planejamento da paisagem (e.g. restauração da cobertura florestal) deve ser incluído em estratégias de conservação em ordem de sustentar o armazenamento de carbono. Além disso, nós defendemos que iniciativas de conservação serão menos custosas e mais efetivas se implementadas em áreas sob níveis intermediários de distúrbio

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