Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Forest remnants”
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López-Mendoza, Alejandro, Ken Oyama, Fernando Pineda-García i Rafael Aguilar-Romero. "Defining Conservation Priorities for Oak Forests in Central Mexico Based on Networks of Connectivity". Forests 13, nr 7 (10.07.2022): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13071085.
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Connectivity is a landscape property that promotes gene flow between organisms located in different patches of habitat and provides a way to reduce habitat loss by maintaining flux of organisms through the landscape; it is an important factor for conservation decisions. In this study, we evaluated the structural and functional connectivity among 510 oak forest remnants in a basin in central Mexico by modeling the potential distribution of seven oak species that inhabit in it. The structural and functional connectivity of oak forest remnants was estimated by graph theory. Distribution models for all the oak species had a good level of predictability, showing that 53.16% of the basin is suitable for oaks. The importance for connectivity varied between the remnant forests. Large forest fragments had the highest values of connectivity, and small forest fragments acted as steppingstones favoring the movement of organisms among fragments. In the southern region of the basin, connected remnant forests had conformed to a large network, but in the northern region, the remnant forests were mostly isolated. Conservation of oak forests in this basin requires protection for remaining patches by preserving both large and small ones and restoring biological corridors to reduce the isolation of forest fragments.
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Rodríguez-Mendoza, Clara, i Eduardo Pineda. "Importance of riparian remnants for frog species diversity in a highly fragmented rainforest". Biology Letters 6, nr 6 (16.06.2010): 781–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0334.
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Tropical forests undergo continuous transformation to other land uses, resulting in landscapes typified by forest fragments surrounded by anthropogenic habitats. Small forest fragments, specifically strip-shaped remnants flanking streams (referred to as riparian remnants), can be particularly important for the maintenance and conservation of biodiversity within highly fragmented forests. We compared frog species diversity between riparian remnants, other forest fragments and cattle pastures in a tropical landscape in Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. We found similar species richness in the three habitats studied and a similar assemblage structure between riparian remnants and forest fragments, although species composition differed by 50 per cent. Frog abundance was halved in riparian remnants compared with forest fragments, but was twice that found in pastures. Our results suggest that riparian remnants play an important role in maintaining a portion of frog species diversity in a highly fragmented forest, particularly during environmentally stressful (hot and dry) periods. In this regard, however, the role of riparian remnants is complementary, rather than substitutive, with respect to the function of other forest fragments within the fragmented forest.
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Benedick, Suzan, Thomas A. White, Jeremy B. Searle, Keith C. Hamer, Nazirah Mustaffa, Chey Vun Khen, Maryati Mohamed, Menno Schilthuizen i Jane K. Hill. "Impacts of habitat fragmentation on genetic diversity in a tropical forest butterfly on Borneo". Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, nr 6 (29.10.2007): 623–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467407004543.
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Many areas of rain forest now exist as habitat fragments, and understanding the impacts of fragmentation is important for determining the viability of populations within forest remnants. We investigated impacts of forest fragmentation on genetic diversity in the butterfly Mycalesis orseis (Satyrinae) in Sabah (Malaysian Borneo). We investigated mtDNA diversity in 90 individuals from ten forest sites typical of the sizes of forest remnants that currently exist in the region. Nucleotide diversity declined with increasing isolation of remnants, but there was no effect of remnant size or population size, and haplotype diversity was similar among sites. Thus, approximately 50 y after forest fragmentation, few changes in genetic diversity were apparent and remnants apparently supported genetically viable populations of this butterfly. Many studies have shown that responses of species to habitat fragmentation usually follow a time delay, and so we developed a Monte Carlo simulation model to investigate changes in genetic diversity over time in small remnants. Model output indicated a substantial time delay (> 100 y) between fragmentation and genetic erosion, suggesting that, in the smallest study remnants, an increased risk of extinction from reduced genetic diversity is likely in the longer term.
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Grover, DR, i PJ Slater. "Conservation Value to Birds of Remnants of Melaleuca Forest in Suburban Brisbane." Wildlife Research 21, nr 4 (1994): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9940433.
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The bird species composition of nine remnants of Melaleuca quinquenervia forest in NE Brisbane, Queensland, was censused from March 1992 to March 1993 to investigate the effect of forest fragmentation and fragment characteristics. Remnant area was a correlated with the total number of bird species and the number of raptors occurring, while understorey vegetation density was related to the number of forest and understorey bird species. The species composition of the M. quinquenervia remnants was compared with that of the Cooloola National Park and with that of eucalypt [Eucalyptus] remnants in lowland SE Queensland. Even the small M. quinquenervia remnants around Brisbane play an important role in conserving the avian fauna of the region by providing habitat and refuges for migrant, nesting, locally rate and uncommon species, and species not commonly found in other forest types. Future recommended management involves the maintenance of size, habitat diversity and understorey vegetation density, the prevention of disturbance and the preservation of swampy areas and ponds.
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Tabarelli, Marcelo, Bráulio Almeida Santos, Victor Arroyo-Rodríguez i Felipe Pimentel Lopes De Melo. "Secondary forests as biodiversity repositories in human-modified landscapes: insights from the Neotropics". Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi - Ciências Naturais 7, nr 3 (8.03.2021): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46357/bcnaturais.v7i3.593.
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In this essay we examine some of the processes affecting the composition and structure of tree species assemblages and, consequently, what we can expect from secondary-forest stands as an element of human-modified landscapes and as an opportunity for biodiversity persistence in this ecological context. Based on the available information, it is reasonable to predict that in some landscapes or biotas: (1) small forest remnants degenerate and support plant assemblages with attributes similar to those observed in early and intermediate-aged regenerating stands, while secondary-forest stands move from initial to more advanced successional stages; (2) collectively, remnant/stand attributes and landscape integrity define the pace through which degeneration proceeds, but also the potential for regeneration; (3) at the landscape spatial scale, remnants and stands tend to converge in terms of structure, but also in terms of taxonomic and functional composition. In other words, remnants degenerate and secondary-forest stands regenerate toward a sort of ‘climax community’, which is conditioned by the physical and biological integrity of both patch and landscape. Considering secondary forests in the conceptual, ecological and spatial framework of human-modified landscapes may help us to understand and maximize the conservation services provided by this habitat as it proliferates through human-modified landscapes.
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Lippert, Henry, Ingo Kowarik i Tanja M. Straka. "People’s Attitudes and Emotions towards Different Urban Forest Types in the Berlin Region, Germany". Land 11, nr 5 (7.05.2022): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11050701.
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In an era of urbanization, forests are a key component of the urban green infrastructure, providing multiple benefits to urban residents. While emerging forests on urban wasteland could increase the urban forest area, it is unclear how residents view such novel forest types. In a comparative self-administered online survey, we assessed attitudes and emotions of residents (n = 299) from the Berlin region, Germany, towards forest types that represent transformation stages from natural to novel forests: (1) natural remnants, (2) silvicultural plantings, (3) park forests and (4) novel wild forests in wastelands. Respondents expressed positive attitudes and emotions towards all forest types, including the novel wild forest. Ratings were most positive towards natural remnants and least positive towards the novel wild forest. The indicated prevalence of non-native trees (Ailanthus altissima, Robinia pseudoacacia) did not evoke negative responses. Women and younger people were more positive towards the novel wild forest compared to other respondents, and men were most positive towards natural remnants. Place attachment was positively related to the park forest. Results indicate support for a wide range of forest types, including novel wild forests and non-native tree species, which can be used to expand urban forest areas and enhance opportunities for nature experience in cities.
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Anjos, Luiz dos. "Species richness and relative abundance of birds in natural and anthropogenic fragments of Brazilian Atlantic forest". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 76, nr 2 (czerwiec 2004): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652004000200036.
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Bird communities were studied in two types of fragmented habitat of Atlantic forest in the State of Paraná, southern Brazil; one consisted of forest fragments that were created as a result of human activities (forest remnants), the other consisted of a set of naturally occurring forest fragments (forest patches). Using quantitative data obtained by the point counts method in 3 forest patches and 3 forest remnants during one year, species richness and relative abundance were compared in those habitats, considering species groups according to their general feeding habits. Insectivores, omnivores, and frugivores presented similar general tendencies in both habitats (decrease of species number with decreasing size and increasing isolation of forest fragment). However, these tendencies were different, when considering the relative abundance data: the trunk insectivores presented the highest value in the smallest patch while the lowest relative abundance was in the smallest remnant. In the naturally fragmented landscape, time permitted that the loss of some species of trunk insectivores be compensated for the increase in abundance of other species. In contrast, the remnants essentially represented newly formed islands that are not yet at equilibrium and where future species losses would make them similar to the patches.
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Silva, Marina, Leslie A. Hartling, Sarah A. Field i Kevin Teather. "The effects of habitat fragmentation on amphibian species richness of Prince Edward Island". Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, nr 4 (1.04.2003): 563–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-038.
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We surveyed 11 forest remnants and their adjacent ponds to assess the species richness of amphibians on Prince Edward Island, Canada. By combining aquatic and terrestrial sampling methods, we detected the presence of four urodeles and five anurans in our study sites. No significant difference in species richness was found between the sites located in Prince Edward Island National Park (n = 6) and those outside the park (n = 5). The most frequently captured species in forest remnants were blue-spotted salamanders (Ambystoma laterale) and American toads (Bufo americanus) with 35.1 and 29.8% of the captures, respectively. In ponds, the most abundant and widespread species was the green frog (Rana clamitans). Red-backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) were captured in one site only. Species richness was not significantly associated with either forest remnant area or perimeter length. There was a significant nonlinear relationship between amphibian abundance and the perimeter length of forest remnants. Although our findings suggest paucity in species composition of amphibian communities, we did not find evidence suggesting that amphibians have declined during the last 30 years on Prince Edward Island.
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De Oliveira, José Guilherme Dias, Luiz Fernando Duarte De Moraes, Tânia Sampaio Pereira i Geraldo Alves Damasceno Junior. "Advance of Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R.D. Webster (Poaceae) on remaining native forest in the Serra da BODOQUENA NATIONAL PARK". Biodiversidade Brasileira - BioBrasil, nr 2 (12.08.2020): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37002/biobrasil.v10i2.1481.
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The replacement of native forest by exotic grasses for pasture formation is a process that involves habitat destruction followed by the introduction of invasive alien species. The Serra da Bodoquena National Park covers an area of 77,021.58ha, comprising natural forests and remnants of abandoned pastures, which represent a threat to local biodiversity conservation. This study analyzed the dynamics of Urochloa decumbens–dominated matrix on remnants of native Deciduous Seasonal Forest within the Park, over 35 years, using satellite images, evaluating natural regeneration trend. The Urochloa matrix covers 1,268.9 (36.9%) of the 3,434.50 hectares study area. Our results indicate that the Urochloa matrix expanded over the native forest remnants, likely due to the occurrence of fire close to the forest edges, which may help natural regeneration failing. 8 months after a fire in 2013, the area of the grass-dominates matrix was found to replace 203.1 hectares over the forest. In this context, restoration actions are demanded, especially those that target fire control.
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Nagel, Thomas A., Jurij Diaci, Dusan Rozenbergar, Tihomir Rugani i Dejan Firm. "Old-growth forest reserves in Slovenia: the past, present, and future". Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 163, nr 6 (1.06.2012): 240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2012.0240.
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Old-growth forest reserves in Slovenia: the past, present, and future Slovenia has a small number of old-growth forest remnants, as well as many forest reserves approaching old-growth conditions. In this paper, we describe some of the basic characteristics of these old-growth remnants and the history of their protection in Slovenia. We then trace the long-term development of research in these old-growth remnants, with a focus on methodological changes. We also review some of the recent findings from old-growth research in Slovenia and discuss future research needs. The conceptual understanding of how these forests work has slowly evolved, from thinking of them in terms of stable systems to more dynamic and unpredictable ones due to the influence of natural disturbances and indirect human influences. In accordance with this thinking, the methods used to study old-growth forests have changed from descriptions of stand structure to studies that address natural processes and ecosystem functions.
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Cochrane, Mark A., i William F. Laurance. "Fire as a large-scale edge effect in Amazonian forests". Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, nr 3 (26.03.2002): 311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467402002237.
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Amazonian forests are being rapidly cleared, and the remaining forest fragments appear unusually vulnerable to fire. This occurs because forest remnants have dry, fire-prone edges, are juxtaposed with frequently burned pastures, and are often degraded by selective logging, which increases forest desiccation and fuel loading. Here we demonstrate that in eastern Amazonia, fires are operating as a large-scale edge effect in the sense that most fires originate outside fragments and penetrate considerable distances into forest interiors. Multi-temporal analyses of satellite imagery from two frontier areas reveal that fire frequency over 12-14-y periods was substantially elevated within at least 2400 m of forest margins. Application of these data with a mathematical core-area model suggests that even large forest remnants (up to several hundred thousand ha in area) could be vulnerable to edge-related fires. The synergistic interactions of forest fragmentation, logging and human-ignited fires pose critical threats to Amazonian forests, particularly in more seasonal areas of the basin.
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Medeiros, Marcelo Brilhante de, Bruno Machado Teles Walter i Washington Luis Oliveira. "Floristic and structural comparisons between woody communities of two seasonal forest fragments in the Tocantins river basin and other remnants of this forest physiognomy in Brazil". Rodriguésia 65, nr 1 (marzec 2014): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2175-78602014000100002.
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This work describes the woody layer composition and structure in two seasonal forest fragments in the Tocantins river basin and compares them to other remnants of this forest physiognomy in Brazil. The survey was carried out by using 17 plot samples (20 × 50 m) located in Palmeirópolis, state of Tocantins, and in Minaçú, state of Goiás. All woody individuals showing diameters > 5 cm, at 1.30 cm above ground level, were recorded. The higher floristic similarity of these forest remnants compared with other closer seasonal forests did not show a distinct pattern. The floristic composition was more similar to that of a deciduous seasonal forest in the Paranã valley, and more dissimilar to other forests in this same valley. This result and a higher dissimilarity related to the southern forests in Goiás suggest that the forest fragments showed a floristic composition and structure typical of lowland seasonal forests in the Tocantins river basin. The results also indicated that the forest fragments have distinct floristic compositions with a relatively similar structure and diversity.
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Ramírez-Albores, Jorge E., i Marlín Pérez-Suárez. "Tropical forest remnants as shelters of avian diversity within a tourism development matrix in Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico". Revista de Biología Tropical 66, nr 2 (24.05.2018): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v66i2.33410.
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Tropical forests have undergone extensive transformation because of increasing tourism development, in addition to historic clearing for agricultural and cattle grazing activities. Altogether, these activities have had an important effect on bird diversity, reducing the habitat available to many species. In this study, the role of tropical forest remnants located between different land use types was evaluated for species diversity, composition, and distribution of the bird community at Akumal region in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Point counts were used to quantify the avifauna by habitat, and Shannon´s and Simpson´s diversity index were used to determine bird diversity. Additionally, bird species were classified according to seasonality and trophic guild by type of habitat. A total of 160 species and 50 families was recorded, of which 100 species were permanent residents, 47 winter visitors and 11 transients. Mature tropical forest and tropical forest remnants had higher species richness than those of modified environments. This study supports the importance of tropical forest remnants as shelters for bird species in landscapes with tourism developments, and the relevance of these remnants to maintaining high bird diversity. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 799-813. Epub 2018 June 01.
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Knight, Elizabeth H., i Barry J. Fox. "Does habitat structure mediate the effects of forest fragmentation and human-induced disturbance on the abundance of Antechinus stuartii?" Australian Journal of Zoology 48, nr 5 (2000): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo00018.
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Surveys were conducted among 30 remnants of differing size and degree of disturbance to examine the effects of forest fragmentation and human-induced disturbance on the abundance of a small, carnivorous marsupial, Antechinus stuartii. The underlying aim of the study was to evaluate the role of habitat structure in mediating the changes associated with fragmentation and anthropogenic disturbance on A. stuartii. The direct effects of remnant area and disturbance on the abundance of A. stuartii were marginal. Rather, the species responded more strongly to structural components of the remnant habitat, including understorey height and complexity, litter depth and the abundance of logs. In turn, these structural characteristics were, to some extent, influenced by the remnant size and the degree of remnant disturbance. The argument is therefore made that A. stuartii generally responded to area-dependent changes in habitat structure, rather than area per se, and that changes to habitat structure were the primary mechanism by which remnant area and disturbance regulated changes in the abundance of A. stuartii. It appears that A. stuartii may form a functional ‘metapopulation’ among the system of remnants at Tomago, New South Wales. The Tomago metapopulation may be responding to habitat structure across this heterogeneous landscape rather than being locally constrained within isolated remnants, as the theory of island biogeography might predict.
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J. Miller, C., D. A. Norton i T. K. Miller. "Kahikatea Dacrycarpus dacrydioides and Totara-Matai Podocarpus totara-Prumnopitys taxifolia forest patches in the agricultural landscape, Westland, New Zealand: representatives of a past and future condition". Pacific Conservation Biology 9, nr 4 (2003): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc040278.
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Due to extensive clearance, podocarp forests on alluvial floodplains are under-represented, relative to their original extent, in the New Zealand agricultural landscape, and remnants are a priority for protection. This study uses a stand dynamics approach to 1) determine whether Kahikatea Dacrycarpus dacrydioides and Totara-Matai Podocarpus totara-Prumnopitys taxifolia forest patches in Westland, New Zealand, are remnants of pre-European forest, and 2) predict whether podocarp species will remain dominant in these patches. The majority of patches were initiated following European land clearance, with few being remnants of the original forest. Recruitment of podocarp seedlings and saplings into the canopy is no longer occurring in these stands, and over time they are likely to become dominated by angiosperm species. Within patch management may be an option to maintain podocarp dominance, while providing an economic return for landholders. While the forest types are representative of the original forest, the forest communities are not, with a lower � diversity than in intact Kahikatea forest in the region. Planning for and managing patches as a shifting mosaic in the landscape is likely to be the most successful approach for maintaining their conservation value in the region.
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Machado, Felipe Santana, Álvaro Fernando de Almeida, Dalmo Arantes de Barros, José Aldo Alves Pereira, Rossi Allan Silva i Alexandre Augusto Spadoni Pereira. "Diversity of medium-sized and large mammals from Atlantic Forest remnants in southern Minas Gerais state, Brazil". Check List 12, nr 5 (16.09.2016): 1962. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/12.5.1962.
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Studies on mammal diversity provide the essential groundwork for the development of conservation methods and practices. The region of the Poços de Caldas Plateau is lacks such studies, which may be a problem for future conservation actions. Here, we analyze the richness of medium-sized and large mammals from Atlantic Forest remnants on the Poços de Caldas Plateau, Minas Gerais state. Diurnal censuses of direct observations and mammal signs were conducted, and we documented 20 species of mammals belonging to eight orders. Three species of primates, one carnivore, one cingulate, one lagomorpha, three rodents, one artiodactyla, and two marsupials were found. The largest forest remnant that presented the greatest richness is currently a conservation unit. Forest remnants are important for the consolidation of management strategies and have fundamental role for the conservation of mammal diversity in the south of Minas Gerais state.
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Reisinger, Walter J., Devi M. Stuart-Fox i Barend F. N. Erasmus. "Habitat associations and conservation status of an endemic forest dwarf chameleon (Bradypodion sp.) from South Africa". Oryx 40, nr 2 (kwiecień 2006): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605306000408.
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We quantified habitat associations and evaluated the conservation status of a recently identified, undescribed species of dwarf chameleon, Bradypodion sp. nov. Dhlinza, endemic to scarp forest remnants in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. At the microhabitat scale the Dhlinza dwarf chameleon was found more often in forest gaps and near paths than highly disturbed edges or forest interior. Chameleon presence was not explained by forest physiognomic variables such as vine cover, shrub and tree density, or canopy cover. Presence near gaps may be better explained by the combined effects of the thermal microenvironment and food availability. The species is moderately common where it occurs, with estimated densities of 4.7, 8.7 and 29.7 individuals per ha within forest interior, edges and gaps respectively. At the landscape scale, the chameleon occurs only in three remnant forests: the Dhlinza, Entumeni and Ongoye Forests. The species' extent of occurrence was estimated to be 88 km2 and its area of occupancy 49 km2. Based on the small area of remaining suitable habitat, this species meets the requirements for categorization as Endangered according to IUCN Red List criteria.
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Goldingay, R. L., D. J. Sharpe, G. L. Beyer i M. Dobson. "Using ecological studies to understand the conservation needs of the squirrel glider in Brisbane?s urban forest-remnants." Australian Mammalogy 28, nr 2 (2006): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am06026.
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This paper provides an overview of our current ecological research on squirrel gliders (Petaurus norfolcensis) living in forest-remnants within an urban matrix in south-east Queensland. We have conducted population censuses and behavioural observations primarily in one 60-ha remnant. The number of tagged gliders (minimum number known alive) in this remnant varied from 75 in 2002 when flowering trees were abundant, to 33 the following year when flowering was poor. Poor flowering led to a delay in breeding and a decline in the probability of glider survival. Feeding observations on gliders in the year of abundant flowering revealed that almost 50% of the diet was comprised of nectar and pollen derived from 10 tree species. A more detailed focus on flowering and its influence on population dynamics at several sites would be of considerable value in understanding the population ecology of this species. We assessed the viability of the subpopulations of P. norfolcensis distributed across the various remnants to allow identification of management actions that may improve viability. Viability analyses under various scenarios suggest that our focal metapopulation will have a high likelihood of extinction within the next 100 years. Predictions of population viability are sensitive to changes in life history parameter estimates. Thus, current field-work has been directed by the need for more precise empirical values. The remnants containing our metapopulation need to be functionally linked to larger nearby remnants to enable glider dispersal among sites. We need a better understanding of glider dispersal behaviour and how permeable the urban matrix might be for P. norfolcensis. Arterial roads and freeways sever connections between many remnants, requiring novel approaches to corridor provision. Future research should examine how habitat quality of the remnants changes over time due to tree die-back and wind-throw. We are investigating the potential role of nest boxes to facilitate glider dispersal and to supplement the availability of den trees. The findings of our studies should contribute to a greater understanding of the general conservation requirements of P. norfolcensis.
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Martínez-Garza, Cristina, Alejandro Flores-Palacios, Marines De La Peña-Domene i Henry F. Howe. "Seed rain in a tropical agricultural landscape". Journal of Tropical Ecology 25, nr 5 (wrzesień 2009): 541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467409990113.
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Abstract:Seed dispersal into fragmented tropical landscapes limits the rate and character of ecological succession between forest remnants. In a novel experiment in recovery of dispersal between forest remnants, 120 1-m2 seed traps were placed in fenced plots in active pasture 90–250 m from forest, and in nearby primary and secondary forests. Total seed rain from December 2006 to January 2008 included 69 135 seeds of 57 woody species. High richness of seed rain of early-successional trees occurred in all habitats, but seed rain of late-successional woody plants was much lower into pastures and secondary forest than into old-growth forest. Non-metric ordination analysis further demonstrated high movement of late-successional species within and between forest and secondary forest, but little movement of species of either forest type to pastures. Most species were dispersed by animals, but most seeds were dispersed by wind. A pattern of seed rain biased strongly towards wind-dispersed species creates a template for regeneration quite unlike that in nearby forest.
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Zambrano, Jenny, Rosamond Coates i Henry F. Howe. "Seed predation in a human-modified tropical landscape". Journal of Tropical Ecology 31, nr 4 (8.06.2015): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646741500019x.
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Abstract:Contemporary defaunation of fragmented forests potentially alters patterns of seed predation and dispersal. Alternatively, the remaining fauna may compensate for missing animals, resulting in equivalent rates of seed dispersal and predation. In the Los Tuxtlas region of southern Mexico, populations of large terrestrial fruit-eating mammals are diminished or absent from many forest remnants. This study reports fruit removal and seed predation patterns of Poulsenia armata (Moraceae), in forest fragments and a continuous forest (LTBS). Contrary to expectation, we found no differences in seed predation (mean ± SD) between LTBS (7.2 ± 1.8 seeds per station) and forest fragments (5.6 ± 1.1). However more fruits were removed in the LTBS (11.4 ± 0.9 fruits per station) than in forest fragments (8.1 ± 0.8). Animal activity, recorded by camera traps, differed between animal guild with fewer seed dispersers in forest fragments (mean = 0.43 ± 0.02 photos wk−1) than in the LTBS (mean = 0.68 ± 0.05). Fruits and seeds attracted many species of mammal (n = 12) in both habitats, indicating substantial redundancy. Remnant forest patches in the Los Tuxtlas landscape retain great ecological value, both as refuges for mammals and habitats for trees, such as P. armata.
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Lorence, David H., i Robert W. Sussman. "Exotic species invasion into Mauritius wet forest remnants". Journal of Tropical Ecology 2, nr 2 (maj 1986): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400000742.
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ABSTRACTTwo stands of mature evergreen wet forest in Mauritius (Mascarene Islands) were sampled for floristic composition to assess the extent of invasion by weedy exotic phanerogams (Brise Fer, 550 m alt.; Bon Courage, 200–260 m alt.). All individuals ≥ 2.5 cm dbh were recor ded in 50×2 m transects totalling 0.1 ha at each site, and 2×2 m seedling plots totalling 40 m were also sampled at each site. Both forests showed a high degree of invasion. Although exotics constituted only 5% of woody species ≥ 2.5 cm dbh at Brise Fer and 14.5% at Bon Courage, they comprised 34.8% and 20.8% of the individuals, respectively. Seedling plots at both sites were dominated by exotics, which comprised 20.6% of the species and 97.4% of the individuals at Brise Fer, and 22.2% of the species and 73.9% of the individuals at Bon Courage. Comparisons are made with Macabé forest, sampled nearly 50 years ago. These data suggest that unless steps are taken to check the spread of exotics, floristic composition at these sites will shift towards total invasion and degradation as has occurred elsewhere on Mauritius.
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De Luca, A. S., H. L. Vasconselos i T. V. Barrett. "Distribution of sandflies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) in forest remnants and adjacent matrix habitats in Brazilian Amazonia". Brazilian Journal of Biology 63, nr 3 (sierpień 2003): 401–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842003000300006.
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We studied the distribution of sandflies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) - insect vectors of several diseases, including leishmaniasis - at the interface between primary forest and cattle pasture and between primary forest and secondary forest (< 15 yr old) in Southern Brazilian Amazonia. Sandflies were collected by using a combination of light traps and traps having vertebrates as baits. Strong differences in abundance and species richness were found between primary forests and pastures. Very few sandfly species were found in the pastures, and those that were found generally occurred at lower densities when compared to the adjacent forest. At least one species (Lutzomyia lainsoni), however, can become extremely abundant in pastures, possibly depending on the presence of cattle and water bodies. Differences between primary forests and secondary forests were not so strong, although the latter usually had fewer species and lower population abundances. No species were exclusively found in pastures or secondary forests; the species present in these two habitats were a subset of those found in primary forests. The distance to the edge did not affect the abundance, richness and composition of sandfly species in primary forests. The abundance and richness of sandflies, however, was greater in forest edges facing pastures than those facing secondary forests. This pattern could not be explained by an influx of species and individuals from the adjacent pasture, suggesting the existence of in situ differences between the different types of forest edges studied.
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Rocha, CFD, HG Bergallo, M. Van Sluys, MAS Alves i CE Jamel. "The remnants of restinga habitats in the brazilian Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil: habitat loss and risk of disappearance". Brazilian Journal of Biology 67, nr 2 (maj 2007): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842007000200011.
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"Restingas" (herbaceous/shrubby coastal sand-dune habitats) used to cover most of Rio de Janeiro State coast, and have suffered extensive degradation over the last five centuries. Using satellite images and field work, we identified the remaining restingas in the State, recording the factors that might cause their degradation. We used two mosaics of Landsat 7 scenes (spatial resolution 15 and 30 m) to map and evaluate preliminarly the remaining areas and conservation status. Each remnant area was checked in the field, degraded areas within it were mapped and subtracted from the remnants. We identified 21 restinga remnants totalling 105,285 ha. The largest and smallest restinga remnants were Jurubatiba (25,141 ha) and Itaipu (23 ha), respectively. We identified 14 causes of degradation. The most important were vegetation removal for housing developments, establishment of exotic plant species, change of original substrate, and selective removal of species of economic importance for the horticultural industry. All restingas had disturbed parts under strong pressure due to human activities. Due to intense habitat loss, and occurrence of endemic/threatened vertebrate species in restinga habitats, we strongly indicate the implementation of new conservation units to protect these fragile remnants. This habitat is steadily decreasing and most remnants lack legal protection. Therefore, under the current human pressure most of this unique habitat is likely to be lost from the State within the next few years.
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Ferreira, Aluane Silva, Carlos A. Peres, Pavel Dodonov i Camila Righetto Cassano. "Multi-scale mammal responses to agroforestry landscapes in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: the conservation value of forest and traditional shade plantations". Agroforestry Systems 94, nr 6 (3.10.2020): 2331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-020-00553-y.
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AbstractThe future of tropical forest biodiversity will largely depend on human-modified landscapes. We investigated how medium- to large-bodied mammals respond to factors at local (habitat type), intermediate (land use heterogeneity, forest cover and human population density) and large spatial scales (overall forest cover) in agroforestry landscapes. We surveyed mammals using camera traps in traditional cacao agroforests (cabrucas), intensified cacao agroforests, and forest remnants within two large Atlantic Forest landscapes of southern Bahia, Brazil, representing both high and low forest cover. At the local scale, habitat types differed in their potential to harbour mammal species, with forest remnants and cabrucas showing high conservation value, mainly under contexts of high forest cover, whereas intensified cacao agroforests contained less diversified species assemblages in both landscapes. At intermediate scales, species richness increased with increasing forest cover around forest remnants and intensified cacao agroforests, but the opposite was observed in cabrucas. The effects of human population density were ubiquitous but species-dependent. At the largest scale, species richness was higher in the most forested landscape, highlighting the imperative of maintaining forest remnants to retain forest-dwelling mammals in human-dominated landscapes. We claim that mammal conservation strategies require a multi-scale approach and that no single strategy is likely to maximize persistence of all species. Some species can routinely use traditional agroforests, and a large fraction of mammal diversity can be maintained even if high canopy-cover agroforestry dominates the landscape. Nevertheless, forest patches and highly forested landscapes are essential to ensure the persistence of forest-dwelling and game species.
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Hambuckers, Alain, Franck Trolliet, Astrid Simon, Eliana Cazetta i Larissa Rocha-Santos. "Seed Removal Rates in Forest Remnants Respond to Forest Loss at the Landscape Scale". Forests 11, nr 11 (29.10.2020): 1144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11111144.
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Seed removal is a key component of seed dispersal and may be influenced by both landscape-scale and local attributes, and it has been used as an indicator of the intensity of interactions between ecosystem components. We examined how the seed removal rates, which integrate the activity of seed dispersers and seed predators, vary with landscape-scale forest cover. We collected data under 34 trees belonging to two zoochoric species (Helicostylis tomentosa (Poepp. and Endl.) J. F. Macbr. and Inga vera Willd.) in 17 remnants in the Brazilian Atlantic forest, with different percentages of forest cover. The seed removal rate was estimated using a fast method based on the abundance of intact fruits and fruit scraps on the ground. The amount of forest cover affected the rate of seed removal in a humpbacked shape, with a maximum seed removal rate at intermediate forest cover. Seed removal rates must be related to the amount of food resources offered and diversity of dispersers and predators in the region. In landscapes with intermediate forest amount, there is a better balance between supply and demand for fruits, leading to a higher seed removal rate than more deforested or forested landscape. Our results also show that local factors, such as crop size and canopy surface, together with forest cover amount, are also important to the removal rate, depending on the species. In addition, our results showed that plant–animal interactions are occurring in all fragments, but the health status of these forests is similar to disturbed forests, even in sites immersed in forested landscapes.
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Batistela, Marciela, i Eliara Solange Müller. "Analysis of duet vocalizations in Myiothlypis leucoblephara (Aves, Parulidae)". Neotropical Biology and Conservation 14, nr 2 (13.08.2019): 297–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.14.e37655.
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Bird vocalizations might be used for specific recognition, territorial defense, and reproduction. Bioacoustic studies aim to understand the production, propagation and reception of acoustic signals, and they are an important component of research on animal behavior and evolution. In this study we analyzed the sound structure of duet vocalizations in pairs of Myiothlypis leucoblephara and evaluated whether the vocal variables differ among pairs and if there are differences in temporal characteristics and frequency of duets between pairs in forest edges vs. forest interior. Vocalizations were recorded from 17 bird pairs in three remnants of Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil. Six of the bird pairs were situated at the edge of the forest remnant, and 11 were in the interior of the remnant. The duets of different pairs between forest areas showed descriptive differences in the frequency, number of notes per call, and time between issuance of calls, with the main distinguishing feature being a change in frequency of a few notes in the second part of the musical phrase. The minimum frequency of vocalization was reduced at the private area than in the other two remnants (p <0.05). The duets of birds in the forest edge and forest interior did not significantly differ in minimum or maximum frequency of phrases (p> 0.05), phrase duration (p> 0.05) or number of notes per phrase (p> 0.05). Myiothlypis leucoblephara did not show a specific pattern with respect to issue of phrases in duets, but instead showed five different patterns, which were variable among pairs. There was a sharp decline or alternation in frequency between notes in the second part of the musical phrase for recognition among pairs. Variation in vocalization among M. leucoblephara duets may play a role in pair recognition.
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Garcia, Paulo Oswaldo, Arthur Sérgio Mouço Valente, Daniel Salgado Pifano, José Felipe Salomão Pessoa, Luiz Carlos Busato, Marco Aurélio Leite Fontes i Ary Teixeira Oliveira-Filho. "Species composition and floristic relationships in southern Goiás forest enclaves". Rodriguésia 62, nr 1 (marzec 2011): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201162109.
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Abstract Hinterland fragments of Atlantic forests situated in transitional areas are poorly known with respect to the effectsof human impacts on their species composition and regeneration. The purpose of this study was to describe andcharacterize the structure and composition of the tree community of forest remnants located in Itumbiara, GoiásState, Central Brazil, and to analyze their floristic relationship with other areas of seasonal and transitionalvegetation ecotones. Five forest fragments were chosen for tree community sampling. The survey was carried outusing PCQ (point-centered quarter) method and 25 points were distributed along linear transects totalling 125sampling units. Four live trees with circumference at breast height (1.30 m) > 15 cm were recorded at each point.The floristic and phytosociological surveys recorded 149 tree species belonging to 110 genera and 47 families.The analysis of similarity confirmed the ecotonal character with many generalist species and other with occasionaloccurrence in 'Cerrado' (woody savanna) and seasonal forests. The forest remnants in Itumbiara showed a hightree species diversity. In spite of this, the tree community species suggests higher similarity with savanna vegetation.
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Leal, M. E. "Microrefugia, Small Scale Ice Age Forest Remnants". Systematics and Geography of Plants 71, nr 2 (2001): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3668739.
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Zartman, Charles E., i A. Jonathan Shaw. "Metapopulation Extinction Thresholds in Rain Forest Remnants". American Naturalist 167, nr 2 (luty 2006): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/499376.
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Zartman i Shaw. "Metapopulation Extinction Thresholds in Rain Forest Remnants". American Naturalist 167, nr 2 (2006): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3491260.
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ENGELEN, DRIES, DEBISSA LEMESSA, ÇAĞAN H. ŞEKERCIOĞLU i KRISTOFFER HYLANDER. "Similar bird communities in homegardens at different distances from Afromontane forests". Bird Conservation International 27, nr 1 (15.08.2016): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270916000162.
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SummaryHuman modified landscapes make up a growing proportion of the tropics, but are relatively little studied. The spatial distribution of remnant vegetation can structure and shape local biodiversity, affecting the provisioning of ecosystem services and regulation of pest problems. We compared species composition, abundance and functional diversity of birds between forest and homegardens close to (0–100 m) and further away from (1,500–2,000 m) moist evergreen Afromontane forests in south-western Ethiopia. We thoroughly inventoried birds with point counts and mist netting in two forest sites and three garden sites of each type. Gardens differed in general species composition from forests, with fewer forest specialist species (7% versus 29% of recorded species), but instead supported many other species that were rarely encountered in the forests. Overall gardens had higher numbers of species than forests. Homegardens close to the forest and further from the forest were similar to each other in terms of species richness and overall species composition. Both garden types had a similar composition in terms of the relative proportion of species with different habitat preferences as well as the composition of species from different feeding guilds. The lack of forest specialists in even the most structurally complex part of the agricultural landscape close to forest edges suggests that the last larger forest remnants are critical for conservation of forest specialists. Nonetheless, homegardens maintain rich bird diversity that also should be considered in a biodiversity conservation context. Further research is needed to establish to what extent the richness and composition of the agro-ecological bird fauna is regulated by the existence of forest patches in the region. Our results could not resolve this question since gardens two kilometers from the forest edge were similar in composition to gardens close to the forest edges.
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Heinrichs, Steffi, Aníbal Pauchard i Peter Schall. "Native Plant Diversity and Composition Across a Pinus radiata D.Don Plantation Landscape in South-Central Chile—The Impact of Plantation Age, Logging Roads and Alien Species". Forests 9, nr 9 (14.09.2018): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9090567.
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Alien tree plantations are expanding globally with potential negative effects for native biodiversity. We investigated plant species diversity and composition in a Pinus radiata landscape in south-central Chile, a biodiversity hotspot, by sampling understory vegetation in different plantation age classes, along forest roads and in natural forest remnants in order to find effective conservation measures for native biodiversity. Plantations, including different age classes and roadsides, maintained high native species richness at the landscape scale but supported a completely different community composition than natural forests. Thus, natural forest remnants must be conserved as plantations cannot replace them. Certain natural forest species occurred frequently in mature plantations and can represent starting points for retaining natural elements in plantations. Generalist native and alien species benefited from plantation management, mainly in young plantations and along roadsides. Stand maturation and a closed canopy, though, reduced alien species occurrences within plantations. Along roads, shade-tolerant aliens should be monitored and removed as they can potentially invade natural forests. Native species conservation in plantations requires a holistic approach of the full mosaic of land uses including the protection of remaining natural forests, alien species monitoring along roadsides and patches with continuous canopy cover to reduce pressure by alien species.
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Keir, Anita F., Richard G. Pearson i Robert A. Congdon. "Determinants of bird assemblage composition in riparian vegetation on sugarcane farms in the Queensland Wet Tropics". Pacific Conservation Biology 21, nr 1 (2015): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc14904.
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Remnant habitat patches in agricultural landscapes can contribute substantially to wildlife conservation. Understanding the main habitat variables that influence wildlife is important if these remnants are to be appropriately managed. We investigated relationships between the bird assemblages and characteristics of remnant riparian forest at 27 sites among sugarcane fields in the Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion. Sites within the remnant riparian zone had distinctly different bird assemblages from those of the forest, but provided habitat for many forest and generalist species. Width of the riparian vegetation and distance from source forest were the most important factors in explaining the bird assemblages in these remnant ribbons of vegetation. Gradual changes in assemblage composition occurred with increasing distance from source forest, with species of rainforest and dense vegetation being replaced by species of more open habitats, although increasing distance was confounded by decreasing riparian width. Species richness increased with width of the riparian zone, with high richness at the wide sites due to a mixture of open-habitat species typical of narrower sites and rainforest species typical of sites within intact forest, as a result of the greater similarity in vegetation characteristics between wide sites and the forest proper. The results demonstrate the habitat value for birds of remnant riparian vegetation in an agricultural landscape, supporting edge and open vegetation species with even narrow widths, but requiring substantial width (>90 m) to support specialists of the closed forest, the dominant original vegetation of the area.
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Lira, A. F. A., F. N. A. A. Rego i C. M. R. Albuquerque. "How important are environmental factors for the population structure of co-occurring scorpion species in a tropical forest?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 93, nr 1 (styczeń 2015): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2014-0238.
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Understanding scorpion responses to environmental disturbances in forest remnants is important because, as generalist predators, they exert pressure on a wide variety of arthropod populations that contribute to forest health. In this study, we investigate the drivers of scorpion Tityus pusillus Pocock, 1893 and Ananteris mauryi Lourenço, 1982 abundance in 11 Brazilian Atlantic Forest remnants. Six environmental factors (litter dry mass, remnant area, leaf litter depth, diameter at breast height of tree, canopy openness, and tree density) were assessed. Field surveys were conducted at night using ultraviolet lamps. From a sample of 1125 captured specimens, approximately 90% were T. pusillus and 7% were A. mauryi. The abundance of T. pusillus, but not A. mauryi, was positively correlated with litter dry mass. Other variables had no effect on the abundance of either species. These results suggest differences in the response of the species to environmental factors on a smaller scale. Behavior difference in foraging between T. pusillus (sit-and-wait) and A. mauryi (wandering) and microhabitat selection may also contribute to explain the influence of litter dry mass on the abundance of T. pusillus but not on the abundance of A. mauryi.
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Alves, Vinícius Nunes, Caroline Marques Maia, Telma Regina Alves i Renata Cristina Batista Fonseca. "Medium and large-sized mammals in an Atlantic Forest fragment of Brazil: recording of threatened species". Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, nr 3 (26.02.2019): 13278–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4480.11.3.13278-13286.
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Deforestation and habitat fragmentation affect to a great extent larger wild mammals, which require large areas to establish their populations. These mammals can have important functions in the structure and dynamics of tropical forests, acting as seed dispersers, herbivory regulators, and umbrella species. In the present paper, we characterize the community of medium and large wild mammals in a semi-deciduous seasonal forest fragment, a denominated IB Forest (Institute of Biosciences) in Edgardia Experimental Farm, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil. By adopting sand plots on three trails as the main method, we identified the occurrence of nine species, besides the occurrence of one species by direct visualization. Some of these are in national red lists — Leopardus pardalis and Puma concolor are listed as threatened and Sapajus cf. nigritus as Near Threatened in São Paulo State; Puma concolor is also listed as Vulnerable at the national level. Thus, we emphasize the importance of this forest remnant as a wildlife refuge, which makes it necessary to monitor the occurrence of these animals in the area and conserve similar remnants in the region.
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Danquah, Jones Abrefa, i Ari Pappinen . "Analyses of Socioeconomic Factors influencing on-farm Conservation of Remnant Forest Tree Species: Evidence from Ghana". Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 5, nr 9 (25.09.2013): 588–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v5i9.433.
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The contribution of remnant trees in traditional agro forestry systems in recent times has attracted significant attention from policy makers, stakeholders, and academicians due to their important role in conserving biodiversity within agricultural systems, reserves of genetic resources and provision of other important environmental services. The study seeks to determine socioeconomic factors influencing farmers’ decision to maintain remnant trees in agricultural landscape. Data was solicited from 220 households in three rural communities through structured interviews and on farm visitations. We employed Poison and Negative Binomial Regressions to determine factors influencing rural farm households’ decision to retain remnants forest tree species in agro ecosystem. The regression results indicated that the key factors strongly affecting farmers’ on-farm conservation decision to retain remnant forest trees in agricultural landscape were age, gender, years of schooling, religion, land tenure, farmers’ perceptions to current environmental problems, distance to farm land, erosion and the size of the landholdings. The study recommends that forest governance with focus on collaborative forest resource management and equitable distribution of benefits generated from extraction of forest resources should be given high impetus in policy formulation. The needs and concerns of forest fringe communities should feature paramount in this regard.
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Hou, Enqing, Dazhi Wen, Jianli Li, Weidong Zuo, Lingling Zhang, Yuanwen Kuang i Jiong Li. "Soil acidity and exchangeable cations in remnant natural and plantation forests in the urbanised Pearl River Delta, China". Soil Research 50, nr 3 (2012): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr11344.
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Increasing urbanisation and industrialisation have led to a dramatic reduction in forest area, and now only culturally protected remnants of natural forests and some new plantations remain in most areas of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China. To investigate the status of soil acidity and exchangeable cations under these remnant forests and assess the possible impacts of reforestation on soil nutrients in the plantation forests, soils at 0–0.03, 0.03–0.13, and 0.13–0.23 m depths were sampled from 16 forest patches (eight natural and eight plantations), and soil pH in water, organic matter content, and exchangeable cation (H, Al, Ca, Mg, K, and Na) contents were determined. Results showed that 90% of the soils were strongly acid (pH <4.5) and 70% of the soils had a base saturation <15%. About 50% of the soils had <0.5 mmol(+)/kg of exchangeable Mg. Soil exchangeable K and Mg contents were significantly lower under plantation forests than under native forests in all layers, whereas exchangeable Ca and Na contents showed little difference between two types of forests. Moreover, contents of all exchangeable cations except Al showed a significant decrease with depth. These results suggest that remnant forests in the PRD generally experience a high risk of Al and acidity stresses and non-acidic cation deficiencies for plant growth. Reforestation may cause further decline in soil exchangeable K and Mg contents, but is unlikely to affect soil exchangeable Ca and Na contents.
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Silva, DJ, M. Santos-Filho i GR Canale. "The importance of remnant native vegetation of Amazonian submontane forest for the conservation of lizards". Brazilian Journal of Biology 74, nr 3 (sierpień 2014): 523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/bjb.2014.0095.
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Forest fragmentation affects animal population dynamics mainly by loss of habitat and disruption of animal movement. Lizard assemblages are affected by environmental changes, but, depending on their ecological needs, some species might be more vulnerable than others. The southern Amazon suffers accelerated anthropic actions replacing natural environments by farmland (crops and pasture). This region is considerably drier than most of the northern Amazon, with stational semi-deciduous forests fragmented and isolated by pasture, and crops to a lesser extent. Here we report data on lizard assemblages using semi-deciduous forests, forest edge and the surrounding pasture in the southern Amazon in Mato Grosso, Brazil. Lizards were collected in 21 forest fragments (41 to 7,035 ha) surrounded by pasture; using pitfall traps placed on a degradation gradient – from pasture inwards forest fragment (up to 200 m). We collected 242 individuals (14 species, seven families) in 6,300 trap-days. The pattern of species occurrence was largely nested and this nesting was associated with three habitat guilds (generalist, edge-tolerant, and forest species). Although there was no obvious fragmentation effect on lizards diversity community-wise, Hoplocercus spinosus, Bachia dorbignyi, Micrablepharus maximiliani and Kentropyx calcarta were more vulnerable to such effects than all other ten species collected. We verified that assemblages inhabiting pasture and forest edge are a nested subset of assemblages from the forest core. The remnant native vegetation is not distributed homogeneously and lizards species can persist in different parts of the landscape, therefore we recommend the protection of forest remnants as an important conservation action for lizards of the southern Amazon.
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James, T. K., i C. A. Dowsett. "Herbicide responses of matforming weeds of forest remnants in New Zealand". New Zealand Plant Protection 68 (8.01.2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2015.68.5790.
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Tradescantia fluminensis Plectranthus ciliatus Asparagus scandens Hedera helix Lamium galeobdolon and Selaginella kraussiana are all matforming invasive species that limit regeneration of native plants in forest remnants in New Zealand Experiments using potted specimens of these weeds showed that low rates (338675 g/ha) of the herbicide triclopyr gave >90 defoliation of T fluminensis A scandens and L galeobdolon but a higher rate of 1350 g/ha only gave 85 defoliation of H helix Diquat gave 85 defoliation of P ciliatus Aminopyralid was effective against S kraussiana but was very slow acting These experiments have identified herbicides and application rates for effective forest weed management to facilitate native plant regeneration in New Zealand temperate forests
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Menezes, JFS, i FAS Fernandez. "Nestedness in forest mammals is dependent on area but not on matrix type and sample size: an analysis on different fragmented landscapes". Brazilian Journal of Biology 73, nr 3 (sierpień 2013): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842013000300002.
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Nestedness, the pattern in which the species of a species-poor community are a subset of species-rich communities, can provide information regarding species order of extinction, which is vital knowledge for conservation biology. We tested the hypotheses that the nestedness of mammal communities in forest remnants is influenced by sampling effort, mean remnant area, range of remnant areas, matrix type, and presence or absence of forest corridors, and compared the results with multi-taxa reviews. We used 24 published datasets to test this hypothesis and ran simple regressions for each variable. Our results provide evidence that area was the main determinant of nestedness in mammalian communities. We also found a significant effect on the range of areas as measured through area ratio. However we conclude that nestedness is not affected by sample size.
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Toro, Ana Paola Salas Gomes Duarte Di, Eliana Cardoso-Leite i Roberta Averna Valente. "Prioritization of Atlantic Forest remnants for biodiversity conservation: A patch index development". Research, Society and Development 11, nr 5 (28.03.2022): e2811527962. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i5.27962.
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Atlantic forest fragmentation is considered a serious threat to biodiversity since this biome is considered the hottest hotspot. Due to this reason, many environmental strategies are being developed in order to support its, one of them being the prioritization of forest remnants using landscape ecology metrics. Thus, the main objective of this study is the development of a patches prioritization index (PPI) in order to support conservation actions and research. Firstly, a diagnosis of forest remnants in the study area was performed using landscape ecology metrics. Secondly, by literature review and expert consulting, were selected the adequate landscape ecology metrics, next, their importance was determined for PPI composition. Selected landscape metrics (AREA, SHAPE, and NEARD) composed the PPI. Finally, using a rapid ecological assessment (BII) the PPI was validated in the field. The results showed that the study area has patches able to aid biodiversity maintenance in the landscape. Further, the selection and importance attributed to landscape ecology metrics were demonstrated to be adequate. Also, the index is accurate enough to identify priority patches, classes, and regions for biodiversity conservation. Finally, the validation of PPI in the field showed that PPI is effective to estimate patches integrity in the field. In conclusion, our results suggest that PPI could be used for the prioritization of Atlantic forest remnants in a landscape covered mainly by Atlantic forest remnants and agriculture.
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Forboseh, P. F., T. C. H. Sunderland i M. Eno-Nku. "Priority setting for conservation in south-west Cameroon based on large mammal surveys". Oryx 41, nr 2 (kwiecień 2007): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605307001743.
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AbstractThe forests of the Cameroon-Nigeria transboundary region have been highlighted as a high conservation priority, yet many of the extant forest remnants remain relatively unknown, particularly with regard to the occurrence of large mammals. Between 2002 and 2004 we surveyed the large mammal fauna of the Mone and Ejagham Forest Reserves and the Upper Banyang, Nkwende Hills and Etinde forests of south-west Cameroon. Our objective was to document the extant large mammal species as an important step in the review of government priorities to identify key sites within the region for conservation and management. We reviewed the available literature on mammal distribution and then surveyed the forests for mammal and human signs. Despite a growing illegal commercial trade in wildlife, particularly for bushmeat, many sites retain populations of one or more threatened and locally rare large mammal species of significant conservation importance. Moreover, the sites collectively complement each other in terms of their representation of the threatened large mammal fauna. An emphasis on the enforcement of wildlife legislation and minimizing logging impact are of primary importance for the conservation of large mammals in these and other forest remnants in south-west Cameroon. In addition, at some sites, there already exists community interest in active wildlife management.
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Wingate, Vladimir R., Felicia O. Akinyemi, Chima J. Iheaturu i Chinwe Ifejika Speranza. "A Remote Sensing-Based Inventory of West Africa Tropical Forest Patches: A Basis for Enhancing Their Conservation and Sustainable Use". Remote Sensing 14, nr 24 (9.12.2022): 6251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14246251.
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The rate of tropical deforestation is increasing globally, and the fragmentation of remaining forests is particularly high in arable landscapes of West Africa. As such, there is an urgent need to map and monitor these remnant forest patches/fragments and so identify their multiple benefits and values. Indeed, recognizing their existence will help ensure their continued provision of ecosystem services while facilitating their conservation and sustainable use. The aim of this study is therefore to inventory and characterise the current extent and change of remnant forest patches of West Africa, using multi-source remote sensing products, time-series analyses, and ancillary datasets. Specifically, we collate and analyse descriptive and change metrics to provide estimates of fragment size, age, biophysical conditions, and relation to social-ecological change drivers, which together provide novel insights into forest fragment change dynamics for over four decades. We map forests patches outside protected areas with a tree cover ≥30%, a tree height of ≥5 m, an area ≥1 km2 and ≤10 km2. Appended to each patch are descriptive and change dynamics attributes. We find that most fragments are small, secondary forest patches and these cumulatively underwent the most forest loss. However, on average, larger patches experience more loss than smaller ones, suggesting that small patches persist in the landscape. Primary forest patches are scarce and underwent fewer losses, as they may be less accessible. In 1975 most patches were mapped as secondary, degraded forests, savanna, woodland, and mangrove, and relatively few comprised cropland, settlements, and agriculture, suggesting that new forest patches rarely emerged from arable land over the past 45 years (1975–2020), but rather are remnants of previously forested landscapes. Greening is widespread in larger secondary fragments possibly due to regrowth from land abandonment and migration to urban areas. Forest loss and gain are greater across fragments lying in more modified landscapes of secondary forests, while forest loss increases with distance to roads. Finally, larger forest patches harbour a denser tree cover and higher trees as they may be less impacted by human pressures. The number and extent of West African forest patches are expected to further decline, with a concurrent heightening of forest fragmentation and accompanying edge effects. Lacking any conservation status, and subject to increasing extractive demands, their protection and sustainable use is imperative.
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Corrêa, Matheus R. J., Yuri M. Bellagamba, Adriele P. de Magalhães, Joice P. V. Martins, Antônio J. do R. Cruz, Alessandra R. Kozovitz, Maria C. T. B. Messias i Cristiano S. de Azevedo. "Microhabitat structure and food availability modelling a small mammal assemblage in restored riparian forest remnants". Mammalia 82, nr 4 (26.07.2018): 315–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2017-0026.
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Abstract Small mammal populations respond to environmental changes in secondary riparian forest remnants in different ways, depending on the influences of biotic and abiotic variables. The present study evaluated how habitat/microhabitat structure and food availability influence small mammal assemblages in restored riparian forest remnants. Pitfall traps disposed in three linear transects were used to collect small mammals during 9 months of field work. General linear models were built to test the hypothesis that microhabitat structure (litter biomass and type – leaves and branches) and food availability (richness of zoochoric tree species and arthropods) influence species richness and abundance of small mammals. Three hundred and eighty-two individuals belonging to 14 species were captured. Biomass and type of litter (leaves or branches) provided greater structural to microhabitats, allowing the coexistence of morphologically similar species. Besides, food availability influenced foraging strategies of marsupials, forcing them to use the forest floor when zoochoric plants were rare. Thus, litter structure and food availability, allowing spatial segregation of the small mammal species using the forest fragments. We concluded that the maintenance of small mammals and their ecosystem services in restored riparian forests are dependent on habitat structure and food availability, thus, litter and zoochoric plants should be conserved in riparian forest fragments, especially those reforested.
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Capelari, Marina, Fernanda Karstedt i Jadson José Souza de Oliveira. "Favolaschia in remnants of the Atlantic Forest, Brazil". Mycoscience 55, nr 1 (styczeń 2014): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2013.03.004.
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Nehru, Prabakaran, G. Gnanasekaran, N. Muthu Karthick i D. Narasimhan. "Angiosperms of Nanmangalam Reserve Forest, an urban forest in Metropolitan Chennai, India". Check List 8, nr 1 (1.02.2012): 057. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.1.057.
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Humans have altered the forests of urban regions drastically, thereby reducing the original forests to isolated fragments. Such fragments may contain remnants of the original vegetation. Nanmangalam Reserve Forest (NRF), located in the Metropolitan Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, is an example of such a forest fragment, covering an area of 321 ha. A total of 449 angiosperm species belonging to 313 genera representing 83 families were recorded from NRF. Amongst the species, 79% were dicots and 21% were monocots. The most genera/species rich families were Fabaceae (37/69) and Poaceae (34/52). The species rich genera included Cassia (10), Crotalaria (7), Erogrostis, Hedyotis and Phyllanthus (6 each). Six endemic species were recorded. This diversity amidst a rapidly expanding city has to be protected in order to enable the conservation agenda of urban areas.
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Marchesan, Juliana, Rudiney Soares Pereira, Elisiane Alba i Letícia Daiane Pedrali. "Spatial Analysis of Forest Fragmentation in the Atlantic Forest Bioma Areas". Journal of Agricultural Science 10, nr 12 (15.11.2018): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n12p294.
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The goal of this work was to calculate landscape ecology metrics using the R language, allowing the analysis of forest fragments under the Atlantic Forest domain located in the sub-basin of Arroio Jaquirana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. For the mapping of the forest fragments, we used images from the REIS/RapidEye sensor dated 2016, and the classification was supervised through the Bhattacharya algorithm. The fragments were analyzed in seven size classes, to separate them and to calculate the landscape metrics it was used R language. The results attained demonstrated that the native forest occupied 34.01% of the study area, covering a total of 1,995 fragments, of which 93.43% were less than 5 ha. The highest values of edge and perimeter-area ratio were found in the small fragments indicating a greater edge effect, with the central areas of these remnants being exposed to the external matrix effects. Thus, it is concluded that the Atlantic Forest is highly fragmented and is extremely important to establish measures to minimize the effects and/or increase the connectivity between the fragments through ecological corridors using the smaller fragments, in addition, it makes necessary the development of public policies and research for the management of the region in order to preserve the remnants.
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Felton, Adam, Therese Löfroth, Per Angelstam, Lena Gustafsson, Joakim Hjältén, Annika M. Felton, Per Simonsson i in. "Correction to: Keeping pace with forestry: Multi-scale conservation in a changing production forest matrix". Ambio 49, nr 5 (16.11.2019): 1065–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01291-x.
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In the original published article, the sentence “Nevertheless, semi-natural forest remnants continue to be harvested and fragmented (Svensson et al. 2018; Jonsson et al. 2019), and over 2000 forest-associated species (of 15 000 assessed) are listed as threatened on Sweden’s red-list, largely represented by macro-fungi, beetles, lichens and butterflies (Sandström 2015).”under the section Introduction was incorrect. The correct version of the sentence is “Nevertheless, semi-natural forest remnants continue to be harvested and fragmented (Svensson et al. 2018; Jonsson et al. 2019), and approximately 2000 forest-associated species (of 15 000 assessed) are on Sweden’s red-list, largely represented by macro-fungi, beetles, lichens and butterflies (Sandström 2015).”
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Bianconi, Gledson V., Sandra B. Mikich i Wagner A. Pedro. "Movements of bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera) in Atlantic Forest remnants in southern Brazil". Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 23, nr 4 (grudzień 2006): 1199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81752006000400030.
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We used mark and recapture techniques to evaluate movements of bats within and between three brazilian forest remnants. We captured bats with mist-nets in four 1 ha plots representing different degrees of isolation of riparian (two plots) and submontane (two plots) forests between July 2002 and June 2003. Using numbered aluminium tags, we marked 635 bats of seven species and 54 individuals of six species were recaptured. Overall, we recaptured Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) (short-tailed fruit bat) most frequently, especially in plots where they were banded in the riparian forest plots. These results suggest that this bat has restricted feeding areas, which are probably determined by the abundance of Piper Linnaeus (Piperaceae), its preferred food item. In contrast, species of the genus Artibeus Leach, 1821 exhibited few recaptures, suggesting high mobility and larger feeding areas. In fact Artibeus seems to use more of the forest remnants in their search for food, especially Ficus Linnaeus (Moraceae), the preferred food of this bat. Our results suggest that even small forest isolates are valuable for the maintenance of some bat species because they offer many of the resources they need or because they are spatially distributed in a pattern that allows use of the entire landscape.
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Inskipp, Carol, i Tim Inskipp. "Phulchowki—hill of flowers". Oryx 23, nr 3 (lipiec 1989): 135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300022845.
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The forests that clad Phulchowki mountain in Nepal are internationally renowned for their fauna and flora but they are unprotected. The subtropical forests on the lower slopes are particularly valuable, being one of the last remnants of such forest left in Nepal and probably the only one still worth protecting. Currently very little of this forest type is included in the country's extensive protected area system. If it is to be saved action is needed soon: marble quarrying and the removal of trees for firewood, foliage and timber are destroying the forests, which are also vital for the protection of water supplies. The authors, whose recent study of Nepal's forest birds reinforced the importance of the mountain, suggest ways in which protection could benefit both the forests and the people.