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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Forest litter Australia"
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FAN, QING-HAI, i DAVID E. WALTER. "A review of the genus Tycherobius (Acari: Camerobiidae), with descriptions of four new species from Australia". Zootaxa 1121, nr 1 (2.02.2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1121.1.1.
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This is the first review on the genus Tycherobius Bolland since its establishment in 1986. We studied characters of the genus, provide distribution and habitat information, and described four new species from Australia: Tycherobius stipula sp. n., from grasstree litter in Brisbane and wetsandy heath litter in Cooloola, T. australis sp. n., from forest litter in Brisbane, wet-sandy heath litter in Cooloola, T. acicula sp. n., from litter in African Mahogany plantation in Far North Queensland and T. elongata sp. n., from forest litter in Brisbane. We also give a key to adults of the genus.
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Conacher, CA, C. O'Brien, JL Horrocks i RK Kenyon. "Litter production and accumulation in stressed mangrove communities in the Embley River estuary, north-eastern Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia". Marine and Freshwater Research 47, nr 5 (1996): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9960737.
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From March 1993 to March 1994, the three main mangrove communities in the Embley River Estuary (12�37'S, 141�52'E) were studied: Rhizophora forest in the main river channel and in a small creek, and Ceriops forest and Avicennia forest in a small creek. In November 1993, all A. marina trees in the main river channel lost their leaves, and some understorey species in Avicennia forests in tributaries died; this is attributed to environmental stress. This defoliation and death continued for at least a year. The Rhizophora forests were moderately to highly productive of litter, were the tallest, and had the greatest canopy cover and the greatest surface area of ground structures or potential refugia for juvenile finfish and crustaceans; all the litter was quickly transported by the tides to other parts of the estuary. The Ceriops and Avicennia forests produced less litter and were probably under water stress and salinity stress during the dry season; litter accumulated on the forest floor for much of the year, but from November to March was carried away by the higher tides and rainfall. Hence, in the wet season, pulses of litter are exported to the estuary, potentially forming temporary habitats in the estuary for juvenile finfish and crustaceans.
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Burrows, N. D. "Flame residence times and rates of weight loss of eucalypt forest fuel particles". International Journal of Wildland Fire 10, nr 2 (2001): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf01005.
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Shape, size, composition and arrangement of fuel particles within a fuel array significantly affect the way in which wildland fires behave. Australian eucalypt forest fire behaviour models characterise fine fuels according to the quantity burnt in the flaming zone, and the upper size limit for fine fuel particles is somewhat arbitrarily set at 6 mm for the McArthur Forest Fire Danger Meter and 10 mm for the Forest Fire Behaviour Tables for Western Australia. Flame residence time and rate of weight loss during combustion of dry eucalypt leaves and different dimensions of round wood were measured to provide a scientific basis for standardising litter fuel sampling in dry eucalypt forests. Eucalypt leaves burnt at a rate equivalent to a piece of 4 mm diameter round wood, with smaller diameter round wood being the most flammable component of the fuel array. Based on flame residence times of individual fuel particles measured in the laboratory, and eucalypt surface fuel arrays observed in the field, fine litter fuel sampling should be standardised to leaves and round wood less than 6 mm in diameter. This study also enables the determination of the contribution of larger fuel particles to flaming zone combustion and intensity.
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Bowman, DMJS. "Monsoon Forests in North-Western Australia. II. Forest-Savanna Transitions". Australian Journal of Botany 40, nr 1 (1992): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9920089.
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Presence-absence data for tree species in over 1000 quadrats, 10 ° 20m, on 144 transects were analysed by the divisive classificatory program TWINSPAN in order to define wet or dry monsoon forest, ecotone and savanna assemblages. A sorted table revealed that there was continuous floristic variation among these six vegetation types, although the abundance of tree species varied highly significantly between assemblages. Both wet and dry monsoon forests have higher stem densities, greater basal area, more tree species, higher litter cover and lower grass cover than surrounding savannas. Wet monsoon forest soils have significantly more moisture than surrounding savanna, but on the dry monsoon forest-savanna boundary there is no significant difference in soil moisture. Both wet and dry monsoon forest soils are more fertile than those in surrounding savannas, although there is considerable variation in the concentration of nutrients within and between the two forest formations. The greater fertility of the forest probably reflects superior nutrient accretion compared with the savanna, rather than indicating that monsoon forests are restricted to inherently fertile sites. Half the wet monsoon forest boundaries sampled had ecotonal quadrats separating forest from savanna, while only 18% of the dry monsoon forest boundaries had such structurally and floristically intermediate quadrats. A limited number of tree species was found to dominate both wet and dry forest ecotones. Wet forest ecotones are overall environmentally more similar to the surrounding savanna than the adjoining forests. Dry forest ecotones are environmentally intermediate between the dry forest and savanna. Both wet and dry forests have less fire damage than surrounding savannas. In contrast to the edaphic control of most wet monsoon forests, dry forests are typically restricted to fire protected niches. The distribution of both wet and dry forest, ecotone and savanna on boundaries with no edaphic or topographic discontinuities is thought to reflect a dynamic relationship between these assemblages.
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Kelly, Luke T., i Andrew F. Bennett. "Habitat requirements of the yellow-footed antechinus (Antechinus flavipes) in box - ironbark forest, Victoria, Australia". Wildlife Research 35, nr 2 (2008): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07088.
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Understanding the habitat requirements of a species is critical for effective conservation-based management. In this study, we investigated the influence of forest structure on the distribution of the yellow-footed antechinus (Antechinus flavipes), a small dasyurid marsupial characteristic of dry forests on the inland side of the Great Dividing Range, Australia. Hair-sampling tubes were used to determine the occurrence of A. flavipes at 60 sites stratified across one of the largest remaining tracts of dry box–ironbark forest in south-eastern Australia. We considered the role of six potential explanatory variables: large trees, hollow-bearing trees, coppice hollows, logs, rock cover and litter. Logistic regression models were examined using an information-theoretic approach to determine the variables that best explained the presence or absence of the species. Hierarchical partitioning was employed to further explore relationships between occurrence of A. flavipes and explanatory variables. Forest structure accounted for a substantial proportion of the variation in occurrence of A. flavipes between sites. The strongest influence on the presence of A. flavipes was the cover of litter at survey sites. The density of hollow-bearing trees and rock cover were also positive influences. The conservation of A. flavipes will be enhanced by retention of habitat components that ensure a structurally complex environment in box–ironbark forests. This will also benefit the conservation of several threatened species in this dry forest ecosystem.
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Nugent, Daniel T., Steven W. J. Leonard i Michael F. Clarke. "Interactions between the superb lyrebird (Menura novaehollandiae) and fire in south-eastern Australia". Wildlife Research 41, nr 3 (2014): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14052.
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Context The superb lyrebird Menura novaehollandiae is thought to be an important ecosystem engineer that, through its foraging, accelerates the decomposition of litter in Eucalyptus forests. Lyrebird foraging is therefore likely to affect forest fuel loads and hence fire behaviour in these fire-prone forests. In turn, fire is likely to reduce the abundance and influence the distribution of lyrebirds. Aims Our goal was to determine the impacts of a major bushfire on the habitat and food sources for the superb lyrebird and the effects of foraging activities of lyrebirds on litter fuel and potential fire behaviour in gullies of herb-rich foothill forests. Methods The effect of fire on lyrebirds and their habitat in the post-fire environment was examined at the landscape-scale, 2 years after fire; and at the patch-scale, 3 years after fire. Paired exclusion and control plots were also used over a 9-month period to assess the effects of foraging by the lyrebird on litter accumulation and fuel connectivity. Fire-behaviour models were used to determine the potential influence of lyrebird scratchings on fire behaviour. Key results At the landscape scale, lyrebirds were present in both unburnt and ground-burnt sites, but not in canopy-burnt sites. Within patchily burnt sites, lyrebirds favoured foraging in unburnt patches. On average, lyrebird foraging reduced litter fuel loads by 25% (1.66 t ha–1) in plots in which they were free to forage, compared with plots from which they were excluded, over a 9-month period. Fire-behaviour modelling showed that lyrebird foraging led to a lower likelihood of fire occurring and less intense fire. Conclusions Distinctly different vegetation structure and composition between burnt and unburnt patches appears to influence both the foraging patterns and distribution of lyrebirds. Additionally, foraging by lyrebirds reduces surface fuel loads and fuel connectivity such that fire spread is likely to be inhibited. Implications We propose that alternative stable states may emerge in Eucalyptus forests as a result of feedback mechanisms among lyrebirds, vegetation and fuel accumulation. Therefore, the ecological role of lyrebirds is an important consideration in forest fuel management and conservation in these extensive, fire-prone forests in south-eastern Australia.
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Dennis, Andrew J. "Scatter-hoarding by musky rat-kangaroos, Hypsiprymnodon moschatus, a tropical rain-forest marsupial from Australia: implications for seed dispersal". Journal of Tropical Ecology 19, nr 6 (24.10.2003): 619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467403006023.
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Tropical forests around the world contain animals that scatter-hoard fruits and seeds but few are known in Australian tropical forests. This study used both direct observation and spool-and-line tracking of simulated fruits to demonstrate that Australia's smallest kangaroos disperse large numbers of rain-forest fruits and seeds. They did so in two ways, either by scatter-hoarding or by carrying them away from the source to devour the flesh before dropping the seed on to the litter surface. The fruits used included a range of fruit types but particularly species with large fleshy fruit. Caches occurred as a single fruit pressed into the soil and covered with litter a mean distance of 17 m (±2.7 SE) and up to 68 m from the source. Musky rat-kangaroos handled up to 2700 fruits ha-1 mo-1 and they dispersed up to 900 fruits ha-1 mo-1 and cached up to 690 fruits ha-1 mo-1. This behaviour is a significant example of convergent evolution, which reflects similar behaviour found in agoutis, acouchies and squirrels on other continents.
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Gormley, Angela G., Tina L. Bell i Malcolm Possell. "Non-Additive Effects of Forest Litter on Flammability". Fire 3, nr 2 (12.05.2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire3020012.
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Forest litter is a fuel component that is important for the propagation of fire. Data describing fuel load, structure and fuel condition were gathered for two sites of Sydney Coastal Dry Sclerophyll Forest, a common vegetation type in the Sydney Basin, Australia. Surface litter from the sites was sorted into its constituent components and used to establish which component or mixture of components were the most flammable using several metrics. A general blending model was used to estimate the effect the different mixtures had on the response of the flammability metrics and identify non-additive effects. Optimisation methods were applied to the models to determine the mixture compositions that were the most or least flammable. Differences in the flammability of the two sites were significant and were driven by Allocasuarina littoralis. The presence of A. littoralis in litter mixtures caused non-additive effects, increasing the rate of flame spread and flame height non-linearly. We discuss how land managers could use these models as a tool to assist in prioritising areas for hazard reduction burns and how the methodology can be extended to other fuel conditions or forest types.
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Parsons, Scott A., i Robert A. Congdon. "Plant litter decomposition and nutrient cycling in north Queensland tropical rain-forest communities of differing successional status". Journal of Tropical Ecology 24, nr 3 (maj 2008): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467408004963.
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Abstract:Soil processes are essential in enabling forest regeneration in disturbed landscapes. Little is known about whether litterfall from dominating pioneer species in secondary rain forest is functionally equivalent to that of mixed rain-forest litter in terms of contribution to soil processes. This study used the litterbag technique to quantify the decomposition and nutrient dynamics of leaf litter characteristic of three wet tropical forest communities in the Paluma Range National Park, Queensland, Australia over 511 d. These were: undisturbed primary rain forest (mixed rain-forest species), selectively logged secondary rain forest (pioneer Alphitonia petriei) and tall open eucalypt forest (Eucalyptus grandis). Mass loss, total N, total P, K, Ca and Mg dynamics of the decaying leaves were determined, and different mathematical models were used to explain the mass loss data. Rainfall and temperature data were also collected from each site. The leaves of A. petriei and E. grandis both decomposed significantly slower in situ than the mixed rain-forest species (39%, 38% and 29% ash-free dry mass remaining respectively). Nitrogen and phosphorus were immobilized, with 182% N and 134% P remaining in E. grandis, 127% N and 132% P remaining in A. petriei and 168% N and 121% P remaining in the mixed rain-forest species. The initial lignin:P ratio and initial lignin:N ratio exerted significant controls on decomposition rates. The exceptionally slow decomposition of the pioneer species is likely to limit soil processes at disturbed tropical rain-forest sites in Australia.
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Matthews, S., W. L. McCaw, J. E. Neal i R. H. Smith. "Testing a process-based fine fuel moisture model in two forest types". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, nr 1 (1.01.2007): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-207.
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We test the ability of a recently developed process-based fine fuel moisture model to predict the surface and profile moisture content of litter fuels in two types of eucalytpus forest in Western Australia. The model predicts fuel moisture by modelling the energy and water budgets of the litter, intercepted precipitation, and the air spaces in the litter. The model equations are solved using an initial observation of fuel moisture and boundary conditions derived from basic weather observations. Model predictions are compared with twice-daily field observations made from October 1983 to March 1984. A novel two-stage method is used to assess model performance; the ability of the model to predict whether fuel is flammable is first assessed using contingency table analysis, and then the accuracy of predictions when the fuel is flammable is assessed. The model is capable of predicting the flammability of litter in both forest types with 80%–90% accuracy. Predictions of moisture content in flammable fuels are, on average, accurate to within 3% once the model has been calibrated against field observations. The model can be adapted to other forest types by specifying suitable parameters or by calibration against field observations.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Forest litter Australia"
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Greenwood, David Robert. "The foliar physiognomic analysis and taphonomy of leaf beds derived from modern Australia rainforest". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phg8165.pdf.
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Swarts, Derek Juan. "Soil community structure and litter decomposition under irrigated Eucalyptus Globulus in South Western Australia". Connect to thesis, 2006. http://portal.ecu.edu.au/adt-public/adt-ECU2006.0051.html.
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Swarts, Derek J. "Soil community structure and litter decomposition under irrigated Eucalyptus Globulus in South Western Australia". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2006. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/100.
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Plantations provide a range of benefits, including the potential to ameliorate salinity and soil erosion, enhance biodiversity, and provide timber and wood chips. They are increasingly important because of their role in carbon sequestration (Adolphson, 2000; Anonymous, 2005; Jones et al. , 2005; Kozlowski, 2002; Paul and Polglase, 2004). Recent research has highlighted the connection between plantation health and soil fertility (Johnston and Crossley Jr, 2002). Within an Australian context there is little published data on the composition of the soil and litter fauna and their contribution to litter decomposition under plantation systems (Adolphson, 2000). The Albany Effluent Irrigated Tree Farm provided an opportunity to research plantation (Eucalyptus globulus ) soil flora and fauna communities, rates of litter decomposition and to describe the impact of irrigation (both mains-water and effluent) on these communities.
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Adolphson, Honi M. "Acari (Mite) Abundance And Diversity In Soil And Litter Layers Of Eucalyptus Globulus Labill (Tasmanian bluegum) Plantations In Southwest Western Australia". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2000. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1542.
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With the increased planting of E. globulus monoculture plantations, concerns surround the impact these mass plantings will have on the soil environment and wider ecosystem. Soil and litter mites are the dominant saprophages of terrestrial ecosystems, contributing to decomposition processes through their comminution and grazing activities. Despite the importance of mites to decomposition processes, there have been no investigations to date of the litter and soil communities under these plantations within Australia. This study investigated the impact of Eucalyptus globulus subsp. globulus (Tasmanian bluegum) monoculture plantations on the diversity and abundance of the soil and litter acarine (mite) fauna. Mite communities under three 8 year-old E. globulus plantations sited on reclaimed pastureland were compared with an adjacent native E. marginata (jarrah) forest and a grazed pasture in the mediterranean-type region of southwest Western Australia. Sites were sampled in spring 1997 and new sites randomly selected in autumn 1998. Large seasona1 variations in abundance and diversity were found between the sampling periods of spring 1997 and autumn 1998, influenced considerably by soil moisture. Species richness was consistently higher in both the soil and litter layers under native jarrah forest, with the E. globulus plantations intermediate in species richness between the native forest and grazed pasture. A total of 114 mite species/morphospecies was recognized; 16 Mesostigmata, 52 Prostigmata, 45 Oribatida (Cryptostigmata) and 1Astigmata. Species diversity in the surface litter was higher under the native forest, reflecting the greater heterogeneity of the litter. Diversity in the underlying soil was similar for the native forest and E. globulus plantation, although there were considerable differences in species richness. Soil diversity in the pasture was very poor in comparison to the two forest systems, reflecting the absence of a litter layer and reduced niche dimensions. The monospecific E. globulus litter possibly reduced niche variety by simplifying the physical habitat and reducing the variety of resources available for the saprophagous fauna, of which the oribatid mites are a major component. Consequently, the number of families represented in the microphytophagous, phytophagous and predator functional groups under the E. globulus plantation may have been reduced. The most common oribatid families under the plantation were those often reported from disturbed habitats, Oppiidae and Tectocepheidae, and those common in many habitats, Oppiinae and Oppiellinae. An important management implication arising from this study is that these plantations would harbour a more diverse mite fauna if planted as a mixed tree stratum.
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Zhang, Li, i n/a. "Bacterial Diversity of Australian Exotic Pine Forest Soil and Leaf Litter". Griffith University. School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, 2007. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20071128.094745.
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Forest plantations, widely grown for wood production, involve the selective promotion of single tree species, or replacement of natural species by exotic tree species. Slash pine (Pinus elliottii) has been chosen for reforestation of infertile sandy soils in southeast Queensland, Australia. These exotic pine plantations minimise soil and water losses, and are important scientific study sites. The soil environment of these plantations, though devoid of sufficient nutrients, oxygen and other factors, harbours innumerable bacteria that may play a crucial role in maintaining soil quality and ecosystem functions. These soil microorganisms also have the potential for use as sensitive biological indicators to reflect environmental changes. It is therefore essential to understand the interrelationships amongst bacterial communities and their environment by assessing their structural and functional diversity, and their responses to disturbances. The microbial community of an exotic pine plantation of subtropical Australia was analysed by both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. In this study, a leaf litter-soil core sample (25 cm x 40 cm) was collected from a 22-year-old slash pine plantation in southeast Queensland, Australia in October, 2003. The core sample was divided into three fractions, namely, L layer leaf litter, F layer leaf litter, and forest soil 0-10 cm. In the culture-independent study, a modified DNA extraction and purification method was used to obtain highly purified high-molecular-weight DNA. This DNA was successfully used to amplify bacterial 16S rRNA genes with universal primers Fd1 and R6, to produce products of approximately 1500 bp. PCRamplified 16S rRNA genes were subsequently cloned and a total of 194 clones from leaf litter and soil were partially sequenced (about 510 bp). The 16S rRNA gene sequences were analysed and grouped into several phylogroups (the sequences with a similarity value ¡Ý 98 % were regarded as phylogenetically similar and grouped into one phylogroup). Sequencing representatives (¡Ö 1400 nucleotides) from each phylogenetic group confirmed that five bacterial phyla were represented in the forest soil clone library. Phylum Acidobacterium was the most abundant phylogenetic group in terms of the number of clones and accounted for 42 % of all examined soil clones. The Verrucomicrobiales and Proteobacteria were the second and third most abundant phylogenetic groups found in the soil clone libraries, accounting for 12 % and 11 % of the soil clones, respectively. About 8 % of all examined soil clones were Planctomycetes and 27 % of soil clones were phylogenetically unidentified. The large amount of unclassified clone sequences could imply that novel groups of bacteria were present in the forest soil. When the two fractions of leaf litter clone libraries were compared, Firmicutes was the only phylum represented in the L layer leaf litter clone library. Similarly, Firmicutes dominated the F layer leaf litter (79 % of the library), was followed by Proteobacteria (21 %). For the culture-dependent study, a total of 21 isolates which were considered to represent 334 colonies from the leaf litter and forest soil were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, indicating that L layer leaf litter and F layer leaf litter were dominated by Firmicutes (48 %) and Proteobacteria (69 %) respectively, and 91 % of the isolates from the forest soil were Firmicutes. Using culture-independent methods, Actinobacteria appeared to be absent from the L and F layer leaf litter and forest soil samples. The results implied that either the nucleic acids of Actinobacteria were difficult to extract or Actinobacteria were over represented in the culture-dependent examinations. Phylum Acidobacteria appeared to be numerically dominant and active members in most soils. However, only one named species had been isolated from an acid mine drainage site and reported by Kishimoto and Tano (1987). Analysis by culture-dependent methods revealed a different bacterial diversity, compared to the bacterial diversity from the 16S rRNA gene clone sequences. The most significant result was the observation that, as revealed by both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods, the bacterial diversity presented in the leaf litter was greatly different from the community of the soil. During the culture-dependent bacterial diversity study, four novel strains were isolated from the forest soil and leaf litter samples and complete characterisations of these novel strains were carried out. Reports on the descriptions of Bacillus decisifrondis strain E5HC-32T from forest soil and Frondicola australicus strain E1HC-02T from L layer leaf litter have been published (appendix). The information provided by assessing the microbial communities in different fractions of leaf litter and forest soil improves our understanding of the phylogenetic relationship between soil and leaf litter. It is suggested, in this study, to perform both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods to characterise the bacterial structure and diversity in forest litter and soil samples, particularly in response to different forest management practices and global change. This study also provides the basis for further functional studies of the forest soil and leaf litter of exotic pine plantation in subtropical Australia.
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Greenwood, David Robert. "The foliar physiognomic analysis and taphonomy of leaf beds derived from modern Australia rainforest / David Robert Greenwood". Thesis, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/18723.
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TypescriptCopies of two papers co-authored by the author, in back cover pocket
Bibliography: leaves 128-143
143 leaves, [60] leaves : ill., maps ; 30 cm.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Botany, 1987
Książki na temat "Forest litter Australia"
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Colloff, Matthew. Flooded Forest and Desert Creek. CSIRO Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643109209.
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The river red gum has the most widespread natural distribution of Eucalyptus in Australia, forming extensive forests and woodlands in south-eastern Australia and providing the structural and functional elements of important floodplain and wetland ecosystems. Along ephemeral creeks in the arid Centre it exists as narrow corridors, providing vital refugia for biodiversity.
The tree has played a central role in the tension between economy, society and environment and has been the subject of enquiries over its conservation, use and management. Despite this, we know remarkably little about the ecology and life history of the river red gum: its longevity; how deep its roots go; what proportion of its seedlings survive to adulthood; and the diversity of organisms associated with it.
More recently we have begun to move from a culture of exploitation of river red gum forests and woodlands to one of conservation and sustainable use. In Flooded Forest and Desert Creek, the author traces this shift through the rise of a collective environmental consciousness, in part articulated through the depiction of river red gums and inland floodplains in art, literature and the media.
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Lynch, David, i Tony Yeigh. Teacher Education in Australia: Investigations into programming, practicum and partnership. Oxford Global Press; London, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.53333/oxfgp/180226.
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In the last decade in Australia teacher education has undergone numerous critical reviews, yet little on the teacher education front appears to have changed. Related to this, the teaching profession's struggles to cope with a changing world have been publicly documented and an increasing push for improved school outcomes from Australian governments, at both the state and federal level, appear as regular pieces in the national press. This forms a complex situation involving competing concerns, and raises questions concerning what to make of the situation and how to move teacher education forward in Australia. This book seeks to answer these questions by providing an evidence-based framework for investigating and directing teacher education practice into the future.
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Richards, Greg, Les Hall i Steve Parish. Natural History of Australian Bats. CSIRO Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643103757.
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To hold a little microbat in your hand, its body the size of the end of your thumb, is nothing but astounding. Its head is nearly the size of a man’s fingernail, its tiny ears are twitching as it struggles to get free, and then it bares its teeth to try and scare you into letting it go. Inside that tiny head is a powerhouse of information. Some of our little bats know the entire landscape of our east coast, and can pinpoint a cave entrance in dense forest 500 km from its last home. When they get there they know what to do – where to forage, which bat to mate with and how to avoid local predators.
A Natural History of Australian Bats uncovers the unique biology and ecology of these wonderful creatures. It features a description of each bat species found in Australia, as well as a section on bat myths. The book is enhanced by stunning colour photographs from Steve Parish, most of which have never been seen before.
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Lukasiewicz, Anna, Stephen Dovers, Libby Robin, Jennifer McKay, Steven Schilizzi i Sonia Graham, red. Natural Resources and Environmental Justice. CSIRO Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486306381.
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Environmental management involves making decisions about the governance of natural resources such as water, minerals or land, which are inherently decisions about what is just or fair. Yet, there is little emphasis on justice in environmental management research or practical guidance on how to achieve fairness and equity in environmental governance and public policy. This results in social dilemmas that are significant issues for government, business and community agendas, causing conflict between different community interests.
Natural Resources and Environmental Justice provides the first comprehensive, interdisciplinary examination of justice research in Australian environmental management, identifying best practice and current knowledge gaps. With chapters written by experts in environmental and social sciences, law and economics, this book covers topical issues, including coal seam gas, desalination plants, community relations in mining, forestry negotiations, sea-level rise and animal rights. It also proposes a social justice framework and an agenda for future justice research in environmental management.
These important environmental issues are covered from an Australian perspective and the book will be of broad use to policy makers, researchers and managers in natural resource management and governance, environmental law, social impact and related fields both in Australia and abroad.
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Colloff, MJ, i RB Halliday. Oribatid Mites. CSIRO Publishing, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643105201.
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Oribatid mites are ancient, minute arthropods that live in soil, plant litter, mosses and lichens, and on trees and shrubs. Prior to the production of this catalogue, Australian Oribatid mites had been poorly documented. This catalogue summarises our knowledge of the fauna of Australian Oribatid mites, including many new records of species and genera. It forms a fundamental resource for anyone interested in these important organisms and their role in soil ecology and as environmental indicators.
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Claridge, Andrew, John Seebeck i Randy Rose. Bettongs, Potoroos and the Musky Rat-kangaroo. CSIRO Publishing, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643095083.
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Rat-kangaroos have not coped well with the impact of European settlement in Australia. Of the 11 species present in 1788, two are extinct, two are either mostly or totally restricted to offshore islands and the range of all other species has been much reduced. Habitat alienation, altered fire regimes, grazing, predation by introduced carnivores, competition from rabbits and timber harvesting have variously taken their toll on these little-seen animals.
The rat-kangaroo was one of the first Australian marsupials to be seen alive in Europe. Collected close to the settlement at Sydney Cove, a pair of them were exhibited in London in 1789. These animals were called by the local Aboriginal people 'Pot-o-roo', and by the European settlers, 'Kangooroo rat'. They were the Long-nosed Potoroo, Potorous tridactylus, the first of what we now call 'Rat-kangaroos' to be discovered.
Bettongs, Potoroos and the Musky Rat-kangaroo provides an extraordinary glimpse into the secretive lives of these unusual marsupials. It also reveals little-known facts about the critical functional role these creatures play in maintaining the forest and woodland habitats in which they live.
Winner of the 2008 Whitley Award for Natural History.
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Pouliot, Alison. Allure of Fungi. CSIRO Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486308583.
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Although relatively little known, fungi provide the links between the terrestrial organisms and ecosystems that underpin our functioning planet.
The Allure of Fungi presents fungi through multiple perspectives – those of mycologists and ecologists, foragers and forayers, naturalists and farmers, aesthetes and artists, philosophers and Traditional Owners. It explores how a history of entrenched fears and misconceptions about fungi has led to their near absence in Australian ecological consciousness and biodiversity conservation.
Through a combination of text and visual essays, the author reflects on how aesthetic, sensate experience deepened by scientific knowledge offers the best chance for understanding fungi, the forest and human interactions with them.
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Stark, Alastair. Public Inquiries, Policy Learning, and the Threat of Future Crises. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831990.001.0001.
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This book is animated by a simple but very important question. Can post-crisis inquiries deliver effective lesson-learning which will reduce our vulnerability to future threats? Conventional wisdom suggests that the answer to this question should be an emphatic no. Inquiries are regularly vilified as costly wastes of time that illuminate very little and change even less. This book, however, draws upon evidence from an international comparison of post-crisis inquiries in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom to show that, contrary to conventional wisdom, the post-crisis inquiry is an effective means of learning from disaster and that they consistently encourage policy reforms that enhance our resilience to future threats. This evidence is accompanied by a re-booted conceptualization of the public inquiry, which better recognizes the complexity of the modern state, the challenges of policy learning within it, and contemporary forms of public policy scholarship.
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Stephenson, Steven. Secretive Slime Moulds. CSIRO Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486314140.
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Neither plants, nor animals, nor fungi, the myxomycetes are a surprisingly diverse and fascinating group of organisms. They spend the majority of their life out of sight as single-celled amoeboid individuals in leaf litter, soil or decaying wood, foraging for bacteria and other simple life forms. However, when conditions are right, two individual cells come together to give rise to a much larger, creeping structure called a plasmodium, which produces the even more complex and often beautiful fruiting bodies. Indeed, the fruiting bodies of myxomycetes are often miniature works of art!
Their small size (usually only a few millimetres tall) and fleeting fruiting phase mean that these organisms, although ubiquitous and sometimes abundant, are overlooked by most people. However, recent research by a few dedicated individuals has shown that Australia has a very diverse myxomycete biota with more than 330 species, the largest number known for any region of the Southern Hemisphere.
This comprehensive monograph provides keys, descriptions and information on the known distribution for all of these species in addition to containing introductory material relating to their biology and ecology. Many species are illustrated, showing the diversity of their fruiting bodies, and greatly facilitating their identification.
This book will give naturalists a new insight into an often overlooked group of organisms in addition to providing an incentive to search for the many species which have undoubtedly thus far escaped notice.
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Manne, Kate. Down Girl. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190604981.001.0001.
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What is misogyny? And (why) is it still occurring? This book explores the logic of misogyny, conceived in terms of the hostilities women face because they are living in a man’s world, or one that has been until recently. It shows how misogyny may persist in cultures in which its existence is routinely denied—including the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom, which are often alleged to be post-patriarchal. Not so, Down Girl argues. Misogyny has rather taken particular forms following the advent of legal equality, obligating women to be moral “givers,” and validating a sense of entitlement among her privileged male counterparts. Many of rape culture’s manifestations are canvassed—from the ubiquitous entreaty “Smile, sweetheart!” to Donald Trump’s boasts of grabbing women by the “pussy,” which came to light during his successful 2016 presidential campaign; from the Isla Vista killings in California to the police officer in Oklahoma who preyed on African American women with criminal records, sexually assaulting them in the knowledge they would have little legal recourse; from the conservative anti-abortion movement to online mobbings of women in public life, deterring the participation therein of all but the most privileged and well-protected. It is argued on this basis that misogyny often takes the form of taking from her what she is (falsely) held to owe him, and preventing her from competing for positions of masculine-coded power and authority. And he, in turn, may be held to owe her little.
Części książek na temat "Forest litter Australia"
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Hasnat, G. N. Tanjina, i Mohammed Kamal Hossain. "Global Overview of Tropical Dry Forests". W Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability, 1–23. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0014-9.ch001.
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Forests cover almost one-third of the Earth's land surface. Tropical dry forests are the second-most-important forest type in the world covering approximately 42% of tropical and sub-tropical forest area. The main features of these forests are their deciduousness, a prolonged dry period extending 3-9 months, and little annual precipitation of 250-2,000 mm. Tropical dry forests are found in five of the eight realms in the world. More than half of the forests are distributed in the Americas, with other portions in Africa, Eurasia, Australia, and Southeast Asia. The forests are unique in nature, and provide shelter to a huge number of endemics and endangered species. Among woody plant species, about 40% are not found anywhere in the world. These forests are now the most threatened among all forest types. The conservation status of these forests is endangered. Deforestation, rapid civilization, land conversion, fire, and climate change are the major threats. Proper management with time-oriented policy could be helpful to restore these forests and protect the existing remnant areas.
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Hasnat, G. N. Tanjina, i Mohammed Kamal Hossain. "Global Overview of Tropical Dry Forests". W Research Anthology on Ecosystem Conservation and Preserving Biodiversity, 69–91. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5678-1.ch005.
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Forests cover almost one-third of the Earth's land surface. Tropical dry forests are the second-most-important forest type in the world covering approximately 42% of tropical and sub-tropical forest area. The main features of these forests are their deciduousness, a prolonged dry period extending 3-9 months, and little annual precipitation of 250-2,000 mm. Tropical dry forests are found in five of the eight realms in the world. More than half of the forests are distributed in the Americas, with other portions in Africa, Eurasia, Australia, and Southeast Asia. The forests are unique in nature, and provide shelter to a huge number of endemics and endangered species. Among woody plant species, about 40% are not found anywhere in the world. These forests are now the most threatened among all forest types. The conservation status of these forests is endangered. Deforestation, rapid civilization, land conversion, fire, and climate change are the major threats. Proper management with time-oriented policy could be helpful to restore these forests and protect the existing remnant areas.
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Parkins, Kate, Brett Cirulis, Lauren Bennett i Trent Penman. "Characterising and managing fire risks to plantations under changing climates". W Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 1423–29. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_216.
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Wildfires are a common threat to the sustainability of commercial plantations in fire-prone regions. Large losses of plantations from wildfires can lead to the disruption of forest yield, with flow-on impacts to downstream industries, resulting in significant social and economic impacts to local communities. Future climate projections indicate an increase in wildfire activity, including increases in fire extent, severity or frequency in many fire-prone ecosystems. Land and fire management agencies around the world invest significant resources to reduce the likelihood and impact of future fires and increase the capacity for fire suppression. However, we currently know very little about how commercial plantations will be impacted by fire as the climate changes, or if strategic management can mitigate some of these risks into the future. In this study we sought to quantify fire risks to plantations and nearby community assets under current and changing climates; and to evaluate the effectiveness of management options for mitigating some of these risks under changing climates. This research included the customisation of a fire simulation tool for use in plantation landscapes by developing plantation-specific fuel functions (derived from field-sampling in hardwood and softwood plantations around Australia) that were integrated into fire spread models. To quantify longer-term risks, these advancements were also integrated into a stochastic fire regime simulator (FROST– Fire Regimes and Operation Simulation Tool) that is proposed for future use in operational risk assessments. Fire risks to both environmental and community assets were evaluated under current and changing climates to support evidence-based management to help guide investment, insurance negotiations, and fire mitigation in the plantation sector. The fire regime simulator (FROST) was also used to evaluate a range of different management options for reducing risk as a basis for efficient allocation of fire prevention and response resources both by plantation growers and by broader fire regions. We found that reducing suppression response times (to 15 minutes or less for all ignitions) and the current approach to management (a construction rate of 2km/h for suppression and 15-minute response times, with 4000ha/year of prescribed burning) were consistently the best management strategies for reducing fire risks to plantations and adjacent communities, regardless of the climate model used. These strategies offer the greatest scope for reducing future wildfire risks to plantation assets and adjacent communities as the climate changes. High pruning in strategic locations may also be worthy of future investment but should be considered in combination with more rapid suppression and prescribed burning. Plantation owners currently have little influence over the amount and location of prescribed burning adjacent to plantations, and fuel reduction burning is not regularly undertaken in Australian plantations. Therefore, rapid suppression response times is the single best investment for minimising impact to plantation assets under a hotter or drier climate.
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Dean, Peter J. "To the Jungle Shore". W The Sea and the Second World War, 171–201. University Press of Kentucky, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9781949668049.003.0008.
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Amphibious warfare was critical to the success of Allied forces in the South West Pacific Area (SWPA) during the Pacific War. However, at the beginning of the war both the Australian and United States forces in the SWPA had little knowledge, expertise, or experience in this form of warfare. This chapter by Peter J. Dean traces the development of amphibious warfare in the SWPA through organization, training, tactics, doctrine, and operations. While focusing on the Australian experience and highlighting the evolution of capabilities between 1942-45 through an analysis of the assaults on Lae (1943) and Balikpapan (1945), it contextualizes this experience within General Douglas MacArthur's maritime strategy and the friction inherent in combined amphibious operations in this theater. The chapter highlights the evolution of the Australian Army from a force almost totally unfamiliar with the practice of amphibious operations to one which, in combination with its United States coalition partner, becomes a practitioner par excellence in this form of warfare.
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Dauvergne, Peter. "By No Means Pleasant". W Environmentalism of the Rich. The MIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262034951.003.0003.
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This chapter surveys the ecological and political history of the South Pacific island of Nauru after 1798 – a microcosm of the globalization of unsustainability. In the 1900s Nauru became a major source of high-grade phosphate fertilizer, especially for Australia and New Zealand. The history of phosphate mining in Nauru illustrates how deeply colonial and postcolonial forces can disrupt sustainability even in places far from the centers of power, and how over generations these disruptions can build into an ever-greater crisis. At the height of Nauru’s phosphate boom in the mid-1970s average income of the Nauruan people was the second highest in the world. But this wealth was an illusion, as Nauru was being strip-mined with little planning for a future without phosphate. Today, Nauru’s economy is in tatters, and with hardly any phosphate left it is now serving its former colonizer Australia as a detention camp for asylum seekers who had been hoping to reach Australia.
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Harris, Anthony C., David R. Cooke, Ana Liza Garcia Cuison, Malissa Groome, Alan J. Wilson, Nathan Fox, John Holliday i Richard Tosdal. "Chapter 30: Geologic Evolution of Late Ordovician to Early Silurian Alkalic Porphyry Au-Cu Deposits at Cadia, New South Wales, Australia". W Geology of the World’s Major Gold Deposits and Provinces, 621–43. Society of Economic Geologists, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/sp.23.30.
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Abstract The Cadia district of New South Wales contains four alkalic porphyry Au-Cu deposits (Cadia East, Ridgeway, Cadia Hill, and Cadia Quarry) and two Cu-Au-Fe skarn prospects (Big Cadia and Little Cadia), with a total of ~50 Moz Au and ~9.5 Mt Cu (reserves, resources, and past production). The ore deposits are hosted by volcaniclastic rocks of the Weemalla Formation and Forest Reefs Volcanics, which were deposited in a submarine basin on the flanks of the Macquarie Arc during the Middle to Late Ordovician. Alkalic magmatism occurred during the Benambran orogeny in the Late Ordovician to early Silurian, resulting in the emplacement of monzonite intrusive complexes and the formation of porphyry Au-Cu mineralization. Ridgeway formed synchronous with the first compressive peak of deformation and is characterized by an intrusion-centered quartz-magnetite-bornite-chalcopyrite-Au vein stockwork associated with calc-potassic alteration localized around the apex of the pencil-like Ridgeway intrusive complex. The volcanic-hosted giant Cadia East deposit and the intrusion-hosted Cadia Hill and Cadia Quarry deposits formed during a period of relaxation after the first compressive peak of the Benambran orogeny and are characterized by sheeted quartz-sulfide-carbonate vein arrays associated with subtle potassic, calc-potassic, and propylitic alteration halos.
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Bowden, Bradley, i Peta Stevenson-Clarke. "Causes of Railroad Labor Conflict". W Frontiers of Labor. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252041839.003.0010.
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New World railroads were seminal to nineteenth-century industrialization and European expansion. Funded by the profits of industrialization, the railroads opened new lands for agricultural and pastoral settlement, the produce of which fed the industrial workforces of the North Atlantic littoral while at the same time providing factory looms and foundries with their essential raw materials. Whether in private hands (as in the United States) or under public ownership (as in Australia), New World railroads were in managerial terms unequalled in the size and complexities of their organization. In the 1890s the power of railroad management was seemingly confirmed when they imposed dramatic reductions in wages and other employment conditions on their workforces. Where resisted, as in the United States Pullman Boycott, opposition was soon broken. Yet the managerial and financial strength of the railroads was by the 1890s more apparent than real. As mere cogs in a global production system, the railroads were financial victims of forces that they themselves helped unleash. As railroad-fueled rural expansion gradually swamped global commodity markets, the railroads found that the prices obtained for their core custom (notably corn and wheat) fell remorselessly. As prices fell, so too did railroad rates. While it was these economic mechanisms that drove management toward labor conflict, victories on this front did little to improve management’s position. The reason for this is that the railroads suffered primarily from revenue rather than labor cost problems. Saddled with large fixed costs, the railroads found that even the most severe wage and staffing cuts made little difference to their financial plight.
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van Santen, Rutger, Djan Khoe i Bram Vermeer. "Preparing for Pandemics". W 2030. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195377170.003.0030.
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The first draft of this chapter was written before the pandemic alert for the 2009 flu was launched. Since then, terms such as swine flu, Mexican flu, or H1N1 were constantly in the headlines. We witnessed the first really worldwide outbreak of a new influenza strain. Events went faster than we foresaw in our original text. We had started the chapter with an imaginary scenario of an outbreak in 2013 not in Mexico but in the East Java, Indonesia, city of Malang. It was not really meant as a prediction but merely a little story to show the consequences of an outbreak. We wanted to show how disruptive the outbreak of a new disease might be. We described all the things that we are now familiar with: doctors who aren’t particularly worried in the beginning; people that live close to their animals and pick up viruses; patients in hospitals with high fever and severe cough; pharmaceutical companies anxious to peddle expensive vaccines. Then we invented some struggle between the Indonesian authorities and the World Health Organization (WHO) about blood samples. That reflects the reluctance of developing nations to cooperate in the production of vaccines they can never afford. In our story, the rest of the world ignored this imaginary outbreak and was oblivious to the rising death toll and the diplomatic wrangling. That’s just like the start of the 2009 flu that probably haunted Mexican villages for many weeks unreported. In our story, the silence was broken when two nurses died in Perth, Australia. The media seized on the story immediately with yelling headlines. In the week that followed, dozens of new cases were reported in Indonesia, Australia, and Singapore, together with the first suspected case in New York. Then there follows all the health humdrum that we are now so familiar with. The WHO has got hold of the flu virus and is preparing to produce a new vaccine. However, the epidemic spreads like an oil slick with the virus striking one major city after another. Antivirals change hands over the Internet for huge sums despite doctors’ warnings that the drugs only work if administered within a few hours of infection.
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Haridasan, M. "Nutrient Cycling as a Function of Landscape and Biotic Characteristics in the Cerrados of Central Brazil". W The Biogeochemistry of the Amazon Basin. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195114317.003.0008.
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The cerrados of central Brazil have long been designated savannas without sufficient understanding of the structure and functioning of the different vegetation forms in the region. Excessive emphasis on identifying similarities with other savannas in Africa and Australia, and even within South America outside Brazil, prevented researchers from recognizing the cerrados’ special features and interdependence among themselves in the landscape where they occur. The more extensive cerrado sensu stricto on dystrophic soils, and to a lesser extent the gallery forests known locally as matas de galeria or matas ciliares, dominated the attention of most botanists and other researchers (Ratter and Dargie 1992, Furley 1992, Furley and Ratter 1988, Furley et al. 1992). Even with increasing interest in biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, very little ongoing research is reported on nutrient cycling from the cerrado region (Solbrig et al. 1996). Information available in the literature is restricted to isolated attempts to describe and quantify specific processes like litterfall and decomposition (Peres et al. 1983), rainwater composition (Schiavini 1983, Delitti 1984), soil fertility gradients (Lopes and Cox 1977), leaf nutrient concentrations (Haridasan 1987, 1992, Araújo and Haridasan 1988), primary productivity of the ground layer (Batmanian and Haridasan 1985, Meirelles and Henrique 1992), effects of burning (Coutinho 1990, Kauffman et al. 1994, Miranda et al. 1996c) and activities of soil fauna (Constantino 1988, Egler and Haridasan 1987, Oliveira Jr. 1985) at specific sites within a particular vegetation. Results of long duration experiments from permanent plots or watersheds are not yet reported in the literature. Very little information is available on the food webs or the role of fauna in nutrient cycling. Research on specific processes like CO2 emission on an ecosystem basis is quite recent (Miranda et al. 1996a, b, Mier et al. 1996). The following discussion is therefore restricted to the occurrence of different vegetation forms in the cerrado region and environmental factors affecting their distribution and functioning in relation to nutrient availability and nutrient cycling processes. One of the difficulties in getting information on research already carried out in Brazil is that the dissertations of graduate students in the universities are seldom published in indexed journals.
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Hardin, Garrett. "From Jevons's Coal to Hubbert's Pimple". W Living within Limits. Oxford University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195078114.003.0018.
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In a commercial society like ours it is understandable that money-makers should be the ones who pay the greatest attention to the implications of economics. Historians have been a breed apart, with most of them (until recently) paying little heed to the ways in which economics affects history. Yet surprisingly, a basis for the eventual integration of economics, ecology, and history was laid in the nineteenth century. The Victorian who tackled history from the economic side was William Stanley Jevons (1835-1882). The distinction made in the previous chapter between living in a area and living on it was a paraphrase of what Jevons wrote about the material basis of English prosperity: "The plains of North America and Russia are our cornfields; Chicago and Odessa our granaries; Canada and the Baltic are our timber forests; Australia contains our sheep farms, and in South America are our herds of oxen;.. . the Chinese grow tea for us, and our coffee, sugar, and spice plantations are in all the Indies. Spain and France are our vineyards, and the Mediterranean our fruit-garden.'" A century before the term "ghost acres" was coined, Jevons had clearly in mind the idea behind the term. Half a century before Jevons was born—in fact in the year the Bastille was stormed by French revolutionaries (1789)—an English mineral surveyer by the name of John Williams had asked, in The Limited Quantity of Coal of Britain, what would happen to the blessings of the industrial revolution when England no longer possessed the wherewithal to power the machinery that produced her wealth? Optimism is so deeply engrained a characteristic of busy people that this warning, like most first warnings, was little noted. It remained for Jevons to rouse the British public in 1865 with the publication of his book, The Coal Question. Jevons's life coincided in time with the period when the nature and significance of energy (in its prenuclear formulation) was becoming manifest to physical scientists. Since energy was needed to turn the wheels of industry, and coal was the most readily available source of energy, Jevons reasoned that the continued political dominance of Great Britain was dependent on the bounty of her coal. This naturally led to the double question, How long would English coal and the British Empire last?
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Forest litter Australia"
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Burgess, Stephen, Golam M Chowdhury i Arthur Tatnall. "Student Attitudes to MIS Content in an MBA: A Comparison Across Countries". W 2002 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2448.
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Export education forms a major part of the Australian economy. Australian universities are now not only accepting overseas students into Australian campuses; they are setting up overseas-based campuses. This is often through an arrangement with a local educational institution or organisation. Subjects in these institutions are delivered by a combination of Victoria University Australian-based staff and local faculty. One of the primary programs being delivered overseas by many Australian institutions is the Master of Business Administration (MBA). This paper examines the delivery of the core information technology units, Management Information Systems (MIS), by Victoria University in Australia and overseas (in Bangladesh). The structure of the MBA at Victoria University in Australia and overseas is examined and the MIS subject explained. Results of a survey of MBA students’ views of the content of MIS, conducted in Australia (1997-2000) and Bangladesh (2001) are reported. There is little difference in the attitudes of students of both countries in relation to the topics covered in the subject, nor on the breakdown of the subject between ‘hands-on’ applications and more formal instruction. There are some differences in relation to the level of Internet and e-mail usage, with Australian students tending to use these technologies on a greater basis as a proportion of their overall computer usage.
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Griffiths, Terry, David White, Scott Draper, Adam Leighton i Antonino Fogliani. "Lateral Resistance of Pipes on Rocky Seabeds: Comparison Between Measurements and Models Based on Synthetic Seabeds". W ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61418.
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The behavior of pipelines, cables and umbilicals on rocky seabeds has to date received little research attention. This is despite the marine renewable energy and oil and gas industries relying on these ‘pipes’ to cross a variety of rocky seabed types in the presence of extreme metocean conditions. Present design solutions are challenging and costly, yet there remains a track record of in-service failures. This paper forms part of a wider research effort being undertaken by the University of Western Australia (UWA) into pipe behavior on rocky seabeds. This work includes the effects intermittent gaps have on hydrodynamic forces, the effect of seabed roughness on enhanced boundary layer thickness and the validity of existing hydrodynamic force models for small diameter cables. In this paper, the lateral resistance of pipes on rocky seabeds is investigated using both physical and numerical testing of model pipes over artificially-created rocky seabeds. Four model pipes of varying diameter have been displaced laterally over 1 m square model rocky seabeds, with a range of pipe to rock diameters. The lateral resistance of the physical pipe tests were recorded using load cells and a digital data-logger. Analysis of the physical test results has enabled comparison to (and refinement of) numerical models as well as improved understanding of the importance of different parameters. Our results show peak frictions above 6 arising under conditions where interface friction is only about 0.3, which contrasts dramatically with the friction value of 0.6 nominated in F109. This work contributes towards generation of new design methods suitable for application to field conditions.
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Jasper, Michael. "Untimely Meditations: Decomposition and Timelessness in Select Writings of Peter Eisenman". W The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a4004pmiov.
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This paper investigates one aspect in the work of architect, educator and theorist Peter Eisenman (b 1932) through the filter of select writings from the mid 1980s. It does this by examining two texts published in 1984, a period characterised as one of rupture if not emphatically in crisis. The writings considered are “The Futility of Objects: Decomposition and the Processes of Difference” and “The End of the Classical: the End of the Beginning, the End of the End”. Secondary authors referenced include Robin Evans, Kenneth Frampton and Raphael Moneo. The paper conjectures that certain approaches such as Eisenman’s to materials and phenomena from architecture’s past can open new conditions of possibility for architecture today. A number of questions are asked: By what means and in what forms are Eisenman’s thinking about architecture in a moment of crisis revealed in these essays? Which architectural qualities and form generation devices does Eisenman discern in the past? How might the processes for interrogating architecture’s past as displayed in the two essays inform an approach to architecture today? The paper adds to scholarship on Eisenman, examining a little studied facet of his work in a period marked by swerves in his thinking. In a conference that seeks to identify a spectrum of disciplinary positions, the paper contributes to discussions around conference thematic sub-stream Design Practice and Education in its consideration of one stance vis-à-vis architecture’s past.
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Pearce Churchill, Meryl, Daniel Lindsay, Diana H Mendez, Melissa Crowe, Nicholas Emtage i Rhondda Jones. "Does Publishing During the Doctorate Influence Completion Time? A Quantitative Study of Doctoral Candidates in Australia". W InSITE 2022: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences. Informing Science Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4912.
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Aim/Purpose This paper investigates the association between publishing during doctoral candidature and completion time. The effects of discipline and of gaining additional support through a doctoral cohort program are also explored. Background Candidates recognize the value of building a publication track record to improve their career prospects yet are cognizant of the time it takes to publish peer-reviewed articles. In some institutions or disciplines, there is a policy or the expectation that doctoral students will publish during their candidature. How-ever, doctoral candidates are also under increasing pressure to complete their studies within a designated timeframe. Thus, some candidates and faculty perceive the two requirements – to publish and to complete on time – as mutually exclusive. Furthermore, where candidates have a choice in the format that the PhD submission will take, be it by monograph, PhD-by-publication, or a hybrid thesis, there is little empirical evidence available to guide the decision. This pa-per provides a quantitative analysis of the association between publishing during candidature and time-to-degree and investigates other variables associated with doctoral candidate research productivity and efficiency. Methodology Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to examine the predictors (discipline [field of research], gender, age group, domestic or international student status, and belonging to a cohort program) of doctoral candidate research productivity and efficacy. Research productivity was quantified by the number of peer-reviewed journal articles that a candidate published as a primary author during and up to 24 months after thesis submission. Efficacy (time-to-degree) was quantified by the number of Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) years of candidature. Data on 1,143 doctoral graduates were obtained from a single Australian university for the period extending from 2000 to 2020. Complete publication data were available on 707 graduates, and time-to-degree data on 664 graduates. Data were drawn from eight fields of research, which were grouped into the disciplines of health, biological sciences, agricultural and environmental sciences, and chemical, earth, and physical sciences. Contribution This paper addresses a gap in empirical literature by providing evidence of the association between publishing during doctoral candidature and time-to-degree in the disciplines of health, biological sciences, agricultural and environmental sciences, and chemical, earth, and physical sciences. The paper also adds to the body of evidence that demonstrates the value of belonging to a cohort pro-gram for doctoral student outcomes. Findings There is a significant association between the number of articles published and median time-to-degree. Graduates with the highest research productivity (four or more articles) exhibited the shortest time-to-degree. There was also a significant association between discipline and the number of publications published during candidature. Gaining additional peer and research-focused support and training through a cohort program was also associated with higher research productivity and efficiency compared to candidates in the same discipline but not in receipt of the additional support. Recommendations for Practitioners While the encouragement of candidates to both publish and complete within the recommended doctorate timeframe is recommended, even within disciplines characterized by high levels of research productivity, i.e., where publishing during candidature is the “norm,” the desired levels of student research productivity and efficiency are only likely to be achieved where candidates are provided with consistent writing and publication-focused training, together with peer or mentor support. Recommendations for Researchers Publishing peer-reviewed articles during doctoral candidature is shown not to adversely affect candidates’ completion time. Researchers should seek writing and publication-focused support to enhance their research productivity and efficiency. Impact on Society Researchers have an obligation to disseminate their findings for the benefit of society, industry, or practice. Thus, doctoral candidates need to be encouraged and supported to publish as they progress through their candidature. Future Research The quantitative findings need to be followed up with a mixed-methods study aimed at identifying which elements of publication and research-focused sup-port are most effective in raising doctoral candidate productivity and efficacy.
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Griffiths, Terry, Scott Draper, Liang Cheng, Feifei Tong, Antonino Fogliani, David White, Fraser Johnson, Daniel Coles, Stephen Ingham i Caroline Lourie. "Subsea Cable Stability on Rocky Seabeds: Comparison of Field Observations Against Conventional and Novel Design Methods". W ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77130.
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As offshore renewable energy projects progress from concept demonstration to commercial-scale developments there is a need for improved approaches beyond conventional cable engineering design methods that have evolved from larger diameter pipelines for the oil and gas industry. New approaches are needed to capture the relevant physics for small diameter cables on rocky seabeds to reduce the costs and risks of power transmission and increase operational reliability. This paper reports on subsea cables that MeyGen installed for Phase 1a of the Pentland Firth Inner Sound tidal stream energy project. These cables are located on rocky seabeds in an area where severe metocean conditions occur. ROV field observation of these cables shows them to be stable on the seabed with little or no movement occurring over almost all of the cable routes, despite conventional engineering methods predicting significant dynamic movement. We cite recent research undertaken by the University of Western Australia (UWA) to more accurately assess the hydrodynamic forces and geotechnical interaction of cables on rocky seabeds. We quantify the conformity between the cables and the undulating rocky seabed, and the distributions of cable-seabed contact and spanning via simulations of the centimetric-scale seabed bathymetry. This analysis leads to calculated profiles of lift, drag and seabed friction along the cable, which show that all of these load and reaction components are modelled in an over-conservative way by conventional pipeline engineering techniques. Overall, our analysis highlights that current cable stability design can be unnecessarily conservative on rocky seabeds. Our work foreshadows a new design approach that offers more efficient cable design to reduce project capex and enhance through-life integrity management.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Forest litter Australia"
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Boyle, Maxwell, i Elizabeth Rico. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Fort Pulaski National Monument: 2019 data summary. National Park Service, grudzień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrds-2288716.
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The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the nationwide Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service (NPS). The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and monitoring is currently conducted at 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks’ natural vegetation. 2019 marks the first year of conducting this monitoring effort on four SECN parks, including Fort Pulaski National Monument (FOPU). Twelve vegetation plots were established at Fort Pulaski National Monument in August. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches {in}]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Fort Pulaski National Monument in 2019. Data were stratified across two dominant broadly defined habitats within the park (Maritime Tidal Wetlands and Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands). Noteworthy findings include: Sixty-six vascular plant taxa were observed across 12 vegetation plots, including six taxa not previously known from the park. Plots were located on both Cockspur and McQueen’s Island. The most frequently encountered species in each broadly defined habitat included: Maritime Tidal Wetlands: smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), perennial saltmarsh aster(Symphyotrichum enuifolium), and groundsel tree (Baccharis halimifolia) Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands: yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), southern/eastern red cedar (Juniperus silicicola + virginiana), and cabbage palmetto (Sabal palmetto). Four non-native species identified as invasive by the Georgia Exotic Pest Plant Council (GA-EPPC 2018) were found during this monitoring effort. These species (and their overall frequency of occurrence within all plots) included: Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica; 17%), bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum; 8%), Vasey’s grass (Paspalum urvillei; 8%), and European common reed (Phragmites australis; 8%). Two rare plants tracked by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (GADNR 2013) were found during this monitoring effort. These include Florida wild privet (Forestiera segregata) and Bosc’s bluet (Oldenlandia boscii). Southern/eastern red cedar and cabbage palmetto were the most dominant species within the tree stratum of the maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland habitat type. Species that dominated the sapling and seedling strata of this type included yaupon, cabbage palmetto, groundsel tree, and Carolina laurel cherry (Prunus caroliniana). The health status of sugarberry (Celtis laevigata)—a typical canopy species in maritime forests of the South Atlantic Coastal Plain--observed on park plots appeared to be in decline, with most stems experiencing elevated levels of dieback and low vigor. Over the past decade, this species has been experiencing unexplained high rates of dieback and mortality throughout its range in the Southeastern United States; current research is focusing on what may be causing these alarming die-off patterns. Duff and litter made up the majority of downed woody biomass (fuel loads) across FOPU vegetation plots.