Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Food and nutrition in Kuwait”
Kliknij ten link, aby zobaczyć inne rodzaje publikacji na ten temat: Food and nutrition in Kuwait.
Utwórz poprawne odniesienie w stylach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard i wielu innych
Sprawdź 50 najlepszych rozpraw doktorskich naukowych na temat „Food and nutrition in Kuwait”.
Przycisk „Dodaj do bibliografii” jest dostępny obok każdej pracy w bibliografii. Użyj go – a my automatycznie utworzymy odniesienie bibliograficzne do wybranej pracy w stylu cytowania, którego potrzebujesz: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver itp.
Możesz również pobrać pełny tekst publikacji naukowej w formacie „.pdf” i przeczytać adnotację do pracy online, jeśli odpowiednie parametry są dostępne w metadanych.
Przeglądaj rozprawy doktorskie z różnych dziedzin i twórz odpowiednie bibliografie.
1
Alajmi, Fahhad, i n/a. "A Study of Dietary Intake in Kuwait". Griffith University. School of Health Science, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20051129.122226.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This study investigated Kuwait food system. Firstly the current dietary consumption of a representative sample of the Kuwaiti population was assessed. Secondly the effects of the 1990 Gulf war on Kuwait's food and nutrition system were investigated. The major part of this study was a National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 20 to 65 years, which is the largest and most detailed survey ever undertaken of the diet and nutritional status of adult people in Kuwait. A food frequency questionnaire was delivered to 491 subjects (response rate 81.8%, 278 female and 213 male). In addition, a sample of 383 (response rate 207 female and 176 male) were interviewed using a 24 hour recall method. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive cross-sectional picture of the dietary habits and nutritional status of the population of Kuwait. The energy and nutrient intakes in the survey were compared with the US RDA.
2
Parkinson, Nancy S. "Educational attainment, food and nutrition knowledge, nutrition attitudes, nutrition behaviors, and nutrition training of Indiana school food service directors". Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1319832.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) was established to provide meals that would meet one-third of the daily nutritional needs of children. Administrators of NSLP understand the responsibility to address the rising increase of obesity in children today. The purpose of this study was to examine the educational attainment, food and nutrition knowledge, nutrition attitudes, nutrition behaviors and nutrition training of 411 Indiana School Food Service Directors, through the completion of a 50 itemized questionnaire. The hypothesis of this research was to show that the educational attainment of Indiana School Food Service Directors would not impact their food and nutrition knowledge, nutrition attitudes, nutrition behaviors or nutrition training.A statistical significance (p<0.036) was found when analyzing nutrition attitudes between the respondents in the 41-50 year age group and the 61-70 year age group. Results indicated the 41-50 year old group had a more positive nutrition attitude than the 61-50 year age group. Additional analysis of the questionnaire results revealed no statistical significant difference between Indiana School Food Service Directors' educational attainment and nutrition attitude, nutrition behaviors, or nutrition training.Department of Family and Consumer Sciences
3
Boggavarapu, Sravya. "Food nutrition program reporting system". Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/14032.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Master of ScienceDepartment of Computing and Information Sciences
Daniel Andresen
FNPRS program offers nutrition education all over the counties in Kansas. It is necessary to keep track of the budget expenses for the program, resources used and many other parameters involved in the program. There exist number of commodities and products in the process of educating people. Research is needed to determine which value-added products or processes are economically possible and what percentage of it is accepted by people. For these issues, it is very important to maintain this information in a database and generate reports accordingly. The aim of the project is to create a web interface for users to enter the program information regarding the various programs conducted by Family Nutrition Program. The various kinds of data include information about the budget for the program, information about the various collaborating agencies, various kinds of resources used, services provided, proposed equipment and travel funds etc. Users for this application are county agents who take the responsibility of conducting the program and managing their data. Creating a web interface provides a solution to facilitate the agents to manage their data more efficiently and to monitor their records on a day to day basis. It also aims for generating reports for Family Nutrition Program in order to keep a check over their advancements in the program. This project involves handling of various kinds of information such as FNP Proposals, Agent information, FNP Funds, Collaborating Agencies. Database maintenance is made simple thereby allowing the administrators to add as much as data possible and manage accordingly.
4
Clark, Michelle L. "Relationships among television food advertisements, children's food requests, parental attitudes and knowledge about nutrition, and parental food purchases". The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1399624295.
Pełny tekst źródła
5
Hoover, Justine Reneè. "Evaluation of the Iowa Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program and Food Stamp Nutrition Education". [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
6
Raedeke, Maurine A. "Food security, nutrition and health of food pantry participants". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4839.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on October 9, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
7
Al-Haifi, Ahmad R. "Factors affecting BMI and hemoglobin levels of mothers and infants in Kuwait". FIU Digital Commons, 2001. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1339.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
If you are the rightful copyright holder of this dissertation or thesis and wish to have it removed from the Open Access Collection, please submit a request to dcc@fiu.edu and include clear identification of the work, preferably with URL.
8
Hitchcock, Kathryn. "Validity of a Food Literacy Assessment Tool in Food Pantry Clients". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1535460317710244.
Pełny tekst źródła
9
Creel, Jennifer Sue. "The availability of healthy food options in fast food outlets in six rural counties". [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1169.
Pełny tekst źródła
10
Petty, Elizabeth Celia. "The impact of the newer knowledge of nutrition : nutrition science and nutrition policy, 1900-1939". Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1987. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/682222/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Ideas concerning relationships between diet and health in the UK are traced from the 1904 Comittee on Physical Deterioration to the outbreak of World War II. Archive material is used to describe the often conflicting views of the Medical Research Council and the Ministry of Health and Board of Education concerning the public health applications of nutrition science. In particular, the work of the Ministry of Health's first Advisory Comittee on Nutrition, which was appointed in 1931, is reviewed and evaluated. The debate among public healh practitioners over the nature, cause and extent of the 'nutrition problem' is documented and the role in this debate of official dietary guidelines which appeared during the 1930s, is assessed. The Impact of the Newer Knowledge of Nutrition on welfare feeding policy Is evaluated in the context of the official promotion of milk feeding in schools. In particular, Corry Mann's experimental evidence which was used to endorse this policy, is reconsidered, and it is shown that the NRC view that the trial was proof of the presence in milk of a "growth factor" which produced preferential growth efficiency in adequately fed children , was in error. From a re-evaluation of the evidence it is suggested that the experiment merely recorded catch-up growth in a group of poorly nourished children. The view that there existed an extensive nutritional problem due to poor quality diets is examined and challenged. Both dietary survey data and anthropometric evidence are used to present the case that there was throughout the period studied a widespread problem of underfeeding among the poor and that intervention strategies based on the Newer Knowledge were not an appropriate method of dealing with this problem. This casts doubts on the widely held view that there was a need for nutrition education and suggests that the problem was one of poverty rather than Ignorance. Disaggregated anthropometric data located by the author are analysed according to NCHS standards to assess the prevalence of underfeeding. Significantly higher prevalences of stunting than low weight-for-age exist in all data sets; this phenomenon is considered in detail and low weight-for-age is proposed as the preferred index of malnutrition in 20th Century historical studies. Attention is drawn to the relevance of these studies for the current nutrition and public health debate.
11
PAIVA, GUILHERME FRANCA DOS SANTOS. "FUNCTIONAL LITERACY AND FOOD NUTRITION LABELING". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=16516@1.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORO presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o nível de entendimento dos consumidores aplicado à rotulagem nutricional de alimentos industrializados. Ele suporta a idéia de que cada consumidor funciona de maneira distinta frente ao contexto de análise dos rótulos nutricionais. Através de uma pesquisa empírica que utiliza a metodologia de um sistema de avaliação de letramento funcional, traça-se o perfil dos consumidores e mensura-se a pontuação dos entrevistados frente ao conhecimento de aspectos da rotulagem nutricional aplicada pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Os resultados mostram evidências de que existem consumidores desconhecedores de elementos nutricionais básicos, outros incapazes de desenvolver tarefas simples de análise de rótulos. Níveis diferentes de entendimento frente as variáveis sexo, renda, escolaridade, idade, leitura de rótulos, exercícios, prática de refeições fora de casa e compra de alimentos para a família revelam realidades heterogêneas de escolhas alimentares, trazendo subsídios importantes para a área de comportamento do consumidor e de políticas públicas.
This study aims to evaluate the level of understanding of consumers in the context of food nutrition labeling. It supports the idea that each consumer works differently against the background of the analysis of nutrition labels. Through an empirical research that uses the methodology of an assessment system for functional literacy, a profile of consumers is drawn and a score of the respondents related to nutrition label aspects knowledge applied by Anvisa is measured. Results show evidence that consumers are unaware of basic nutritional elements, unable to develop other simple tasks of label analysis. Different levels of understanding by the variables gender, level of income, level of education, age, reading labels habit, exercise habit, practice of eating out and buying food for the family reveal heterogeneous realities of food choices, bringing important benefits to the area of consumer behavior and public policy.
12
Barone, Adam J. "Availability of Food and Nutrition Education at Greater Cincinnati Food Pantries". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1470043012.
Pełny tekst źródła
13
Grove, Elizabeth D. "Childhood Food Exposure, Parental Feeding Practices, and Current Food Neophobia in College Students". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1554503321191901.
Pełny tekst źródła
14
Martin, Lisa J. "Online nutrition education : perceived understanding, acceptance, and usability of food and nutrition bytes curriculum for the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program". Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/370.
Pełny tekst źródła
15
Freckleton, A. M. "Nutrition labelling". Thesis, University of Bradford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378111.
Pełny tekst źródła
16
Kircher, Kayla A. "Validity of an Instrument Developed that Measures the Home Food Environment and Food Literacy of Food Pantry Guests". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1539079482913718.
Pełny tekst źródła
17
Wheeler, Alison H. "The Interest and Feasibility of Implementing Food Donation Guidelines at Food Pantries in Greater Cincinnati". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1535372643856369.
Pełny tekst źródła
18
Al-Khamees, Nedaa A. "The development and evaluation of a nutrition - education programme in primary schools in Kuwait". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241041.
Pełny tekst źródła
19
Alabdullah, Ghanima. "Promoting Healthy Eating Habits and Physical Activity among School-aged Children in Kuwait – “My Healthy Habits" Summer Camp". FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3704.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The effectiveness of an eight-week nutrition and physical activity intervention at a summer camp to prevent obesity, and promote healthy eating habits and physical activity among children in Kuwait was studied. Two summer camps were recruited for intervention and comparison groups. Convenient sampling was used (N= 79). Pre-test/post-test assessment were used for the participants in the intervention and comparison groups. Modified Healthy Habits Survey (HHS) was used to measure children’s knowledge, behavior and attitude about nutrition, screen time and physical activities, BMI-for age percentile were collected. Statistical analysis included independent t-test, paired t-test, chi-squared test, McNemar's test, and multiple regression. Results indicated that there was a significant increase in nutrition knowledge score (Pp= 0.013, p = 0.007, p = 0.002, and p = 0.012, respectively). There was no significant decrease in the number of servings of unhealthy foods for french-fries and chips, fruit flavored drinks or soft drinks. The only significant decrease in the unhealthy food intake was seen in the number of servings of sweets and candies. Thirty-three-point-three percent of participants in the intervention group decreased their consumption of sweets and candies to 1 time or less per day (P=0.001). There was a significant increase in the intervention group in both physical activity and screen time knowledge (Pp
20
Malkin-Washeim, Diana Louise. "Electronic Benefit Transfer: Food Choices, Food Insecurity, and Type 2 Diabetes". ScholarWorks, 2015. http://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1318.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The purpose of this research was to examine food security for people with prediabetes participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), focusing on their food choice decisions and coping strategies over a 30-day benefit cycle that potentially increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes. A cross-sectional, quantitative design based on food choice process model constructs was used. SNAP participants (n = 36) with prediabetes, aged 21â??70 years, were recruited as outpatients from Bronx Lebanon Hospital and completed self-reported questionnaires on demographics and health, food security, and food frequency. Descriptive statistics, Pearson chi square tests, and regression analysis were performed using SPSS. Also, independent t test, and Levene's test were used for ad hoc analysis to assess variation of food choice decisions over 30 days. Of the sample, 5% had low and 95% very low food secure status. Food security status did not predict coping strategies (p = .724); however, food security status and type of coping strategy had a moderate relationship (p < 0.01; r =.60). Food choices of 11 food categories changed over a 30-day cycle with greatest variation for Week 1, compared to Weeks 2â??4 (p < .005). Use of coping strategies to minimize hunger was limited. Very low food security associated with certain coping strategies disrupted eating patterns. Disrupted eating patterns affect food variation over time, increasing the intake of non-nutrient-dense foods and the risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. The implications for positive social change include the potential to change SNAP's benefit allotments, make nutrition education mandatory, and create a nutrition package, thereby lowering food insecurity and the risk of Type 2 diabetes.
21
Maurer, Jaclyn, i Linda Houtkooper. "Game Food". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146466.
Pełny tekst źródła
22
Blanchet, Alyssa N. "The Acceptability of a Food Purchases “Snapshot” on Making Heart Healthy Food Choices for Adults at Risk of Cardiovascular Disease". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1593266079597144.
Pełny tekst źródła
23
Coombs, Casey. "Promoting Client Nutrition in Urban Utah Food Pantries". DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7036.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Food pantry clients are at an increased risk of poor diet quality which can lead to a variety of chronic diseases. Identifying nutrition interventions that help improve the dietary intake of this vulnerable population is important to help improve health outcomes. Utah’s Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program-Education (SNAP-Ed), also known as Food $ense, partners with many pantries throughout the state to improve healthy food access. This research was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a pantry intervention, Thumbs Up for Healthy Choices, to evaluate its impact on food pantry clients’ selection and use of identified healthy foods. In addition to program evaluation, data identifying interest in programs such as Thumbs Up, as well as common barriers that prevent pantry clients from making healthy choices was also collected and analyzed.
This research was funded through a Utah State University (USU) Extension mini-grant for $8,500. The findings will be used to guide future SNAP-Ed initiatives that aim to make the healthy choice the easy choice in food pantries. The results will also be used to build the evidence base for the Thumbs Up for Healthy Choices program, which will allow other SNAP-Ed programs throughout the country to adopt and implement this effective program.
24
Mincher, Jeanine L. "AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOL DISTRICT FOOD SERVICE DIRECTOR ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF FOOD-RELATED POLICIES AND PRACTICES". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1279741719.
Pełny tekst źródła
25
Johnson, Michelle. "Measurement of household food security in rural Ecuador". The Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1407147571.
Pełny tekst źródła
26
Pilgrim-Hector, Judy. "Perception of Nutrition and Utilization of Healthy Food Ideas when Making Food Choices". ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2575.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The availability of nutrition information is an important aspect of health care and equally important is access to cultural and theoretical nutrition evidence to increase awareness on ways to manage a diet in ethnic communities. The problem was the shortage of culturally appropriate nutrition data to educate Caribbean immigrants. The purpose of the study was to acquire culturally profound nutrition information on Caribbean immigrants' distinctive philosophical perception on nutrition and food choices. A phenomenological approach was used to examine ways in which the participants integrate nutrition facts when making food choices. The theory of reasoned action was the main conceptual framework used in this study to assess the participants' dietary belief systems. A purposeful sampling approach was used to recruit participants for the study and the participants were prescreened as part of the data collection procedure. The inclusion criteria focused on adult Caribbean immigrants who had awareness on nutrition habits. The 15 participants who agreed to participate in face-to-face interviews provided data on their food habits. The interpretive phenomenological analysis approach was used to investigate and explain the participants' diet. The participants' routines included eating whole foods from plant and animal products, eating foods from all food groups in moderation, and monitoring salt and sugar intake to prevent diet-related illness. The frequently occurring themes that emerged from the study included family traditions and ethnic beliefs and values that inspired recipes and types of food the participants consume. These findings may possibly be used by health professionals to assist in planning or implementing culturally sensitive education programs to enhance nutrition awareness in Caribbean immigrant communities.
27
Sidorova, Evgeniya. "The food and nutrition education platform : Hamburg, Germany". Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-35302.
Pełny tekst źródła
28
Moline, Mary Elise. "Adolescents'interests and concerns regarding food, nutrition and eating /". View online, 1986. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211998880876.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródła
29
Akerele, Dare. "Food demand, nutrition and policy analysis in Nigeria". Thesis, University of Reading, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.602483.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Higher food prices, dwindling purchasing power and socio-economic inequalities are crucial factors promoting under-nutrition in Nigeria. Previous efforts to enhance food consumption and nutrition achieved limited successes as most of the interventions focused largely on food supply with little detailed appraisal of drivers of food demand, especially at the household level. Consequently, this study examines the structure of food demand among households with emphasis on price and income as key variables on which interventions can be built to boost food consumption and nutrition. The study utilises the Nigeria Living Standard Survey and the food price data for 2003/2004 from the National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria for analyses while employing the double-hurdle model, nutrient deficiency index and a pro-undernourished policy index as analytical tools. A Bayesian (Gibbs sampler) approach is used to estimate the almost ideal demand system (AIDS) model within the framework of the multivariate double-hurdle model. The ensuing demand elasticities indicate food demand patterns characterised by substitutability and complementarity relationships among food subgroups. Approximately 3.99 million people in Nigeria could have been pushed into hunger and calorific under-nutrition as a result of the recent global food price crises. Higher per capita food consumption and accelerated attainment of the Millennium Development Goals on nutrition can be achieved in Nigeria if future economic growth is accompanied by pro-poor income redistribution strategies. A universal transfer strategy or a targeting mechanism with broader scope than the child targeting mechanism being used under the existing conditional cash transfer scheme might be more efficient in reducing under-nutrition among poor households in Nigeria. Although the results suggest that a food stamp scheme would be more cost-effective in raising food consumption and nutrition among the neediest household groups in the country than a cash transfer intervention, its introduction should be considered with some circumspection.
30
Wang, Yan. "China’s Urban Household Food Consumption, Nutrition and Health". Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28360.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The effect of family structure on household nutrition intake and the effect of wine, beer, and spirits consumption on household nutrition and health are examined. To evaluate nutrition intake, an Eating Healthy Index (EHI) is developed following the Compilation of Food-Based Dietary Guidelines, published by the Chinese Nutrition Society, and the Healthy Eating Index-2010 components and standards for scoring from USDA. Using previously collected household survey data from 11 cities in China, an EHI is developed and calculated for each family to assess their nutrition intake. The score is calculated such that it increases if consumption is in a range representing healthy food intake. The relationship between the score, representing healthy nutrition intake, and household income, wife's education level, demographics, and household composition is explored using regression analysis. The results indicate that changes in family structure have significant effects on household nutrition intake.
31
Tiwasing, Pattanapong. "Nutrition, labour productivity and food security in Thailand". Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3412.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Many households in less developed countries suffer from food insecurity which is unreliable access to a sufficient quantity of nutritious food. It is a major cause of malnutrition, and may lead to reduced worker capacity and low productivity. This study examines the impact of nutrient intake on the productivity of rice-producing households in Thailand. There are three objectives: first, to analyse the relationship between nutrient intake and labour productivity; second, to examine factors affecting the nutrition-labour productivity relationship; and third, to study the links between nutrition, labour productivity and food security. Agricultural household models are used to examine decision-making behaviour, namely production, consumption, and labour allocation. The efficiency wage hypothesis is also examined where an increase in nutrient consumption increases labour productivity. Accordingly, labour is determined by caloric consumption, and nutrition affects productivity. The empirical study adopts econometric methods with data from Thailand's Socio-Economic Survey for 2011 for 2,781 rice-farming households. A semi-log wage equation and a Cobb-Douglas production function are estimated; and a logit model is used to examine the determinants of food security on the production-consumption relationship. Results from the wage equation show that increasing consumption of calcium, vitamin A, vitamin C and iron increase household income, while increasing calorie intake reduces income. An increase in the consumption of grains and starches reduces income, whereas extra consumption of meat and poultry, fruits, vegetables and nuts lead to an increase in income. Male household heads earn more than female heads. Higher levels of education, age, the dependency ratio, and farm size increase income. In the production function, all nutrients affect farm productivity positively which supports the efficiency wage hypothesis. The logit results show that income, education, food expenditure, owning livestock, production for own-consumption, farm size, fertiliser use, and the use of family labour improve food-security; while household size, the dependency ratio, and total household expenditure do not. In conclusion, enhancing micronutrient intake is an investment for improving productivity. The Thai government should focus on building awareness of nutrition in diet and provide dietary guidelines. Food quality and safety standards should be promoted to improve accessibility to nutritious foods. Policies on vitamin and mineral fortification of processed foods, including cooking oils, flours, salt, and sweetness additives, could be designed to improve nutrient-content.
32
Flamm, Laura Jayne. "Fair Food: Justice and Sustainability in Community Nutrition". Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1270965544.
Pełny tekst źródła
33
Cernelev, O. V. "Public engagement with nutrition website". Thesis, Sumy State University, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/45009.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Aim: This study is focused on evaluation of the impact of the website in the field of nutrition on the population’s engagement. Objective: To assess the level of public engagement with nutrition website in the field of nutrition.
34
Yan, Jingya, i 闫静雅. "Consumers' responses to nutrition labeling: asystemic review". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48427007.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Objectives:
To figure out how consumers responded to nutrition labeling through the frequency of using nutrition labeling, understandability of nutrition labeling, factors associated with the usage of nutrition labeling and the impact of different nutrition labeling formats.
Methods:
Relevant studies published between 1994 and 2012 were searched identified through Pubmed Database and China Journals Full-text Database which have investigated the responses of consumers to nutrition labeling.
Results:
Seventeen studies were selected finally to be included in this review. Eight papers described that over half of the participants would check nutrition labeling in supermarket. However, five of the papers provide evidence that consumers felt confused to read the nutrition labeling.
Over half of the consumers responded to check nutrition labeling when shopping in supermarkets but the nutrition labeling was hard to understand totally specially the item about calories.
Front-of pack (FOP) nutrition labeling is a popular formats of label among consumers. Four papers have made comparison between different formats of FOP and two of them provide evidence that multiple traffic-light label earn most reputation among consumers.
Characteristics of consumers might influence nutrition labeling use and age, education level, BMI were positively associated with it.
Conclusion:
Further researches should be conducted to provide more evidence to improve or set up a relatively perfect nutrition labeling legislation which should play a greater role in public health. China is the next country where would implement the nutrition labeling legislation and FOP of nutrition labeling is a good option to be introduced to food manufactures and consumers.published_or_final_version
Public Health
Master
Master of Public Health
35
Dennison, Catherine Marie. "The factors affecting food choice in adolescents". Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318626.
Pełny tekst źródła
36
Yao, Ruoxue. "Trends in beverage consumption among U.S. food secure and food insecure adults: NHANES 2001-2010". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1384869898.
Pełny tekst źródła
37
Anderson, Alyssa N. "Effects of Mindful Eating on Food Intake and Selection in College Students". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1415794559.
Pełny tekst źródła
38
Chhabra, Surbhi. "Social Capital, Social Support, and Food Insecurity in Food Pantry Users". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1342540700.
Pełny tekst źródła
39
Nani, Mercy Oghenerukewe. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE AND FOOD INTAKE OF COLLEGE STUDENTS". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1469155764.
Pełny tekst źródła
40
Lautenschlager, Julie Lynn. "Food fight! America's ideological battle over lunch". W&M ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623420.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The history of organized feeding programs in American workplaces and schools reveals a complex tale of coordinated efforts toward the goal of altering individual eating habits. A secondary benefit of this process accrues when that individual spreads the influence of new ideas to others. Working both in concert and isolation, various interests including both individuals and organizations, have attempted to alter the eating habits of their subjects toward the goals of increased Americanization, socialization, or productivity. their efforts have shaped the role of lunch in modern American food ideology. This dissertation examines that process, its major players, and effects beginning in the late nineteenth through the early twenty-first centuries.;Late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century progressives drove the opening wedge, introducing debate about the relationship between nutrition and industrial or educational efficiency. During World War II, experts in business and government transformed lunch from a matter of private concern to one of military necessity. After the war, issues over employee lunch remained contested terrain in many union-management conflicts. Also during the post-war era, the national defense character of the school lunch faded while educators, legislators, dieticians, and others who had become enamored with statistics, used the school lunch as a tool to "even up the starting line" in equal opportunity programs. Such experiments on young Americans had both positive and negative outcomes ranging from the institutionalization of the federal free- and reduced-price lunch program to the sometimes troublesome effects caused by federal distribution of excess agricultural commodities among school cafeterias. Finally, while the twentieth century was one of significant changes in women's roles both inside and outside the home, ideals of motherhood proved to be less elastic and amenable to shifting work and family patterns. The packed lunch, as a public demonstration of maternal commitment, also became the material site of conflict and contestation as to the very nature of motherhood.;Ultimately, Americans' lunch habits are shaped by a combination of forces including environmental constraints and the conflict generated from the encounter among home, workplace, school, and marketplace. Despite this legacy from the battle over lunch, individuals retain the responsibility and accountability for the personal food choices they make.
41
Cameron, Jameason. "The effects of food deprivation and weight loss on food hedonics and the relative-reinforcing value of food". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27719.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Food is a primary reinforcer. There is strong evidence that when animals are chronically deprived of calories, the reward of a food stimulus becomes more salient. Recently leptin has been implicated in food reward. Typically the rewarding value of food is separated into the "liking" or pleasure/palatability component generated by the stimulus, and into the "wanting" or appetitive/incentive component. The goal of this current study was examine whether plasma leptin concentrations were related to food hedonics and food reinforcement in humans and to investigate the effect of food deprivation on these variables. Fourteen apparently healthy obese adults (n=9 women and 5 men; age=33.5+/-7.8) with BMI (kg/m2) between 30-45 were subjected to 8 weeks of caloric deprivation (-700kcal/day). Plasma leptin (ELISA), body weight and composition (DEXA), food reinforcement and food hedonics were measured pre- and post-intervention. Post weight loss palatability was rated significantly higher for the food reinforcers than that measured pre weight loss (p<0.01). No significant effect of the chronic food deprivation was noted for the reinforcing value of food. A significant negative correlation was observed between changes in palatability and those in body weight expressed as relative changes (r=-.62; p<0.05). No significant correlations were noted between changes in leptin and those in palatability or the reinforcing value of food. However, in a subgroup that lost the greatest percent of initial body weight (7-8%), food was more reinforcing post intervention (p<0.05). These findings demonstrate that chronic caloric deprivation can increase the subjectively rated palatability of preferred food items. The subgroup may be a caveat illustrating that a greater relative weight loss can lead to food becoming more rewarding.
42
Driskell-Reeves, Rachel L. "Consumer Demand for Nutrition Information on Non-Fast Food Restaurant Menus". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/nutrition_theses/27.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Purpose: The growth in obesity rates across the United States has been associated with increased consumption of energy dense meals consumed away from home. In an effort to help consumers make healthier food choices, some state law makers have begun to require the inclusion of nutrient information on fast food and chain restaurant menus. The objective of this research was to discover whether a consumer demand exists for healthier menu options and for disclosure of nutrient information on restaurant menus. Since much of the previous research has been concerned with fast food dining, this research was focused on examining the preferences and behaviors of diners at non-fast food restaurants. Methods: Eighty-four adults completed self-administered questionnaires during public expositions in the metropolitan Atlanta area. Results were tabulated frequencies and percentages. Comparisons were examined between gender and dining-out frequency categories. Results: Approximately 76% of participants indicated they had been concerned about ordering healthier menu items during the preceding month. Eighty-seven percent indicated a desire for disclosure of at least one specific nutrition fact on restaurant menus. Ninety-two percent indicated they would at least sometimes order menu items denoted as healthier on a restaurant menu. Women were more consistent than men in their demand for healthier food qualities. Conclusions: Results suggest that consumer demand does exist for healthier menu options and for nutrient information on restaurant menus. Further research will be necessary to determine how access to nutrient information will affect consumer choices.
43
Smith, Anna Magdalena. "Food choices of tactile defensive children". Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020371.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This research explores a different view of the picky or fussy eater. Although occupational therapists and speech therapists are aware that children with sensory defensiveness and specific tactile defensiveness have different eating habits, this has not been described before.
44
Harrington, Mary Rachel. "THE EFFECTS OF THE USDA SUMMER FOOD SERVICE PROGRAM ON RURAL ADOLESCENTS’ NUTRITION ATTITUDES, KNOWLEDGE, BEHAVIORAL INTENTIONS AND NUTRITION BEHAVIORS". UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/khp_etds/59.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Rural adolescents suffer from poor nutrition, increasing their risk for obesity and other chronic diseases. The Summer Food Service Program (SFSP), an off-shoot of the National School Lunch Program, provides meals to qualifying children, including low-income, rural adolescents, under the age of 18. The purpose of this study was to: 1) examine the impact of the SFSP on the nutrition–related knowledge, self-reported fruit and vegetable (SRFV) consumption, and the constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior (attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intentions) of rural, low-income adolescents; and 2) examine the relationship between nutrition behaviors (quality food selection and consumption) and participation in the SFSP using digital photography.
The participants (N = 78) were recruited from those enrolled in the Upward Bound (UB) Summer Program at a mid-sized university that utilized the SFSP. The UB, a federally funded program, provided the opportunity to reach high school students from low-income, rural areas to study the aforementioned effects of the SFSP. The quasi-experimental pre- post-intervention design used a survey (n = 57) to determine predictors of positive nutrition behaviors and digital photography (n = 43) to determine actual food selection and consumption of those enrolled in the SFSP. A nutrition quality scale (0-6, with 6 indicating higher quality) was developed in order to categorize food items within food groups according to their nutritional value, and aided in determining quality of foods selected and consumed.
Paired samples t-test showed a significant increase in knowledge (t(56) = -8.09, p = .000) and SRFV consumption (t(56) = -3.20, p = .002) from pre- to post-intervention. Regression analysis demonstrated that all constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) were significant (F(4, 52) = 14.56, p < .001 with an R2of .53) for predicting behavior intentions, with perceived behavioral control (PBC) being the most salient predictor of intentions to increase fruit and vegetable consumption. A one-way repeated measures MANOVA was not significant for the comparison of pre- and post- survey scores for knowledge, SRFV consumption, and the constructs of the TPB, F (4, 53) = .604, p = .660. Digital photography showed a significant increase in consumption from week 1 (baseline) to week 5 (program completion) for fruit (t(42) = -2.04, p = .048) and milk (t(42) = -3.13, p = .003) at lunch, for milk (t(42) = -3.01, p = .003) at supper, and for milk overall (all three meals combined), t(42) = -3.08, p = .004. Vegetable consumption decreased significantly from week 1 to week 5 t(42) = 2.47, p = .018 at supper and overall (all three meals combined) t(42) = 2.65, p = .011. Two proportion z tests showed a statistically significant decrease in the selection of food items at quality level 2 from week 1 (.34) to week 5, z = 3.11, p = .002, and statistically significant increases in the selection of quality level 3 (.20), z = -2.15, p = .031, and quality level 5 (.17), z = -3.33, p < .000, item. Two proportion z tests showed a statistically significant decrease in the consumption of food items at quality level 5 from week 1 (.62) to week 5, z = 2.94, p = .003. However, the analysis showed no consistent increase in the quality of foods selected or consumed from week 1 to week 5.
Opportunities for shaping adolescent nutrient intake and eating behaviors during and outside of enrollment in the SFSP exist. Reinforcing positive attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control while participants are enrolled in the SFSP may help to increase nutrition behavioral intentions and therefore, nutrition behaviors. Opportunities also exist for offering healthier food options for those participating in the SFSP. SFSP participants are a captive, impressionable group, and providing a supportive social and physical environment, and high nutritional quality choices in the SFSP more often may provide the potential for behavior change that may lead to an increase in healthy nutritious habits for adolescents from rural areas.
45
Vermeulen, Hester. "A balanced food basket approach to monitor food affordability in South Africa". Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/73175.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The public health landscape in South Africa today is characterised by a double-burden of nutritional challenges. Under-nutrition is prevalent, as is evident from the high levels of childhood stunting that are reported. Deficiencies of micro-nutrients such as vitamin A and iron continue to be prevalent in children, females and vulnerable groups. Simultaneously overweight and obesity among adults and children together with an associated increase in the occurrence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease are increasing steadily to epidemic levels.
With approximately 40% of the population living under the International Poverty Line and approximately a quarter of the population not able to obtain enough food to fulfil their daily energy needs, poverty and food insecurity are harsh realities in many South African households. The ability of a household to make healthy food choices is, among other factors, affected by food affordability. Food affordability is determined by household income relative to the cost of purchased food items. In recent years, food affordability in South Africa has been under increased pressure due to the following factors: household income-growth barely keeping track with inflation, rising unemployment, as well as high and ever increasing food prices. The pressure on lower income households is particularly profound, forcing such households to use about a third of total expenditure for food purchases.
In this study, a multi-disciplinary approach was used (including principles of nutrition, economics and consumer behaviour sciences) to develop models to measure the cost and affordability of healthy eating in South Africa at a national level and on a socio-economically disaggregated basis. The healthy food basket model was primarily based on the South African Food-based Dietary Guidelines, typical food consumption patterns, household demographics and official urban retail food prices monitored by Statistics South Africa.
Food affordability is a major challenge, with 60% of the population unable to afford the Moderate-cost Food Basket which provides greater nutritional diversity. The more economical Thrifty Healthy Food Basket (approximately 30% less expensive) is only affordable to approximately half of the South African population. A four member household earning two minimum wages has to spend a third of total expenditure on food to be able to afford this basket, while the typical food expenditure share of such households is usually lower (approximately 24%), thus confirming the pressure on households to afford healthy eating. In future the models of healthy eating also present possibilities for further expansion (e.g. these models can be refined to study different geographical areas or different household structure typologies).
Compared to national nutritional recommendations, the study found that the intakes of whole-grain starch-rich foods, lean meat, fish, eggs, dairy, fruit, vegetables and legumes were low. Inadequate intake was generally more severe among lower income households. Less-affluent households spend a large proportion of their food budget on starch-rich staples, fats / oils and sugar-rich foods, but allocate insufficient resources to animal-source foods, legumes, fruit and vegetables. This study also identified that excessive intakes of refined and processed starch-rich food options, sugar-rich foods and fats / oils were common across all income groups and increased with socio-economic status. These findings confirm the reality of the nutrition transition in South Africa.
The contribution of this research to estimate the socio-economically disaggregated consumption of animal-source foods (meat, fish and eggs) and starch-rich foods (maize meal, bread, rice and potatoes), provides valuable insights into differences in food intake across the socio-economic spectrum of South Africa.
A complex combination of interventions is required to promote healthy eating patterns in South Africa. In addition to legislative measures (e.g. salt and sugar reduction legislation), consumer education (across the socio-economic spectrum) should focus on science-based practical solutions and provide advice on making healthy and budget-conscious food choices. In addition, it is also important to design and implement policy actions to improve the affordability and availability of healthy food options for the various socio-economic groups, in diverse geographic locations in South Africa.
The improvement of food affordability is a key component in moving closer to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal of the United Nations “to end hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture”. Furthermore, improving household food and nutrition security (including addressing issues pertaining to healthy food consumption and affordability), through public and private sector actions, is one of the enabling milestones in the National Development Plan 2030.
The monthly costing of the food basket models which were developed in this study and analyses thereof should be used as policy analysis tools to act as a practical, scientific basis for the food security debate in South Africa. These tools are, in fact, already published on a quarterly basis in the public domain. In future the models of healthy eating also present possibilities for further expansion (e.g. these models can be refined to study different geographical areas or different household structure typologies).Thesis (PhD) - University of Pretoria. 2020.
Financial support received from: * The Bureau for Food and Agricultural Policy (BFAP) * The Department of Science and Technology (DST)/National Research Foundation (NRF) Centre of Excellence (CoE) in Food Security * Agbiz * Red Meat Research and Development South Africa (RMRD SA) * DST/NRF South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChl) in the National Development Plan Priority Area of Nutrition and Food Security (Unique number: SARCI170808259212) * University of Pretoria
Animal and Wildlife Sciences
PhD Nutrition
Unrestricted
46
Huang, Yunzhi Emma. "Front-of-pack nutrition labeling and the implications for China". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42994780.
Pełny tekst źródła
47
Bender, Lorraine D. "A content analysis of food and nutrition television advertisements". FIU Digital Commons, 1988. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1499.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Television (TV) reaches more people than any other medium which makes it an important source of health information. Since TV ads often offer information obliquely, this study investigated implied health messages found in food and nutrition TV ads. The goals were to determine the proportion of food and nutrition ads among all TV advertising and to use content analysis to identify their implied messages and health claims.
A randomly selected sample of TV ads were collected over a 28-day period beginning May 8, 1987. The sample contained 3547 ads; 725 (20%) were food-related. All were analyzed. About 10% of food-related TV ads contained a health claim.
Twenty-five representative ads of the 725 food ads were also reviewed by 10 dietitians to test the reliability of the instrument. Although the dietitians agreed upon whether a health claim existed in a televised food ad, their agreement was poor when evaluating the accuracy of the claim.
The number of food-related ads dropped significantly on Saturday, but the number of alcohol ads rose sharply on Saturday and Sunday. Snack ads were shown more often on Thursday, but snack commercials were also numerous on Saturday morning and afternoon, as were cereal ads. Ads for snack foods accounted for the greatest proportion of ads (20%) while fast food accounted for only 7%. Alcohol constituted about 9% of all food and nutrition ads.
48
Dezenhall, Amy. "Food and nutrition services in bone marrow transplant centers". FIU Digital Commons, 1985. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2790.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Nutritional support for bone marrow transplant recipients is recognized as vital, yet little research has occured to determine the best method.
This study was designed to survey existing food and nutrition services in bone marrow transplant centers in the U.S. in order to determine similarities in the services provided among centers from which a model protocol could be established for such centers.
A survey instrument was developed and sent to all chief dietitians associated with BMT centers in the U.S, listed the International Bone Marrow registry, 1982. Items on the questionnaire included: background information on size and organization, nature of foodservice, and nutrition support services.
The research suggested that there was a trend away from sterile food service. Problems encountered in establishing the food and nutrition services included: availability of single-serve sterile foods, standardization of recipes, and palatability of autoclaved foods. Four centers switched from sterile diets to either low bacteria diets or modified house diets at some point in their operation. Patient related services of the registered dietitian were most concentrated on admission and during critical care monitoring. Near all respondents indicated a desire to form a network for developing standards for services provided.
Many differences between centers still remain which prevent the development of a model center.
49
Mackison, Dionne. "Enhanced Nutrition Communications - Mailing the Best of Food Labels". Thesis, University of Dundee, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521657.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Food labels are considered fundamental in communicating nutrition information and can assist consumers to make informed dietary choices. Recent legislative developments within the European Union (EU) have put food labelling high on the policy agenda with commentators calling into question how best to deliver nutrition communication to guide healthy food choices in the retail setting. In addition, the provision of nutrition information in catering outlets is currently being explored in the United Kingdom (UK). The current study examines the British consumers' use, perception and comprehension of nutrition information provision in retail and catering settings. The study methodology comprised of a short postal questionnaire (distributed across the UK) and eight focus group discussions (FGOs) (conducted in Scotland). The questionnaire was designed following a literature review of the topic area. Content validity, face validity, item analysis, readability, repeat and internal reliability were assessed and indicated the questionnaire was a valid and reliable instrument. The final tool contained 19 questions (49 items) and assessed frequency of reading food labels, perceived importance of food labels, regularity of dining out, desire to have nutrition information at catering outlets and ability to perform nutrition information tasks. The questionnaire was distributed to a sample representative of gender, age, country of residence and social background for the UK population. Responses from 786 adults indicated that the majority (>90%) of respondents read food labels, with 53.4% reportedly reading nutrition information on food labels 'frequently'. Ability to perform nutrition label tasks was good with 61.3% obtaining a high label performance score. Eating outside the home was common (42.0% reported eating out once a week or more and 75.3% reported eating out once a month or more). Respondents claimed to welcome nutrition information in the catering arena.FGDswere informed by the questionnaire results and conducted to elicit a detailed perspective on label comprehension and usage. A non-probabilistic sampling strategy was employed with participants purposively recruited to include those from the most and least deprived locations. Pre-existing groups (e.g. church, parent and community groups) were recruited across Scotland, with a combination of analytic frameworks utilised for data analysis. Findings from the FGDsindicated that motivation (to read labels and eat a healthy diet) was a key determinant of nutrition label reading behaviour. Knowledge of nutrition, time pressures and label reading practicalities were reported barriers to reading and using food labels. The impact of product price on label reading behaviour varied between affluent and non-affluent groups. Participants who used labels described doing so to make 'healthier' food choices and compare similar products. Lack of motivation to eat a healthy diet and interest yvere common reasons cited by participants for non-label use. The introduction of nutrition information in the catering setting received a mixed response. Many participants expressed concerns about the impact of nutrition information on their dining experience, others however accepted nutrition information could be of benefit to those consumers dining out frequently. In conclusion, a range of approaches can be identified to enhance nutrition communications (e.g. the use of innovative technologies and communication platforms, the provision of tailored nutrition education interventions, and the modification and simplification of information currently provided) although impact will be influenced by the wider marketing environment. For enhanced nutrition communications to be successful, consumers first need to be motivated to eat a healthy diet and to read and use nutrition information available on food labels.
50
Anderson, Annie S. "Food and nutrition during pregnancy : attitudes, knowledge and practice". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384839.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
In order to test the hypothesis that pregnant women are responsive to nutrition education aimed at altering dietary behaviour (irrespective of social or demographic consideration) four studies were conducted on women resident in Aberdeen. Valid and reliable methods of assessing nutrition knowledge, attitudes to healthier eating (based on the Theory of Reasoned Action model) and dietary intake were developed from a number of formative research and pilot studies carried out in the local population. The results from the major studies indicated that women change their diets during early pregnancy (i.e. before attending ante-natal clinics) and these changes are maintained throughout gestation, but are not related to nutrition knowledge. The response of pregnant women to nutrition education was to increase knowledge about nutrition but no effect was detected on attitudinal variables or dietary intake. Multiple Regression analysis of the socio-demographic characteristics, nutrition knowledge, attitude, and dietary intake of women who have not received formal nutrition education during pregnancy suggest that knowledge about nutrition has a limited impact on diet, whereas social class and smoking may have a greater effect. Attitudinal variables, including Subjective Norm (or social pressure), will also exert an effect on dietary intake. The implication of these studies is that future nutrition education programmes need to commence well before pregnancy in order to alter diet during pregnancy. Future programmes could usefully assess ways of influencing Attitude and Subjective Norm and evaluate the impact of targeting these variables as a means to changing dietary behaviour.