Artykuły w czasopismach: „Fly Ash Cenosphere”

1

Manоcha, L. M., K. A. Ram i S. M. Manocha. "Separation of Cenospheres from Fly Ashes by Floatation Method". Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 13, nr 1-2 (21.12.2010): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj72.

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Fly-ashes are non-combustible mineral residues which are produced from coal in thermal power plants. Four different types of fly ashes were collected from different power station in Gujarat. Characterization through SEM shows that fly ash contains cenosphere i.e. gas bubble containing ceramic particle independent of their bulk density. Floatation technique was used for the separation of cenosphere from fly ash. Two solvents with extremely different densities were used for the separation of cenospheres. All methods gave approximately yield of less than 1 % cenosphere in fly ash. Color of cenospheres varied from gray to almost white and the value of density range from 0.4 – 0.8 g/cc. Further, chemical composition analysis revealed that cenospheres do not contain any high concentration of hazardous elements.

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Liu, Zhongwei, Kang Zhao, Yufei Tang i Chi Hu. "Preparation of a Cenosphere Curing Agent and Its Application to Foam Concrete". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (3.03.2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7523492.

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Cenospheres are hollow and spherical particles extracted from fly ash. Controllable separation of cenosphere particles with different densities and sizes can be realized by controlling the density of a flotation solution of cenospheres. In this paper, cenospheres were corroded by hydrofluoric acid to produce perforated pores on their shell surfaces. Then, the cenospheres were mixed with water to prepare the cenosphere curing agent. Foam concrete was prepared using ordinary Portland cement (42.5 R), vegetable protein foaming agent, fly ash, cenospheres, and the cenosphere curing agent as raw materials. The water absorption rate of the cenosphere curing agent was 156.0 wt.%, and 85% of the loaded water was released at a relative humidity of 97.4%, which met the microenvironment requirements of foam concrete. Addition of the cenosphere curing agent during foam concrete preparation has the following positive functions for foam concrete: inhibiting autogenous shrinkage, promoting the hydration degree, improving the state of the interfacial transition zone between cenospheres and the hardened cement paste, reducing the number of connected pores, relieving the stress concentration on the pore walls, and enhancing the compression strength of the foam concrete.

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Yoriya, Sorachon, i Phattarathicha Tepsri. "Separation Process and Microstructure-Chemical Composition Relationship of Cenospheres from Lignite Fly Ash Produced from Coal-Fired Power Plant in Thailand". Applied Sciences 10, nr 16 (10.08.2020): 5512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165512.

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The cenosphere is one becoming a focus of the power plant in terms of value addition and ash management. This study presents a systematic investigation and characterization of physical properties, morphological structures, and chemical composition of cenospheres separated from fly ash produced from the Mae Moh coal-fired power plant, Thailand. To our knowledge, this is the first report on cenospheres separation from Mae Moh class C fly ash, with high calcium content ~24 wt.%, by adopting the traditional wet separation method (using water as the medium) to separate the lightweight cenospheres. Various effects of process parameters (fly ash-to-water ratio, stirring method, ultrasonication, and size classification) were designed to examine the cenosphere recovery yield in comparison. The result has revealed the limit of physical stirring-settling effect associated with the cenospheres content by nature governing the percent recovery. The bulk cenospheres were subject to size sieving into different sized fractions, with the structure-chemical composition relationship established for more insight. The particle diameter/shell thickness ratio revealed its significant correlation with the aluminosilicate glass composition, with the relating cenosphere shell structures (single-ring and porous) mapped to compare for a better elucidation of their structure-property relationship. The phase composition was also studied.

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Wrona, Jan, Witold Żukowski, Dariusz Bradło i Piotr Czupryński. "Recovery of Cenospheres and Fine Fraction from Coal Fly Ash by a Novel Dry Separation Method". Energies 13, nr 14 (11.07.2020): 3576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143576.

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Aluminosilicate microspheres are a valuable fraction of coal fly ash with diverse applications due to their low density. Currently, there is no efficient and ecologically rational method of cenosphere recovery from fly ash. A combination of dry methods for the recovery of both fine ash particles and aluminosilicate microspheres from coal fly ash is presented. It is comprised of fluidised bed separation followed by screening and pneumatic separation in a free-fall air chamber. Fluidised bed separation was assisted by a mechanical activator to prevent agglomeration. This step reduced the portion of material that required further treatment by 52–55 wt.%, with the recovery of microspheres exceeding 97%. Then, the concentrates were individually subjected to pneumatic separation. The final separation product for the fly ash containing 0.64 wt.% cenospheres was a cenosphere concentrate that constituted about 17 wt.% of the initial fly ash. The recovery of cenospheres was around 81%. Usage of a combination of dry methods allowed for maintaining almost 83 wt.% of the raw material in its dry form. Furthermore, the produced fly ash grain fractions could be used for different industrial purposes.

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Yoriya, Sorachon, i Phattarathicha Tepsri. "Crystal Growth on Cenospheres from High-Calcium Fly Ash". Crystals 11, nr 8 (7.08.2021): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080919.

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This work presents a study of cenosphere separation from lignite high-calcium (~24 wt.%) fly ash by centrifugal method; this is the first report for Mae Moh, Thailand, fly ash with this high calcium content using this technique. The effect of centrifugal parameters on cenosphere yield and properties were investigated. Those properties include physical properties, morphology, chemical composition, and mineral phases. The recovery yields are in the range of 0.34–0.64%, approximately one third of the yield obtained from the general gravity settling method. Density, particle size, and morphology of the collected cenospheres appeared to be independent of sequence of the applied speeds and times. Interrelation of chemical composition and mineral phases was established, with the focus on calcium carbonate formation on cenosphere surface and crystallite size study. The study has revealed the preferential formation of calcite–(104) peak is observed–by cenospheres, with stable growth behavior of crystallite sizes obtained from all the centrifugal conditions. The result was compared to that obtained from the sink-float method for a better insight. The influence and limitation of the centrifugal method, the varied parameters, and the relevant reaction pathways on crystal growth process in terms of important dissolving species (i.e., Ca2+ and CO32−) behavior in the ash suspension were discussed.

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Soh, Wei Ming, Jully Tan, Jerry Y. Y. Heng i Christopher Cheeseman. "Production of Cenospheres from Coal Fly Ash through Vertical Thermal Flame (VTF) Process". Materials Science Forum 880 (listopad 2016): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.880.7.

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Coal fly ash is a complex mixture of anthropogenic materials produced during the combustion of pulverised coal in coal fired power plants. They pose environmental concerns that lead to air and water pollution. Effort has been done to reduce the production of coal fly ash or to extract potentially valuable products from coal fly ash, such as cenospheres. Cenospheres are light, low density, thin-walled hollow ceramic microsphere with unique properties. Conventional cenosphere production methods involve the separation of cenospheres from coal fly ash. Due to its small quantities in fly ash (1 % wt.), separation process results in low production of cenospheres. In this work, an attempt by applying a vertical thermal flame (VTF) process is done to produce cenospheres from coal fly ash. Particle size of coal fly ash 63 to 90 μm and 90 to 126 μm are selected to undergo the VTF process. Effect of size of precursor, number of passes through the thermal process, density, morphology and particles size of generated spheres are evaluated. The results show that different sizes of coal fly ash and number of passes through the VTF process affect the morphology of obtained spheres and the overall real density. Further optimization of the VTF process design in terms of heat source and the feeding mechanism are required to increase the transformation of coal fly ash to cenospheres.

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Asavavisithchai, Seksak, i Attanadol Prapajaraswong. "Effects of Different Types of Power Plant Ashes on Foamability and Structure of Al Foams". Advanced Materials Research 770 (wrzesień 2013): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.770.10.

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Addition of power plant ash particles, classified as cenosphere and precipitator fly ashes, and bottom ash, to Al foams resulted in different foamabilities and foam structures. These distinctions arise from a difference in physical and chemical characteristics of ash particles. The cenosphere fly ash is hollow, whilst the precipitator fly ash is dense. The bottom ash is also dense with irregular shape. The major chemical constituents of these ashes are SiO2, CaO, Al2O3 and Fe2O3. It is found that the improvement in foam expansion and structure is obtained from the addition of precipitator fly ash or bottom ash particles. The addition of cenosphere fly ash, however, leads to a decrease in foamability and non-uniform foam structure.

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Suresha, Bheemappa, Shivaprakash Vidyashree i Harshavardhan Bettegowda. "Effect of Filler Materials on Abrasive Wear Performance of Glass/Epoxy Composites". Tribology in Industry 45, nr 1 (15.03.2023): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24874/ti.1386.10.22.01.

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When creating polymer-based composites, plain weave fabrics and micron-sized fillers offer bidirectional strength and reduced voids/inhomogeneity. In the present work, It was investigated how glass fabric reinforced epoxy composite (G-E) performed during three-body abrasive wear with and without ceramic fillers (SiO2, Al2O3, graphite, and fly ash cenospheres). In experiments, loads of 20 N and 40 N were applied at various abrading distances of 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, and 2000 m. According to the results of sand abrasive wear test, the specific wear rates of G-E based composites are sensitive to fibre and filler/matrix adhesion. Under all tribo-test settings, the SWR for all particulate G-E composites decreases in the following order: G-E > Gr/G-E > SiO2/G-E > Al2O3/G-E > fly ash cenosphere/G-E. Furthermore, the specific wear rate of the fly ash cenosphere filled G-E composites were found to be lower than the G-E and other filler materials filled G-E composites. There was 38.7% reduction in the specific wear rate at 40 N, 2000 m in fly ash cenosphere filled G-E composite. As per the evidence of scanning electron microscope images of worn-out surfaces, mechanisms such as ploughing, fibre breakage, fibre pull-out, fibre thinning, and a network of microcracks caused the wear in composites.

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Yoriya, Sorachon, i Phattarathicha Tepsri. "Investigation of Metal and Trace Elements of Cenospheres from Lignite High-Calcium Fly Ash (Thailand)". Water 13, nr 20 (19.10.2021): 2935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13202935.

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High-calcium fly ashes contain a large content of small particles including cenospheres of chemical constituents known to be similar to fly ash and the parent coal. Coal fly ash contains metal and trace elements that may leach out during disposal or utilization. This work aimed to understand an overview of cenosphere characteristics relating to fly ash and leaching study. To our knowledge, this is the first report on metal and trace element leaching of cenospheres separated from high-calcium (28.9 wt.%) class C fly ash produced from the Mae Moh coal-fired thermal power plant in Thailand. In this study, the cenospheres were separated from fly ash by a wet separation process (sink-float method) using water as medium. Physical properties, morphology, chemical composition, the mineral phases of cenospheres and fly ash have been characterized. Extraction was carried out by acid digestion; the selected metal and trace elements in this study are Mg, Al, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Cu; the obtained environmentally available concentrations of cenospheres were analyzed in comparison to those of fly ash. The concentrations of Cu, Cr, Pb, and Cd elements of interest in the leachates obtained from the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) showed the tendency to decrease in that order. All the elements were found below the permissible limit values regarding Thailand soil quality standards. Association of the heavy metal trace elements in cenospheres and fly ash was discussed in in terms of physico-chemical-geochemistry correlating with the leaching concentrations.

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Yoon, Seyoon, i Inhwan Park. "Micropore Structures in Cenosphere-Containing Cementitious Materials Using Micro-CT". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3892683.

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Cenospheres have been recently applied to increase the volume of uniform micropores in hardened cementitious materials. Therefore, application of micro-CT to cenosphere-containing binders will help better understand the micropores formed by cenospheres in the hardened materials. Accordingly, the present study prepared Portland cement paste, alkali-activated fly ash/silica fume, and alkali-activated fly ash with 60% weight replacement by cenospheres and reconstructed their micropore structures using micro-CT. From the pore structure, individual micropores were extracted and analyzed using the principal moment ratios (I11/I33 and I22/I33). Based on the moment ratios, the representative pore shapes were determined in the different pore-volume ranges. Four-factor pore compliance contribution (4-factor PCC) model was then applied to predict the influences of the micropores on the elastic moduli of the micropore/matrix composites.

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Prapajaraswong, Attanadol, i Seksak Asavavisithchai. "A Comparative Investigation on Foamability and Structure of Al Foams Added with Precipitator and Cenosphere Fly Ash Particles". Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (styczeń 2013): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.89.

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Al foam is an advanced engineering material with many outstanding properties, such as very low density, high specific strength and stiffness, and large energy absorption. In the present study, pure Al foams were mixed with either cenosphere or precipitator fly ash particles of various contents. Fly ash particles are used in Al foams as reinforcement and stabilising materials which enable the foams with large expansion. It is found that Al foams with precipitator fly ash particles of various contents exhibited larger expansions than the foams with cenosphere fly ash particles. The quantitative analysis also revealed that more stable foam structure was obtained in Al foams with precipitator fly ash addition.

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Zhang, Qiang, i Gao Hui Wu. "Microstructure and Compression Behavior of Cenosphere Filled Aluminum Syntactic Foams". Materials Science Forum 706-709 (styczeń 2012): 704–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.704.

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Aluminum syntactic foams were fabricated by pressure-inﬁltrating liquid pure aluminum into packed preforms of cenosphere fly ash. The morphology, true density and porosity of fly ash microballoons were characterized. The microstructure of the syntactic foams demonstrated uniform distribution of the microballoons in the aluminum matrix and seldom infiltration of cenosphere fly ash. These foams were subjected to quasi-static uniaxial compression tests and behaved like high strength aluminum foams under compressive deformation, exhibiting an extended plateau region in the stress–strain curves. With the decreasing of fly ash diameter, the plateau stress and absorbed energy of the syntactic foams increased. X-ray microcomputed tomography was used to examine the foam microstructures after interrupted compression and reveal the damage evolution. The current work provides a better understanding on the structure and mechanical properties of aluminum matrix syntactic foams.

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Yoriya, Intana i Tepsri. "Separation of Cenospheres from Lignite Fly Ash Using Acetone–Water Mixture". Applied Sciences 9, nr 18 (10.09.2019): 3792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9183792.

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This work reports on the separation of cenospheres from lignite fly ash through a wet separation process-the sink-float method. A better quality of cenospheres could be achieved through a physical–chemical approach using an acetone–water mixture as a medium. This work aimed to elucidate the correlation between the structure, morphology, and composition and medium fraction variables, with data for the freshly prepared and the reused mixtures presented for comparison. The work covers a study of the macrocomponent composition of an Fe2O3–SiO2–Al2O3 system, highlighting the pair dependences of SiO2–Al2O3, Al2O3–Fe2O3, and SiO2/Al2O3–Al2O3 and revealing an interesting result in terms of geochemical characteristics categorizing the collected cenosphere fractions separated from high-calcium class C fly ash produced from a lignite coal power plant in Thailand (as magnetic cenospheres). The CaO and SO3 contents increased monotonically with increased water content, particularly for the CaO composition profile, which was found to be similar to the increased carbonate concentration measured from the mixtures after use. The physicochemical properties in terms of the self-association ability of the acetone–water mixing phase is believed to have played an important role in determining the intermolecular interactions and reactivity of ions in the liquid phase, consequently affecting the separation efficiency, recovery yield, and quality of cenospheres.

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Ferian Anggara, Himawan T.B.M Petrus, Dea Anisa Ayu Besari, Hotden Manurung i Febry Yulindra Abdi Saputra. "TINJAUAN PUSTAKA KARAKTERISASI DAN POTENSI PEMANFAATAN FLY ASH DAN BOTTOM ASH (FABA)". Buletin Sumber Daya Geologi 16, nr 1 (2.06.2021): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47599/bsdg.v16i1.320.

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Fly ash dan bottom ash (FABA) merupakan limbah hasil sisa pembakaran batubara dari pembangkit listrik tenaga uap (PLTU). FABA yang dihasilkan akan terus meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya kebutuhan energi listrik yang harus dipenuhi. Komposisi FABA secara umum berupa silika, alumina, oksida besi, dan senyawa oksida lainnya. Abu yang dihasilkan dari pembakaran batubara berpotensi secara ekonomis karena mengandung beberapa unsur berharga antara lain Ge, Ga, unsur tanah jarang (REY), Nb, Zr, V, Re, Au, Ag, dan logam dasar seperti Al. Karakteristik fisik dan kimia FABA merupakan aspek penting yang dapat memengaruhi, baik potensi penggunaan maupun metode pembuangan atau penyimpanan limbah yang akan dilakukan. Potensi pemanfaatan FABA telah banyak digunakan pada bidang geoteknik, salah satunya diaplikasikan sebagai material geopolimer. Selain itu, FABA juga mengandung cenosphere yang merupakan salah satu material bernilai ekonomis tinggi dan telah banyak diaplikasikan pada berbagai bidang industri. Berbagai teknik pemisahan material untuk meningkatkan potensi nilai guna FABA telah berhasil dikembangkan, antara lain metode ektraksi cenosphere, logam berharga serta unsur jejak seperti REY, juga unburned carbon.

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Ming, Yuan, Yu Sirong, Liu Enyang, Li Fanguo, Zhao Yan, Zhang Shanbao i Li Jingda. "High-temperature damping capacity of fly ash cenosphere/AZ91D Mg alloy composites". Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 25, nr 1 (26.01.2018): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2016-0094.

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AbstractIn this study, fly ash cenospheres were added to semisolid AZ91D Mg alloy to prepare fly ash cenosphere/AZ91D (FAC/AZ91D) composites by means of compo-casting. The high-temperature damping capacity of FAC/AZ91D composites was investigated as compared with AZ91D Mg alloy. The results show that the damping capacities of FAC/AZ91D composites and AZ91D Mg alloy strongly depend on the measuring temperature. The FAC/AZ91D composites show better damping capacity than AZ91D Mg alloy. The 10 wt.% FAC/AZ91D composites exhibit the best damping capacity from room temperature to 125°C, whereas the 2 wt.% FAC/AZ91D composites show the highest damping capacity at 125°C–320°C. The damping mechanism was analyzed by microstructure observation at elevated temperatures. The damping-temperature curves exhibit a damping peak at approximately 150°C, and the activation energy of the damping peak was calculated according to the Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, the peak temperature increases with increasing frequencies. The damping peak is related to the thermal activation relaxation process, and its mechanism is the dislocation-induced damping.

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Zhang, Qiang, Linchi Zou, Xuan Zhu, Yingfei Lin i Gaohui Wu. "Interfacial microstructure of cenosphere fly ash/Al composites". Composite Interfaces 21, nr 4 (9.01.2014): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15685543.2014.878832.

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Urunkar, Yogesh, Aniruddha Pandit, Parag Bhargava, Jyeshtharaj Joshi, Channamallikarjun Mathpati, Sudarsan Vasanthakumaran, Dheeraj Jain, Zakir Hussain, Shirish Patel i Venumadhav More. "Light-weight thermal insulating fly ash cenosphere ceramics". International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology 15, nr 6 (29.04.2018): 1467–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijac.12906.

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Velciu, Georgeta, Virgil Marinescu, Adriana Moanta, Ladislau Radermacher i Adriana Mariana Bors. "The Influence of the Ash Addition from Thermal Power Plant on the Mechanical, Thermal and Dielectric Characteristics of Mortars". Revista de Chimie 69, nr 8 (15.09.2018): 2040–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.8.6469.

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The influence of fly ash adittion (90 % fraction [ 100 mm) on the cement mortar characteristics was studied. The XRD, XRF, SEM and FTIR determinations indicated that fly ash used has a hollow microstructure of microsphere and cenosphere whose total content in SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 is 88.63 % and that of CaO and MgO of 8.55 %. The mechanical, thermal and dielectric determinations made on mortar samples with content of fly ash in the 0-40 % range have highlighted fact that the mechanical strength of cement mortars is maximal at 20 %, the increase in fly ash content leads to a decrease in relative density and thermal conductivity as well as and to increased dielectric losses tgd.

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Ahamed, A., i T. Prashanth. "Mechanical Property Evaluation Aluminium 6061 Nickel Coated Cenosphere Composites". Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering 22, nr 4 (2.09.2020): 1381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mme-2018-0108.

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AbstractIn recent years, among all the aluminium alloys, Al6061 is gaining much popularity as a matrix material to prepare MMCs owing to its excellent mechanical properties and good corrosion resistance. Fly ash cenospheres are primarily a by-product in power generation plants. Research is in progress to effectively use this byproduct to produce new usable and profitable materials as they pose major disposal and environmental problems. In the light of the above, the present investigation is aimed at development of metal coated cenosphere reinforced Al6061 composites and to characterize their mechanical properties. Al6061 nickel coated composites have been prepared by liquid metallurgy route by varying percentage of nickel coated cenospheres between 2–10% by weight in steps of 2%. Density, hardness and tensile behaviour of the composites is carried out. It is observed that there is an increase in the values of hardness, density of the composite with an increasing percentage of the nickel coated cenosphere reinforcements. There is also a notable increase in the tensile strength as well as reduction in ductility of the prepared composite. Fractographs to indicate the behaviour of the composites have also been depicted in the paper.

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Satpathy, H. P., S. K. Patel i A. N. Nayak. "Development of sustainable lightweight concrete using fly ash cenosphere and sintered fly ash aggregate". Construction and Building Materials 202 (marzec 2019): 636–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.034.

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Vereshchagina, Tatiana, Ekaterina Kutikhina, Leonid Solovyov, Sergei Vereshchagin, Elena Mazurova i Alexander Anshits. "Hydrothermal Co-Processing of Coal Fly Ash Cenospheres and Soluble Sr(II) as Environmentally Sustainable Approach to Sr-90 Immobilization in a Mineral-like Form". Materials 14, nr 19 (26.09.2021): 5586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195586.

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Co-processing of radioactive effluents with coal fly ash-derived materials is recognized as a resource-saving approach for efficient stabilization/solidification of radioactive components of wastewater. In this context, the paper is focused on the hydrothermal synthesis of Sr2+-bearing aluminosilicate/silicate phases as analogs of a mineral-like 90Sr waste form using hollow glass-crystalline aluminosilicate microspheres from coal fly ash (cenospheres) as a glassy source of Si and Al (SiO2-Al2O3)glass) and Sr(NO3)2 solutions as 90Sr simulant wastewater. The direct conversion of cenosphere glass in the Sr(NO3)2-NaOH-H2O-(SiO2-Al2O3)glass system as well as Sr2+ sorption on cenosphere-derived analcime (ANA) in the Sr(NO3)2-H2O-ANA system were studied at 150–200 °C and autogenous pressure. The solid and liquid reaction products were characterized by SEM-EDS, PXRD, AAS and STA. In the Sr(NO3)2-NaOH-H2O-(SiO2-Al2O3)glass system, the hydrothermal processing at 150–200 °C removes 99.99% of the added Sr2+ from the solution by forming Sr-tobermorite and Sr-plagioclase phases. In the Sr(NO3)2-H2O-ANA system, Sr2+ sorption on analcime results in the formation of solid solutions (Na1−nSrn/2)AlSi2O6·H2O of the Na-analcime–Sr-wairakite series. The results can be considered as a basis for the development of environmentally sustainable technology for 90Sr removal from wastewater and immobilization in a mineral-like form by co-processing waste from coal-fired and nuclear power plants.

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Shishkin, Andrej, Viktor Mironov, Vjacheslav Zemchenkov, Maksim Antonov i Irina Hussainova. "Hybrid Syntactic Foams of Metal – Fly Ash Cenosphere – Clay". Key Engineering Materials 674 (styczeń 2016): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.674.35.

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This paper addresses an innovative syntactic foam produced out of metal powder (Fe), fly ash cenospheres (CS) and clay ceramic syntactic foams composite material (CM). Due to the low density of CS (bulk density - 0.38 g/cm3), the average density of these foams is about 2.6-2.9 g/cm3. It was found that CS undergoes phase transformation during thermal treatment at a temperature of 1200°C. Microstructural observations reveal a uniform distribution of CS and Fe particles in the composite. Compressive strength, and friction coefficient of obtained Fe/CS CM are in the range between 149 - 344 MPa and 0.15 - 1.1, respectively. Dependence of compressive strength on firing temperature is demonstrated exhibiting the maximum at 344 MPa; however, dependence of coefficient of friction on a material properties, obtained at different firing temperature exhibits the minimum value of 0.15 at the firing temperature of 1150 °C. The obtained syntactic form was shown to be a candidate for wear resistant applications.

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Zeng, Ai Xiang, Kai Long Hu i Li Luo. "Electroless Ni-P Coating of Cenospheres Using Copper Sulfate Activator". Advanced Materials Research 463-464 (luty 2012): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.463-464.375.

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Electroless Ni- P-coating of fly-ash cenosphere particles is demonstrated in the present investigation. The Electroless Ni- P-coating process is modified by replacing the conventional sensitization and activation steps with only using activation step with CuSO4 activator. The cenosphere particles are characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) during and after the coating process. Relatively uniform and continuous coating is obtained under the given coating conditions. The possible mechanism of electroless Ni-P-coating of cenosphere particles utilizing CuSO4 activator is suggested. The low density Ni-P coated cenosphere particles may be utilized for manufacturing conducting polymers for EMI-shielding application and microwave absorbing materials.

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Arunachalam, Krishna Prakash, Siva Avudaiappan, Erick I. Saavedra Flores i Pablo Fernando Parra. "Experimental Study on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of Cenosphere Concrete". Materials 16, nr 9 (4.05.2023): 3518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16093518.

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The most valuable components of coal fly ash are cenospheres. Cenospheres are hollow spherical particles produced during the coal-burning processes. As a result of their excellent characteristics, such as high workability, high heat resistance, low bulk density, and high strength, cenospheres can be used in the manufacturing of lightweight cement concrete. The research efforts and outcomes are to produce long-lasting cement-based lightweight concrete (LWC) composites with good mechanical properties. The novelty of this investigation is to determine the cement concrete strength when silica fume (SF) and cenospheres (CS) were used as a replacement for cement. Throughout the experiments, a consistent substitution of 12% silica fume was incorporated into cement mass. Silica is used as a micro filler and pozzolanic reactant to strengthen concrete. The concrete mixtures were tested to ensure they met the requirements of the lightweight concrete in terms of their mechanical, physical, and durability qualities. According to the findings, lightweight concrete standards were met, and environmental sustainability was improved with the use of these mix proportions. Concrete specimen’s self-weight decreases by 35% with 30% cenosphere as a replacement. The micrograph shows the lack of portlandite is filled by mullite and other alumino silicates from the cenosphere. In order to achieve sustainability in concrete manufacturing, these mixtures can be suggested for the making of structural LWC that makes use of a large volume of industrial waste while conserving cement and natural resources.

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Fan, Hougang, Dandan Chen, Xuefeng Ai, Shuo Han, Maobin Wei, Lili Yang, Huilian Liu i Jinghai Yang. "Mesoporous TiO2 coated ZnFe2O4 nanocomposite loading on activated fly ash cenosphere for visible light photocatalysis". RSC Advances 8, nr 3 (2018): 1398–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra11055c.

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Mesoporous TiO₂ coating ZnFe₂O₄ nanocomposite loading on different amounts of activated fly ash cenosphere (AFAC) for visible light photocatalysis of RhB were successfully synthesized by sol–gel and hydrothermal methods.

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Beddu, Salmia, Teh Sabariah Abd Manan, Mahyun Mohd Zainoodin, Nur Liyana Mohd Kamal, Affiani Machmudah, Saba Yavari, Daud Mohamad i in. "Characterization of Cenospheres from Malaysian Coal Generated Power Plants: Jimah, Kapar and Manjung". Jurnal Kejuruteraan 34, nr 6 (30.11.2022): 1251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2022-34(6)-25.

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Cenosphere is a component of fly ash (FA) and has been used as part of sustainable material in wastewater treatment, automotive, ceramic, and construction industries due to its properties. This research presents the first study on characterization of cenospheres from Malaysian power plants namely Jimah, Kapar and Manjung. The characterization was conducted via X-ray fluorescence (XRF), particle size analyzer (PSA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRF analysis consisted of oxides elements ranged from 14.70 to 22.63% (aluminum oxide, Al2O3), 3.78 to 13.44% (calcium oxide, CaO), 34.73 to 57.67% (silicon dioxide, SiO2), 0.42 to 1.07% (sulphur trioxide, SO3), 9.09 to 24.92% (iron oxide, Fe2O3), 3.62 to 3.67% (potassium oxide, K2O), 1.76 to 4.24% (titanium oxide, TiO2) and 0.16 to 0.93% (magnesium oxide, MgO). The classifications of cementitious materials by American Standard of Testing Materials were Class F (Jimah, Kapar) and Class C (Manjung). The classification represents the quality and capability of cementitious materials as cement replacement material, additive, and filler in concrete mix. The sizes of cenospheres were Kapar > Jimah > Manjung. The sizes of cenosphere were found to be larger than FA (Jimah: 2.720-49.21 μm, Kapar: 5.069-98.29 μm, Manjung: 1.084-3.986 μm). Cenospheres contained quarts (Jimah, Kapar, Manjung: 26°) and silicates (Kapar, Manjung: 45°). Ferrospheres, cenospheres, aluminosilicate-spheres, plerospheres and carbon fragments were observed. The cenosphere from Manjung showed high quality as cement replacement material, additive, and filler with 13.44% of CaO.

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Che, Ru Xin, Chun Xia Wang i Bing Yu. "Preparation and Magnetic Properties of the Core-Nanoshell Composite Materials Doped with Nd". Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (lipiec 2011): 1956–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.1956.

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The core-nanoshell composite materials doped with Nd were prepared by a solid-state reaction method. The core is magnetic fly-ash hollow cenosphere, and the shell is the nanosized ferrite doped with Nd. The thermal decomposition process of the sample was investigated by TG- DTA. The morphology and composition of the composite materials were investigated by the X-ray diffraction analysis ( XRD ), scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) and energy disperse spectroscopy ( EDS ). The results of vibrating sample magnetometer ( VSM ) analysis indicated that the exchange-coupling interaction happens between ferrite of magnetic fly-ash hollow cenosphere and nanosized ferrite coating. The exchange-coupling interaction enhances magnetic loss of composite materials. The results show that doped with Nd can enhance the coercivity too, so the magnetic properties could be promoted further. The magnetic properties of the core-nanoshell composite material are better than that of single-phase.

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Che, Ru Xin, Bing Yu i Chun Xia Wang. "Preparation and Magnetic Properties of the Core-Nanoshell Composite Materials Doped with Sm". Materials Science Forum 694 (lipiec 2011): 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.694.461.

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The core-nanoshell composite materials doped with Sm were prepared by a solid-state reaction method. The core is magnetic fly-ash hollow cenosphere, and the shell is the nanosized ferrite doped with Sm. The thermal decomposition process of the sample was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry ( TG- DSC ). The morphology and composition of the composite materials were investigated by the X-ray diffraction analysis ( XRD ), scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) and energy disperse spectroscopy ( EDS ). The results of vibrating sample magnetometer analysis ( VSM ) indicated that the exchange-coupling interaction happens between ferrite of magnetic fly-ash hollow cenosphere and nanosized ferrite coating, which caused outstanding magnetic properties. The results show that doped with Sm can enhance the coercivity too, so the magnetic properties could be promoted further by the adjustment of compositions and the use of special techniques. The magnetic properties of the core-nanoshell composite material are better than that of single-phase.

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Che, Ru Xin, Bing Yu, Chun Xia Wang i Li Qiu Wei. "Preparation and Microwave Absorption Property of the Core-Nanoshell Composite Materials Doped with Sm". Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (październik 2011): 514–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.514.

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The core-nanoshell composite materials doped with Sm were prepared by a solid-state reaction method. The core is magnetic fly-ash hollow cenosphere, and the shell is the nanosized ferrite doped with Sm. The thermal decomposition process of the sample was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry ( TG- DSC ). The morphology and components of the composite materials were investigated by the X-ray diffraction analysis ( XRD ), scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) and energy disperse spectroscopy ( EDS ). The microwave absorption property was investigated by vector network analyzer ( VNA ). The results indicated that the exchange-coupling interaction happens between ferrite of magnetic fly-ash hollow cenosphere and nanosized ferrite coating. The exchange-coupling interaction enhances magnetic loss of composite materials. So, in the frequency between 1 MHz and 1 GHz, the absorbing effectiveness of the core-nanoshell composite absorbers can achieve –32 dB, it is better than single material and is consistent with requirements of the microwave absorbing material at the low-frequency absorption.

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Che, Ru Xin, Bing Yu i Li Qiu Wei. "Preparation and Microwave Absorption Property of the Core-Nanoshell Composite Materials Doped with Nd". Advanced Materials Research 335-336 (wrzesień 2011): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.335-336.36.

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The core-nanoshell composite materials doped with Nd were prepared by a solid-state reaction method. The core is magnetic fly-ash hollow cenosphere, and the shell is the nanosized ferrite doped with Nd. The thermal decomposition process of the sample was carried out by the thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis ( TG-DTA ). The morphology and components of the composite materials were investigated by the X-ray diffraction analysis ( XRD ), scanning electron microscope ( SEM ) and energy disperse spectroscopy ( EDS ). The microwave absorption property was investigated by vector network analyzer ( VNA ). The results indicated that the exchange-coupling interaction happens between ferrite of magnetic fly-ash hollow cenosphere and nanosized ferrite coating. The exchange-coupling interaction enhances magnetic loss of composite materials. So, in the frequency between 1 MHz and 1 GHz, the absorbing effectiveness of the core-nanoshell composite absorbers can achieve –31 dB, it is better than single material and is consistent with requirements of the microwave absorbing material at the low-frequency absorption.

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Naveen, S., i Govardhan Bat. "An Exhaustive Review on The Development of The Role of Cementitious Supplementary Cementitious Material in Ductile Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC)". Proceedings of the 12th Structural Engineering Convention, SEC 2022: Themes 1-2 1, nr 1 (19.12.2022): 1663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.38208/acp.v1.703.

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In recent years, worldwide, a newly developed composite with an assurance of high ductility and high matrix toughness named as Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) is started. It is a known fact that the manufacturing of ECC uses a higher amount of fly ash, contributing to sustainable development and reduction of carbon footprint. In this paper, a review of ECC with supplementary cementitious materials such as fly ash has been studied. ECC looks similar to ordinary Portland cement-based concrete, except that it can deform (or bend) under strain. Conventional concrete's lack of durability and failure under strain, both stemming from brittle behaviour, have been a pushing factor in the development of ECC. ECC has exclusive properties, such as tensile properties, ductile properties, durability properties higher than other types of fibre reinforced concrete. Different trail mixes of ECC with fly ash, fly ash cenosphere and various authors have used calcium content of fly ash. The results have been assessed based on the properties of ECC in the presence of fly ash. This paper presents an exhaustive review of ECC by incorporating fly ash as a cementitious material. The reports consider the effect of fly ash fineness and fly ash content on various properties of concrete. Also, the effect on strength and other parameters studied at high-temperature conditions.

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Gupta, T., i P. S. Bokare. "A Review on characterization and application of fly ash cenosphere". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1120, nr 1 (1.03.2021): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1120/1/012025.

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Castellanos, A. G., H. Mawson, V. Burke i P. Prabhakar. "Fly-ash cenosphere/clay blended composites for impact resistant tiles". Construction and Building Materials 156 (grudzień 2017): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.151.

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Patel, S. K., R. K. Majhi, H. P. Satpathy i A. N. Nayak. "Durability and microstructural properties of lightweight concrete manufactured with fly ash cenosphere and sintered fly ash aggregate". Construction and Building Materials 226 (listopad 2019): 579–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.304.

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Guo, Junlin, Kang Yuan, Jianjiang Xu, Ying Wang, Dan Gan i Mingsheng He. "The Workability and Mechanical Performance of Fly Ash Cenosphere–Desert Sand Ceramsite Concrete: An Experimental Study and Analysis". Materials 16, nr 3 (2.02.2023): 1298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16031298.

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In order to alleviate the shortage of sand resources for construction, make full use of industrial waste and promote the development of green lightweight aggregate concrete in the desert and surrounding areas, this paper proposes a new lightweight ceramsite concrete, fly ash cenospheres and desert sand ceramsite concrete (FDCC). An orthogonal test was conducted to analyze the effects of the desert sand (DS) replacing ratio, fly ash cenosphere (FAC) replacing ratio and polymer emulsion (PLE) addition on the damage patterns, slump, apparent density and compressive strength of the FDCC. The results showed that the most influential factors for the slump, apparent density and compressive strength of the FDCC were the FAC replacing ratio, FAC replacing ratio and DS replacing ratio, respectively. Meanwhile, the PLE addition had little effect on the workability or mechanical performance of the FDCC. With the increase in the DS replacing ratio, the slump decreased rapidly and the compressive strength reached its peak value, increasing by 20.6% when the DS replacing ratio was 20%. With the increase in the FAC replacing ratio, the slump increased by 106%, the apparent density decreased gradually and the compressive decreased and then increased, reaching its lowest value when the FAC replacing ratio was 20%. According to the synthetic evaluation analysis, the optimum DS replacing ratio, FAC replacing ratio and PLE addition of the FDCC were 20%, 30% and 1%, respectively.

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He, Xiao Na, Ru Xin Che, Yi Lin Wang, Yue Li i Li Peng Wan. "Preparation of the Core-Nanoshell Composite Materials and Adsorption of Chromium-Containing Heavy Metals". Advanced Materials Research 1051 (październik 2014): 594–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1051.594.

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The core-nanoshell composite materials with magnetic fly-ash hollow cenosphere as core and nanoLaFeO3 as shell were synthesized by high-energy ball milling method. The samples were characterized by XRD, SEM and VSM. The results show that the core-nanoshell composite materials were prepared successfully. As the exchange-coupling interaction happens between ferrite of magnetic fly-ash hollow cenosphere and nanosized ferrite coating,the remanence and the coercivity improves, so it is better for core-nanoshell to adsorb heavy metals. The adsorption-magnetic separation processing were used for Cr (VI) of heavy metals in water, by atomic absorption spectrometry to measure ion concentration after adsorption. Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of solution pH on the adsorption as well as adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm. The results show that at pH 2, obtain the maximum removal rate. The adsorption data were better fitted for the Freundlich model,indicating that the adsorption of Cr (VI) preferably follows multilayer and heterogeneous adsorption process. Compared with two kinetic models linear fitting parameters, adsorption conforms to pseudo secend-order kinetic model well,revealing chemisorption as the dominant mechanism.

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Vereshchagina, Tatiana, Ekaterina Kutikhina, Sergei Vereshchagin, Olga Buyko i Alexander Anshits. "Cenosphere-Based Zeolite Precursors of Lutetium Encapsulated Aluminosilicate Microspheres for Application in Brachytherapy". Materials 15, nr 19 (10.10.2022): 7025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15197025.

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Coal fly ash hollow aluminosilicate microspheres (cenospheres) of stabilized composition (glass phase—95.4; (SiO2/Al2O3)glass—3.1; (Si/Al)at. = 2.6) were used to fabricate lutetium-176 encapsulated aluminosilicate microspheres as precursors of radiolabeled microspheres applied for selective irradiation of tumors. To incorporate Lu3+ ions into cenosphere’s aluminosilicate material, the following strategy was realized: (i) chemical modification of cenosphere globules by conversion of aluminosilicate glass into zeolites preserving a spherical form of cenospheres; (ii) loading of zeolitized microspheres with Lu3+ by means of ion exchange 3Na+ ↔ Lu3+; (iii) Lu3+ encapsulation in an aluminosilicate matrix by solid-phase transformation of the Lu3+ loaded microspheres under thermal treatment at 1273–1473 K. Two types of zeolitized products, such as NaX (FAU) and NaP1 (GIS) bearing microspheres having the specific surface area of 204 and 33 m2/g, accordingly, were prepared and their Lu3+ sorption abilities were studied. As revealed, the Lu3+ sorption capacities of the zeolitized products are about 130 and 70 mg/g Lu3+ for NaX and NaP1 microspheres, respectively. It was found that the long-time heating of the Lu3+-loaded zeolite precursors at 1273 K in a fixed bed resulted in the crystallization of monoclinic Lu2Si2O7 in both zeolite systems, which is a major component of crystalline constituents of the calcined microspheres. The fast heating–cooling cycle at 1473 K in a moving bed resulted in the amorphization of zeolite components in both precursors and softening glass crystalline matter of the NaX-bearing precursor with preserving its spherical form and partial elimination of surface open pores. The NaX-bearing microspheres, compared to NaP1-based precursor, are characterized by uneven Lu distribution over the zeolite-derived layer. The precursor based on gismondin-type zeolite provides a near-uniform Lu distribution and acceptable Lu content (up to 15 mol.% Lu2O3) in the solid phase.

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Nithyanandam, Anitha, i Thenmuhil Deivarajan. "Development of fly ash cenosphere‐based composite for thermal insulation application". International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology 18, nr 5 (14.05.2021): 1825–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijac.13767.

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H.V, Moulya, Vikram Kedambadi Vasu, Praveena B.A, Rajesh M, Ruthuparna S.A i Rahul K. "Study on acoustic properties of polyester – Fly ash Cenosphere\Nanographene composites". Materials Today: Proceedings 52 (2022): 1272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.11.052.

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Tang, Weixin, Gloria Pignatta i Samad M. E. Sepasgozar. "Life-Cycle Assessment of Fly Ash and Cenosphere-Based Geopolymer Material". Sustainability 13, nr 20 (10.10.2021): 11167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011167.

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It was widely reported in the early 2000s that geopolymer technology exhibits superior mechanical properties and lower global warming potential (GWP) over the use of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). However, a major limitation observed in the sustainability evaluation is a lack of consideration of environmental impacts from the use of industrial waste. This observation led to the purpose of this study, which is to identify the key factors throughout geopolymer production that contribute to its sustainability performance. In this paper, two geopolymers made of fly ash (G-FA) and cenospheres (G-C) were examined by mechanical testing while their sustainability impacts on a cradle-to-grave approach were investigated. The industrial waste and transport modelling impacts were given special attention in the performed life-cycle assessment. After 28 days of curing, G-FA exhibited 64.56 MPa and 6.03 MPa of compressive strength and flexural strength, respectively. G-C, with ¾ of G-FA bulk density, achieved 19.09 MPa and 3.13 MPa, respectively, with no significant changes observed after 14 days of curing. By upscaling the inventories to 1 m3 of industrial production scale, geopolymers showed a GWP reduction up to 49.7% compared to OPC with natural aggregates and presented benefits on human health damage category by 23.7% (G-FA) to 41.6% (G-C). In conclusion, geopolymer mortars establish compressive strength and flexural strength that are adequate for construction applications and present sustainability benefits in GWP, which suggests them to be potential substitutions for OPC. However, the industrial waste treatment (i.e., preparation of fly ash) will deplete water bodies, and the sodium silicate induces significant environmental burdens during its manufacture, becoming the key factor to enhance the geopolymer’s sustainability.

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Seo, Cheong-Won, Jung-Hun Kwon, Young-Gwang Cha, Su-Min Park i Kee-Joe Lim. "Analysis of AC Breakdown Characteristics of Fly Ash Cenosphere/Epoxy Composite". Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology 11, nr 5 (1.09.2016): 1372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/jeet.2016.11.5.1372.

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Chen, Chengwang, i Jiaan Liu. "Study on mechanical properties of epoxy-fly ash cenosphere syntactic foams". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 242 (30.03.2019): 032056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/242/3/032056.

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Ghosal, S. "Particle size-density relation and cenosphere content of coal fly ash". Fuel 74, nr 4 (kwiecień 1995): 522–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(95)98354-h.

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Patel, Sudeep K., Hara P. Satpathy, Amar N. Nayak i Chitta R. Mohanty. "Utilization of Fly Ash Cenosphere for Production of Sustainable Lightweight Concrete". Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series A 101, nr 1 (9.12.2019): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40030-019-00415-6.

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Hanif, Asad, Zeyu Lu, Ming Sun, Pavithra Parthasarathy i Zongjin Li. "Green lightweight ferrocement incorporating fly ash cenosphere based fibrous mortar matrix". Journal of Cleaner Production 159 (sierpień 2017): 326–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.079.

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Bora, Pritom J., Mayuri Porwal, K. J. Vinoy, Kishore, Praveen C. Ramamurthy i Giridhar Madras. "Industrial waste fly ash cenosphere composites based broad band microwave absorber". Composites Part B: Engineering 134 (luty 2018): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.09.062.

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Fu, Cheng Song, Dang Chao Cao, Zhen Zhang, Si Lu i Zhao Hui Yao. "Fabrication of Micro-Nano Structured Super-Hydrophobic Surface and Drag Reduction in Channels". Key Engineering Materials 519 (lipiec 2012): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.519.297.

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In order to research the characteristic of flow drag reduction on large area super-hydrophobic surface, we have been designed a new processing technology to construct a micro-nano structure super-hydrophobic surfaces which formed by surface nanometer fly ash cenosphere. The experimental result of the flow drag reduction tested on macro-scale channel in laminar flow is very well, and the maximum drag reduction is 25.6%.

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Xie, Hui, Yajing Li, Ercan Kahya, Bo Wang, Xiyun Ge i Guanda Li. "Physical Properties and Environmental Impact of Sound Barrier Materials Based on Fly Ash Cenosphere". Buildings 12, nr 3 (8.03.2022): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030322.

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Traffic noise and solid waste pollution are two major problems that restrict urban development and affect urban environments. In this study, a new kind of cement-based material for sound barriers was prepared using industrial waste fly ash cenosphere to explore the material ratio of the sound absorption, sound insulation, and composite layers and to optimize the material’s properties. The research findings showed that the compressive strength had significant effects on the material properties of the sound absorption layer, with the optimal compressive strength range being 0.2–0.4 MPa. At 0.4 MPa, the material with an aggregate-to-binder ratio of 1.0 had the best comprehensive properties. The sound insulation layer had the best compressive strength of 29.00 MPa at a 45% fiber admixture. The composite had the best sound insulation when the thickness ratio of the sound absorption and insulation layers was 60:40, and the sound transmission loss was 38 dB. The embodied carbon (EC) and embodied energy (EE) of the new fly ash cenosphere across the whole life cycle were 57.57 kgCO2e and 477.08 MJ, respectively, which were 4.8−52.9% and 53.2−82.3% lower than other traditional sound barriers, respectively. Thus, they were environmentally friendly and had satisfactory energy-saving and environmental protection values.

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Waddar, Sunil, P. Jeyaraj i Mrityunjay Doddamani. "Influence of axial compressive loads on buckling and free vibration response of surface-modified fly ash cenosphere/epoxy syntactic foams". Journal of Composite Materials 52, nr 19 (8.01.2018): 2621–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317751284.

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This work deals with experimental buckling and free vibration behavior of silane-treated cenosphere/epoxy syntactic foams subjected to axial compression. Critical buckling loads are computed from compressive load–deflection plots deduced using universal testing machine. Further, compressive loads are applied in the fixed intervals until critical loading point on different set of samples having similar filler loadings to estimate natural frequency associated with the first three transverse bending modes. Increasing filler content increases critical buckling load and natural frequency of syntactic foam composites. Increasing axial compressive load reduce structural stiffness of all the samples under investigation. Syntactic foams registered higher stiffness compared to neat epoxy for all the test loads. Similar observations are noted in case of untreated cenosphere/epoxy foam composites. Silane-modified cenosphere embedded in epoxy matrix registered superior performance (rise in critical buckling load and natural frequencies to the tune of 23.75% and 11.46%, respectively) as compared to untreated ones. Experimental results are compared with the analytical solutions that are derived based on Euler–Bernoulli hypothesis and results are found to be in good agreement. Finally, property map of buckling load as a function of density is presented by extracting values from the available literature.

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Kuma, Rajeev, D. P. Mondal, Shyam Birla, Amit Vishwakarma, Anisha Chaudhary, Saroj Kumari i S. Das. "Enhanced microwave absorption property of aluminum composites using fly ash derived cenosphere". Advanced Materials Letters 9, nr 4 (2.04.2018): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5185/amlett.2018.1760.

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