Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Flood”
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Shinde Sanket i Vaibhav Shelar. "Behavior of Flood Resistant Building and Ductile Detailing of G +7 RC Building Using IS 13920-2016". World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 9, nr 1 (30.06.2023): 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2023.9.1.0158.
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Floods are one of the most widespread and destructive natural disasters occurring in the world and with the increase in constructions along river courses and concentration of population around floodplain areas, flood-induced damages have been continuously increasing. The annual disaster record reveals that flood occurrence increased about ten folds over the past five decades. Thus, floods are posing a great threat and challenge to planers, design engineers, insurance industries, policymakers, and to the governments. Structural and non-structural measures can be used to deal with floods. Structural measures include a set of works aiming to reduce one or more hydraulic parameters like runoff volume, peak discharge, rise in water level, duration of flood, flow velocity, etc. Non-structural measures involve a wide range of measures to reduce flood risk through flood forecasting and early warning systems, emergency plans, and posing land use regulations and policies. The futuristic reinforced concrete buildings can be considered as a symbol of modern civilization. These buildings are usually constructed based on the guide lines given by the standard code books(like IS: 456:2000 and IS 13920:2016).Unfortunately, the code provisions consider the seismic loads and wind effects alone, while accounting the dead and live design loads, and exclude the flood loads. This implies the necessity to bring out corrective measures that can be adopted to reduce vulnerability before harm occurrences. In this project focuses on both the incorporation of flood loads during the analysis and design in CSI-ETABS software and the assessment of flood vulnerability of reinforced concrete residential buildings. Vulnerability is expressed as a fraction of ground floor height and maximum flood level at most immerse the building up to ground floor and first floor level. The importance of the outcome arises from the need of a strengthening solution to avoid failure of new or existing structures during floods.
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Moy de Vitry, Matthew, Simon Dicht i João P. Leitão. "floodX: urban flash flood experiments monitored with conventional and alternative sensors". Earth System Science Data 9, nr 2 (4.09.2017): 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-657-2017.
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Abstract. The data sets described in this paper provide a basis for developing and testing new methods for monitoring and modelling urban pluvial flash floods. Pluvial flash floods are a growing hazard to property and inhabitants' well-being in urban areas. However, the lack of appropriate data collection methods is often cited as an impediment for reliable flood modelling, thereby hindering the improvement of flood risk mapping and early warning systems. The potential of surveillance infrastructure and social media is starting to draw attention for this purpose. In the floodX project, 22 controlled urban flash floods were generated in a flood response training facility and monitored with state-of-the-art sensors as well as standard surveillance cameras. With these data, it is possible to explore the use of video data and computer vision for urban flood monitoring and modelling. The floodX project stands out as the largest documented flood experiment of its kind, providing both conventional measurements and video data in parallel and at high temporal resolution. The data set used in this paper is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.830513.
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Diaz, Nicholas D., Yoonjeong Lee, Baukje L. M. Kothuis, Ismael Pagán-Trinidad, Sebastiaan N. Jonkman i Samuel D. Brody. "Mapping the Flood Vulnerability of Residential Structures: Cases from The Netherlands, Puerto Rico, and the United States". Geosciences 14, nr 4 (19.04.2024): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14040109.
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Floods are consistently ranked as the most financially devastating natural disasters worldwide. Recent flood events in the Netherlands, Caribbean, and US have drawn attention to flood risks resulting from pluvial and fluvial sources. Despite shared experiences with flooding, these regions employ distinct approaches and flood management strategies due to differences in governance and scale—offering a three-site case study comparison. A key, yet often lacking, factor for flood risk and damage assessments at the parcel level is building elevation compared to flood elevation. First-floor elevations (FFEs) are a critical element in the vulnerability of a building flooding. US-based flood insurance policies require FFEs; however, data availability limitations exist. Drone-based FFEs were measured in all locations to assess the flood vulnerabilities of structures. Flood vulnerability profiles revealed 64% of buildings were vulnerable to a form of inundation, with 40% belonging to “moderate” or “major” inundation, and inundation elevation means (IEMs) of −0.55 m, 0.19 m, and 0.71 m within the US, Netherlands, and Puerto Rico sites, respectively. Spatial statistics revealed FFEs were more responsible for flood vulnerabilities in the US site while topography was more responsible in the Netherlands and Puerto Rico sites. Additional findings in the Puerto Rico site reveal FFEs and next highest floor elevations (NHFEs) vulnerable to future sea level rise (SLR) flood elevations. The findings within the Netherlands provide support for developing novel multi-layered flood risk reduction strategies that include building elevation. We discuss future work recommendations and how the different sites could benefit significantly from strengthening FFE requirements.
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Anwar, Yaskinul, Iya Setyasih i Dika Oktoberdinata. "Adaptation strategy community from exposure floods lake in the face of floods in Semayang Village, East Kalimantan, Indonesia". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 986, nr 1 (1.02.2022): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/986/1/012053.
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Abstract Semayang Village is one of the villages located on the lake of Semayang which is inundated every flood season. Semayang lake is a flood exposure lake, where the increase in standing water can reach >10 meters during a flood with a flood duration of >2 months. The purpose of this study was to determine the adaptation strategy of the semayang villagers in dealing with floods. Data collection techniques used the Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) method and interviews. Interviews were collected from 30 respondents in Semayang Village that were affected by the flood. The results showed that the overall adaptation carried out by the community in Semayang Village using houses on stilts with almost the same model, and some residents make terraced houses. In addition, each house has a backup board to raise the floor of the house when the flood crosses the floor of the house. there is also a floating house system attached to a tree or building around the floating house. In order to protect the house buildings from waves, a wave barrier was also built at the village entrance gate from the lake. This strategy makes the villagers of Semayang never evacuate and move from Lake Semayang even though they are always affected by flooding every year.
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Liu, Tian, Peijun Shi i Jian Fang. "Spatiotemporal variation in global floods with different affected areas and the contribution of influencing factors to flood-induced mortality (1985–2019)". Natural Hazards 111, nr 3 (1.01.2022): 2601–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-05150-5.
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AbstractFloods are great threats to human life and property. Extensive research has investigated the spatiotemporal variation in flood occurrence, while few have studied the heterogeneity in global flood events of different sizes, which may require different coping strategies and risk reduction policies. In this study, we analysed the spatiotemporal patterns of global flood events with different affected areas (classified in three levels) during 1985–2019 and examined the contribution of different influencing factors to flood-induced mortality using Geodetector. The results show that (1) the increase in global flood frequency was mainly caused by Level II and Level III floods, and the average area affected by flood events has been increasing yearly since 1985. (2) In America and Africa, the frequency of Level III floods has increased monotonically. At the same time, the frequency of Level I floods in Europe and Level II floods in Asia has increased significantly. (3) For Europe and Asia, most of the deaths occurred with Level II floods; while for America and Africa, Level III floods caused the most mortality. (4) The top three factors contributing to the spatial heterogeneity in flood-induced mortality were the affected population, GDP per capita and flood duration. The contribution of each factor varied among the different types of floods. Topographic factors (percentage of mountainous area) magnified flood-induced mortality during extreme events with heavy rainfall, especially for Level III floods. The heterogeneity in flood frequency and flood-induced mortality indicates that flood protection measures should be more targeted. In addition, the increase in large-scale floods (Level III) highlights the need for transregional cooperation in flood risk management.
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Worraker, William, i Richard Ward. "Modeling of Flood and post-Flood ocean floor cooling". Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism 8, nr 1 (2018): 673–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15385/jpicc.2018.8.1.45.
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Kuang, Da, i Kuei-Hsien Liao. "Learning from Floods: Linking flood experience and flood resilience". Journal of Environmental Management 271 (październik 2020): 111025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111025.
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Lin, Zhiyu, Shengbin Hu, Tianzhong Zhou, Youxin Zhong, Ye Zhu, Lei Shi i Hang Lin. "Numerical Simulation of Flood Intrusion Process under Malfunction of Flood Retaining Facilities in Complex Subway Stations". Buildings 12, nr 6 (19.06.2022): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060853.
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In recent years, heavy rain and waterlogging accidents in subway stations have occurred many times around the world. With the comprehensive development trend of underground space, the accidents caused by flood flow intruding complex subway stations and other underground complexes in extreme precipitation disasters will be lead to more serious casualties and property damage. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct numerical simulation of flood intrusion process under malfunction of flood retaining facilities in complex subway stations. In order to prevent floods from intruding subway stations and explore coping strategies, in this study, the simulation method was used to study the entire process of flood intrusion into complex subway stations when the flood retaining facilities fail in extreme rain and flood disasters that occur once-in-a-century. The three-dimensional numerical simulation model was constructed by taking a subway interchange station with a property development floor in Nanning as a prototype. Based on the Volume of Fluid (VOF) model method, the inundated area in the subway station during the process of flood intrusion from the beginning to the basic stability was simulated, and it was found that the property development floor has serious large-scale water accumulation under extreme rainfall conditions. Through the dynamic monitoring of the flood water level depth at important positions such as the entrances of the evacuation passages, and the analysis of the influence of the design structure and location distribution of different passages on the personnel evacuation plan, it was found that the deep water accumulation at the entrances of the narrow, long, and multi-run emergency safety passages are not conducive to the evacuation of personnel. Finally, the flow of flood water into the subway tunnel through the subway station was calculated. The research results provide certain reference and guidance for the safety design of subway stations under extreme rainfall climatic conditions.
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Osman, M. S. M., A. I. S. Rizal, A. Z. W. A. Zaini, M. A. A. Kadir i M. Kaamin. "An alternative flood measurement approach: Flood Meter". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1205, nr 1 (1.06.2023): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1205/1/012015.
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Abstract Flash floods commonly occur in urban areas due to a short period of heavy rainfall associated with the large impervious area and inadequate drainage system. An increase in the uncertainty of predicting flash floods, especially due to climate change, reduces the accuracy of the existing flood forecasting system. In such cases, the affected zone’s actual flood level data is required for more effective flood management and incident response. This study aims to develop a mobile application called Flood Meter to identify flood levels in real-time. It measured the flood level based on object scale and images taken by mobile phones. Although the validation using an actual flood event with three different types of mobile phones shows lack of accuracy but by considered the maximum flood level only 0.17 m and the result keep improving when flood level increase, it shows a potentially good agreement compared with manual measurement. The application can become an alternative method to disseminate accurate real-time flood situations as well as flood data collection for future flood risk management.
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Gaál, Ladislav, Ján Szolgay, Tomáš Bacigál, Silvia Kohnová, Kamila Hlavčová, Roman Výleta, Juraj Parajka i Günter Blöschl. "Similarity of empirical copulas of flood peak-volume relationships: a regional case study of North-West Austria". Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy 46, nr 3 (1.09.2016): 155–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/congeo-2016-0011.
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Abstract This paper analyses the bivariate relationship between flood peaks and corresponding flood event volumes modelled by empirical copulas in a regional context in the North-West of Austria. Flood data of a total of 69 catchments in the region are analysed for the period 1976–2007. In order to increase the sample size and the homogeneity of the samples for the statistical analysis, 24872 hydrologically independent flood events were isolated and assigned to one of three flood process types: synoptic floods, flash floods or snowmelt floods in contrary to the more traditional engineering approach of selecting annual maxima of flood peaks and corresponding flood volumes. The first major part of the paper examines whether the empirical peak-volume copulas of different flood process types are statistically distinguishable, separately for each catchment. The results indicate that the empirical copulas of flash floods tend to be different from those of the synoptic and snowmelt floods in the target region. The second part examines how similar are the empirical flood peak-volume copulas between catchments for a given flood type. For the majority of catchment pairs, the empirical copulas of all flood types are indeed statistically similar. The flash floods show the largest degree of spatial heterogeneity. It is concluded that there is merit in treating flood types separately and in pooling events of the same type in a region when analysing and estimating flood peak-volume dependence copulas; however, the sample size of the analysed events is a limiting factor in spite of the introduced event selection procedure.
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Huang, Zhijun, Huan Wu, Robert F. Adler, Guy Schumann, Jonathan J. Gourley, Albert Kettner i Nergui Nanding. "Multisourced Flood Inventories over the Contiguous United States for Actual and Natural Conditions". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 102, nr 6 (czerwiec 2021): E1133—E1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-20-0001.1.
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AbstractA reliable flood event inventory that reflects the occurrence and evolution of past floods is important for studies of flood hazards and risks, hydroclimatic extremes, and future flood projections. However, currently available flood inventories are based on single-sourced data and often neglect underreported or less impactful flood events. Furthermore, traditional archives store flood events only at sparse geographic points, which significantly limits their further applicability. Also, few publicly available archives contain all-inclusive records of potential natural flooded area over time. To tackle these challenges, we construct two types of multisourced flood event inventories (MFI) for all river basins across the contiguous United States covering the period 1998–2013 on daily and subcatchment scales, which is publicly available at http://flood.umd.edu/download/CONUS/. These archives integrate flood information from in situ observations, remote sensing observations, hydrological model simulations, and five high-quality precipitation products. The first inventory (MFI-Actual) includes all actual floods that occurred in the presence of flood protection infrastructures, while the second, “natural (undefended)” inventory (MFI-Natural) reconstructs the possible “historical” floods without flood protection, which could be more directly influenced by climate variation. In the proposed two inventories, 2,755 and 4,661 flood events were estimated, respectively. MFI-Natural reconstructed 1,597 floods in ungauged basins, and recovered 608 extreme streamflow events in gauged subcatchments where floods would have happened if there were no flood protection. There is an average of four upstream dams located in these flood-recovered subcatchments, which indicates that modern flood defenses efficiently prevent significant flooding from extreme precipitation in many catchments over the country.
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Hall, Julia, i Günter Blöschl. "Spatial patterns and characteristics of flood seasonality in Europe". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, nr 7 (19.07.2018): 3883–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3883-2018.
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Abstract. In Europe, floods are typically analysed within national boundaries and it is therefore not well understood how the characteristics of local floods fit into a continental perspective. To gain a better understanding at continental scale, this study analyses seasonal flood characteristics across Europe for the period 1960–2010. From a European flood database, the timing within the year of annual maximum discharges or water levels of 4105 stations is analysed. A cluster analysis is performed to identify large-scale regions with distinct flood seasons based on the monthly relative frequencies of the annual maxima. The clusters are further analysed to determine the temporal flood characteristics within each region and the Europe-wide patterns of bimodal and unimodal flood seasonality distributions. The mean annual timing of floods observed at individual stations across Europe is spatially well defined. Below 60∘ latitude, the mean timing transitions from winter floods in the west to spring floods in the east. Summer floods occurring in mountainous areas interrupt this west-to-east transition. Above 60∘ latitude, spring floods are dominant, except for coastal areas in which autumn and winter floods tend to occur. The temporal concentration of flood occurrences around the annual mean timing is highest in north-eastern Europe, with most of the floods being concentrated within 1–2 months. The cluster analysis results in six spatially consistent regions with distinct flood seasonality characteristics. The regions with winter floods in western, central, and southern Europe are assigned to Cluster 1 (∼ 36 % of the stations) and Cluster 4 (∼ 10 %) with the mean flood timing within the cluster in late January and early December respectively. In eastern Europe (Cluster 3, ∼ 24 %), the cluster average flood occurs around the end of March. The mean flood timing in northern (Cluster 5, ∼ 8 %) and north-eastern Europe (Cluster 6, ∼ 5 %) is approximately in mid-May and mid-April respectively. About 15 % of the stations (Cluster 2) are located in mountainous areas, with a mean flood timing around the end of June. Most of the stations (∼ 73 %) with more than 30 years of data exhibit a unimodal flood seasonality distribution (one or more consecutive months with high flood occurrence). Only a few stations (∼ 3 %), mainly located on the foothills of mountainous areas, have a clear bimodal flood seasonality distribution. This study suggests that, as a result of the consistent Europe-wide pattern of flood timing obtained, the geographical location of a station in Europe can give an indication of its seasonal flood characteristics and that geographical location seems to be more relevant than catchment area or catchment outlet elevation in shaping flood seasonality.
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Szolgay, Ján, Ladislav Gaál, Tomáš Bacigál, Silvia Kohnová, Kamila Hlavčová, Roman Výleta, Juraj Parajka i Günter Blöschl. "A regional comparative analysis of empirical and theoretical flood peak-volume relationships". Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 64, nr 4 (1.12.2016): 367–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johh-2016-0042.
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Abstract This paper analyses the bivariate relationship between flood peaks and corresponding flood event volumes modelled by empirical and theoretical copulas in a regional context, with a focus on flood generation processes in general, the regional differentiation of these and the effect of the sample size on reliable discrimination among models. A total of 72 catchments in North-West of Austria are analysed for the period 1976–2007. From the hourly runoff data set, 25 697 flood events were isolated and assigned to one of three flood process types: synoptic floods (including long- and short-rain floods), flash floods or snowmelt floods (both rain-on-snow and snowmelt floods). The first step of the analysis examines whether the empirical peak-volume copulas of different flood process types are regionally statistically distinguishable, separately for each catchment and the role of the sample size on the strength of the statements. The results indicate that the empirical copulas of flash floods tend to be different from those of the synoptic and snowmelt floods. The second step examines how similar are the empirical flood peak-volume copulas between catchments for a given flood type across the region. Empirical copulas of synoptic floods are the least similar between the catchments, however with the decrease of the sample size the difference between the performances of the process types becomes small. The third step examines the goodness-of-fit of different commonly used copula types to the data samples that represent the annual maxima of flood peaks and the respective volumes both regardless of flood generating processes (the traditional engineering approach) and also considering the three process-based classes. Extreme value copulas (Galambos, Gumbel and Hüsler-Reiss) show the best performance both for synoptic and flash floods, while the Frank copula shows the best performance for snowmelt floods. It is concluded that there is merit in treating flood types separately when analysing and estimating flood peak-volume dependence copulas; however, even the enlarged dataset gained by the process-based analysis in this study does not give sufficient information for a reliable model choice for multivariate statistical analysis of flood peaks and volumes.
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Popa, Mihnea Cristian, Daniel Peptenatu, Cristian Constantin Drăghici i Daniel Constantin Diaconu. "Flood Hazard Mapping Using the Flood and Flash-Flood Potential Index in the Buzău River Catchment, Romania". Water 11, nr 10 (12.10.2019): 2116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102116.
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The importance of identifying the areas vulnerable for both floods and flash-floods is an important component of risk management. The assessment of vulnerable areas is a major challenge in the scientific world. The aim of this study is to provide a methodology-oriented study of how to identify the areas vulnerable to floods and flash-floods in the Buzău river catchment by computing two indices: the Flash-Flood Potential Index (FFPI) for the mountainous and the Sub-Carpathian areas, and the Flood Potential Index (FPI) for the low-altitude areas, using the frequency ratio (FR), a bivariate statistical model, the Multilayer Perceptron Neural Networks (MLP), and the ensemble model MLP–FR. A database containing historical flood locations (168 flood locations) and the areas with torrentiality (172 locations with torrentiality) was created and used to train and test the models. The resulting models were computed using GIS techniques, thus resulting the flood and flash-flood vulnerability maps. The results show that the MLP–FR hybrid model had the most performance. The use of the two indices represents a preliminary step in creating flood vulnerability maps, which could represent an important tool for local authorities and a support for flood risk management policies.
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Benito, Gerardo, Olegario Castillo, Juan A. Ballesteros-Cánovas, Maria Machado i Mariano Barriendos. "Enhanced flood hazard assessment beyond decadal climate cycles based on centennial historical data (Duero basin, Spain)". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, nr 12 (2.12.2021): 6107–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6107-2021.
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Abstract. Current climate modelling frameworks present significant uncertainties when it comes to quantifying flood quantiles in the context of climate change, calling for new information and strategies in hazard assessments. Here, state-of-the-art methods on hydraulic and statistical modelling are applied to historical and contemporaneous flood records to evaluate flood hazards beyond natural climate cycles. A comprehensive flood record of the Duero River in Zamora (Spain) was compiled from documentary sources, early water-level readings and continuous gauge records spanning the last 500 years. Documentary evidence of flood events includes minute books (municipal and ecclesiastic), narrative descriptions, epigraphic marks, newspapers and technical reports. We identified 69 flood events over the period 1250 to 1871, of which 15 were classified as catastrophic floods, 16 as extraordinary floods and 38 as ordinary floods. Subsequently, a two-dimensional hydraulic model was implemented to relate flood stages (flood marks and inundated areas) to discharges. The historical flood records show the largest floods over the last 500 years occurred in 1860 (3450 m3 s−1), 1597 (3200 m3 s−1) and 1739 (2700 m3 s−1). Moreover, at least 24 floods exceeded the perception threshold of 1900 m3 s−1 during the period (1500–1871). Annual maximum flood records were completed with gauged water-level readings (pre-instrumental dataset, PRE: 1872–1919) and systematic gauge records (systematic dataset, SYS: 1920–2018). The flood frequency analyses were based on (1) the expected moments algorithm (EMA) and (2) the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) method, using five datasets with different temporal frameworks (historic dataset, HISTO: 1511–2018; PRE–SYS: 1872–2018; full systematic record, ALLSYS: 1920–2018; SYS1: 1920–1969; and SYS2: 1970–2018). The most consistent results were obtained using the HISTO dataset, even for high quantiles (0.001 % annual exceedance probability, AEP). PRE–SYS was robust for the 1 % AEP flood with increasing uncertainty in the 0.2 % AEP or 500-year flood, and ALLSYS results were uncertain in the 1 % and 0.2 % AEP floods. Since the 1970s, the frequency of extraordinary floods (>1900 m3 s−1) declined, although floods on the range of the historical perception threshold occurred in 2001 (2075 m3 s−1) and 2013 (1654 m3 s−1). Even if the future remains uncertain, this bottom-up approach addresses flood hazards under climate variability, providing real and certain flood discharges. Our results can provide a guide on low-regret adaptation decisions and improve public perception of extreme flooding.
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Hanson, Michelle Andrée, Randolph Jonathan Enkin, René William Barendregt i John Joseph Clague. "Provenance and Deposition of Glacial Lake Missoula Lacustrine and Flood Sediments Determined from Rock Magnetic Properties". Quaternary Research 83, nr 1 (styczeń 2015): 166–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2014.09.005.
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AbstractRepeated outburst flooding from glacial Lake Missoula, Montana, affected large areas of Washington during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 2 (29–14 ka). We present the first high-resolution rock magnetic results from two sites that are critical to interpreting these outburst floods and that provide evidence of sediment provenance: glacial Lake Missoula, the source of the floods; and glacial Lake Columbia, where floodwaters interrupted sedimentation. Magnetic carriers in glacial Lake Missoula varves are dominated by hematite, whereas those in outburst flood sediments and glacial Lake Columbia sediments are mainly magnetite and titano-magnetite. Stratigraphic variation of magnetic parameters is consistent with changes in lithology. Importantly, magnetic properties highlight depositional processes in the flood sediments that are not evident in the field. In glacial Lake Columbia, hematite is present in fine silt and clay deposited near the end of each flood as fine sediment settled out of the water column. This signal is only present at the end of the floods because the hematite is concentrated in the finer-grained sediment transported from the floor of glacial Lake Missoula, the only possible source of hematite, ~ 240 km away.
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Yang, Quntao, Shuliang Zhang, Qiang Dai i Rui Yao. "Improved Framework for Assessing Vulnerability to Different Types of Urban Floods". Sustainability 12, nr 18 (17.09.2020): 7668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187668.
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Vulnerability assessment is an essential tool in mitigating the impact of urban flooding. To date, most flood vulnerability research has focused on one type of flood, such as a pluvial or fluvial flood. However, cities can suffer from urban flooding for several reasons, such as precipitation and river levee overtopping. Therefore, a vulnerability assessment considering different types of floods (pluvial floods, fluvial floods, and compound flooding induced by both rainfall and river overtopping) was conducted in this study. First, a coupled urban flood model, considering both overland and sewer network flow, was developed using the storm water management model (SWMM) and LISFLOOD-FP model to simulate the different types of flood and applied to Lishui, China. Then, the results of the flood modeling were combined with a vulnerability curve to obtain the potential impact of flooding on different land-use classes. The results indicated that different types of floods could have different influence areas and result in various degrees of flood vulnerability for different land-use classes. The results also suggest that urban flood vulnerability can be underestimated due to a lack of consideration of the full flood-induced factors.
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Petrochenko, V. I., i O. V. Petrochenko. "Systematization of floods and anti-flood measures". Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", nr 1 (28.06.2022): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg202201-317.
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The problem of floods and conceptual issues of flood protection based on system analysis was considered. It is well-known that floods are among the most dangerous natural phenomena that have accompanied mankind since ancient times. Taking into account the global and multifaceted nature of the flood problem, there is a need to apply a systematic approach to its solution. The main areas in which the problem of floods has been systematically studied and solved in previous years were highlighted. It was found out that the most relevant is the area of developing the concept of flood protection. For the convenience of systematic research of floods and the development of the concept of flood protection, the terminological concepts of flood and flooding were clarified. The possibility and expediency of using the term "flood" as a universal in systematic research were substantiated. The systematic structuring of flood control measures was performed, which is based on the division of measures into two types of protection - situational and preventive. It is proposed to consider the general concept of flood protection as consisting of two alternative concepts: the concept of situational flood protection and the concept of preventive flood protection. It is proposed to choose alternative concepts using the method of functional-cost analysis. The concept of situational flood protection provides for short-term flood forecasting and implementation of situational flood protection measures during flood approach, passage, and end. The concept of preventive flood protection provides for long-term flood forecasting and implementation of one of preventive flood protection measures, among which the most common and promising are hydraulic measures. The systematization of hydraulic flood control measures was performed, which is based on the allocation of two opposite in nature functional alternatives in the structure of measures. By the first functional alternative, the flood flow is diverted from the flood risk zone through the river bed. By the second functional alternative, part of the flood flow is inhibited and delayed in front of the flood risk zone. A system scheme of hydro-technical flood control measures was developed, on which, following functional alternatives many technological alternatives of hydro-technical measures are given.
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Brilly, M., i M. Polic. "Public perception of flood risks, flood forecasting and mitigation". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 5, nr 3 (18.04.2005): 345–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-345-2005.
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Abstract. A multidisciplinary and integrated approach to the flood mitigation decision making process should provide the best response of society in a flood hazard situation including preparation works and post hazard mitigation. In Slovenia, there is a great lack of data on social aspects and public response to flood mitigation measures and information management. In this paper, two studies of flood perception in the Slovenian town Celje are represented. During its history, Celje was often exposed to floods, the most recent serious floods being in 1990 and in 1998, with a hundred and fifty return period and more than ten year return period, respectively. Two surveys were conducted in 1997 and 2003, with 157 participants from different areas of the town in the first, and 208 in the second study, aiming at finding the general attitude toward the floods. The surveys revealed that floods present a serious threat in the eyes of the inhabitants, and that the perception of threat depends, to a certain degree, on the place of residence. The surveys also highlighted, among the other measures, solidarity and the importance of insurance against floods.
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Li, Qing, Yu Li, Lingyun Zhao, Zhixiong Zhang, Yu Wang i Meihong Ma. "Comprehensive Risk Assessment Framework for Flash Floods in China". Water 16, nr 4 (19.02.2024): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16040616.
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Accurately assessing the risk of flash floods is a fundamental prerequisite for defending against flash flood disasters. The existing methods for assessing flash flood risk are constrained by unclear key factors and challenges in elucidating disaster mechanisms, resulting in less-than-ideal early warning effectiveness. This article is based on official statistics of flash flood disaster data from 2017 to 2021. It selects eight categories of driving factors influencing flash floods, such as rainfall, underlying surface conditions, and human activities. Subsequently, a geographical detector is utilized to analyze the explanatory power of each driving factor in flash flood disasters, quantifying the contribution of each factor to the initiation of flash flood; the flash flood potential index (FFPI) was introduced to assess the risk of flash flood disasters in China, leading to the construction of a comprehensive assessment framework for flash flood risk. The results indicate that (1) Flash floods are generally triggered by multiple factors, with rainfall being the most influential factor, directly causing flash floods. Soil type is the second most influential factor, and the combined effects of multiple factors intensify the risk of flash floods. (2) The southeastern, southern, and southwestern regions of China are considered high-risk areas for flash floods, with a high danger level, whereas the northwestern, northern, and northeastern plain regions exhibit a lower danger level. The above research results provide reference and guidance for the prevention and control of flash flood disasters.
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Gong, Ruishan, i Naif R. Alrehaili. "Flood Preparedness in United Kingdom and China: A Comparison Study Focusing on Social and Economic Factors". International Journal of Disaster Management 5, nr 3 (27.02.2023): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/ijdm.v5i3.28854.
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The paper aims to explore the social and economic factors influencing the flood preparedness of Zhengzhou, China and Leeds, United Kingdom residents. As one of the chosen areas, Zhengzhou experienced a terrible flood with an inaccurate weather forecast and little pre-flood preparedness in July 2021. On the other hand, Leeds has a long history of frequent floods. Wetter winters and stormy weather caused by climate change led to increased floods in Leeds. The consistent seasonal floods keep damaging residents and their properties, leading to economic losses. The authors conducted semi-structured interviews with residents who experienced floods in Zhengzhou and Leeds. Comparative parameters included economic and social, as these factors are hugely different in the study areas. The results showed that factors like education influence the households’ flood preparedness; likewise, economic factors like disposable income also affect the willingness of residents to spend on flood preparedness. Furthermore, the results revealed that with proactive flood management, both communities progressed in minimising the post-adverse effects of floods.
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Kohnová, Silvia, Ladislav Gaál, Tomáš Bacigál, Ján Szolgay, Kamila Hlavčová, Peter Valent, Juraj Parajka i Günter Blöschl. "Process-based selection of copula types for flood peak-volume relationships in Northwest Austria: a case study". Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy 46, nr 4 (1.12.2016): 245–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/congeo-2016-0015.
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Abstract The case study aims at selecting optimal bivariate copula models of the relationships between flood peaks and flood volumes from a regional perspective with a particular focus on flood generation processes. Besides the traditional approach that deals with the annual maxima of flood events, the current analysis also includes all independent flood events. The target region is located in the northwest of Austria; it consists of 69 small and mid-sized catchments. On the basis of the hourly runoff data from the period 1976- 2007, independent flood events were identified and assigned to one of the following three types of flood categories: synoptic floods, flash floods and snowmelt floods. Flood events in the given catchment are considered independent when they originate from different synoptic situations. Nine commonly-used copula types were fitted to the flood peak - flood volume pairs at each site. In this step, two databases were used: i) a process-based selection of all the independent flood events (three data samples at each catchment) and ii) the annual maxima of the flood peaks and the respective flood volumes regardless of the flood processes (one data sample per catchment). The goodness-of-fit of the nine copula types was examined on a regional basis throughout all the catchments. It was concluded that (1) the copula models for the flood processes are discernible locally; (2) the Clayton copula provides an unacceptable performance for all three processes as well as in the case of the annual maxima; (3) the rejection of the other copula types depends on the flood type and the sample size; (4) there are differences in the copulas with the best fits: for synoptic and flash floods, the best performance is associated with the extreme value copulas; for snowmelt floods, the Frank copula fits the best; while in the case of the annual maxima, no firm conclusion could be made due to the number of copulas with similarly acceptable overall performances. The general conclusion from this case study is that treating flood processes separately is beneficial; however, the usually available sample size in such real life studies is not sufficient to give generally valid recommendations for engineering design tasks.
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Lindenschmidt, Karl-Erich, Knut Alfredsen, Dirk Carstensen, Adam Choryński, David Gustafsson, Michał Halicki, Bernd Hentschel i in. "Assessing and Mitigating Ice-Jam Flood Hazards and Risks: A European Perspective". Water 15, nr 1 (26.12.2022): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15010076.
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The assessment and mapping of riverine flood hazards and risks is recognized by many countries as an important tool for characterizing floods and developing flood management plans. Often, however, these management plans give attention primarily to open-water floods, with ice-jam floods being mostly an afterthought once these plans have been drafted. In some Nordic regions, ice-jam floods can be more severe than open-water floods, with floodwater levels of ice-jam floods often exceeding levels of open-water floods for the same return periods. Hence, it is imperative that flooding due to river ice processes be considered in flood management plans. This also pertains to European member states who are required to submit renewed flood management plans every six years to the European governance authorities. On 19 and 20 October 2022, a workshop entitled “Assessing and mitigating ice-jam flood hazard and risk” was hosted in Poznań, Poland to explore the necessity of incorporating ice-jam flood hazard and risk assessments in the European Union’s Flood Directive. The presentations given at the workshop provided a good overview of flood risk assessments in Europe and how they may change due to the climate in the future. Perspectives from Norway, Sweden, Finland, Germany, and Poland were presented. Mitigation measures, particularly the artificial breakage of river ice covers and ice-jam flood forecasting, were shared. Advances in ice processes were also presented at the workshop, including state-of-the-art developments in tracking ice-floe velocities using particle tracking velocimetry, characterizing hanging dam ice, designing new ice-control structures, detecting, and monitoring river ice covers using composite imagery from both radar and optical satellite sensors, and calculating ice-jam flood hazards using a stochastic modelling approach.
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Cortès, Maria, Marco Turco, Montserrat Llasat-Botija i Maria Carmen Llasat. "The relationship between precipitation and insurance data for floods in a Mediterranean region (northeast Spain)". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, nr 3 (16.03.2018): 857–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-857-2018.
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Abstract. Floods in the Mediterranean region are often surface water floods, in which intense precipitation is usually the main driver. Determining the link between the causes and impacts of floods can make it easier to calculate the level of flood risk. However, up until now, the limitations in quantitative observations for flood-related damages have been a major obstacle when attempting to analyse flood risk in the Mediterranean. Flood-related insurance damage claims for the last 20 years could provide a proxy for flood impact, and this information is now available in the Mediterranean region of Catalonia, in northeast Spain. This means a comprehensive analysis of the links between flood drivers and impacts is now possible. The objective of this paper is to develop and evaluate a methodology to estimate flood damages from heavy precipitation in a Mediterranean region. Results show that our model is able to simulate the probability of a damaging event as a function of precipitation. The relationship between precipitation and damage provides insights into flood risk in the Mediterranean and is also promising for supporting flood management strategies.
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Kumar, Vijendra, Kul Vaibhav Sharma, Tommaso Caloiero, Darshan J. Mehta i Karan Singh. "Comprehensive Overview of Flood Modeling Approaches: A Review of Recent Advances". Hydrology 10, nr 7 (30.06.2023): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10070141.
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As one of nature’s most destructive calamities, floods cause fatalities, property destruction, and infrastructure damage, affecting millions of people worldwide. Due to its ability to accurately anticipate and successfully mitigate the effects of floods, flood modeling is an important approach in flood control. This study provides a thorough summary of flood modeling’s current condition, problems, and probable future directions. The study of flood modeling includes models based on hydrologic, hydraulic, numerical, rainfall–runoff, remote sensing and GIS, artificial intelligence and machine learning, and multiple-criteria decision analysis. Additionally, it covers the heuristic and metaheuristic techniques employed in flood control. The evaluation examines the advantages and disadvantages of various models, and evaluates how well they are able to predict the course and impacts of floods. The constraints of the data, the unpredictable nature of the model, and the complexity of the model are some of the difficulties that flood modeling must overcome. In the study’s conclusion, prospects for development and advancement in the field of flood modeling are discussed, including the use of advanced technologies and integrated models. To improve flood risk management and lessen the effects of floods on society, the report emphasizes the necessity for ongoing research in flood modeling.
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Riedel, Lukas, Thomas Röösli, Thomas Vogt i David N. Bresch. "Fluvial flood inundation and socio-economic impact model based on open data". Geoscientific Model Development 17, nr 13 (10.07.2024): 5291–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5291-2024.
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Abstract. Fluvial floods are destructive hazards that affect millions of people worldwide each year. Forecasting flood events and their potential impacts therefore is crucial for disaster preparation and mitigation. Modeling flood inundation based on extreme value analysis of river discharges is an alternative to physical models of flood dynamics, which are computationally expensive. We present the implementation of a globally applicable, open-source fluvial flood model within a state-of-the-art risk modeling framework. It uses openly available data to rapidly compute flood inundation footprints of historic and forecasted events for the estimation of associated impacts. For the example of Pakistan, we use this flood model to compute flood depths and extents and employ it to estimate population displacement due to floods. Comparing flood extents to satellite data reveals that incorporating estimated flood protection standards does not necessarily improve the flood footprint computed by the model. We further show that, after calibrating the vulnerability of the impact model to a single event, the estimated displacement caused by past floods is in good agreement with disaster reports. Finally, we demonstrate that this calibrated model is suited for probabilistic impact-based forecasting.
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Tollan, Arne. "Land-use change and floods: what do we need most, research or management?" Water Science and Technology 45, nr 8 (1.04.2002): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0176.
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Land-cover change (urbanisation, deforestation, and cultivation) results in increased flood frequency and severity. Mechanisms include reduced infiltration capacity, lower soil porosity, loss of vegetation, and forest clearing, meaning lower evapotranspiration. Major research challenges lie in quantification of effects in terms of flood characteristics under various conditions, ascertaining the combined effects of gradual changes over long time periods, and developing model tools suitable for land-use management. Large floods during the 1990s gave a new focus on these problems. Reference is made to the Norwegian HYDRA research programme on human impacts on floods and flood damage. The paper concludes that land-use change effects on floods are most pronounced at small scale and for frequent flood magnitudes. Model simulations of effects of land-use change can now be used to reduce flood risk. Modern flood management strategies have abandoned the position that dams and dikes are the only answers to mitigating flood disasters. Today, the strategic approach is more often: do not keep the water away from the people, keep people away from the water. Flood management strategies should include flood warnings, efficient communication, risk awareness, civil protection and flood preparedness routines, effective land-use policies, flood risk mapping, … as well as structural measures.
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Kundzewicz, Zbigniew W., Iwona Pińskwar i G. Robert Brakenridge. "Changes in river flood hazard in Europe: a review". Hydrology Research 49, nr 2 (26.05.2017): 294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2017.016.
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Abstract Despite costly flood risk reduction efforts, material damage and death toll caused by river floods continue to be high in Europe. In the present review paper, after outlining a process-based perspective, we examine observed and projected changes in flood hazard. Spatial and temporal variability of large floods is analyzed, based on a time series of flood information, collected by the Dartmouth Flood Observatory in 1985–2016. Model-based projections of future flood hazard are critically reviewed. It is difficult to disentangle the climatic change component from strong natural variability and direct human impacts. The climate change impact on flood hazard is complex and depends on the river flood generation mechanism. It has not been possible to detect ubiquitous changes in flood characteristics in observation records in Europe, so far. However, we found an increasing tendency in the number of floods with large magnitude and severity, even if year-to-year variability is strong. There is a considerable spread of river flood hazard projections in Europe among studies, carried out under different assumptions. Therefore, caution must be exerted by practitioners in charge of climate change adaptation, flood risk reduction, risk insurance, and water resources management when accommodating information on flood hazard projections, under considerable uncertainty.
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Macdonald, N. "Millennial scale variability in high magnitude flooding across Britain". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, nr 9 (8.09.2014): 10157–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-10157-2014.
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Abstract. The last decade has witnessed severe flooding across much of the globe, but have these floods really been exceptional? Globally, relatively few instrumental river flow series extend beyond 50 years, with short records presenting significant challenges in determining flood risk from high-magnitude floods. A perceived increase in extreme floods in recent years has decreased public confidence in conventional flood risk estimates; the results affect society (insurance costs), individuals (personal vulnerability) and companies (e.g. water resource managers – flood/drought risk). Here we show how historical records from Britain have improved understanding of high magnitude floods, by examining past spatial and temporal variability. The findings identify that whilst recent floods are notable, several comparable periods of increased flooding are identifiable historically, with periods of greater frequency (flood-rich periods) or/and larger floods. The use of historical records identifies that the largest floods often transcend single catchments affecting regions and that the current flood rich period is not exceptional.
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Herbanu, P. S., A. Nurmaya, R. M. Nisaa, R. A. Wardana i Sahid. "The zoning of flood disasters by combining tidal flood and urban flood in Semarang City, Indonesia". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1314, nr 1 (1.03.2024): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/012028.
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Abstract Semarang City, situated along the northern coastal region of Java Island, Indonesia, grapples annually with the dual challenges of tidal flooding and urban inundation. Establishing a comprehensive flood disaster zoning for both tidal floods and urban inundation to identify priority areas for effective flood mitigation and reducing disaster risk. This study aims to assess the potential inundation of tidal floods, urban floods, and their combined impact on Semarang City, using an integrated approach that combines Geographic Information System (GIS) technology with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). By leveraging data from Digital Elevation Model Nasional (DEMNAS), Google Earth, Rupa Bumi Indonesia (RBI) maps, and the Open Street Map (OSM) database, we obtained elevation, landcover, distance to the river, buildings, and administration data, which were used as criteria in the analysis. The research findings unveil three distinct flood inundation scenarios within Semarang City: tidal floods, urban floods, and a combination of both. Each scenario is categorized into low, medium, and high levels of inundation, providing a granular assessment of flood risk across the city. Importantly, the study extends beyond spatial analysis to evaluate the impact of inundation on affected buildings. The results indicate that the area inundated by the combination of tidal and urban floods is as follows: 86.87% high inundation, 13.12% moderate inundation, and 0.01% low inundation.
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Sukmawati, Ade, Lemi Iryana, Pandi Adriansyah i Lucky Indra Kesuma. "Identification of Floods in Palembang Area Using Fuzzy Logic Method of Mamdani and Sugeno". JOURNAL OF INFORMATICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING 6, nr 2 (25.01.2023): 434–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jite.v6i2.8146.
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Floods are one of the natural events that often occur, especially in areas that have a large population. Palembang is one of the cities in Sumatra Province which often experiences flooding due to its dense population and lack of infiltration areas. One way to improve flood preparedness is to identify floods by using fuzzy logic. This study aims to identify floods in the Palembang area using fuzzy logic mamdani and Sugeno methods. Flood identification is carried out in 6 stages, namely variable determination, fuzzification, inference, application of fuzzy rules, defuzzification, and evaluation. The variables used in this study are rainfall, temperature, area elevation, and the results of flood identification that have a value of flood or not flood. The results of flood identification using the Mamdani method achieved an accuracy of 82% while the Sugeno method achieved an accuracy of 91%. The results of this study indicate that the mamdani and Sugeno fuzzy logic methods are quite good in identifying floods so that they can improve flood preparedness attitudes.
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Pandey, Rajendra P., Meena Desai i Rajnesh Panwar. "Hybrid deep learning model for flood frequency assessment and flood forecasting". Multidisciplinary Science Journal 5 (18.08.2023): 2023ss0204. http://dx.doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2023ss0204.
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The most common and persistent natural hazard to people across the globe is flooding. The frequency of floods in a given place is defined as the likelihood and intensity of floods occurring there within a certain period. Examining historical flood data and using techniques are often used to determine the likelihood that a flood of a certain size would occur in a specific location. The method of flood prediction involves making forecasts on the frequency and severity of flooding. It may be influenced by a number of factors, including the topography, river flow, soil moisture content, and the period of rainfall. In this research, we provide a novel Cat Swarm Optimized Spatial Adversarial Network (CSO-SAN) technique for predicting and assessing flood frequency. This technique simulates the yearly greatest flow at the river Mahanadi measurement sites at Andhiyarkore, Bamanidhi, Baronda, and Kurubhatta over 60 years. The CSO-SAN model is adapted for the flood forecasting component to predict the frequency and size of future floods. The model incorporates real-time data from various sources, such as meteorological predictions and information on river flow, to anticipate the probability and severity of upcoming floods. Compared to other conventional statistical techniques and forecasting models, the CSO-SAN model outperformed them in tests conducted on the Mahanadi river basins. The model offers a viable method for improving the precision of flood frequency evaluation and flood forecasting, with significant advantages for managing and reducing flood risk.
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Sirait, Mega, Syahrul Humaidi, Marzuki Sinambela, Marhaposan Situmorang i Erna Frida. "Study of the Utilization of WRF Model Output Data to Produce Daily Flood Forecast Maps in the North Sumatra Region". Prisma Sains : Jurnal Pengkajian Ilmu dan Pembelajaran Matematika dan IPA IKIP Mataram 11, nr 2 (30.04.2023): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/j-ps.v11i2.7735.
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Flood is a natural disaster that often occurs in Indonesia. Currently, flood events are relatively difficult to predict because floods generally occur suddenly in uncertain periods. Extreme rainfall is a major factor for the occurrence of floods. Considering that floods can be caused by heavy rainfall events within a few hours, it is necessary to produce daily flood forecasts for flood disaster mitigation. This study aims to test the accuracy of utilizing rainfall forecast data from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to create daily flood forecast maps. The data used in this study include Global Forecast System (GFS) data, BMKG rainfall measurement data which spread across several points in North Sumatra Province, and flood incident reports from BNPB. Data processing is carried out by Geospatial Information System (GIS) using Quantum-GIS, which includes weighting and scoring the parameters of soil type, slope, land elevation, river density, and land cover to produce Flood Prone Maps, then integrated with rainfall data to produce Daily Flood Forecast Maps. The case studies of flood events in this study are August 28 and November 28, 2022. The results showed that the spatial forecast of flood potential (WRF) has a pattern in accordance with the flood event area. Therefore, the WRF model output rainfall prediction data can be used to create a daily flood forecast map in the North Sumatra region.
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Jeneiová, Katarína, Silvia Kohnová, Julia Hall i Juraj Parajka. "Variability of seasonal floods in the Upper Danube River basin". Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 64, nr 4 (1.12.2016): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johh-2016-0037.
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Abstract The objective of this study is to analyse the spatial variability of seasonal flood occurrences in the Upper Danube region for the period 1961-2010. The analysis focuses on the understanding of the factors that control the spatial variability of winter and summer floods in 88 basins with different physiographic conditions. The evaluation is based on circular statistics, which compare the changes in the mean date and in the seasonal flood concentration index within a year or predefined season. The results indicate that summer half-year and winter half-year floods are dominant in the Alps and northern Danube tributaries, respectively. A comparison of the relative magnitude of flood events indicates that summer half-year floods are on average more than 50% larger than floods in winter. The evaluation of flood occurrence showed that the values of seasonal flood concentration index (median 0.75) in comparison to the annual floods (median 0.58) shows higher temporal concentration of floods. The flood seasonality of winter events is dominant in the Alps; however, along the northern fringe (i.e. the Isar, Iller and Inn River) the timing of winter half-year floods is diverse. The seasonal concentration of summer floods tends to increase with increasing mean elevation of the basins. The occurrence of the three largest summer floods is more stable, i.e. they tend to occur around the same time for the majority of analysed basins. The results show that fixing the summer and winter seasons to specific months does not always allow a clear distinction of the main flood generation processes. Therefore, criteria to define flood typologies that are more robust are needed for regions such as the Upper Danube, with large climate and topographical variability between the lowland and high elevations, particularly for the assessment of the effect of increasing air temperature on snowmelt runoff and associated floods.
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Ortega, J. A., L. Razola i G. Garzón. "Recent human impacts and change in dynamics and morphology of ephemeral rivers". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 14, nr 3 (31.03.2014): 713–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-713-2014.
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Abstract. Ephemeral streams induce flash-flood events, which cause dramatic morphological changes and impacts on population, mainly because they are intermittent and less predictable. Human pressures on the basin modify load and discharge relationships, inducing dormant instability on the fluvial system that will manifest abruptly during flood events. The flash-flood response of two ephemeral streams affected by load supply modification due to land use changes is discussed in a combination of geomorphic and hydraulic approaches. During the Rivillas flash flood, intensive clearing on the basin led to high rates of sediment flowing into an artificially straightened and inefficient channel. The stream evolved from a sinuous single channel into a shallow braiding occupying the entire width of the valley floor. Misfits and unsteady channel conditions increased velocity, stream power and sediment entrainment capacity and considerably magnified flood damage. Resulting morphosedimentary features revealed a close relationship with the valley floor post-flood hydraulic model, and pre-event awareness would have made it possible to predict risk-sensitive areas. In the second case, the Azohía stream, modelling of current pre-flood channel conditions make it possible to determine channel narrowing and entrenchment in the lower alluvial fan stretch. Abandonment of intensive agriculture, basin reforestation and urbanization diminish load contribution and trigger channel incision. This induces an increase in slope and velocity in the bankfull channel, producing renewed erosive energy and thus activating upstream propagation of incision and bank undermining. The absence of water-spreading dynamics on the alluvial fan in favour of confinement in a single channel produces an unstable dynamic in the system, also offering a false sense of stability, as long as no large magnitude floods occur. When modelling flood-prone areas and analysing hydraulic variables, it is important to detect possible anthropic disturbances that may affect basin load budgets in order to anticipate catastrophic consequences resulting from inappropriate fluvial management before the occurrence of an extraordinary event.
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Li, Chaochao, Xiaotao Cheng, Na Li, Zhongmin Liang, Yanyan Wang i Song Han. "A Three-Parameter S-Shaped Function of Flood Return Period and Damage". Advances in Meteorology 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6583906.
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With growing flood risk due to increased urbanization, flood damage assessment and flood risk management must be reconsidered. To demonstrate and assess the new features and trends of flood risk in urbanized areas, a novel S-shaped function of return period and damage(R-D)is proposed. The function contains three parameters, which are defined as the maximum flood damageA, critical return periodRc, and integrated loss coefficientk. A basic framework for flood damage assessment was established to evaluate flood damage in the Taihu Basin under various scenarios. The simulation results were used to construct the floodR-Dfunctions. The study results show that the floodR-Dmodel based on the Gompertz function agrees well with the mutability of flood damage in the highly urbanized basin when the flood scale exceeds the defense capability. TheR-Dfunction can be utilized for timely and effective flood damage assessment and prediction. It can describe the impacts of socioeconomic development, urbanization degree, and flood control capability improvements well. The turning points of the function curve can be used as gradation criteria for rational strategy development associated with flood hazards.
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Petrow, T., B. Merz, K. E. Lindenschmidt i A. H. Thieken. "Aspects of seasonality and flood generating circulation patterns in a mountainous catchment in south-eastern Germany". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4, nr 2 (21.03.2007): 589–625. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-4-589-2007.
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Abstract. Analyses of discharge series, precipitation fields and flood producing atmospheric circulation patterns reveal that two governing flood regimes exist in the Mulde catchment in south-eastern Germany: frequent floods during the winter and less frequent but sometimes extreme floods during the summer. Differences in the statistical parameters skewness and coefficient of variation of the discharge data can be found from west to east and are discussed in the context of landscape parameters that influence the discharge. Annual maximum discharge series were assigned to the triggering Großwetterlage in order to evaluate which circulation patterns are likely to produce large floods. It can be shown that the cyclone Vb-weather regime generates the most extreme flood events in the Mulde catchment, whereas westerly winds produce frequently small floods. Vb-weather regimes do not always trigger large flood events in the study area, but large floods are mostly generated by these weather patterns. Based on these findings, it is necessary to revise the traditional flood frequency analysis approach and develop new approaches which can handle different flood triggering processes within the dataset.
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Wang, Zixiong, Ya Sun, Chunhui Li, Ling Jin, Xinguo Sun, Xiaoli Liu i Tianxiang Wang. "Analysis of Small and Medium–Scale River Flood Risk in Case of Exceeding Control Standard Floods Using Hydraulic Model". Water 14, nr 1 (28.12.2021): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14010057.
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Exceeding control standard floods pose threats to the management of small and medium–scale rivers. Taking Fuzhouhe river as an example, this paper analyzes the submerged depth, submerged area and arrival time of river flood risk in the case of exceeding control standard floods (with return period of 20, 50, 100 and 200 years) through a coupled one– and two–dimensional hydrodynamic model, draws the flood risk maps and proposes emergency plans. The simulation results of the one–dimensional model reveal that the dikes would be at risk of overflowing for different frequencies of floods, with a higher level of risk on the left bank. The results of the coupled model demonstrate that under all scenarios, the inundation area gradually increases with time until the flood peak subsides, and the larger the flood peak, the faster the inundation area increases. The maximum submerged areas are 42.73 km2, 65.95 km2, 74.86 km2 and 82.71 km2 for four frequencies of flood, respectively. The change of submerged depth under different frequency floods shows a downward–upward–downward trend and the average submerged depth of each frequency floods is about 1.4 m. The flood risk maps of different flood frequencies are created by GIS to analyze flood arrival time, submerged area and submerged depth to plan escape routes and resettlement units. The migration distances are limited within 4 km, the average migration distance is about 2 km, the vehicle evacuation time is less than 20 min, and the walking evacuation time is set to about 70 min. It is concluded that the flood risk of small and medium–scale rivers is a dynamic change process, and dynamic flood assessment, flood warning and embankment modification scheme should be further explored.
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Nka, B. N., L. Oudin, H. Karambiri, J. E. Paturel i P. Ribstein. "Trends in West African floods: a comparative analysis with rainfall and vegetation indices". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, nr 5 (29.05.2015): 5083–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-5083-2015.
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Abstract. After the drought of the 1970s in West Africa, the variability of rainfall and land use changes affected mostly flow, and recently flooding has been said to be an increasingly common occurrence throughout the whole of West Africa. These changes raised many questions about the impact of climate change on the flood regimes in West African countries. This paper investigates whether floods are becoming more frequent or more severe, and to what extent climate patterns have been responsible for these changes. We analyzed the trends in the floods occurring in 14 catchments within West Africa's main climate zone. The methodology includes two methods for sampling flood events, namely the AM (annual maximum) method and the POT (peak over threshold), and two perspectives of analysis are presented: long-term analysis based on two long flood time series, and a regional perspective involving 14 catchments with shorter series. The Mann–Kendall trend test and the Pettitt break test were used to assess time series stationarity. The trends detected in flood time series were compared to the rainfall index trends and vegetation indices using contingency tables, in order to identify the main driver of change in flood magnitude and flood frequency. The relation between the flood index and the physiographic index was evaluated through a success criterion and the Cramer criterion calculated from the contingency tables. The results point out the existence of trends in flood magnitude and flood frequency time series with two main patterns. Sahelian floods show increasing flood trends and some Sudanian catchments present decreasing flood trends. For the overall catchments studied, the maximum 5 day consecutive rainfall index (Rx5d) seems to follow the flood trend, while the NDVI indices do not show a significant link with the flood trends, meaning that this index has no impact in the behavior of floods in the region.
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Gangani, Parth, Nikunj K. Mangukiya, Darshan J. Mehta, Nitin Muttil i Upaka Rathnayake. "Evaluating the Efficacy of Different DEMs for Application in Flood Frequency and Risk Mapping of the Indian Coastal River Basin". Climate 11, nr 5 (22.05.2023): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli11050114.
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Floods are among the most occurring natural hazards that cause severe damage to infrastructure and loss of life. In India, southern Gujarat is affected during the monsoon season, facing multiple flood events in the Damanganga basin. As the basin is one of the data-scarce regions, evaluating the globally available dataset for flood risk mitigation studies in the Damanganga basin is crucial. In the present study, we compared four open-source digital elevation models (DEMs) (SRTM, Cartosat-1, ALOS-PALSAR, and TanDEMX) for hydrodynamic (HD) modeling and flood risk mapping. The simulated HD models for multiple flood events using HEC-RAS v6.3 were calibrated by adopting different roughness coefficients based on land-use land cover, observed water levels at gauge sites, and peak flood depths in the flood plain. In contrast to the previous studies on the Purna river basin (the neighboring basin of Damanganga), the present study shows that Cartosat-1 DEM provides reliable results with the observed flood depth. Furthermore, the calibrated HD model was used to determine the flood risk corresponding to 10, 25, 50, and 100-year return period floods calculated using Gumbel’s extreme value (GEV) and log-Pearson type III (LP-III) distribution techniques. Comparing the obtained peak floods corresponding to different return periods with the observed peak floods revealed that the LP-III method gives more reliable estimates of flood peaks for lower return periods, while the GEV method gives comparatively more reliable estimates for higher return period floods. The study shows that evaluating different open-source data and techniques is crucial for developing reliable flood mitigation plans with practical implications.
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Pekárová, Pavla, Dana Halmová, Veronika Bačová Mitková, Pavol Miklánek, Ján Pekár i Peter Škoda. "Historic flood marks and flood frequency analysis of the Danube River at Bratislava, Slovakia". Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 61, nr 4 (1.12.2013): 326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2013-0041.
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Abstract In this paper we focused on the history of floods and extreme flood frequency analysis of the upper Danube River at Bratislava. Firstly, we briefly describe the flood marks found on the Danube River in the region of Bratislava, Slovakia, and provide an account of the floods’ consequences. Secondly, we analyzed the annual maximum discharge series for the period 1876-2012, including the most recent flood of June 2013. Thirdly, we compare the values of T-year design discharge computed with and without incorporating the historic floods (floods of the years 1501, 1682, and 1787 into the 138-year series of annual discharge peaks). There are unfortunately only a few historic flood marks preserved in Bratislava, but there are very important and old marks in neighbouring Hainburg and other Austrian cities upstream to Passau. The calculated T-year maximum discharge of the Danube at Bratislava for the period 1876-2010 without and with historic flood values have been compared. Our analysis showed that without incorporating the historic floods from the years 1501, 1682, and 1787 the 1000-year discharge calculated only with data from the instrumented period 1876- 2013 is 14,188 m3 s-1, and it is lower compared to the 1000-year discharge of 14,803 m3 s-1 when the three historic floods are included. In general, the T-year discharge is higher throughout the whole spectrum of T-year discharges (10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500-year discharge) when the three historic floods are included. Incorporating historic floods into a time series of maximum annual discharge seems to exert a significant effect on the estimates of low probability floods. This has important implications for flood managements and estimation of flood design discharge.
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Szolgay, J., L. Gaál, S. Kohnová, K. Hlavčová, R. Výleta, T. Bacigál i G. Blöschl. "A process-based analysis of the suitability of copula types for peak-volume flood relationships". Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 370 (11.06.2015): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-370-183-2015.
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Abstract. The work aims at analyzing the bivariate relationship between flood peaks and flood volumes, with a particular focus on the type and seasonality of flood generation processes. Instead of the usual approach that deals with an analysis of the annual maxima of flood events, the current analysis includes all independent flood events in a catchment. Flood events are considered independent when they originate from distinguishably different synoptic/meteorological situations. The target region is located in the northern part of Austria, and consists of 72 small and mid-sized catchments. On the basis of the discharge measurements with a time resolution of 1 h from the period 1976–2007, independent flood events were identified and were assigned to one of the three following flood generation type categories: synoptic floods, flash floods and snowmelt floods. These were subsequently divided into two seasons, thereby separating predominantly rainfall-fed and snowmelt-fed floods. Nine frequently-used copula types were locally fitted to the samples of the flood type and seasonal data. Their goodness-of-fit was examined locally as well as analyzed in a regional scope. It was concluded that (i) treating flood processes separately is beneficial for the statistical analysis; (ii) suitability patterns of acceptable copula types are distinguishably different for the seasons/flood types considered, (iii) the Clayton and Joe copulas shows an unacceptable performance for all the seasons/flood types in the region; (iv) the rejection rate of the other copula types depends on the season/flood type and also on the sample size; (v) given that usually more than one statistically suitable dependence model exists, an uncertainty analysis of the design values in the engineering studies resulting from the choice of model seems unavoidable; (vi) reducing uncertainty in the choice of model could be attempted by a deeper hydrological analysis of the dependence structure between flood peaks and volumes in order to give hydrological support to the decision on model's suitability in specific regions and for typical flood generation mechanisms.
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Gayen, Sumita, Ismael Vallejo Villalta i Sk Mafizul Haque. "Flood Risk Assessment and Its Mapping in Purba Medinipur District, West Bengal, India". Water 14, nr 7 (26.03.2022): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14071049.
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Floods are one of the most common quasi-natural hazards in costal districts of West Bengal, India and thousands of people are affected every year. From the destruction of crop lands and buildings to the disruption of balance of the environment and the spreading of disease, floods can devastate entire regions. The risk of flood depends on the flood intensity, frequency, and duration, the vulnerability of the people, etc. The spatiality of flood risk is still insufficient at micro level study for the management of resource disasters. In consequence, the present study on ‘flood risk mapping’ is performed in Purba Medinipur (one of the coastal districts of West Bengal, India) by considering the flood frequency and vulnerability of the people as flood risk components. The frequency of floods from 2002 to 2019 is considered as a variable of assessment and twenty-five key indicators are employed to understand the vulnerability of the people of the region. From the analysis, Moyna emerges as the highest flood risk prone block and Contai-I is the least flood prone block of the district. The results can help to minimize the chances of death, injury, loss, or harm and establish a good disaster management plan against floods.
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Liang, Yulian, Yongli Wang, Yinjun Zhao, Yuan Lu i Xiaoying Liu. "Analysis and Projection of Flood Hazards over China". Water 11, nr 5 (16.05.2019): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11051022.
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Floods have been experienced with greater frequency and more severity under global climate change. To understand the flood hazard and its variation in the future, the current and future flood hazards in the 21st century in China are discussed. Floods and their trends are assessed using the accumulation precipitation during heavy rainfall process (AP_HRP), which are calculated based on historical meteorological observations and the outputs of a global climate model (GCM) under three Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. The flood-causing HRPs counted by the flood-causing critical precipitation (the 60% fractile of AP_HRP) capture more than 70% of historical flood events. The projection results indicate that the flood hazards could increase under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 and increase slightly under RCP2.6 during the 21st century (2011–2099). The spatial characteristics of flood hazards and their increasing trends under the three RCPs are similar in most areas of China. More floods could occur in southern China, including Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi and Fujian provinces, which could become more serious in southeastern China and the northern Yunnan province. Construction of water conservancy projects, reservoir dredging, improvement of drainage and irrigation equipment and enhancement of flood control and storage capacity can mitigate the impacts of floods and waterlogging on agriculture.
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Älgå, Andreas, Thi Dang, Dell Saulnier, Gia Nguyen i Johan von Schreeb. "Hope for the Best, Prepare for the Worst—An Assessment of Flood Preparedness at Primary Health Care Facilities in Central Vietnam". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, nr 12 (29.11.2018): 2689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122689.
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Background: Floods affect over 85 million people every year and are one of the deadliest types of natural disasters. The health effects of floods are partly due to a loss of access to health care. This loss can be limited with proper flood preparedness. Flood preparedness is especially needed at the primary health care (PHC) level. Flood preparedness assessments can be used to identify vulnerable facilities and help target efforts. The existing research on PHC flood preparedness is limited. We aimed to assess the flood preparedness of PHC facilities in a flood-prone province in central Vietnam. Methods: Based on flood experience, the PHC facilities in the province were grouped as “severe” (n = 23) or “non-severe” (n = 129). Assessments were conducted during monsoon season at five facilities from each group, using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire. Data were checked against official records when possible. Results: Nine of the ten facilities had a flood plan and four received regular flood preparedness training. Six facilities reported insufficient preparedness support. Half of the facilities had additional funding available for flood preparedness, or in case of a flood. Flood preparedness training had been received by 21/28 (75%) of the staff at the facilities with severe flood experience, versus 15/25 (52%) of the staff at the non-severe experience facilities. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the assessed PHC facilities were not sufficiently prepared for the expected floods during monsoon season. PHC flood preparedness assessments could be used to identify vulnerable facilities and populations in flood-prone areas. More research is needed to further develop and test the validity and reliability of the questionnaire.
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Molodtsova, Tatiana, Sergey Molodtsov, Andrei Kirilenko, Xiaodong Zhang i Jeffrey VanLooy. "Evaluating flood potential with GRACE in the United States". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, nr 4 (25.04.2016): 1011–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1011-2016.
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Abstract. Reager and Famiglietti (2009) proposed an index, Reager's Flood Potential Index (RFPI), for early large-scale flood risk monitoring using the Terrestrial Water Storage Anomaly (TWSA) product derived from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). We evaluated the efficacy of the RFPI for flood risk assessment over the continental USA using multi-year flood observation data from 2003 to 2012 by the US Geological Survey and Dartmouth Flood Observatory. In general, we found a good agreement between the RFPI flood risks and the observed floods on regional and even local scales. RFPI demonstrated skill in predicting the large-area, long-duration floods, especially during the summer season.
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Molodtsova, T., S. Molodtsov, A. Kirilenko, X. Zhang i J. VanLooy. "Evaluating flood potential with GRACE in the United States". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, nr 11 (19.11.2015): 6977–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-6977-2015.
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Abstract. One of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) products, the Terrestrial Water Storage Anomaly (TWSA), was used for assessing large-scale flood risk through Reager's Flood Potential Index (RFPI) by Reager and Famiglietti (2009). The efficacy of the proposed RFPI for flood risk assessment was evaluated over the continental US using multi-year flood observation data from 2003 to 2012 by the US Geological Survey and Dartmouth Flood Observatory. In general, the flood risk based on the RFPI agreed well with the observed floods on regional and even local scales. The method exhibits higher skill in predicting the large-area, long-duration floods, especially during the summer season.
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Ren, Juanhui, Bo Ren, Qiuwen Zhang i Xiuqing Zheng. "A Novel Hybrid Extreme Learning Machine Approach Improved by K Nearest Neighbor Method and Fireworks Algorithm for Flood Forecasting in Medium and Small Watershed of Loess Region". Water 11, nr 9 (5.09.2019): 1848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091848.
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Sudden floods in the medium and small watershed by a sudden rainstorm and locally heavy rainfall often lead to flash floods. Therefore, it is of practical and theoretical significance to explore appropriate flood forecasting model for medium and small watersheds for flood control and disaster reduction in the loess region under the condition of underlying surface changes. This paper took the Gedong basin in the loess region of western Shanxi as the research area, analyzing the underlying surface and floods characteristics. The underlying surface change was divided into three periods (HSP1, HSP2, HSP3), and the floods were divided into three grades (great, moderate, small). The paper applied K Nearest Neighbor method and Fireworks Algorithm to improve the Extreme Learning Machine model (KNN-FWA-ELM) and proposed KNN-FWA-ELM hybrid flood forecasting model, which was further applied to flood forecasting of different underlying surface conditions and flood grades. Results demonstrated that KNN-FWA-ELM model had better simulation performance and higher simulation accuracy than the ELM model for flood forecasting, and the qualified rate was 17.39% higher than the ELM model. KNN-FWA-ELM model was superior to the ELM model in three periods and the simulation performance of three flood grades, and the simulation performance of KNN-FWA-ELM model was better in HSP1 stage floods and great floods.
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Vegad, Urmin, Yadu Pokhrel i Vimal Mishra. "Flood risk assessment for Indian sub-continental river basins". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 28, nr 5 (4.03.2024): 1107–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1107-2024.
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Abstract. Floods are among India's most frequently occurring natural disasters, which disrupt all aspects of socio-economic well-being. A large population is affected by floods, which leave their footprints through human mortality, migration, and damage to agriculture and infrastructure, during almost every summer monsoon season in India. Despite the massive imprints of floods, sub-basin level flood risk assessment is still in its infancy and requires advancements. Using hydrological and hydrodynamic models, we reconstructed sub-basin level observed floods for the 1901–2020 period. Our modeling framework includes the influence of 51 major reservoirs that affect flow variability and flood inundation. Sub-basins in the Ganga and Brahmaputra river basins witnessed substantial flood inundation extent during the worst flood in the observational record. Major floods in the sub-basins of the Ganga and Brahmaputra occur during the late summer monsoon season (August–September). While the Beas, Brahmani, upper Satluj, upper Godavari, middle and lower Krishna, and Vashishti are among the sub-basins influenced by the presence of dams on downstream flood dynamics, the Beas, Brahmani, Ravi, and lower Satluj sub-basins are the most impacted by floods and the presence of dams. Bhagirathi, Gandak, Kosi, lower Brahmaputra, and Ghaghara are India's sub-basins with the highest flood risk. Our findings have implications for flood risk assessment and mitigation in India.
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Lumbantobing, Hariman, Irma Ratna Avianti, Kukuh Harisapto i Suharjito Suharjito. "Flood Prediction based on Weather Parameters in Jakarta using K-Nearest Neighbours Algorithm". Eduvest - Journal of Universal Studies 4, nr 6 (27.06.2024): 5055–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.59188/eduvest.v4i6.1339.
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Flooding is a difficult and common hazard in Indonesia, particularly in Jakarta during the rainy season. Floods have been the subject of several endeavours, ranging from discovering the causes to reducing their impacts. Floods cause significant damage to infrastructure, the social economy, and human lives. The government continues to create reliable flood risk maps and plans for long-term flood risk management. According to data from Jakarta Flood Monitoring, 12 sub-districts and 26 urban villages were hit by floods each year between 2016 and 2020, with an average flood length of nearly 2 days. The flood tendency in Jakarta decreased from 2018 to 2019, but increased in 2020. Floods are produced by a variety of reasons, including weather, geography, and human actions such as deforestation. Strong flood prediction is required for disaster management, however this might be difficult owing to changing weather conditions. This study focuses on flood prediction in Jakarta based on weather parameters utilising machine learning techniques to provide accurate and real-time predictions. K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) is an algorithm employed to forecast the areas that will encounter the consequences of floods. The outcomes of this research with the value of k=2 to k=9 obtained the best performance values at k=7, where the level of accuracy reaches 92.25%, 88.89% precision, 92.25% recall, and F1-measure of 89.52%. The integration of machine learning algorithms which encompasses multiple weather variables provides significant utility in comprehensive flood predictions and early warning systems in flood disaster mitigation.