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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Flame particle”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Flame particle"

Vemury, Srinivas, Sotiris E. Pratsinis i Lowinn Kibbey. "Electrically Controlled Flame Synthesis of Nanophase TiO2, SiO2, and SnO2 Powders". Journal of Materials Research 12, nr 4 (kwiecień 1997): 1031–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1997.0144.

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Nanophase particles with precisely controlled characteristics are made by oxidation of their halide vapors in electrically assisted hydrocarbon flames using needle-shaped or plate electrodes. The particle size and crystallinity decrease with increasing field strength across the flame. The field generated by the electrodes across the flame decreases the particle residence time in the high temperature region of the flame. Furthermore, it charges the newly formed particles, resulting in electrostatic repulsion and dispersion that decreases particle growth by coagulation. Electric fields reduced the primary particle size of TiO2, the agglomerate size of SnO2, and both the agglomerate and primary size of SiO2.

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Zhang, Jia-Rui, Zhi-Xun Xia, Chuan-Bo Fang, Li-Kun Ma, Yun-Chao Feng, Stein Oliver i Kronenburg Andreas. "Numerical simulation of aluminum dust counterflow flames". Acta Physica Sinica 71, nr 7 (2022): 074702. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.71.20211664.

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<sec>Aluminum is widely used as an additive in solid rocket propellants and pyrotechnics due to its outstanding characteristics such as high energy density and combustion temperature, environmentally benign products, and good stability. Recently, aluminum powders are found to present great potential serving as alternative fuel in a low-carbon economy. In this paper, a detailed model including the effects of interphase heat transfer, phase change, heterogeneous surface reactions, homogeneous combustion and radiation is employed to investigate aluminum dust counterflow flames.</sec><sec>The numerical model is first validated by simulating the aluminum dust counterflow flames of McGill University. The results indicate that the particle velocity profile is in very good agreement with the experimental measurements. A detailed analysis of estimating the gas phase velocity based on the particle velocity is performed by using Stoke time τs. The results show that a correct value of τs is the key to this method, and using a single value of τs can bring a notable bias to the results, which may also affect the evaluation of flame speed from the counterflow flame. It is suggested that model validation should be carried out by directly comparing the particle velocity profiles from the simulations with those from the experiments. The flame structure of the aluminum dust counterflow flame is discussed, and the interphase heat transfer model is found to have a great influence on the flame for particle sizes smaller than 10 μm. Therefore, when simulating the aluminum dust flames with small particle sizes, the interphase heat transfer model should be selected carefully so that it can cover the transition heat transfer regime. The effect of particle diameter is examined. With the increase of the particle size, the flame speed continues to decrease, and most particles with a diameter of 15 μm cannot be fully burnt in the present configuration. The strain rate is found to be an important factor affecting the dust flame. As the strain rate increases, the residence time of the particles in the flame zone decreases, which ultimately leads the particles to be combusted incompletely. Moreover, the reaction zone of the counterflow flame, marked as AlO, is observed to be shrunk from a large double-peak structure into a small single-peak one along the burner centerline when strain increases. The reference flame speed increases with strain rate, and an unstretched reference flame speed of roughly 29 cm/s can be obtained by linear extrapolation of the predicted results. The effect of radiation is investigated by comparing two cases with and without radiative heat transfer. The results show that the heat loss caused by radiation can lead the temperature to decrease greatly in the gas phase, but the heating effect on the particles by radiation is relativelysmall.</sec>

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Jeon, Joonho, Noah Bock, David B. Kittelson i William F. Northrop. "Correlation of nanoparticle size distribution features to spatiotemporal flame luminosity in gasoline direct injection engines". International Journal of Engine Research 21, nr 7 (12.09.2018): 1107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418798468.

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Particle size distribution measured by mobility instruments is a common diagnostic used to characterize ultrafine and nanoparticle emissions in engine exhaust; however, some features of particle size distribution data are poorly correlated to in-cylinder combustion phenomena. In this work, in-cylinder spatiotemporal flame luminosity is quantitatively correlated to features in the solid particle size distribution measured in the exhaust of a gasoline direct injection engine operating in lean and stoichiometric combustion modes. A multi-channel optical sensor was used to measure diffusion flame light intensity in different areas of the combustion chamber. Total solid particle number and particle size distribution in the exhaust were measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer after a catalytic stripper that removed semi-volatile compounds. Results of the experiments showed that different flame phenomenon resulted in distinct particle size distribution characteristics. A large accumulation mode (particles with diameter of 50–100 nm) in the particle size distribution from stoichiometric engine operation with early injection resulted from anomalous diffusion flames like piston-top pool fires. In lean operation incorporating a secondary fuel injection, particle emissions were dominated by flame propagation through fuel-rich regions of the combustion chamber resulting in a comparatively broad particle size distribution. More generally, this work illustrates how particle size distribution data can be more accurately used to diagnose soot formation in gasoline direct injection engines.

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Barkley, Thomas K., Jenna E. Vastano, James R. Applegate i Smitesh D. Bakrania. "Combustion Synthesis of Fe-Incorporated SnO2Nanoparticles Using Organometallic Precursor Combination". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/685754.

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Synthesis of nanomaterials within flames has been demonstrated as a highly scalable and versatile approach for obtaining a variety of nanoparticles with respect to their chemistry, composition, size, morphology, and dimensionality. Its applicability can be amplified by exploring new material systems and providing further control over the particle characteristics. This study focused on iron-incorporated SnO2nanoparticles generated using an inverse coflow diffusion flame burner that supported a near-stoichiometric methane-air combustion. A liquid organometallic precursor solution of Sn(CH3)4and Fe(CO)5was used to produce 11–14 nm nanocrystalline particles. Synthesized particles were analyzed using TEM, XRD, and XEDS to characterize for size and composition. A flame temperature field was obtained to map particle evolution within the flame. A range of conditions and parameters were studied to specifically generate targeted particles. The study augments related research towards increasing the production potential of combustion synthesis.

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Dufner, D. C., S. Danczyk i M. Wooldridge. "Characterization Of SiOx Smoke Particles by Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy and Energy-Filtering Imaging". Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (sierpień 1999): 638–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600016512.

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Combustion synthesis has led to many advances in materials science, in part via the synthesis of powders consisting of particles of nanometer dimensions. Particle morphology is a key concern regarding the powders produced, but also of comparable importance is particle composition. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy-filtering imaging (EFI) can be used to interrogate the gas-phase combustion synthesis environment for elemental particle composition information. Once established, this diagnostic approach can be used to address control of particle composition and other issues associated with particle formation and growth in flames. The evolution of the particle morphology in a laboratory scale combustion synthesis facility can be examined by passing TEM grids directly through the combustion synthesis flame at various heights above the burner surface, as shown in Fig. la. For the current work, SiOx particle samples are obtained from a SilL/^/FL/Ar flame using a rapid probe insertion technique.

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Xie, Qing, Siheng Yang, Hao Cheng, Chi Zhang i Zhuyin Ren. "Predicting the ignition sequences in a separated stratified swirling spray flame with stochastic flame particle tracking". Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society 6 (12.10.2022): 279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33737/jgpps/153495.

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Stochastic flame particle tracking in conjunction with non-reacting combustor simulations can offer insights into the ignition processes and facilitate the combustor optimization. In this study, this approach is employed to simulate the ignition sequences in a separated dual-swirl spray flame, in which the newly proposed pairwise mixing-reaction model is used to account for the mass and energy transfer between the flame particle and the surrounding shell layer. Based on the flame particle temperature, the particle state can be classified in to burnt, hot gas, and extinguished. The additional state of hot gas is introduced to allow the flame particles with high temperature to survive from nonflammable region and then potentially to ignite the nearby favourable regions. The simulations of the separated stratified swirl spray flame reveal two different ignition pathways for flame stabilization. The first showed that some flame particles from the spark would directly enter the main recirculation zone resulting from the velocity randomness and then ignite both sides of the combustor simultaneously. The second showed that flame particles from the spark would ignite the traversed regions following the swirl motion inside the combustor. The predicted ignition sequences were compared with the evolution of flame morphology recorded by high-speed imaging from experiments, showing qualitative agreement.

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Zhao, Tingyu, Junhua Fang i Zhen Huang. "The evolution of soot morphology for the maturation of nascent particle in a turbulent lifted jet flame". Thermal Science, nr 00 (2022): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci211116057z.

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In order to understand the soot formation in diesel engine, a turbulent jet flame is used to simulate the combustion in the cylinder. The experimental study is performed to investigate the evolution of soot morphology for the maturation of nascent particle in a turbulent lifted jet flame fueled by n-heptane/toluene mixtures. An ultrasonic atomizer is used to evenly spread the fuel droplets to acquire single primary particles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used to study the morphology of the particle sampled from the flame at different heights. Small soot aggregates are acquired from all the samples. Particle maturation such as agglomeration is accelerated under a high temperature by comparing the particle morphology sampled on the centerline and the wings of the flame. The precursors of nascent particles are depicted as dark nucleation dispersed to semitransparent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The nanostructure of nascent particles transforms from an amorphous state to an onion structure with the maturation of particles. Surface growth initially dominates the maturation of nascent particles in the direction of outside to inside for single particles. Agglomeration begins to emerge with the increased probability of collision at the end of maturation. Surface growth and agglomeration increase the mean particle diameter as the flame height increases. The oxidability of particles that undergo surface growth and agglomeration notably increases. The structure of nascent particles is inclined to be ordered and the mean particle diameter decreases with oxidation dominating the combustion reaction.

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Ni, Jian, i Hong Xia Liu. "Research on Flame Simulation Based on Improved Particle System and the Texture Mapping". Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (grudzień 2010): 3601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.3601.

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Flame simulation in computer graphics has been the most challenging problems. According to the key problem of real time and reality in flame simulation based on particle system, a new flame model based on improved particle system and the texture mapping is proposed in this paper. This article uses specific geometric shape as the elementary particles and combines treatment of derivatives based on the flame of the original particle system to simplify some of the dynamic equation, to reduce the difficulty of computational modeling and improve rendering speed; Through texture mapping and particle mixing effects to achieve flame changes color in different regions and reflect the temperature difference between them; In addition, the method also reflects the dynamic field of the particle system.

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Kalman, Joseph, Nick G. Glumac i Herman Krier. "Experimental Study of Constant Volume Sulfur Dust Explosions". Journal of Combustion 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/817259.

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Dust flames have been studied for decades because of their importance in industrial safety and accident prevention. Recently, dust flames have become a promising candidate to counter biological warfare. Sulfur in particular is one of the elements that is of interest, but sulfur dust flames are not well understood. Flame temperature and flame speed were measured for sulfur flames with particle concentrations of 280 and 560 g/m3and oxygen concentration between 10% and 42% by volume. The flame temperature increased with oxygen concentration from approximately 900 K for the 10% oxygen cases to temperatures exceeding 2000 K under oxygen enriched conditions. The temperature was also observed to increase slightly with particle concentration. The flame speed was observed to increase from approximately 10 cm/s with 10% oxygen to 57 and 81 cm/s with 42% oxygen for the 280 and 560 g/m3cases, respectively. A scaling analysis determined that flames burning in 21% and 42% oxygen are diffusion limited. Finally, it was determined that pressure-time data may likely be used to measure flame speed in constant volume dust explosions.

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Wang, Chaoyang, Guangtong Tang, Huibo Yan, Lujiang Li, Xiaopei Yan, Zhicong Li i Chun Lou. "Investigation of Thermal Radiation from Soot Particles and Gases in Oxy-Combustion Counter-Flow Flames". Processes 9, nr 10 (30.09.2021): 1756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9101756.

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Oxy-combustion with high flame temperature, low heat loss, high combustion efficiency, and low NOx emissions is being extensively studied. The thermal radiation from soot particles and gases in oxy-combustion accounts for the vast majority of the total heat transfer. Based on a detailed chemical reaction mechanism coupled with the soot particle dynamics model and optically thin radiation model, the influence of the flame structure and temperature distribution on the thermal radiation in oxygen-enriched counterflow diffusion flames was studied in this paper. The results revealed that reasonable assignment of total recycled flue gas and the degree of dilution of fuel and oxidant were critical, which can be used to adjust the overall radiation situation of the flame. At the same adiabatic flame temperature, as the fuel concentration decreased and the oxidant concentration increased (the stoichiometric mixture ratio is from 0.3 to 0.6), the soot formation decreased, which led to the particle radiation disappearing while the main radiation zone of gases moved 0.04 cm toward the fuel side. At the same stoichiometric mixture fraction (0.4), the radiation area was broadened and the radiation of soot particles was gradually enhanced with the adiabatic flame increasing from 2300 K to 2700 K.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Flame particle"

Urzay, Javier. "Theoretical studies in spiral edge-flame propagation and particle hydrodynamics". Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2010. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3398270.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2010.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed May 6, 2010). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Proust, Christophe. "Contribution à l'étude des mécanismes de propagation des flammes dans les mélanges hétérogènes gaz-particules solides". Poitiers, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988POIT2268.

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Etude de la propagation d'une flamme laminaire air-particules d'amidon dans un tube. Determination des grandeurs caracteristiques de la flamme. Un des processus possibles de propagation des flammes dans les melanges air-particules d'amidon est celui des ondes de combustion dans les premelanges gazeux

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Li, Dan Chemical Sciences &amp Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Designing functional magnetic nanoparticles with flame spray pyrolysis for bio-applications". Publisher:University of New South Wales. Chemical Sciences & Engineering, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43346.

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Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) hold great promise in the fields of biology and medicine. The synthesis of functional MNPs with precisely controlled crystallographic, physicochemical, and magnetic properties on a large scale still remains the challenge today. This thesis reports the exploration of liquid-fed flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) in the synthesis of functional MNPs, their surface modifications, and potential bio-applications. Superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles, and silica-coated maghemite (SiO2/γ-Fe2O3) nanocomposites were synthesised using FSP. The size of γ-Fe2O3 was controllable from 6 to 53 nm, with morphology evolving from a disordered near-spherical shape to fully ordered 2-D hexagonal/octagonal platelet. The saturation magnetisation (Ms) increased from 21 to 74 emu/g with increasing particle size, up to 13 nm when Ms approached the bulk γ-Fe2O3 characteristics. In the case of SiO2/γ-Fe2O3, three distinct morphologies, namely the single segregated γ-Fe2O3 core- SiO2 shell, transitional mixed morphologies, and multi γ-Fe2O3 cores embedded in submicron SiO2 shell, were obtained. The core size, composite size, and morphology of γ- Fe2O3 were tunable by varying %SiO2 loading and the use of a quartz tube enclosure during flame synthesis. The magnetic behaviour correlated well with the crystal microstructure. Following the core particle design, protein adsorption-desorption behaviour on FSP-madeMNPs was studied. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption was found to follow the Langmuir isotherm, with high binding capacities (150−348 mg BSA/g particle) and fast association constants. Electrostatically governed BSA orientations were proposed for different particle-buffer systems. The adsorbed BSA was effectively recovered by pH-shift using K2HPO4. Subsequently, terminal amine, aldehyde, carboxylic, epoxy, mercapto and maleimide functionality were anchored onto the FSP-made γ-Fe2O3 particles. These versatile functional groups led to conjugation of active trypsin. The immobilised trypsin exhibited superior durability with >60% residual activity after one week, and excellent reusability for >5 cycles. The trypsin-conjugated MNPs are promising carriers in proteomics, demonstrating good substrate specificity with equivalent or better sequence coverage compared to free trypsin in insulin and BSA digestion. In another application, a refined silanisation procedure simultaneously reduced γ-Fe2O3 to Fe3O4, and generated thiol enriched surface for matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) conjugation. The highly active MMP-2-conjugated MNPs could potentially enhance the interstitial transport of macromolecule/nanoparticles in drug delivery.

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Kerl, Johannes. "Development of a particle image velocimetry technique for three-dimensional flame structure analysis". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/18803.

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A technique for the measurement of three-dimensional quantities in turbulent premixed flames was developed. The need for this information arises when a deeper understanding of the flame-flow interactions is sought. As yet, information was mostly obtained in a two-dimensional manner using planar laser light sheet based measurement techniques. Although they are well established, the data gained is only a projection of the reality into a two-dimensional plane. In an effort to gather truly three-dimensional quantities, four laser light sheets have been crossed in a single line and particle image velocimetry (PIV) has been performed in each of them. By using the vaporisation of seeded silicon oil droplets at the flame front, the flame structure can be extracted as additional information. Combining the information about velocity and flame structure, flame displacement speeds were deduced. For the separation of the four laser light sheets, different wavelengths and polarisations were used. The readily available frequency doubled output of a Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm was utilised to illuminate two of the light sheets, separating them by polarisation. A third light sheet was produced with the frequency-tripled output of another Nd:YAG laser at 355 nm. To create the fourth light sheet, a solid state external Raman laser with barium nitrate as the active material was set up. This quad-crossed plane PIV experiment was applied in a model flame stabilised in a diffuser type combustor, which involves decelerating the premixed methane/air flow to a point where the flow velocity matches the turbulent burning velocity and therefore results in a rather flat reaction zone. The diffuser was made from quartz glass to allow optical access. The information gained was compared to established theories and numerical simulation results. Furthermore, a comparison of three-dimensional and two-dimensional data was performed to critically analyse the significance of two-dimensional measurements.

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Marshall, Andrew. "Turbulent flame propagation characteristics of high hydrogen content fuels". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53859.

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Increasingly stringent pollution and emission controls have caused a rise in the use of combustors operating under lean, premixed conditions. Operating lean (excess air) lowers the level of nitrous oxides (NOx) emitted to the environment. In addition, concerns over climate change due to increased carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and the need for energy independence in the United States have spurred interest in developing combustors capable of operating with a wide range of fuel compositions. One method to decrease the carbon footprint of modern combustors is the use of high hydrogen content (HHC) fuels. The objective of this research is to develop tools to better understand the physics of turbulent flame propagation in highly stretch sensitive premixed flames in order to predict their behavior at conditions realistic to the environment of gas turbine combustors. This thesis presents the results of an experimental study into the flame propagation characteristics of highly stretch-sensitive, turbulent premixed flames generated in a low swirl burner (LSB). This study uses a scaling law, developed in an earlier thesis from leading point concepts for turbulent premixed flames, to collapse turbulent flame speed data over a wide range of conditions. The flow and flame structure are characterized using high speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) over a wide range of fuel compositions, mean flow velocities, and turbulence levels. The first part of this study looks at turbulent flame speeds for these mixtures and applies the previously developed leading points scaling model in order to test its validity in an alternate geometry. The model was found to collapse the turbulent flame speed data over a wide range of fuel compositions and turbulence levels, giving merit to the leading points model as a method that can produce meaningful results with different geometries and turbulent flame speed definitions. The second part of this thesis examines flame front topologies and stretch statistics of these highly stretch sensitive, turbulent premixed flames. Instantaneous flame front locations and local flow velocities are used to calculate flame curvatures and tangential strain rates. Statistics of these two quantities are calculated both over the entire flame surface and also conditioned at the leading points of the flames. Results presented do not support the arguments made in the development of the leading points model. Only minor effects of fuel composition are noted on curvature statistics, which are mostly dominated by the turbulence. There is a stronger sensitivity for tangential strain rate statistics, however, time-averaged values are still well below the values hypothesized from the leading points model. The results of this study emphasize the importance of local flame topology measurements towards the development of predictive models of the turbulent flame speed.

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Bouvet, Nicolas. "Etude des vitesses fondamentales des flammes laminaires prémélangées : application aux mélanges méthane/air et syngas (H2/CO)/air". Thesis, Orléans, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ORLE2078.

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Cette étude est consacrée à l'élaboration d'une méthodologie de détermination des vitessesfondamentales des flammes laminaires, en utilisant un diagnostic de Vélocimétrie par Imagerie deParticules (PIV). Ce dernier est appliqué aux écoulements réactifs avec point de stagnation, permettant lastabilisation de flammes planes, stationnaires et en conditions quasi adiabatiques. Les effets d’étirementssubits par la flamme sont également quantifiables et parfaitement maîtrisés. L’approche ici développée atout d’abord été appliquée aux mélanges méthane/air pour validation. Une comparaison exhaustive desrésultats obtenus avec les données de la littérature est effectuée. Les codes de combustion 1D (PREMIX,OPPDIF) et 2D (Fluent©) ont été utilisés afin de confirmer la fiabilité et la précision de l’approche proposée.Une attention particulière a été accordée à la caractérisation du mouvement des particules ensemencéesdans les écoulements réactifs divergents, avec notamment la prise en considération de la force dethermophorèse. La méthode développée a ensuite été appliquée à la détermination des vitesses deflammes laminaires de divers mélanges de syngas (H2+CO). Une étude comparative sur ces mélanges aété conduite en utilisant des approches expérimentales multiples comprenant : les flammes à contrecourant,les flammes à propagation sphérique ainsi que les flammes stabilisées coniques. Les résultatsobtenus pour chaque approche ont été confrontés et la sensibilité à l’étirement des flammes de syngas aété caractérisée pour une large gamme de richesses (E.R.=0.4 to 5.0) et de compositions de mélanges(5/95 to 50/50 % H2/CO)
In the context of CO2 emission reduction, the present study is devoted to the development of alaminar flame speed measurement methodology, using the Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV)diagnostic. The latter is applied to stagnation flow flames, seen to have considerable assets for suchstudies. Indeed, flames stabilized in these diverging flows are planar, steady and in near-adiabaticconditions, while subtraction of strain effects on flame is intrinsically allowed. The methodology developedherein has been applied to the well-characterized methane/air mixtures for validation. An extensivecomparison with the literature datasets has been provided. Both 1D (PREMIX, OPPDIF) as well as 2D(Fluent©) numerical tools have been used to confirm the reliability and accuracy of the developed approach.A particular attention has been given to the characterization of the seeding particle motion within thediverging flow, with consideration of the often-neglected thermophoretic force. Fundamental flame velocitiesof various syngas (H2+CO) mixtures have been investigated using multiple experimental approachesincluding the aforementioned counterflow methodology as well as spherical and conical flameconfigurations. Performed measurements from the different approaches have been confronted and flamesensitivities to stretch have been characterized for a wide range of equivalence ratios (E.R.=0.4 to 5.0) andmixture compositions (5/95 to 50/50 % H2/CO)

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Idris, Mahmoud [Verfasser]. "Two-Colour Pyrometer Technique for Coal-Particle Temperature Measurements in a Pulverised Coal Flame / Mahmoud Idris". Aachen : Shaker, 2004. http://d-nb.info/1181603501/34.

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Maugendre, Mathieu. "Etude des particules de suie dans les flammes de kérosène et de diester". Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ISAM0016/document.

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Les suies se présentent sous la forme de fines particules carbonées de diamètres compris entre quelques dizaines de nanomètres à quelques micromètres. Dans l’atmosphère, elles entraînent des enjeux climatiques, de par leurs propriétés radiatives, mais aussi des enjeux sanitaires, du fait de leur faible taille : elles pénètrent facilement dans le système respiratoire et même, pour les plus fines, dans le système sanguin. L’objectif est de parfaire les connaissances sur les propriétés physiques des suies produites par différents systèmes de combustion. C’est dans le but de mieux comprendre l’influence des systèmes de combustion, faisant intervenir des temps de séjours différents, des propriétés de turbulence, d’oxydation et de pression distinctes que nous avons choisi d’étudier trois types de combustion spécifiques : d’une part, des flammes de diffusion laminaires à pression atmosphérique, initiées dans un brûleur développé au cours de ces travaux ; d’autre part, une flamme de diffusion laminaire sous atmosphère pressurisée (3 à 5 bars) ; enfin, une flamme turbulente produite par une chambre tubulaire, elle aussi sous atmosphère pressurisée (1.2 à 3 bar). Un autre enjeu de ce travail était d’approfondir les informations relatives à la combustion de carburants liquides, à savoir le kérosène et le diester. Les travaux effectués visent à déterminer les caractéristiques morphologiques (dimension fractale, diamètre des monomères...) et l’indice complexe m* des suies issues des différents systèmes de combustion. La technique employée pour la mesure de l’indice complexe de réfraction des suies, repose sur l’analyse d’une partie des fumées produites par les flammes. Ces fumées sont acheminées dans un banc d’analyse permettant la mesure de signaux d’extinction et de diffusion, ainsi que de distributions de taille des suies. Par ailleurs, des analyses de clichés obtenus par microscope en transmission d’électrons (TEM) permettent l’obtention d’informations sur la morphologie des agrégats de suies. L’utilisation de la théorie de la diffusion de la lumière pour des agrégats fractals dans la limite de Rayleigh (RDG-FA) permet d’estimer à partir de ces données deux fonctions de l’indice complexe E(m) et F(m), et ainsi de retrouver m*
Soot are carbonaceous fine particles, which diameters are ranged from a few nanometres to a few micrometers. They have an impact on climate, due to their radiative properties, as well as on health, due to their small size. That’s why particulate matter is an important concern. In order to gain a better understanding of the influence of the combustion devices, which implies specific residence time and also specific turbulence, oxidation and pressure properties, we studied three specific kinds of combustion : first, laminar diffusion flames at atmospheric pressure ; then, a laminar diffusion flame a high pressures (3 to 5 bar) ; finally, a turbulent flame produced in a combustor at high pressures (1,2 to 3 bar). Another objective of this work was to improve the knowledge about soot produced by the combustion of liquid fuels, namely kerosene and biofuel. We studied morphological properties (fractal dimension, primary particle size…) and the refractive index m* of soot produced by these combustion systems. The technique employed to characterize the soot refractive index is based on the analysis of a part of smokes produced by flames. These are transported towards two optical cells, so that extinction and scattering coefficients can be measured, in addition to soot size distributions. Furthermore, a morphological characterization of the aggregates is conducted, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) photographs. Rayleigh-Debye-Gans theory for fractal aggregates is used to determine two functions of the refractive index E(m) and F(m), so that m* can be deduced

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Deng, Lei [Verfasser], i Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Kempf. "Numerical investigation of uncertainties in experiments for flame structure analysis and particle synthesis / Lei Deng ; Betreuer: Andreas Kempf". Duisburg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1131551850/34.

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Seddon, Richard. "Influence of flame retardant additives on the processing characteristics and physical properties of ABS". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2000. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14228.

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Antimony trioxide (Sb203) and halogenated additives are used together in flameretarded formulations due to their synergistic retardant properties. A study has been made to determine the effects of adding different grades of Sb203 (dSD particle sizes 0.11 um, 0.52um and 1.31 um) into ABS polymer either alone or with commercial brominated materials (BTBPE, TBBA, DBDPO) and an experimental bromine grade (sDBDPO). The Sb20 3 was added at 4wt% loadings and the bromines at 20wt% loadings. The results consider the influence of the additives on processing, mechanical, morphological and flame retardant properties. All compounds were produced using a twin-screw co-rotating extruder and then an injection moulder was used to mould notched impact (falling weight testing), flexural, LOI and UL-94 flame test bars. Samples of all the compounded formulations were titrated to determine Sb20 3 and Br contents. Fracture surface, morphology, size and dispersion analysis was carried out using both SEM and TEM equipment. Osmium tetroxide (OS04) staining was used to determine relative locations of filler particles and polybutadiene phase. Additions of the different antimony trioxide grades showed that the 0.52um and 1.31 um grades lowered impact energy absorption (-25 to -30%) when added at 4wt% loading. The use of a sub-micron size grade (0.1 um) did not significantly lower impact properties (-3%) and had similarly small effects on the flexural modulus and flexural strength. Additions of the brominated materials had much greater effects causing large reductions in impact properties (-20 to :70%). The presence of the bromines generally increased flexural modulus and lowered flexural strength with the exception of TB BA, which increased both modulus and strength. Compounds containing both 1.31 um Sb203 and bromines suffered a further reduction in impact energies, with the bromine properties dominating. Using the 0.1 um Sb20 3 grade again improved impact and flexural properties compared to the 1.31 um grade. The 0.1 um grade resulted in improvements in fire resistance as measured by the UL-94 properties when used with all bromine grades.

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Książki na temat "Flame particle"

Geimer, Robert L. Flake classification by image analysis. Madison, WI: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1988.

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L, Berlad A., i United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. The structure of particle cloud premixed flames. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993.

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Geimer, Robert L. Mechanical property ratios: A measure of flake alignment. Madison, WI: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1986.

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Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.), red. Flake storage effects on properties of laboratory-made flakeboards. Madison, WI: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1998.

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Carll, Charles. Flake storage effects on properties of laboratory-made flakeboards. Madison, Wis: Forest Products Laboratory, 1998.

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L, Geimer Robert, i Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.), red. Measurement of flake alignment in flakeboard with grain angle indicator. Madison, WI (One Gifford Pinchot Dr., Madison 53705-2398): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1993.

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Man, Win. Abrasion of rock particles on a beach: A flume study. [London]: Queen Mary and Westfield College, 1995.

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Hawley, Suzanne L. Solar flare model atmospheres. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993.

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H, Fisher George, i United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. Solar flare model atmospheres. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. Testing solar flare models with BATSE: A final report, NAS5-32491. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Części książek na temat "Flame particle"

Sobulska, Mariia, i Ireneusz Zbicinski. "Flame in Drying and Particle Synthesis Techniques". W Flame Spray Drying, 87–121. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003100386-3.

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Cai, Bo, Lu Xiong i Jianhui Zhao. "Wild Flame Detection Using Weight Adaptive Particle Filter from Monocular Video". W Smart Innovations in Communication and Computational Sciences, 357–65. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8971-8_33.

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Gui, Fei, Yao-jie Chen i Ya-ting Xue. "Research on Flame Generation Method Based on Particle System and Texture Mapping". W Cloud Computing and Security, 79–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00009-7_8.

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Bhesdadiya, R. H., Indrajit N. Trivedi, Pradeep Jangir, Arvind Kumar, Narottam Jangir i Rahul Totlani. "A Novel Hybrid Approach Particle Swarm Optimizer with Moth-Flame Optimizer Algorithm". W Advances in Computer and Computational Sciences, 569–77. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3770-2_53.

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Chen, Rongbao, Honghui Jiang i Yang Liu. "Study on Flame Combustion Stability Based on Particle Swarm Optimization Feature-Weighted SVM". W Communications in Computer and Information Science, 313–23. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6373-2_32.

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Hatwar, Madwaraj, Ashwin S. Nayak, Himanshu L. Dave, Utkarsh Aggarwal i Swetaprovo Chaudhuri. "Cluster Analysis of Turbulent Premixed Combustion Using On-the-fly Flame Particle Tracking". W Sustainable Development for Energy, Power, and Propulsion, 389–413. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5667-8_15.

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Farquharson, S., S. Charpenay, M. B. DiTaranto, P. A. Rosenthal, W. Zhu i S. E. Pratsinis. "In-Situ Particle Size and Shape Analysis During Flame Synthesis of Nanosize Powders". W Synthesis and Characterization of Advanced Materials, 170–86. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1998-0681.ch016.

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Fullstone, Gavin. "Rapid Particle-Based Simulations of Cellular Signalling with the FLAME-Accelerated Signalling Tool (FaST) and GPUs". W Methods in Molecular Biology, 191–212. New York, NY: Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3008-2_9.

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Lin, R. P. "Solar flare particles". W From the Sun: Auroras, Magnetic Storms, Solar Flares, Cosmic Rays, 91–101. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/sp050p0091.

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Dobbins, Richard A., i Haran Subramaniasivam. "Soot Precursor Particles in Flames". W Springer Series in Chemical Physics, 290–301. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85167-4_16.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Flame particle"

Zha, Bailin, i Hangong Wang. "Computer Simulation of Particle Velocity in HVO/AF". W ITSC2006, redaktorzy B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, R. S. Lima i J. Voyer. ASM International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2006p0347.

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Abstract Flame and particle velocity mathematical model were constructed according to jet dynamics. Velocity of flame, and WC-17Co and NiCrBSi particles were simulated. Results show that velocity of the flame decreases continuously from supersonic to subsonic with the increasing of spray distance. Velocity of particles distributes in 300~800m/s, which relates to particle diameter, density and flame velocity.

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Chen, Linghong, Zhenyan Pan, Kefa Cen, Kunzan Qiu i Gerard Grehan. "Laser-Induced Emission of Ultrafine Particulates Evolved by Pulverized Coal Pyrolysis". W ASME 2011 Power Conference collocated with JSME ICOPE 2011. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2011-55449.

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The importance of on line measurement of ultrafine particulates in pulverized coal flames is mainly due to the detection of ultrafine particulate in the effluent for pollution control, and the quantification of fuel burnout in real time within a boiler for improved understanding of the flame heat transfer soot modeling as well. A method has been investigated using laser-heated emission within an O2-free flame which provides a continuous in situ measurement of ultrafine particles during high-temperature pulverized coal pyrolysis. Bituminous coal particles are entrained by nitrogen along the centerline of a laminar flow flat flame burner, where a hydrogen-air flame under fuel-rich condition is used as a heat source. The temperatures of the hydrogen flame were measured by a finite-wire silica-coated Platinum-Rhodium type B Thermocouple. Volatiles released during the coal pyrolysis form a cloud of ultrafine particles at high temperature. A pulse laser sheet introduced to the flame heats the ultrafine particles to incandescent temperatures. The time-resolved laser-induced emission signals with different incident laser-pulse fluences were evaluated. The volume faction of ultrafine particles was associated with the peak value of the signals, and the mean particle size characterized by a time constant of the exponential signal decay. A strong dependence of the characteristic peak value and emission time constant during laser-heated particle cooling from the measured coal particle class could be determined. Specialties in signal evaluation due to residence time in the hydrogen flame for two sizes of coal particles are discussed.

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Billières, D., D. Bémer, I. Subra, M. Lecler, R. Régnier, Y. Morele i J. Gutha. "Measurement of Particle Emissions Generated by Arc Spray and Flame Spray Processes". W ITSC2010, redaktorzy B. R. Marple, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima i G. Montavon. DVS Media GmbH, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2010p0238.

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Abstract Thermal spray of Zn, Zn/Al, or Al is extensively used to make anticorrosion coatings on steel structures. Twin arc spray and wire flame spray are the two most practised processes to achieve such coatings. This paper presents measurements of particle emissions generated by these two processes. Sampling and analysis of aerosols generated by both processes have been carried out inside the exhaust ductwork using various instruments: an ELPI impactor, a CNC (Condensation Nucleus Counter), a TEOM microbalance and sampling filters allowing sampling for SEM observations. Electric arc spraying produced much more fumes of ultra fine particles than flame spraying. Aluminum spraying also produces large fume quantities compared to the Zn spraying under the same conditions. The aerosol comprised submicron particles and 95% of the numerical particle size distribution was less than 100 nm. The nanometric nature of the fume particles was confirmed by observations on the SEM. The strong dilution caused by compressed air has the effect of strongly limiting particle coagulation and, in turn, the size of the agglomerated particles. Electric arc spray has taken market share versus wire flame spray for Zn, ZnAl, or Al spraying, but this study shows that it generates much more particle emissions.

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SESHADRI, K., i B. YANG. "Premixed flame propagation in combustible particle cloud mixtures". W 31st Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1993-713.

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Bach, Fr W., T. Copitzky, Z. Babiak i T. Duda. "High Velocity Wire Flame Spraying (HVWFS) of Molybdenum". W ITSC 2000, redaktor Christopher C. Berndt. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2000p0941.

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Abstract Wire flame sprayed molybdenum is a wide used procedure for manufacturing of wear resistance coatings. The properties of thermal sprayed coatings depend mainly on the kinetic and thermal energy of sprayed particles, i.e., a higher particle velocity causes an increase of coating quality. The now available high velocity spray system from Praxair which is used within this work is capable to realise the aim of high particle velocities. The coating properties presented in this work are analysed in comparison to conventional wire and powder plasma spray processes. HVWFS molybdenum coatings show lower porosity, higher adhesion and cohesion and better wear properties. To explain the results, particle size distribution, oxygen/carbon content and structure are analysed. Hardening mechanisms of coatings and their adhesion/cohesion properties are discussed based on light microscopy, SEM, XRD and TEM investigations.

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Malanoski, Michael, Michael Aguilar, Jacqueline O’Connor, Dong-hyuk Shin, Bobby Noble i Tim Lieuwen. "Flame Leading Edge and Flow Dynamics in a Swirling, Lifted Flame". W ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68256.

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Flames in high swirl flow fields with vortex breakdown often stabilize aerodynamically in front of interior flow stagnation points. In contrast to shear layer stabilized flames with a nearly fixed, well defined flame attachment point, the leading edge of aerodynamically stabilized flames can move around substantially, due to both the inherent dynamics of the vortex breakdown region, as well as externally imposed oscillations. Motion of this flame stabilization point relative to the flow field has an important dynamical role during combustion instabilities, as it creates flame front wrinkles and heat release fluctuations. For example, a prior study has shown that nonlinear dynamics of the flame response at high forcing amplitudes were related to these leading edge dynamics. This heat release mechanism exists alongside other flame wrinkling processes, arising from such processes as shear layer rollup and swirl fluctuations. This paper describes an experimental investigation of acoustic forcing effects on the dynamics of leading edge of a swirl stabilized flame. Vortex breakdown bubble dynamics were characterized using both high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) and line-of-sight high-speed CH* chemiluminescence. A wide array of forcing conditions was achieved by varying forcing frequency, amplitude, and acoustic field symmetry. These results show significant differences in instantaneous and time averaged location of the flow stagnation points. They also show motion of the flame leading edge that are of the same order of magnitude as corresponding particle displacement associated with the fluctuating velocity field. This observation suggests that heat release fluctuations associated with leading edge motion may be just as significant in controlling the unsteady flame response as the flame wrinkles excited by velocity fluctuations.

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Suzuki, Shingo, Koji Sasaki, Noriaki Nakatsuka, Jun Hayashi, Fumiteru Akamatsu, Yoshiyuki Hagiwara i Kimio Iino. "A Study of Fine Particle Spheroidization Process by Elevated-Pressure Pure Oxygen Flame". W ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44594.

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Particle spheroidization by using the flame method is an effective process to produce spheroidized particles, which have high fluidity and filling fraction, from mechanically-pulverized materials. Although it has been reported that ultra fine particles attached on the surface of spheroidized particles after the spheroidization process, the physics underlying the formation of the ultra fine particles in the flame have not been clarified. In consequence, the techniques to control the amount of the attached ultra fine particles on spheroidized particles have not been established yet. The purpose of the present research is, therefore, to control the amount of the ultra fine particles attached on spheroidized particles after the spheroidization process and to clarify the effect of pressure of the combustion field on the amount of the attached ultra fine particles. In order to clarify the effect of pressure of the combustion field, the SEM photographs, particle size distribution and the specific surface area with BET method are measured. These results clearly show that the ultra fine particles attached on the spheroidized particles were reduced with the increase in pressure of the combustion field. This can be derived from inhibited vaporization of the particles because of the shortened flame length and the subsequent reduced heat quantity added to particles whereas the flame temperature rises with the increase in pressure of the combustion field.

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Danczyk, Stephen A., Jianfan Wu i Margaret S. Wooldridge. "Demonstration of a Continuous Flame Process for Producing Nanosized Silica Particles". W ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0866.

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Abstract The current work describes a novel laboratory-scale flame process for gas-phase combustion synthesis of nanosized silica (SiO2) particles. Hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) are pre-mixed with argon (Ar) in a flat flame burner to produce a primary flame. Silane (SiH4), dilute in argon, is injected through the center of the cylindrical burner. The SiH4/Ar mixture produces a secondary flame and SiO2 particles are formed in the plume region of this flame. By changing reactant stoichiometries, the particle size distribution and morphology are altered. In an effort to identify the relevant processes controlling particle growth, temperature profiles, digital images and emission spectra are used to characterize the dual flame system. Particle morphology is examined by sampling directly from the secondary flame onto transmission electron microscope (TEM) grids.

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Urrea, D. A., J. W. Cates, A. C. Hall, R. A. Neiser, M. F. Smith, D. A. Hirschfeld, A. J. Mayer, D. E. Beatty i T. J. Roemer. "Effect of Torch Hardware on Oxy-Acetylene Powder Flame Spray Performance". W ITSC2006, redaktorzy B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, R. S. Lima i J. Voyer. ASM International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2006p1419.

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Abstract The effect of hardware on operating parameters and the resultant coating are qualitatively known; however, the quantitative effects have not been well defined. This study quantitatively characterizes particle temperature and velocity for the Sulzer-Metco 6P oxy-acetylene torch with 3 different nozzles and 3 air caps and also, the Alamo PG-550 then relates those data to particle diagnostics, deposition efficiency and coating microstructure. Both torches were evaluated using statistically designed experiments where the process inputs of oxy-fuel ratio, total combustible gas flow, and standoff distance were varied. Both torches can access similar regions of particle temperature - particle velocity space. Increasing total combustible gas flow increased particle velocity with little effect on particle temperature. Increasing oxy-fuel ratio decreased particle temperature with little effect on particle velocity. Higher particle velocity and particle temperature conditions yielded denser, less porous coatings. Flame cooling air caps increase the particle speed while decreasing particle temperature. Nozzles which inject powder directly into the flame jets significantly increase particle temperature as compared to nozzles which do not. Deposition efficiency is shown to not only be affected by particle temperature and particle velocity where hotter and faster usually increase efficiency, but is also dependent on the distribution of particles within the plume.

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Xue, R., H. Q. Xu, Y. Li i C. G. Zhu. "Study of flow field of burning particles in a pyrotechnic flame based on particle image and particle velocity". W International Symposium on Optoelectronic Technology and Application 2014, redaktorzy Gaurav Sharma, Fugen Zhou i Jennifer Liu. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2072575.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Flame particle"

Share, Gerald H., i Ronald J. Murphy. Gamma Radiation From Flare-Accelerated Particles Impacting the Sun. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, styczeń 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada594340.

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Menguec, M. P., i S. Manickavasagam. Radiative properties of particles in flames. Final technical report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), grudzień 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/578519.

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Manickavasagam, S., i M. P. Menguec. The scattering phase function coefficients of pulverized-coal particles in flames. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), grudzień 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10149865.

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Santoro, Robert J. Fuel Structure and Pressure Effects on the Formation of Soot Particles in Diffusion Flames. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, luty 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada206839.

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Santoro, Robert J. Fuel Structure and Pressure Effects on the Formation of Soot Particles in Diffusion Flames. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, maj 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada223321.

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Lie, T. J., i W. A. Kolasinski. New Solar Flare Particle Environment Models and Titan/Centaur INU Multiple-Bit Single Event Upset Rates. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, grudzień 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada302779.

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López-Soto, Jamie F., i Bryant A. Robbins. Laboratory measurements of the erodibility of gravelly soils. U.S. Army E ngineer Research and Development Center, listopad 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42443.

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The critical shear stress and erodibility of soil are fundamental parameters for modeling embankment breaching. Unfortunately, very few studies have examined the erosion characteristics of soils consisting predominantly of particles larger than sand. This report presents results of an experimental study in which the erosion characteristics of gravelly soils were measured. A flume apparatus was developed in which 0.45-m-square samples were extruded into confined flow. A mechanical laser system allowed the measurement of scour in real time, resulting in a continuous and automated erosion test. The critical shear stress of a uniform gravel was found to match the expected values based on the Shields diagram, while tests that were composed largely of gravel but contained other soils, such as sand, silt, and clay, varied significantly with the critical shear stress and erodibility, depending highly on the characteristics of the finer soils.

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Bradford, Joe, Itzhak Shainberg i Lloyd Norton. Effect of Soil Properties and Water Quality on Concentrated Flow Erosion (Rills, Ephermal Gullies and Pipes). United States Department of Agriculture, listopad 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613040.bard.

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Concentrated flow erosion in rills, pipes, ephermal gullies, and gullies is a major contributor of downstream sedimentation. When rill or gullies form in a landscape, a 3- to 5-fold increase in soil loss commonly occurs. The balance between the erosive power of the flow and the erosion resistance of the bed material determines the rate of concentrated flow erosion. The resistance of the bed material to detachment depends primarily on the magnitude of the interparticle forces or cohesion holding the particles and aggregates together. The effect of soil properties on bed material resistance and concentrated flow erosion was evaluated both in the laboratory and field. Both rill erodibility and critical hydraulic shear were greater when measured in 9.0 m long rills under field conditions compared with laboratory mini-flumes. A greater hydraulic shear was required to initiate erosion in the field compared to the mini-flume because of the greater aggregate and clod size and stability. Once erosion was initiated, however, the rate of erosion as a function of hydraulic shear was greater under field conditions because of the greater potential for slaking upon wetting and the greater soil surface area exposed to hydraulic shear. Erosion tests under controlled laboratory conditions with the mini-flume allowed individual soil variables to be studied. Attempts to relate rill erosion to a group soil properties had limited success. When individual soil properties were isolated and studied separately or grouped separately, some trends were identified. For example, the effect of organic carbon on rill erodibility was high in kaolinitic soils, low in smectitic soils, and intermediate in the soils dominated by illite. Slow prewetting and aging increased the cohesion forces between soil particles and decreased rill erodibility. Quick prewetting increased aggregate slaking and increased erodibility. The magnitude of the effect of aging depended upon soil type. The effect of clay mineralogy was evaluated on sand/clay mixtures with montmorillonite (M), Illite (I), and kaolinite (K) clays. Montmorillonite/sand mixtures were much less erodible than either illite or kaolonite sand mixtures. Na-I and Na-K sand mixtures were more erodible than Ca-I and Ca-K due to increased strength from ionic bonding and suppression of repulsive charges by Ca. Na-M was less erodiblethan Ca-M due to increased surface resulting from the accessibility of internal surfaces due to Na saturation. Erodibility decreased when salt concentration was high enough to cause flocculation. This occurred between 0.001 mole L-1 and 0.01 mole L-1. Measuring rill erodibility in mini-flumes enables the measurement of cohesive forces between particles and enhances our ability to learn more about cohesive forces resisting soil detachment under concentrated water flow.

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Menguec, M. P., S. Manickavasagam i W. Zhang. Radiative properties of char, fly-ash, and soot particles in coal flames. Quarterly report No. 5, September 15--December 15, 1993. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), grudzień 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10145804.

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Menguec, M. P., S. Manickavasagam, R. Govindan i S. Ghosal. Radiative properties of char, fly-ash, and soot particles in coal flames. Technical progress report, second year, October 1994--December 1994. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), kwiecień 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/50925.

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