Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Fischer-Tropsch Chemistry

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Fischer-Tropsch Chemistry”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Fischer-Tropsch Chemistry"

Skřínský, Jan, Ján Vereš i Karel Borovec. "Experimental Modelling of Autoignition Temperature for Alkyl/Alkenyl Products from Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis". MATEC Web of Conferences 168 (2018): 07014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816807014.

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Interest in Fischer-Tropsch technology is increasing rapidly. Alkyl/alkenyl products from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis are alternative, renewable, environmentally and economically attractive fuels and there are considered one of the most favorable fuels for conventional fossil-based fuels. The chemistry of this gas-to-liquid industry converts synthesis gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen to oxygenated hydrocarbons such as alcohols. The fire hazards associated with the use of these liquid hydrocarbons mixtures are obvious. This article aims to explore the fundamental fire and explosion characteristics for main products composition from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.

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Luo, Mingsheng, Hussein Hamdeh i Burtron H. Davis. "Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis". Catalysis Today 140, nr 3-4 (luty 2009): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2008.10.004.

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Gerlach, Deidra L., i Nicolai Lehnert. "Fischer-Tropsch Chemistry at Room Temperature?" Angewandte Chemie International Edition 50, nr 35 (14.07.2011): 7984–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201102979.

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Zhang, Shuai, Kangzhou Wang, Fugui He, Xinhua Gao, Subing Fan, Qingxiang Ma, Tiansheng Zhao i Jianli Zhang. "H2O Derivatives Mediate CO Activation in Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: A Review". Molecules 28, nr 14 (19.07.2023): 5521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28145521.

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The process of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis is commonly described as a series of reactions in which CO and H2 are dissociated and adsorbed on the metals and then rearranged to produce hydrocarbons and H2O. However, CO dissociation adsorption is regarded as the initial stage of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis and an essential factor in the control of catalytic activity. Several pathways have been proposed to activate CO, namely direct CO dissociation, activation hydrogenation, and activation by insertion into growing chains. In addition, H2O is considered an important by-product of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis reactions and has been shown to play a key role in regulating the distribution of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis products. The presence of H2O may influence the reaction rate, the product distribution, and the deactivation rate. Focus on H2O molecules and H2O-derivatives (H*, OH* and O*) can assist CO activation hydrogenation on Fe- and Co-based catalysts. In this work, the intermediates (C*, O*, HCO*, COH*, COH*, CH*, etc.) and reaction pathways were analyzed, and the H2O and H2O derivatives (H*, OH* and O*) on Fe- and Co-based catalysts and their role in the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis reaction process were reviewed.

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Li, Weizhen, Xuebing Zhang, Tao Wang, Xiaoyu Zhang, Linlin Wei, Quan Lin, Yijun Lv i Zhuowu Men. "The Effect of Chlorine Modification of Precipitated Iron Catalysts on Their Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Properties". Catalysts 12, nr 8 (24.07.2022): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12080812.

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Precipitated iron Fischer–Tropsch synthesis catalysts impregnated with chlorine were prepared and their Fischer–Tropsch synthesis performances were tested in a 1 L stirred tank reactor. The results showed that the chlorine modification had a significant influence on the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis performance of the precipitated iron catalyst. Compared with the catalyst without the chlorine modification, the catalyst containing about 0.1 wt% chlorine was deactivated by about 40% and the catalyst containing about 1 wt% chlorine was deactivated by about 65%. The textural properties, phase, reduction properties, and chlorine adsorption state of the catalysts before and after the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis were characterized. The strong interaction between chlorine and iron in the catalyst hindered the reduction and carbonization of the catalyst, which was the reason for the deactivation of the catalyst caused by the chlorine modification.

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Fox, Joseph M. "Fischer-Tropsch reactor selection". Catalysis Letters 7, nr 1-4 (styczeń 1990): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00764509.

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Filot, I. A. W., R. A. van Santen i E. J. M. Hensen. "Quantum chemistry of the Fischer–Tropsch reaction catalysed by a stepped ruthenium surface". Catal. Sci. Technol. 4, nr 9 (2014): 3129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cy00483c.

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Mazurova, Kristina, Albina Miyassarova, Oleg Eliseev, Valentine Stytsenko, Aleksandr Glotov i Anna Stavitskaya. "Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Catalysts for Selective Production of Diesel Fraction". Catalysts 13, nr 8 (16.08.2023): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13081215.

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The Fischer–Tropsch process is considered one of the most promising eco-friendly routes for obtaining synthetic motor fuels. Fischer–Tropsch synthesis is a heterogeneous catalytic process in which a synthesis gas (CO/H2) transforms into a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons, mainly linear alkanes. Recently, an important direction has been to increase the selectivity of the process for the diesel fraction. Diesel fuel synthesized via the Fischer–Tropsch method has a number of advantages over conventional fuel, including the high cetane number, the low content of aromatic, and the practically absent sulfur and nitrogen impurities. One of the possible ways to obtain a high yield of diesel fuel via the Fischer–Tropsch process is the development of selective catalysts. In this review, the latest achievements in the field of production of diesel via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis using catalysts are reviewed for the first time. Catalytic systems based on Al2O3 and mesoporous silicates, such as MCM-41, SBA-15, and micro- and mesoporous zeolites, are observed. Together with catalytic systems, the main factors that influence diesel fuel selectivity such as temperature, pressure, CO:H2 ratio, active metal particle size, and carrier pore size are highlighted. The motivation behind this work is due to the increasing need for alternative processes in diesel fuel production with a low sulfur content and better exploitation characteristics.

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Kliger, G. A., O. A. Lesik, A. I. Mikaya, �. V. Marchevskaya, V. G. Zaikin, L. S. Glebov i S. M. Loktev. "Piperidine-modified fischer-tropsch synthesis". Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Division of Chemical Science 40, nr 2 (luty 1991): 435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00965446.

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Parkyns, N. D. "The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis". Fuel 65, nr 4 (kwiecień 1986): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(86)90058-x.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Fischer-Tropsch Chemistry"

Gallagher, James R. "Accelerated discovery of Fischer-Tropsch catalysts". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2013. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/10793/.

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Progress in catalyst development for reactions such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) has been impeded by the time consuming characterisation and catalytic testing of new formulations. Hence, this thesis discusses the development of high-throughput (HT) techniques for studying the deactivation of cobalt based catalysts under simulated FTS conditions. Libraries were rapidly synthesised by incipient wetness methods utilising robotic platforms and then treated in arrays under conditions designed to cause rapid ageing. HT X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed before and after the ageing test to monitor the deactivation of the catalysts by sintering of the active metal particles or loss of metallic cobalt. HT thermogravimetric analysis in 5 % H2 was utilised to probe the reducibility of the catalysts and this information was then combined with results from XRD to inform decisions on which formulations to scale-up for further testing. This approach led to the discovery of highly stable Co/Ru/Mg/γ-Al2O3 catalysts. Thorough characterisation of selected hits was carried out to understand the phase assemblage. In addition to the high stability of Co/Ru/Mg/γ-Al2O3 catalysts, there was also a lowering of intrinsic activity. The degree to which the intrinsic activity was decreased was dependent on the amount of Mg in the catalyst and more specifically, the amount of Mg in close proximity to Co as identified by the amount of Mg incorporated into MgxCo3-xO4 phases prior to activation. In addition to incipient wetness synthesis, a method was also developed to perform HT co-precipitation synthesis with the aid of robotic platforms. HT synthesis was coupled with HT XRD to determine synthesis conditions giving rise to high surface area, phase-pure magnesium aluminate supports.

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Perdjon-Abel, Michal. "The role of additives in Fischer-Tropsch reactions". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/209081/.

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The Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) is an alternative route to produce liquid fuels from a variety of carbon feedstocks including coal and biomass. Typically iron and cobalt based catalysts have been used for the FTS reaction, in which a mixture of CO and H2 (syn-gas) reacts to form hydrocarbons. Enhanced performance has been reported for iron-based systems doped with alkali metals and chalcogenides. Sulfides are considered a poison for most catalytic processes, but sulfur in the form of sulfates (SVI) is found to enhance the performance of iron based catalysts towards the FTS when present at low levels. In this study a wide range of iron based catalysts was prepared under varying synthesis conditions and with different dopants. The standard methods of preparation used were co-precipitation and incipient wetness impregnation. A structural study of a wide range of iron based catalysts was carried out using characterisation methods such as X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Brunner-Emmett-Taller surface area determination (BET). The characterisation was performed before and after reduction of the catalysts (under H2) to form the catalytically active materials. Before reduction, PXRD, XPS and quantitative analysis identified a haematite iron oxide structure (α-Fe2O3) for all samples. The crystallinity of the iron oxide materials varied between samples prepared in various conditions. The highest crystallinity was observed for the samples synthesised at pH7, fast titrant addition rate, at room temperature. The same techniques revealed changes in the iron oxide structure after reduction. The catalysts activated at 400 oC were mainly composed of Fe3O4 and those activated at 450 oC were a mixture of Fe2+, Fe3+ oxides and metallic iron Fe0. Moreover, the study of the role of alkali metals showed that some of the alkali promoters (K, Rb) may decrease the effective iron oxide reduction temperature. The nitrogen adsorption experiment was used to establish that iron oxide doped with different promoters had a mesoporous structure with a narrow pore size distribution. The SEM analysis indicated two different types of surface: irregularly shaped agglomerates with smaller round edged particles attached to their surface and homogenous agglomerates surfaces with sharp edges for the samples with different promoters. The most homogenous were the samples with Rb. All samples had small particles attached to the surface of larger agglomerates. An increase of the alkali metals on the surface after the activation process and migration of the alkalis to the surface with rising reduction temperature were observed using bulk and surface techniques (XRF, EDX and XPS). The differences in K K-edge shape of the XANES spectrum indicated changes in the local structure of K corresponding to changes of coordination number around K+ during activation. It was also observed that reduction influenced the sulfur species in iron oxide catalyst. For all the samples prior to reduction sulfates (SO42-) were detected by XPS and XAFS. After the reduction at 400 oC and 450 oC, characteristic XPS S 2p peaks for both sulfate and sulfide, were noticed. The sulfate/sulfide ratio was higher for the catalyst samples reduced at the lower temperature

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Johannes, Derick Raymond. "Studies on the composition of thermally oxidised Fischer-Tropsch waxes". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9692.

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A composition of thermally oxidised Fischer-Tropsch hard wax was proposed based on a study ofthe oxidation products of model compounds, n-Cl6, n-C24 and n-C32. The model compound oxidation yielded isomers of alcohols and ketones with carbon numbers ranging from 2 to the same carbon number as that of the parent hydrocarbon, lactones ranging from carbon 6 to two less than the carbon number equal to that of the highest parent hydrocarbon, acids having carbon numbers ranging from two up to two less than the parent hydrocarbon and straight chain esters in low concentration having molecular mass similar to or higher than the parent hydrocarbon. Only methyl, ethyl and propyl esters of acids with carbon number similar to the parent hydrocarbon, were identified. Oxidised Fischer-Tropsch hard wax was distilled and the distillate was found to contain similar products to those of the model compounds. No 'new' products were detected which indicated that the same mechanism is occurred in the Fischer-Tropsch oxidation with the production of similar oxidation products as for the model compound oxidation. Fractionation of oxidised Fischer-Tropsch wax and the analyses of the fractions using IR, DSC and HTGC techniques verified the proposed composition of thermally oxidised Fischer-Tropsch hard wax. The most important conclusion that can be drawn from the research done for this dissertation is that none of the analytical results refuted the proposed composition of thermally oxidised Fischer-Tropsch hard wax.

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Pienaar, Andrew. "Metal carboxylate complexes relevant to the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis". Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1158.

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Miller, Steven. "Characterization of Potassium Promoted & Unpromoted Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts". TopSCHOLAR®, 1985. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2628.

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The technique of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been applied to characterize iron-manganese catalysts used in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The catalysts, which vary in composition from 10 FE/90 Mn, to 50 Fe/50 Mn are analyzed after being placed in a slurry reactor and having synthesis gas reacted over them. Changes, in catalyst composition are investigated further using in situ techniques. Additionally, 20 Fe/80 Mn catalysts containing potassium in the range of 0.1 wt.% to 1.3 wt.% are analyzed in the same manner. These studies have permitted the identification of some of the factors influencing activation and deactivation, product selectivity, and surface speciation.

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Finch, Karol Paula. "Synthesis, characterisation and reactivity studies of μ(α, ω)-alkanediyl complexes of ruthenium, iron and cobalt". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21938.

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The new series of μ(α, ω)-alkanediyl compounds of ruthenium, [CpRu(CO)₂]₂[μ-(CH₂)ₙ], where n=5-10, have been prepared from Na[CpRu(CO)₂] and the corresponding diiodoalkane. These compounds, which are stable crystalline solids at ambient temperature, have been fully characterised by microanalysis, infrared, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, melting point and mass spectrometry. The new heterodinuclear complex [Cp(CO)₂Fe(CH₂)₄Ru(CO)₂Cp] has been synthesised by the reaction of [CpFe(CO)₂(CH₂)₄I] with Na[CpRu(CO)₂] and characterised by all the above mentioned techniques.

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Bungane, Ntombovuyo. "Ruthenium and osmium complexes as catalyst precursors for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6296.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-65).
Ruthenium complexes of several types have been synthesized, supported on silica and their activity in CO hydrogenation was investigated in order to determine the cluster size of surface Ru atoms required for the formation of hydrocarbons. Previous studies have shown that more than one metallic site is needed for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.

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Van, der Westhuizen Katriena Elizabet. "Comprehensive multidimensional gas chromatography for the analysis of Fischer-Tropsch products". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18006.

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Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The analysis of Fischer–Tropsch–derived (FT–derived) synthetic crude and derived products is very challenging because of the highly complex nature of these products. In this study, the use of comprehensive multidimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) and flame ionisation detection (FID) was investigated for the analysis of these products and the technique was found to be invaluable for the analysis of these complex mixtures. The compositions of FT synthetic crude, produced at low temperature (LT–FT) and high temperature (HT–FT) processes were compared and the effect that changes in FT reaction temperature has on product formation was investigated. Results for conventional onedimensional GC (1D-GC) and GCxGC were compared. It was found that conventional 1D–GC does not have sufficient peak capacity to separate the thousands of compounds in the HT FT products. GCxGC provides a huge peak capacity of tens-of-thousands to separate highly complex mixtures. Structured chromatograms, where groups of compounds with similar properties are grouped together, aid in peak identification. Moreover, sensitivity at low microgram per milliliter levels is obtained. These attributes enabled accurate analysis of various complex feed and product streams in the FT refinery, and also various final fuel products. The use of GCxGC alone was demonstrated, and also combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) when even more separation power was needed. HPLC–GCxGC enabled the separation of alkene and cyclic alkane compound classes in oligomerisation products. These compound classes have similar mass spectra, elute in adjacent regions and co–elute even to some extent on the GCxGC contour plot, making differentiation difficult. SFC is a good replacement for HPLC for these applications because it does not use solvents as mobile phases. CO2 is easily evaporated after the separation and does not interfere with the GCxGC separation of the analytes. SFC is also a very good technique to separate the compound classes of alkanes, alkenes, aromatics and oxygenates, and is therefore highly complementary to GCxGC. The combination of GCxGC with NMR data was also found to be very valuable for the identification of branched alkane isomers in LT–FT diesels. GCxGC provides excellent separation of individual compounds but the identification of isomers (except for mono–methyl branching) is difficult because the mass spectra of most of these isomers are similar and not all compounds are in the mass spectral libraries. NMR, on the other hand, is able to distinguish between the individual types of branched isomers but has limited separation power for the complex mixtures. By combining the two techniques, the best of both was obtained. The study found GCxGC to be invaluable for the analysis of the highly complex FT–derived products, while its combination with other techniques such as HPLC, SFC and NMR provided even more separation power.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoogs komplekse samestelling van sintetiese ru–olie en afgeleide produkte, afkomstig van Fischer–Tropsch (FT) sintese, bied groot uitdagings aan die analis. Die studie het die gebruik van GCxGC met ’n TOF-MS en FID bestudeer vir die analise van FT produkte en het bevind dat die tegniek van onskatbare waarde is vir die analise van die hoogs komplekse mengsels. Die samestellings van produkte van lae- en hoë-temperatuur FT prossesse is vergelyk en die effek van ’n verhoging in die reaksie–temperatuur op die produk samestelling is ondersoek. Resultate vir 1D–GC and GCxGC is vergelyk en dit was duidelik dat 1D-GC nie naastenby voldoende piekkapasiteit het om al die komponente van die produkte wat tydens die hoëtemperatuur prosses gevorm word, te kan skei nie. Die GCxGC se piekkapasiteit daarteenoor is in die orde van tienduisende wat die skeiding van hoogs komplekse mensels moontlik maak terwyl die tegniek hoogs gestruktureerde kontoerplotte verskaf wat help met identfikasie van komponente. Die tegniek is verder ook baie sensitief en kan komponente op lae μg/mL vlakke waarneem. Hierdie eienskappe het akkurate analise van verskeie FT produkstrome moontlik gemaak. Die kombinasie van GCxGC met HPLC, SFC en KMR het selfs meer skeidingskrag verskaf waar nodig. HPLC–GCxGC het die skeiding van alkene en sikliese alkane moontlik gemaak. Hierdie komponent klasse se massaspektra is feitlik dieselfde en terselfdertyd elueer die twee groepe reg langs mekaar, en oorvleuel soms selfs tot ’n mate, op die GCxGC kontoerplot, sodat dit moeilik is om daartussen te onderskei. SFC is ’n goeie alternatief vir HPLC in meeste toepassings aangesien die tegniek net CO2 gebruik, wat maklik verdamp by kamertemperatuur en nie oplosmiddels gebruik wat se pieke steur met die van die laekookpunt komponente op die GCxGC kontoerplot nie. Skeidings van die komponentgroepe alkane, alkene, aromate en oksigenate is moontlik met SFC en daarom komplimenteer dit die GCxGC skeiding goed aan. Die kombinasie van GCxGC met kern–magnetiese resonansie (KMR) is van waarde gevind om die verskillende tipes vertakkings in ’n lae-temperatuur FT diesel te identifiseer. GCxGC verskaf uitstekende skeiding van individuele komponente maar die identifikasie van die verskilende isomere, behalwe vir die mono-metiel vertakkings, is moeilik aangesien die massaspektra van baie van die komponente soortgelyk is en die komponente nie in die massa spektrum–biblioteke voorkom nie. KMR, aan die ander kant, kan tussen die individuele vertakkings onderskei maar het beperkte skeidingskrag vir komplekse mensels. Deur die twee tegnieke te kombineer is die beste van albei tegnieke bekom. Die studie het bevind dat GCxGC van onskatbare waarde is vir die analise van die komplekse sintetiese FT produkte terwyl die kombinasie met ander tegnieke soos HPLC, SFC and KMR selfs meer skeidingskrag verskaf.

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Webber, Glenda Vanessa. "The origin of multiple DSC melting peaks of Fischer-Tropsch hard waxes". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11668.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-163).
The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses of the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) hard waxes display multiple melting peaks, the origin of which is unknown. The phenomenon is sometimes referred to in the literature, but no attempt has been made to explain its cause. There are a few known causes of melting bimodality in n-alkanes and their mixtures, petroleum waxes and polymers. These are: polymorphism, chain folding and bimodal molecular weight distributions

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Atubi, Phylander Omosigho. "Novel synthesis of silica-supported Fischer-Tropsch catalysts for second generation biofuels". Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2015. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/26187/.

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The objective of this study is to improve the catalytic performance of silica-supported Fischer-Tropsch cobalt based catalyst. Iron and nickel catalyst were also briefly studied. Initial work focused on synthesis of porous silica via oxidative thermal decomposition of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and its characterisation. It was shown that PDMS undergoes at least two thermal degradation steps to form silica powder. It was also demonstrated that increase in isothermal time at constant temperature and increase in temperature at constant time could be used to tune the surface area and pore volume of the synthesized silica powder. Subsequently, a novel one pot technique called the swelling in method (SIM) was developed, and employed to synthesize silica-supported cobalt, iron and nickel based Fischer-Tropsch catalyst. The results of silica-supported cobalt based catalyst prepared by the swelling in method were compared with those synthesized by incipient wet impregnation method. The colloidal method was also combined with the swelling in method to prepare silica-supported cobalt nanoparticles catalyst. Characterisation of cobalt, iron and nickel based catalyst prepared by the swelling in method showed that PDMS as the initial catalyst support converted to silica powder after oxidative calcination. Physicochemical properties of silica-supported cobalt, iron and nickel catalyst prepared by the swelling in method suggest that the oxides of each metal were present inside the silica pores while cobalt based catalyst prepared by the same method had better surface area and pore volume compared to the catalyst synthesized by the incipient wetness impregnation technique. Catalytic performance of the catalyst synthesized by the swelling in and incipient wetness methods were studied in High Temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction condition. The results showed that silica-supported cobalt based catalyst prepared by the swelling in method was overall more active, generated less methane and less susceptible to deactivation by sintering and carbon deposition when compared to the catalyst prepared by the impregnation technique. Silica-supported cobalt nanoparticles catalyst had the best catalytic activity in comparison to all the catalyst studied in this work. Silica-supported cobalt based catalyst prepared by the swelling in method using cobalt nitrate exhibited the best catalytic activity while the catalyst synthesized from cobalt acetate had the least activity. The addition of ruthenium to silica-supported cobalt catalyst contributed in minimising the formation of methane when compared to the catalyst without ruthenium. Silica-supported iron and nickel based catalyst showed reasonable catalytic activity, and as expected the amount of methane generated by nickel catalyst was relatively very high compared to all the catalyst studied in this thesis.

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Książki na temat "Fischer-Tropsch Chemistry"

Klerk, Arno de. Fischer-Tropsch refining. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2011.

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Klerk, Arno de. Fischer-Tropsch Refining. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2012.

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Klerk, Arno de. Fischer-Tropsch Refining. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2012.

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Synthetic Fuels Via Fischer-tropsch Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2006.

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Pavone, Anthony. Synthetic Fuels via Fischer-Tropsch Chemistry. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2006.

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Części książek na temat "Fischer-Tropsch Chemistry"

O’Brien, R. J., L. Xu, X. X. Bi, P. C. Eklund i B. H. Davis. "Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and XRD characterization of an iron carbide catalyst synthesized by laser pyrolysis". W The Chemistry of Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides, 362–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1565-7_19.

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"Fischer-Tropsch Chemistry". W Rules of Thumb for Petroleum Engineers, 269. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119403647.ch126.

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"The Fischer–Tropsch Process". W Chemistry and Technology of Alternate Fuels, 489–529. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789811203657_0010.

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Subramanian, V., K. Cheng i Y. Wang. "Fundamentally Understanding Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis". W Encyclopedia of Interfacial Chemistry, 107–14. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-409547-2.13530-9.

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Webb, Paul B., i Ivo A. W. Filot. "Promoted Fischer-Tropsch catalysts". W Reference Module in Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-823144-9.00034-0.

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van de Loosdrecht, J., F. G. Botes, I. M. Ciobica, A. Ferreira, P. Gibson, D. J. Moodley, A. M. Saib, J. L. Visagie, C. J. Weststrate i J. W. Niemantsverdriet. "Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: Catalysts and Chemistry". W Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry II, 525–57. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-097774-4.00729-4.

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Alam, Mahabubul, Kuen Yehliu, Chenxi Sun i André L. Boehman. "Fischer-Tropsch and other synthesized hydrocarbon fuels". W Combustion Chemistry and the Carbon Neutral Future, 235–89. Elsevier, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-99213-8.00006-0.

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Macgregor, Stuart A., Michael Bühl i Emiel J. M. Hensen. "Computational Catalysis". W Contemporary Catalysis: Science, Technology, and Applications, 277–304. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781849739900-00277.

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A review on applications of computational chemistry in homogeneous, enzymatic and heterogeneous catalysis is presented. After a non-technical introduction into the methodological toolkit of computational chemistry (methods based on molecular and/or quantum mechanics, practical aspects of calculations), selected examples from the literature are discussed. These comprise, among others, density functional theory calculations for homogeneous metal-catalysed C–C coupling reactions, cytochrome P450 chemistry and Fischer–Tropsch reactions on solid metal catalysts.

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Meng, Fanhui, i Muhammad Asif Nawaz. "Review of Slurry Bed Reactor for Carbon One Chemistry". W Slurry Technology - New Advances [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109094.

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The slurry bed reactor has many advantages, which make it very suitable for gas-to-liquid processes, especially for the highly exothermic reactions. This chapter reviews three types of slurry bed reactors and their comparisons, including the mechanically stirred slurry reactor, bubble column slurry reactor and three-phase fluidized bed reactor. The application of the slurry bed reactors in carbon one (C1) chemistry for syngas conversion to different valuable chemicals is presented, which includes four typical exothermic reactions, that is, the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to oil, methanol synthesis, dimethyl ether synthesis and synthetic natural gas synthesis. The operation parameters and performance of slurry bed reactor, fixed bed reactor and fluidized bed reactor are compared while discussing the reasons of catalyst deactivation. Since, the development trend of slurry bed reactor for C1 chemistry is finally proposed.

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"Base Stocks from Fischer-Tropsch Wax and the Gas to Liquids Process". W Process Chemistry of Lubricant Base Stocks, 373–84. CRC Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420020540-15.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Fischer-Tropsch Chemistry"

Belosludov, Rodion, Tsuguo Kubota, Satoshi Sakahara, Kenji Yajima, Seiichi Takami, Momoji Kubo i Akira Miyamoto. "Theoretical design of heterogenous catalysts by combinatorial computational chemistry approach: application to Fischer-Tropsch synthesis". W Symposium on Integrated Optics, redaktorzy Ghassan E. Jabbour i Hideomi Koinuma. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.424750.

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Shafagh, Ida, Kevin J. Hughes, Elena Catalanotti, Zhen Liu, Mohamed Pourkashanian i Chris W. Wilson. "Experimental and Modelling Studies of the Oxidation of Surrogate Bio-Aviation Fuels". W ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45982.

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Jet fuels currently in use in the aviation industry are exclusively kerosene-based. However, potential problems regarding security of supply, climate change and increasing cost are becoming more significant, exacerbated by the rapidly growing demand from the aviation sector. Biofuels are considered one of the most suitable alternatives to petrochemical-based fuels in the aviation industry in the short to medium term, since blends of biofuel and kerosene provide a good balance of properties currently required from an aviation fuel. Experimental studies at a variety of stoichiometries using a flat flame burner with kerosene and kerosene/biofuel blends have been performed with product analysis by gas sampling and laser induced fluorescence detection of OH, CO and CO2. These studies have been complemented by modelling using the PREMIX module of Chemkin to provide insights into and to validate combined models describing the oxidation chemistry of surrogate fuels depicting kerosene, fatty acid methyl ester biofuels and Fischer-Tropsch derived fuels. Sensitivity analysis has identified important reactions within these schemes which where appropriate have been investigated by molecular modelling techniques available within GAUSSIAN 03.

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Smith, Arthur R., Joseph Klosek, James C. Sorensen i Donald W. Woodward. "Air Separation Unit Integration for Alternative Fuel Projects". W ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-063.

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Alternative fuel projects often require substantial amounts of oxygen. World scale gas-to-liquids (GTL) processes based on the partial oxidation of natural gas, followed by Fischer-Tropsch chemistry and product upgrading, may require in excess of 10,000 tons per day of pressurized oxygen. The remote location of many of these proposed projects and the availability of low-cost natural gas and byproduct steam from the GTL process disadvantages the use of traditional, motor-driven air separation units in favor of steam or gas turbine drive facilities. Another process of current interest is the partial oxidation of waste materials in industrial areas to generate synthesis gas. Synthesis gas may be processed into fuels and chemicals, or combusted in gas turbines to produce electricity. A key to the economic viability of such oxygen-based processes is cost effective air separation units, and the manner in which they are integrated with the rest of the facility. Because the trade-off between capital and energy is different for the remote gas and the industrial locations, the optimum integration schemes can also differ significantly. This paper examines various methods of integrating unit operations to improve the economics of alternative fuel facilities. Integration concepts include heat recovery, as well as several uses of byproduct nitrogen to enhance gas turbine operation or power production. Start-up, control and operational aspects are presented to complete the review of integrated designs.

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Moses, Clifford A., i Petrus N. J. Roets. "Properties, Characteristics, and Combustion Performance of Sasol Fully Synthetic Jet Fuel". W ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50545.

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In 1999, as the only inland petroleum refinery in South Africa was reaching capacity, Sasol gained approval of a semi-synthetic jet fuel (SSJF) for civil aviation to augment production and meet the growing demand for jet fuel at the airport in Johannesburg. Prior to this, all jet fuel had to be refined from petroleum sources. SSJF consists of up to 50% of an iso-paraffinic kerosene produced from coal using Fischer-Tropsch processes. The production of SSJF remains vulnerable to the production capacity of conventional jet fuel, however. To ensure supply, Sasol has proposed producing a fully synthetic jet fuel (FSJF) using synthetic kerosene streams that contain aromatics and satisfy all the property requirements of international specifications for jet fuel. Being fully synthetic, it was necessary to demonstrate that the fuel is “fit-for-purpose” as jet fuel, i.e., behaves like conventional jet fuel in all aspects of storage and handling as well as air worthiness and flight safety. Four sample blends were developed covering the practical range of production. Extensive tests on chemistry and physical properties and characteristics demonstrated that Sasol FSJF will be typical of conventional jet fuel. As a final demonstration, the engine manufacturers requested a series of engine and combustor tests to evaluate combustion characteristics, emissions, engine durability, and performance. The performance of the synthetic test fuel was typical of conventional jet fuel. This paper identifies the tests and presents the results demonstrating that Sasol fully synthetic jet fuel is fit-for-purpose as jet fuel for civilian aviation. Sasol FSJF is the first fully synthetic jet fuel approved for unrestricted use.

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Doty, F. David, Laura Holte i Siddarth Shevgoor. "Securing Our Transportation Future by Using Off-Peak Wind Energy to Recycle CO2 Into Fuels". W ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90182.

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Simulations have shown that it should be possible (within a relatively short time frame) to profitably synthesize high-purity carbon-neutral ethanol, gasoline, jet fuel, propylene, and many other hydrocarbons, in volumes that cannot be matched by any other renewable avenue, from captured CO2, water, and cheap off-peak low-carbon energy, notably form wind farms. The process, dubbed WindFuels, requires no biomass, and it is expected to solve the grid stability and energy storage challenges of wind energy. The process is based largely on the commercially proven technologies of wind energy, water electrolysis, and Fischer Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) chemistry. Wind energy is used to electrolyze water into hydrogen and oxygen. Some of the hydrogen is used in a process, the so-called reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction, that reduces CO2 to carbon monoxide (CO) and water. The CO and the balance of the hydrogen are fed into an FT reactor, similar to that commonly used to produce fuels and chemicals from coal or natural gas. Improved sub-processes have been simulated in detail, and key experiments will soon be carried out to help optimize process conditions. Conversion efficiencies (from input electrical to output chemical) are expected to approach 60%. Putting renewable hydrogen into liquid fuels solves the distribution and storage problems that have beset utilization of hydrogen in vehicles. Converting CO2 into fuels can eliminate the need for CO2 sequestration and reduce global CO2 emissions by 40% by mid-century. The amount of water needed for the renewable FTS (RFTS) process is an order of magnitude less than needed for biofuels. The atmosphere will eventually provide an unlimited source for CO2, though initially the CO2 would come from ammonia plants, biofuel refineries, cement factories, fossil power plants, and ore refineries. When the input energy is from off-peak wind and reasonable monetary credit is included for climate benefit, WindFuels could compete when petroleum is as low as $45/bbl.

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Bhardwaj, Om Parkash, Bernhard Lüers, Andreas F. Kolbeck, Thomas Koerfer, Florian Kremer, Stefan Pischinger, Angelika von Berg i Georg Roth. "Tailor Made Biofuels: Effect of Fuel Properties on the Soot Microstructure and Consequences on Particle Filter Regeneration". W ASME 2013 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2013-19165.

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In recent years a lot of effort has been made to understand the phenomena of Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) regeneration processes but less attention has been paid to understand the influence of fuel properties on soot reactivity and its consequence on the DPF regeneration behavior. Within the Cluster of Excellence “Tailor-Made Fuels from Biomass (TMFB)” at RWTH Aachen University, the Institute for Combustion Engines carried out a detailed investigation program to explore the potential of future biofuel candidates for optimized combustion systems. These new biofuels are being developed to realize partially homogeneous low-temperature combustion, in order to reduce the emission and fuel consumption to meet future requirements. The chemical structure of these new fuels may impact the thermal decomposition chemistry and hence the in-cylinder particulate formation conditions. This work fundamentally focusses the influence of fuel properties on particulate matter reactivity and, thereby, the regeneration behavior of the diesel particulate filters (DPF). The experiments for particulate measurements and analysis were conducted, under constant engine operating conditions, on a EURO 6 compliant High Efficiency Combustion System (HECS) fuelled with petroleum based diesel fuel as baseline and today’s biofuels like FAME and Fischer Tropsch fuels as well as potential biomass derived fuel candidates being researched in TMFB. Several different methods were used for analysis of mass, composition, structure and spectroscopic parameters of the soot. The graphitic microstructure visible with high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) was compared to the results of X-Ray diffraction (XRD), optical light absorption measurement and elementary analysis of samples. The results indicate that combustion with increasing fuel oxygenation produces decreasing engine-out particulate emissions. The ranking of activation energies of soot oxidation analysis from LGB experiments correspond well with the ranking of the soot physico-chemical properties. In comparison to petroleum based diesel fuel, the reduction of engine out soot emission by a factor of five with the use of the future biomass derived fuel candidate was accompanied by ten times reduction of the soot volume based absorption coefficient and two times reduction of carbon to hydrogen ratio. As a result of it, the activation energy of soot oxidation in DPF reduced by ∼ 10 KJ/mol. The reduced engine out soot emission and increased reactivity of the soot from the future biomass derived fuel candidate could cause a significant reduction of thermal DPF regenerations.

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Holte, Laura L., Glenn N. Doty, David L. McCree, Judy M. Doty i F. David Doty. "Sustainable Transportation Fuels From Off-Peak Wind Energy, CO2, and Water". W ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90366.

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Doty Energy is developing advanced processes to permit the production of fully carbon-neutral gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, ethanol, and plastics from exhaust CO2 and off-peak clean energy (wind and nuclear) at prices that can compete with fossil-derived products. Converting CO2 into fuels will eliminate the need for CO2 sequestration, reduce global CO2 emissions by 40%, and provide a nearly insatiable market for off-peak wind. It has long been known that it is theoretically possible to convert CO2 and water into standard liquid hydrocarbon fuels at high efficiency. However, the early proposals for doing this conversion had efficiencies of only 25% to 35%. That is, the chemical energy in the liquid fuels produced (gasoline, ethanol, etc.) would be about the 30% of the input energy required. The combination of the eight major technical advances made over the past two years should permit this conversion to be done at up to 60% efficiency. Off-peak grid energy averaged only $16.4/MWhr in the Minnesota hub throughout all of 2009 (the cheapest 6 hours/day averaged only $7.1/MWh). At such prices, the synthesized standard liquid fuels (dubbed “WindFuels”) should compete even when petroleum is only $45/bbl. A more scalable alternative for transportation fuels is needed than biofuels. It is in our economic and security interests to produce transportation fuels domestically at the scale of hundreds of billions of gallons per year. WindFuels can scale to this level, and as they are fully carbon-neutral they will dramatically reduce global CO2 emissions at the same time. Switching 70% of global transportation fuels from petroleum to WindFuels should be possible over the next 30 years. WindFuels will insure extremely strong growth in wind energy for many decades by generating an enormous market for off-peak wind energy. WindFuels is based largely on the commercially proven technologies of wind energy, water electrolysis, and Fischer Tropsch (FT) chemistry. Off-peak low carbon energy is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Some of the hydrogen is used to reduce CO2 into carbon monoxide (CO) and water via the Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS) reaction. The CO and the balance of the hydrogen are fed into an FT reactor similar to those used to produce fuels and chemicals from coal or natural gas. The processes have been simulated, and key experiments are being carried out to help optimize process conditions and validate the simulations.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Fischer-Tropsch Chemistry"

Matthew Neurock. An Ab Initio Approach Towards Engineering Fischer-Tropsch Surface Chemistry. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/909653.

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Matthew Neurock i Siddharth Chopra. An Ab Initio Approach Towards Engineering Fischer-Tropsch Surface Chemistry. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/909654.

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Matthew Neurock. An Ab Initio Approach Towards Engineering Fischer-Tropsch Surface Chemistry. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/909834.

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Matthew Neurock i David A. Walthall. An Ab Initio Approach Towards Engineering Fischer-Tropsch Surface Chemistry. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), maj 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/882888.

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Matthew Neurock. An Ab Initio Approach Towards Engineering Fischer-Tropsch Surface Chemistry. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), czerwiec 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/882890.

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Mullins, Charles Buddie. SURFACE SCIENCE STUDIES OF SELECTIVE FISCHER-TROPSCH CHEMISTRY ON COBALT CARBIDE SURFACES. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1959295.

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Cronauer, D. C. Shape-selective catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch chemistry. Final report : January 1, 2001 - December 31, 2008. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), kwiecień 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1037554.

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Manos Mavrikakis, James A. Dumesic i Rahul P. Nabar. Atomic-Scale Design of Iron Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts: A Combined Computational Chemistry, Experimental, and Microkinetic Modeling Approach. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/901151.

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Manos Mavrikakis, James A. Dumesic, Amit A. Gokhale, Rahul P. Nabar, Calvin H. Bartholomew, Hu Zou i Brian Critchfield. Atomic-Scale Design of Iron Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts: A Combined Computational Chemistry, Experimental, and Microkinetic Modeling Approach. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzec 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884858.

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Manos Mavrikakis, James A. Dumesic, Amit A. Gokhale, Rahul P. Nabar, Calvin H. Bartholomew, Hu Zou i Brian Critchfield. ATOMIC-SCALE DESIGN OF IRON FISCHER-TROPSCH CATALYSTS: A COMBINED COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY, EXPERIMENTAL, AND MICROKINETIC MODELING APPROACH. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzec 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/838346.

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