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Luo, Weijie. "Essays on inequality and fiscal policy". Thesis, University of York, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21362/.
Pełny tekst źródłaSaith, Walberti. "Essays on fiscal policy and income inequality". Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2017. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/19701.
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Um dos principais problemas do crescimento econômico nas economias em desenvolvimento é a desigualdade de renda. Assim, muitos estudos sobre a teoria macroeconômica tentaram deter- minar quais são os principais modos pelos quais a desigualdade pode ser reduzida. A política fiscal redistributiva tem sido considerada uma maneira importante de reduzir a desigualdade e aumentar o crescimento econômico ao mesmo tempo. Tendo em vista a relação entre essas variáveis, este estudo procura esclarecer como a política fiscal afeta a desigualdade de renda e o crescimento econômico. Para realizar tal análise, nós utilizamos três diferentes abordagens. Na primeira estimamos os impactos da política fiscal sobre a desigualdade de renda e o cres- cimento econômico entre os estados brasileiros utilizando um conjunto de modelos de dados em painel. A análise abrange os anos de 1996 a 2011, último ano disponível, compreendendo 16 anos para 26 dos 27 estados brasileiros. Estimamos uma equação individual para explicar o crescimento econômico e duas equações individuais para a desigualdade de renda, cada uma com um conj unto diferente de variáveis explicativas. Com base em modelos de dados em painel, apresentamos evidências de que a relação entre carga tributária, crescimento econômico e desi- gualdade de renda não é linear. Mostramos que quando a carga tributária corresponde a 23% do PIB, o crescimento econômico é máximo e quando a carga tributária corresponde a 19% do PIB, a desigualdade e mínima. Na segunda, construímos um modelo e analisamos os efeitos de uma política fiscal de redistribuição de renda para a economia brasileira. Especificamente, tentamos mostrar os efeitos de uma transferência de renda para a parte mais pobre da população. Criamos um modelo estocástico dinâmico com parâmetros calibrados para o Brasil. Os resultados mostram que os impostos ótimos sobre a renda do capital e a renda do trabalho se comporta- ram de maneiras opostas em ambos os choques (gastos governamentais e produtividade). A composição do orçamento do governo muda de acordo com seu favoritismo para os pobres. As simulações mostram que a existência de desigualdade de renda altera o nível ótimo de impostos e as reações aos choques de oferta e demanda, embora a política fiscal tenha limites. Os resul- tados também mostram evidências de que reduzir a pobreza pode aumentar o produto, eliminar a necessidade de transferências e reduzir, consideravelmente, as flutuações nos impostos. Na terceira abordagem, propomos um modelo que seja uma versão de um equilíbrio competitivo do modelo de crescimento neoclássico básico, que incorpora desigualdade de renda endogena- mente e agentes heterogêneos: pobres e ricos, nos permitindo compreender esse problema de forma dinâmica. Utilizamos o problema de Ramsey para determinar as sequências ótimas para os três tipos de impostos distorcivos, sobre a renda do capital, sobre a renda do trabalho e sobre o consumo em uma economia não estocástica. A solução analítica encontrada sugere que, no estado estacionário, o imposto ideal sobre o capital deve sempre ser zero, independentemente do favoritismo do governo em relação a um agente em particular. Além disso, o governo deveria financiar as transferências para o agente pobre usando diferentes combinações de impostos sobre consumo e renda do trabalho.
One of the main problems of economic growth in developing economies is income inequality. Thus many studies in macroeconomic theory have attempted to determine what are the main ways in which inequality can be reduced. Redistributive fiscal policy has been considered an important way to reduce inequality and increase economic growth at same time. Considering the relationship between these variables, this study seeks to clarify how fiscal policy affects income inequality and economic growth. To perform such analysis, we used three different approaches. First we estimate the impacts of fiscal policy on income inequality and economic growth among Brazilian states using a set of panel data models. The analysis covers the ye- ars from 1996 to 2011, comprising 16 years for 26 of the 27 Brazilian states. We estimated an individual equation to explain economic growth and two individual equations for income inequality, each with a different set of explanatory variables. Based on panel data models, we present evidence that the relationship between Tax Burden and economic growth and income inequality is not linear. We show that when the Tax Burden corresponds to 23% of GDP the economic growth is maximum and when the Tax Burden corresponds to 19% of GDP the ine- quality is minimal. Second, we construct a model and analyze the effects of a fiscal policy of income redistribution for Brazilian economy. Specifically, we try to show the effects of an income transfer for the poorest part of the population. We build a dynamic stochastic model calibrated for Brazil. The results show the optimal taxes on capital income and labor income in opposite way in both shocks (government spending and productivity). The composition of the government budget changes according to the favoritism towards the poor. The simulations show that the existence of income inequality changes the optimal level of taxes and the reactions to supply and demand shocks, although the fiscal policy has limits. Also, we present evidence that reducing poverty can increase output, eliminating the necessity of transfers and reducing considerably the fluctuations of taxes. Third, we propose a model that is a version of a compe- titive equilibrium of the basic neoclassical growth model, which incorporate income inequality endogenously and heterogeneous agents: poor and rich, allowing us to understand this problem in a dynamic way. We use the Ramsey problem to determine the optimal sequences for the three types of flat-rate tax: capital income, labor income and consumption, in a non-stochastic economy. The analytical solution suggests that in the steady state, optimal tax on capital should always be zero, regardless of the government’s favoritism towards particular agents. Also, the government should finance the transfers to the poor agent using different combinations of taxes on consumption and labor income.
Tyler, Nikki. "The Effects of Fiscal Decentralization on Income Inequality". Thesis, Boston College, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/385.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis paper seeks to further establish the effects of fiscal decentralization on income inequality. While many major world organizations, such as the United Nations, and politicians are promoting the use of decentralization policies, their effects on income inequality remain largely unstudied. I add to the literature on fiscal decentralization in order to determine if it should be used as a policy tool designed to decrease income inequality. I empirically study the effects of fiscal decentralization by using a model largely based off of Akai and Sakata (2005). I quantify fiscal decentralization with two measures in order to conclude what form of fiscal decentralization, if any, should be used in order to decrease income inequality. My hope is that this paper contributes to the literature on fiscal decentralization, specifically in providing caution to politicians who haphazardly institute policies calling for increased fiscal decentralization
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2007
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics
Discipline: College Honors Program
Egger-Bovet, Nicholas. "IMF Conditionality, Fiscal Policy, and Income Inequality in Latin America". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/254.
Pełny tekst źródłaTraore, Mohamed. "Fiscal policy, income inequality and inclusive growth in developing countries". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAD001/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe issue of inclusive development in developing countries is at the heart of this thesis. The latter revolves around four chapters on fiscal policy issues and inclusive growth-related matters. Chapter 1 explores how government tax policy affects the inclusiveness of growth in developing countries. Evidence is shown that tax policy affects significantly inclusive growth if and only if the countries have a strong institution quality like low corruption and a good bureaucratic policy. In addition, our result shows that there is an optimal tax beyond which, any increase in the personal income tax rate should have negative impact on inclusive growth. The Chapter 2 examines the effects of government expenditure components on both equity and growth in sub-Saharan countries, especially whether it is possible to design public spending to promote a more equitable society without sacrificing economic growth. We find that investment in infrastructure contributed to more inclusive growth in Sub-sub Saharan African economies than others government spending. These results suggest that temporary and well-targeted programs should be implemented to help those being left out by the growth process. The Chapter 3 investigates whether income inequality matters in the periods of fiscal adjustments in Côte d’Ivoire over the period 1980-2014. The results show an improvement in growth performance after fiscal consolidations episodes, but also income gap decreases in the periods ahead fiscal adjustments. Lastly, Chapter 4 assesses the credibility of fiscal forecasts and their social effects in CEMAC and WAEMU countries. We obtain evidence that the inefficiency of fiscal forecast occurs in most time because the forecast deviation is proportional to the forecast itself, but also because the past errors are repeated in the present. Furthermore, a part of revenue forecast errors can be explained by random shocks to the economy. Therefore, these errors in revenue forecast considered as fiscal policy shocks has a detrimental effect on inclusive growth
Vo, Duc Hong. "The economics of measuring fiscal decentralisation". UWA Business School, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0210.
Pełny tekst źródłaNaqvi, Hasnain Abbas. "The Potential Impact of Trade Liberalization and Fiscal Strictness on Households' Welfare and Inequality in Pakistan". Thesis, University of Dundee, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521658.
Pełny tekst źródłaAchury-Forero, Carolina. "Essays on fiscal policy and political economy". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/14166.
Pełny tekst źródłaDeemer, Danielle R. "Spatial Inequalities in the Fiscal Distribution of the U.S. Welfare State". The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1437342124.
Pełny tekst źródłaPetean, Marcus Guimarães. "Princípio da capacidade contributiva : uma análise entre o discurso da doutrina e a jurisprudência do STF /". Franca, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/182541.
Pełny tekst źródłaResumo: O presente trabalho, em síntese, tem por objetivo investigar como o princípio da capacidade contributiva, previsto no artigo 145, § 1°, da Constituição Federal, tem sido aplicado pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal. Parte-se do pressuposto de que o Estado como instituição politicamente organizada atrai para si atribuições destinadas ao desenvolvimento e bem estar social dos cidadãos e que estes, por sua vez, devem contribuir financeiramente para o custeio das atividades desenvolvidas pelo Estado. Neste contexto, a imposição tributária se instala como contribuição de cada indivíduo em prol da coletividade. É justamente esta possibilidade de cada indivíduo concorrer para o financiamento do Estado, ou seja, a medida do sacrifício individual que o Estado poderá legitimamente cobrar revela a importância do princípio da capacidade contributiva como requisito a ser avaliado para garantir justiça na imposição tributária. Neste passo, a pesquisa se justifica para averiguar se há compatibilidade entre a interpretação dada pela doutrina e a jurisprudência da Corte Suprema do Brasil. A pesquisa parte da premissa de que a forma de tributação de Estado pode ser um instrumento de redução da desigualdade e promoção da cidadania e, desta forma, pretende contribuir para fomentar as discussões sobre a justiça fiscal no país.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate the progress of the contributory capacity, provided for in article 145, paragraph 1, of the Federal Constitution, which has been applied by the Federal Supreme Court. The State has a political organization to attract and the attributions to the development and social welfare of the citizens and that, in turn, contribute financially to the cost of activities rich by the State. In this context, taxation imposes itself as a contribution of each individual to the benefit of the collectivity. It is possible that each individual competes for state funding, that is, a measure of individual sacrifice that can be assessed to do justice to taxation. In this article, the research is justified to ascertain if there is any difference between a given given by the doctrine and a jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Brazil. The formation of an instrument to reduce inequality and promote citizenship and, thus, the use of an instrument to reduce inequality and promote citizenship in the country.
Mestre
Ding, Yi. "Three Essays on Taxation, Growth and Consumption". FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1496.
Pełny tekst źródłaCheng, Xiangbin. "The dynamic relationships between public spending, economic growth and income inequality in China". Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/16543.
Pełny tekst źródłaSepulveda, Cristian F. "Two Essays on Public Economics: The Consequences of Fiscal Decentralization on Poverty and Inequality, and The Second Best Solution to The Public Expenditures’ Problem". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/68.
Pełny tekst źródłaBiondini, Isabella Virg??nia Freire. "O arranjo federativo e o processo de descentraliza????o". reponame:Repositório Institucional da FJP, 2007. http://www.repositorio.fjp.mg.gov.br/handle/123456789/268.
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Funda????o Jo??o Pinheiro
A Constitui????o Federal de 1988 inova o modelo tradicional de Federalismo, ao conceder aos munic??pios status de ente aut??nomo, e que, portanto, possuem legitimidade politico-institucional e independ??ncia administrativa. As implica????es desse reconhecimento resultam em uma disputa vertical com os demais n??veis de governo, tanto por recursos como pelas responsabilidades de atendimento ??s demandas sociais, e em uma disputa horizontal que remete ao problema da equidade entre os governos subnacionais. Portanto, a cria????o de mecanismos e instrumentos que visem a redu????o das desigualdades ?? condi????o fundamental para a manuten????o do pacto federativo. Este trabalho busca discutir as estrat??gias adotadas pela Federa????o para enfrentar as disparidades inter-regionais, e avaliar em que medida elas contribu??ram no per??odo 2000-2005 para a equaliza????o da capacidade de gastos or??ament??rios, verificando, inclusive, 0 seu impacto sobre as atividades desenvolvidas pelos munic??pios.
Governo e Pol??tica
Cassiolato, Gabriela Fonseca Prada. "O federalismo brasileiro e a inadequação dos incentivos fiscais estaduais unilaterais como instrumento de concretização dos objetivos constitucionais". Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2015. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1177.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis Master s thesis has the scope to deepen the knowledge on state tax incentives regarding ICMS and its misuse as an instrument to accomplish the constitutional objectives considering the Brazilian federalism characteristics. It aims to identify the peculiarities that forged a distorted model in the federative balance that allowed (and even reinforced) the birth and encouragement of what is known as tax harmful competition ; pointing out the various critiques that refute the theoretical notion that ICMS tax incentives represent unquestionably useful instruments in order to foster economic / social development and reduce the regional inequality that subsists in Brazil.
A presente dissertação tem por objetivo aprofundar o entendimento sobre os incentivos fiscais estaduais e a inadequação de seu manejo como instrumento de concretização dos objetivos constitucionais tendo em vista as características do federalismo brasileiro. Busca-se identificar as particularidades que forjaram um modelo com distorções no equilíbrio federativo que permitiram (e mesmo motivaram) a instalação e fortalecimento da guerra fiscal, com apontamento das críticas - sob diversas vertentes que refutam a concepção teórica de que os incentivos fiscais de ICMS consistem em mecanismos inegavelmente úteis para a promoção do desenvolvimento nacional e diminuição das desigualdades regionais.
Oliveira, Hygino Sebastião Amanajás de. "Federalismo fiscal no Brasil, Argentina, Venezuela e México e a integração regional na América Latina". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/84/84131/tde-14102015-111311/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis paper then turns to a discussion of Fiscal Federalism in Latin America, particularly in the four Federations Brazil, Argentina, Mexico and Venezuela, as an instrument of integration. The proposed integration is developed from the understanding of the meaning of poverty in the region that is associated with inequality , especially inserted from a first integration say, when there was a meeting between the pre - Hispanic and European civilizations , notably Spain and Portugal , as a result of which are rooted poverty and social exclusion resulting in her society. However, after five centuries, it is understood that the integration of Latin America can find opportunities in a society participation in political debate, and therefore, social inclusion, another reality in which poverty can be reduced or extinguished. Thus, the study presented here uses the theory of an ethic of participation and distribution , built in Latin American democracies. This sense of building social relationships linked to the need also to be structured social solidarity, settling in the region institutions that ensure the reduction of social inequalities and that may prove a new and authentic integration model . Legal norms present in Fiscal Federalism in the four Federations mentioned are valuable instrument of strengthening a institutionalism itself and the opportunity for regional development with social inclusion in the conservation of the environment, which reflects a concern with the human being. Finally, the proposed regional integration is expressed in the distribution and application of revenues collected through environmental taxation, linking the Fiscal Federalism itself and common to Latin American Federations.
Schendstok, Matthijs B. "THE DISTRIBUTIONAL AND COUNTERCYCLICAL EFFECTS OF PUBLIC CAPITAL INVESTMENT IN TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE". UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/economics_etds/46.
Pełny tekst źródłaAlmeida, Vanda. "Income inequality and the stabilising role of the tax and transfer system in times of crisis". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0194.
Pełny tekst źródłaAggregate crises often bring tremendous economic disruptions, which may persist for many years. Understanding their consequences and how to effectively design crisis-coping policies is therefore of capital importance. The aggregate effects of crises and the stabilising role of macroeconomic policies have been significantly studied in the literature. Much less attention, however, has been given to the distributional effects of crises and even less to the possible interactions between these effects and the post-crisis evolution of aggregate outcomes. If a crisis-led increase in inequality can feedback into an anemic recovery of economic activity, then the tax and transfer system may have a role in stabilising not only the income distribution but also the macroeconomy. Understanding how the system may affect both distributional and aggregate developments in a crisis aftermath is therefore key. This thesis aims at shedding new light on these issues, using multiple methodologies and datasets both at the micro and macro level, applying both an empirical and theoretical approach.The first paper provides a detailed assessment of the evolution of income inequality and the redistributive effects of the tax and transfer system following the 2007-2008 crisis, in the US. Using a wide range of indicators, it looks at several sections of the income distribution and analyses the contribution of different components of the tax and transfer system. The second paper develops a new method to model the household disposable income distribution and decompose changes in this distribution over time, integrating both a microeconometric and microsimulation approach. It applies the method to the study of changes in the income distribution in Portugal following the 2007-2008 crisis, accounting for the effects of the crisis and of the aftermath fiscal stimulus and consolidation policies. The third paper develops a theoretical heterogeneous agents DSGE model, with both ex-ante and ex-post household heterogeneity and unemployment insurance. It presents the results of a first quantitative experiment, studying the distributional and aggregate effects of a crisis and the role of unemployment insurance in shaping these effects, under several hypothetical crisis scenarios.Several conclusions can be drawn from the results obtained in this thesis. First, aggregate crises may have substantial heterogeneous effects across the income distribution, being particularly penalising for lower income groups, and these effects may be highly persistent. Second, the tax and transfer system can crucially shape distributional developments following a crisis. A strong tax and transfer system may fully cushion a crisis-led increase in inequality, while a weak one may deepen it. Beyond the effects of automatic stabilisers, discretionary policy choices may have substantial effects. Third, not only the size but also the design of the tax and transfer system matters for its role in times of crisis. In particular, a more progressive instrument will have a higher stabilising effect than a flat one, both at the distributional and aggregate level. Fourth, policies aimed at stabilising aggregate outcomes in times of crisis may have significant "collateral" effects on the income distribution. In particular, the implementation of consolidation measures may reinforce income losses induced by the contractionary effects of the crisis and increase the heterogeneity of the effects of a crisis on households' incomes. Finally, household heterogeneity and social insurance matter for the transmission of an aggregate crisis to aggregate outcomes. A crisis will lead to a higher contraction of aggregate consumption in a world where there are both ex-ante and ex-post sources of household heterogeneity than in a world where there is only ex-post heterogeneity. Furthermore, a crisis will imply a smaller contraction of aggregate consumption in a world with social insurance than in a world without
Sawadogo, Pegdéwendé Nestor. "Fiscal policy and financing for development in developing countries". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAD007.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe central question of this thesis is how fiscal policy could be used for development finance purposes. Indeed, we identify and investigate pathways through which developing states can mobilize resources to improve sustainable development. For this purpose, we conduct policy-oriented researches (using suitable statistical and econometrical tools) and provide advices for developing countries. The first part of the dissertation addresses the issue of external resources mobilization in developing countries (Chapter 1 and Chapter 2). In Chapter 1, we investigate the effects of public expenditures on sovereign bond spreads in emerging market countries. We show that developing countries could have a better access to international financial market by supporting public investment and reducing current spending. Specifically, spending on human capital (education and health) and other public infrastructures significantly reduce bond spreads. They should also improve the quality of governance since financial markets award well-governed countries with better borrowing conditions. We examine, in Chapter 2, the strength of fiscal rules in terms of improving financial markets access for developing countries. We find that the adoption of fiscal rules reduces sovereign bond spreads and consequently improve financial market access. Indeed, this result is explained by the credibility of fiscal policy channel: more credible governments are rewarded in the international financial markets with low sovereign bond spreads and high sovereign debt ratings. Our findings confirm that the adoption and sound implementation of fiscal rules is an instrument for policy makers to improve developing countries’ financial market access. The second part of the dissertation focuses on what developing countries could do to improve internal resources mobilization (Chapter 3 and Chapter 4). As a matter of fact, we explore the relationship between fiscal rules and inequality (Chapter 3) and find that fiscal rules adoption contributes to reduce inequality in developing countries. The policy implication is that developing countries could finance their development in a sustainable way (via the reduction of inequalities) by adopting fiscal rules. Moreover, we assess the effects of combating illicit financial flows on domestic tax revenue mobilization in developing countries (Chapter 4). We highlight that countries which cooperate with international standards for anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) are more able to mobilize tax revenue than countries which do not cooperate. Consequently, developing countries could mobilize more domestic tax revenue by implementing policies to curtail illicit financial flows. They should establish sound institutions
Fabre, Brice. "Économie politique des collectivités locales : trois essais sur les communes françaises". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0072/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis aims at bringing new knowledge on political factors and processes affecting local governments. This investigation is made through an empirical analysis of French municipalities’ accounts. The first two chapters of this thesis investigate the impact of links between politicians of different tiers of government on the territorial allocation of public investment funds. The analysis focuses on discretionary investment grants received by municipalities. Evidence shows an important impact of multiple office-holding, and a significant influence of top national politicians’ career in local councils on the allocation of these transfers. The third chapter of this thesis aims at studying the impact of local income inequality on local public decisions. This work contributes to an important literature in Political Economy on the impact of income distribution on political processes. Evidence suggests a significant role of income inequality on local public investment and local taxation
FERRARA, MARIA. "DISINFLAZIONE E CONSOLIDAMENTO FISCALE CON PARTECIPAZIONE LIMITATA AI MERCATI DEGLI ASSETS". Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/4372.
Pełny tekst źródła1. Can a DSGE Model Explain a Costly Disinflation? This paper shows that a medium scale DSGE model fails to explain a costly disinflation with low and partial indexation of prices and wages. Alternatively to Calvo (1982) price setting, with the Rotemberg (1982) framework the model can replicate a recessionary disinflation for any indexation degree. 2. Disinflation and Inequality in a DSGE Monetary Model: A Welfare Analysis This paper investigates the redistributive effects of a disinflation experiment in a standard DSGE model with Limited Asset Market Participation. There are two key mechanisms driving consumption and income distribution: firms’ markup and the cash in advance channel. Results show that disinflation unambiguously increases inequality under Rotemberg. Under Calvo this effect only obtains if the cash in advance doesn’t bind firms ability to finance their working capital. 3. Fiscal Consolidation and Rule of Thumb Consumers: Gain With or Without Pain? This paper simulates a fiscal consolidation in a medium scale DSGE model augmented with Limited Asset Market Participation. Results show that during the consolidation process temporary tax reductions or temporary transfer increases allow to both reduce public debt and boost consumption. A countercyclical monetary policy is an effective complement to fiscal policy as stabilization tool.
Bouton, Laurent. "Essays in game theory applied to political and market institutions". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210325.
Pełny tekst źródła(i) One Person, Many Votes: Divided Majority and Information Aggregation (joint with Micael Castanheira)
In elections, majority divisions pave the way to focal manipulations and coordination failures, which can lead to the victory of the wrong candidate. This paper shows how this flaw can be addressed if voter preferences over candidates are sensitive to information. We consider two potential sources of divisions: majority voters may have similar preferences but opposite information about the candidates, or opposite preferences. We show that when information is the source of majority divisions, Approval Voting features a unique equilibrium with full information and coordination equivalence. That is, it produces the same outcome as if both information and coordination problems could be resolved. Other electoral systems, such as Plurality and Two-Round elections, do not satisfy this equivalence. The second source of division is opposite preferences. Whenever the fraction of voters with such preferences is not too large, Approval Voting still satisfies full information and coordination equivalence.
(ii) Runoff Elections and the Condorcet Loser
A crucial component of Runoff electoral systems is the threshold fraction of votes above which a candidate wins outright in the first round. I analyze the influence of this threshold on the voting equilibria in three-candidate Runoff elections. I demonstrate the existence of an Ortega Effect which may unduly favor dominated candidates and thus lead to the election of the Condorcet Loser in equilibrium. The reason is that, contrarily to commonly held beliefs, lowering the threshold for first-round victory may actually induce voters to express their preferences excessively. I also extend Duverger's Law to Runoff elections with any threshold below, equal or above 50%. Therefore, Runoff elections are plagued with inferior equilibria that induce either too high or too low expression of preferences.
(iii) On the Influence of Rankings when Product Quality Depends on Buyer Characteristics
Information on product quality is crucial for buyers to make sound choices. For "experience products", this information is not available at the time of the purchase: it is only acquired through consumption. For much experience products, there exist institutions that provide buyers with information about quality. It is commonly believed that such institutions help consumers to make better choices and are thus welfare improving.
The quality of various experience products depends on the characteristics of buyers. For instance, conversely to the quality of cars, business school quality depends on buyers (i.e. students) characteristics. Indeed, one of the main inputs of a business school is enrolled students. The choice of buyers for such products has then some features of a coordination problem: ceteris paribus, a buyer prefers to buy a product consumed by buyers with "good" characteristics. This coordination dimension leads to inefficiencies when buyers coordinate on products of lower "intrinsic" quality. When the quality of products depends on buyer characteristics, information about product quality can reinforce such a coordination problem. Indeed, even though information of high quality need not mean high intrinsic quality, rational buyers pay attention to this information because they prefer high quality products, no matter the reason of the high quality. Information about product quality may then induce buyers to coordinate on products of low intrinsic quality.
In this paper, I show that, for experience products which quality depends on the characteristics of buyers, more information is not necessarily better. More precisely, I prove that more information about product quality may lead to a Pareto deterioration, i.e. all buyers may be worse off due.
(iv) Redistributing Income under Fiscal Vertical Imbalance (joint with Marjorie Gassner and Vincenzo Verardi)
From the literature on decentralization, it appears that the fiscal vertical imbalance (i.e. the dependence of subnational governments on national government revenues to support their expenditures) is somehow inherent to multi-level governments. Using a stylized model we show that this leads to a reduction of the extent of redistributive fiscal policies if the maximal size of government has been reached. To test for this empirically, we use some high quality data from the LIS dataset on individual incomes. The results are highly significant and point in the direction of our theoretical predictions.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Okumu, Ibrahim Mike. "Essays on governance, public finance, and economic development". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5282.
Pełny tekst źródłaHubar, Sylwia Patrycja. "Essays on redistributive policies and household finance with heterogeneous agents". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/8601.
Pełny tekst źródłaFlores, Ignacio. "On the empirical measurement of inequality". Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E003/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe 1st chapter presents historical series of Chilean top income shares over a period of half a century, mostly using data from tax statistics and national accounts. The study contradicts evidence based on survey data, according to which inequality has fallen constantly over the past 25 years. Rather, it changes direction, increasing from around the year 2000. Chile ranks as one of the most unequal countries among both OECD and Latin American countries over the whole period of study. The 2nd chapter measures the underestimation of factor income in distributive data. I find that households receive only half of national gross capital income,as opposed to corporations. Due to heterogeneous non-response and misreporting, Surveys only capture 20% of it, vs. 70% of labor income. This understates inequality estimates, which become insensitive to the capital share and its distribution. I formalize this system based on accounting identities. I then compute marginal effects and contributions to changes in fractile shares. The 3rd chapter, presents a method to adjust surveys. These generally fail to capturethe top of the income distribution. It has several advantages over previous ones: it is consistent with standard survey calibration methods; it has explicit probabilistic foundations and preserves the continuity of density functions; it provides an option to overcome the limitations of bounded survey-supports; and it preserves the microdata structure of the survey
Aït, Bihi Ouali Laïla. "Trois essais sur les réponses individuelles aux allocations chômage et à la fiscalité". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0597.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis dissertation gathers three essays on behavioral responses to fiscal systems and benefits.The first chapter, ``Partial Unemployment Insurance and Hour Decisions", measures how financial incentives in Partial Unemployment Insurance (PUI) programs affect job uptake. PUI programs allow jobseekers to keep their benefits when working if the job abides by eligibility conditions. We exploit as a quasi-experiment the 2006 French PUI reform consisting in a decrease in the hour threshold. The main finding is that the reform significantly increased the conditional probability to take up a PUI job below the new hour threshold. A narrowed benefit availability contributes to a decline in worked hours for PUI claimants.The second chapter, ``Potential Drivers of Undeclared Work", investigates undeclared work in France and Europe. This study exploits a unique pilot survey on supply and demand of households. We find that the social circle, autoestimated risk and sanctions and civic values are strongly correlated with undeclared work. Individual heterogeneity adds up but is not substitutable to standard socio-demographic variables. Using the Eurobarometer survey, we find comparable estimates at the European level.The third chapter, ``Top income tax evasion and redistribution preferences: Evidence from the Panama Papers" attempts to explain changes in perceived inequality after worldwide fiscal scandals. I exploit as an exogeneous shock the 2016 Panama Papers scandal revealing top-income households' tax avoidance. I find that, post-scandal, stated preferences for redistribution strongly increases. Using additional data, I find consistent results at the European level
Awawda, Sameera. "A roadmap to attain universal health coverage in developing countries : a microsimulation-based dynamic general equilibrium model". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/190925_AWAWDA_480wiwc30esmfbi673fafoz83y_TH.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaUniversal Health Coverage (UHC) has received during the last decade a revived interest by policy-makers, international organizations and researchers worldwide. There has been hitherto no theoretical-empirical work that can enable to assess the feasibility of UHC and its potential effects at both micro- and macro-economic levels. This thesis presents an operationalizing theoretical framework that is capable of addressing the above issues using dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model and microsimulation technique. The first chapter presents the DSGE model that is calibrated to capture the salient features of an archetype developing economy. Results illustrate how the degree of financial-risk protection can vary with the financing-mix used to implement the UHC reform. The second chapter assesses the macro-fiscal conduciveness of UHC reforms and its impact on welfare and public finance in the particular context of Palestine. Results show that while UHC can enhance welfare, a parallel expansion of the breadth and width of coverage may not be feasible unless a policy adjustment is undertaken. The third chapter examines the potential impact of UHC reforms on intergenerational inequalities in view of fiscal sustainability. The question of who bears the burden of the UHC is addressed using an overlapping generation model, while a convenient measure to assess the social impact of UHC-financing strategies is proposed. Results show that under conditions of limited fiscal space, the choice between deferred-debt and current UHC-financing implies a trade-off between fiscal sustainability against intergenerational inequality, with which the policy-maker will have to confront
Brito, Rejane Alves de. "Método variacional de Bogoliubov Aplicado a modelos de Spins: Ising e Blume-Capel". Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2017. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/9830.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The spin-1=2 and spin-1 Ising models, as well as the spin-1 Blume-Capel model have been studied in one-, two-, and three-dimensional lattices. A variational method based on Bogoliubov inequality for the free-energy has been employed. The trial Hamiltonians consist of clusters of free spins, pairs of spins, and a combination of free spins and pairs of spins. For the three approximations, the thermodynamic quantities of interest have been calculated, together with the critical transition temperature and the behavior close to the transition, in the latter case in order to compute the corresponding critical exponents. The results have been compared to each other as well with exact results, when available, or results coming from more reliable approximate methods. It has been noted that as more interactions are taken into account in the trial Hamiltonian, better results are obtained for the transition temperature, although the critical exponents are always the mean eld like ones.
Os modelos de Ising de spin-1=2 e spin-1, e o de Blume-Capel de spin-1 foram estudados em redes de uma, duas e três dimensões. Foi empregado o método variacional baseado na desigualdade de Bogoliubov para a energia livre. Os hamiltonianos tentativa utilizados consistem em blocos de spins livres, de pares de spins, e da combinacão de spins livres mais pares de spins. Para as três aproximacões, foram obtidas as quantidades termodinâmicas de interesse, bem como a temperatura crítica e o comportamento perto da transição, neste ultimo caso para se obter os respectivos expoentes críticos. Os resultados foram comparados entre si, bem como com os resultados exatos, quando dispon veis, ou provenientes de outras aproxima c~oes mais elaboradas. Veri ca-se que a medida que se incorpora mais intera c~oes nos hamiltonianos tentativa, melhores resultados s~ao obtidos para a temperatura de transi c~ao, embora os expoentes cr ticos continuem sempre sendo os mesmo de campo médio usual. Palavras-Chave: Modelo de Ising,Blume-Capel,desigualdade de Bogoliubov, campo médio.
Blanchet, Thomas. "Essays on the Distribution of Income and Wealth : Methods, Estimates and Theory". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0004.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis covers several topics on the distribution of income and wealth. In the first chapter, we develop a new methodology to exploit tabulations of income and wealth such as the one published by tax authorities. In it, we define generalized Pareto curves as the curve of inverted Pareto coefficients b(p), where b(p) is the ratio between average income or wealth above rank p and the p-th quantile Q(p) (i.e. b(p)=E[X|X>Q(p)]/Q(p)). We use them to characterize entire distributions, including places like the top where power laws are a good description, and places further down where they are not. We develop a method to flexibly recover the entire distribution based on tabulated income or wealth data which produces smooth and realistic shapes of generalized Pareto curves.In the second chapter, we present a new approach to combine survey data with tax tabulations to correct for the underrepresentation of the rich at the top. It endogenously determines a "merging point'' between the datasets before modifying weights along the entire distribution and replacing new observations beyond the survey's original support. We provide simulations of the method and applications to real data. The former demonstrate that our method improves the accuracy and precision of distributional estimates, even under extreme assumptions, and in comparison to other survey correction methods using external data. The empirical applications show that not only can income inequality levels change, but also trends.In the third chapter, we estimate the distribution of national income in thirty-eight European countries between 1980 and 2017 by combining surveys, tax data and national accounts. We develop a unified methodology combining machine learning, nonlinear survey calibration and extreme value theory in order to produce estimates of pre-tax and post-tax income inequality, comparable across countries and consistent with macroeconomic growth rates. We find that inequality has increased in a majority of European countries, especially between 1980 and 2000. The European top 1% grew more than two times faster than the bottom 50% and captured 18% of regional income growth.In the fourth chapter, I decompose the dynamics of the wealth distribution using a simple dynamic stochastic model that separates the effects of consumption, labor income, rates of return, growth, demographics and inheritance. Based on two results of stochastic calculus, I show that this model is nonparametrically identified and can be estimated using only repeated cross-sections of the data. I estimate it using distributional national accounts for the United States since 1962. I find that, out of the 15pp. increase in the top 1% wealth share observed since 1980, about 7pp. can be attributed to rising labor income inequality, 6pp. to rising returns on wealth (mostly in the form of capital gains), and 2pp. to lower growth. Under current parameters, the top 1% wealth share would reach its steady-state value of roughly 45% by the 2040s, a level similar to that of the beginning of the 20th century. I then use the model to analyze the effect of progressive wealth taxation at the top of the distribution
Sampaio, Helena Maria Moreira de Castro. "Income inequality and fiscal policy effectiveness". Dissertação, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/117211.
Pełny tekst źródłaSampaio, Helena Maria Moreira de Castro. "Income inequality and fiscal policy effectiveness". Master's thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/117211.
Pełny tekst źródłaFranco, Bruno Daniel Quintais. "The role of income inequality on fiscal multipliers". Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/15081.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis paper investigates the role of income inequality on the size of fiscal multipliers during the recent crisis. Using various measures of income inequality, the empirical strategy developed suggests a positive and statistically significant impact of inequality on the size of fiscal multipliers of European economies during 2010-11. The results are robust after controlling for the role of outliers, by adding controls that could be driving the results, testing for different forecast vintages, and using a different source of standardized income inequality data. Theoretical arguments that may explain the results are presented. Namely the existence of credit constraints to relatively poor households, and the lower propensity to consume of relatively wealthier households.
Hollenbach, Florian Max Benjamin. "Elite Politics and Inequality: The Development of Fiscal Capacity in Authoritarian Regimes". Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/9803.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe ability to raise revenue is one of the most fundamental requirements for state- hood. Without revenues, states are unable to perform even the most basic tasks. In this dissertation I aim to answer the question: When do authoritarian elites in- vest in fiscal capacity? First, I develop a theoretical argument using computational modeling techniques. I contend that inequality increases the costs associated with higher fiscal capacity due to a possible regime change in the future. On the other hand, elite demand for government spending can raise the incentives for autocrats to increase the tax capacity of the state. Complimentarity between elite-owned capital and government investment can lead to a demand for higher taxation. Based on their personal utility associated with government spending, elites weigh the current benefit of higher tax capacity with possible future costs.
I then test the overarching theoretical argument across two different datasets. First, I empirically investigate the question on a sample of over 90 authoritarian regimes from 1980 to 2006. Estimating a number of different models and including a variety of controls, I find that inequality has a strong negative long term effect on fiscal capacity. On the other hand, more industrial countries have higher levels of capacity. In the second empirical chapter, I investigate the theoretical argument on newly collected data on tax revenue and administrative spending in local Prussian counties in the 19th century. Again, I find that local inequality has strong negative effects, while more industrial areas are associated with higher levels of fiscal capacity.
Dissertation
Chen, Yun-Min, i 陳韻旻. "Growth and Inequality Effects of Fiscal Policies with Heterogeneous Quasi-Geometric Discounting". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74018667700445732205.
Pełny tekst źródła國立成功大學
經濟學系碩博士班
96
The paper investigates how fiscal policies affect economic growth and income inequality in an economy populated by heterogeneous agents with quasi-geometric discounting factor. Incorporating these assumptions pertaining to time preferences, this research aims to examine whether the invisible hand works or whether government’s regulation is preferable to laissez-faire fiscal policy in a two-sector neoclassical growth model. Theoretical and calibration results indicate that government’s fiscal instruments cannot vary agents’ effective discount factors. A laissez-faire fiscal policy is associated with faster economic growth. Redistributive intervention policies lead to distortions in agents’ saving decisions. However, the policy of subsidizing the majority who are relatively poor along with taxing wealthy agents can mitigate income discrepancy between them.
Wei, Yu Chih, i 魏于智. "The effect of regional fiscal distribution inequality on the economic growth post-reform China". Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82494242376776116557.
Pełny tekst źródła國立政治大學
財政研究所
97
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of regional fiscal distribution inequality on the economic growth in post-reform China. By using of the time-series data during the period of 1979-2006, this study analyzes whether or not China’s regional fiscal distribution inequality provides a positive effect for economic growth. Both theoretical papers and empirical papers related to the relationship between regional fiscal distribution inequality and economic growth are reviewed. This study establishes nine empirical models and are estimated by ARDL with cointegration model which attempts to catch the relationship more comprehensively between regional fiscal distribution inequality and the economic growth in China. The main finding of this study is that China’s regional fiscal distribution inequality has the significantly positive effect on its economic growth in the long run. In the short run, China’s regional fiscal distribution inequality has the significantly positive effect or not has an effect on its economic growth. Finally, in order to reduce the mistakes occurred in positive models and enable the study more rigorous, this study uses more methods to test the models and the result.
Suryanarayan, Pavithra. "Hollowing Out the State: Status Inequality, Fiscal Capacity, and Right-Wing Voting in India". Thesis, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8833SBP.
Pełny tekst źródłaWei, ling-kuei, i 魏伶桂. "The Impact of Global Economy and Income Inequality on the Expansion of Fiscal Deficit". Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67234902582342836706.
Pełny tekst źródła國立臺北大學
財政學系
95
In the past, in order to solve the expansion of fiscal deficit, government sets up fiscal discipline, redirection of public expenditure, stress rational budget policies and so on. Fiscal balance has become the ideal goal for Taiwan’s deficit. Even though government has aimed for the expansion of fiscal deficit, it is still increasing rapidly. Meanwhile, the inequality of income has also existed. Hence, the main purpose of this study is to discuss the impact of global economy and income inequality on the expansion of fiscal deficit. In fact, the global economy has based on the neo-liberalism since 1980s. This economic theory emphasizes the deregulation can make the distribution of resources more efficiently. We must recognize that the market system is inseparable in our life, however, people’s property or resources are requirements to enter the market system. Furthermore, the ability to pay will decide the competitiveness in the market system. Once economic ability is unequal, it will lead to unfair exchange in the market system and even result in income inequality. In the capitalism and democratic society, governmental fiscal policies are affected by economic stronger, such as tax reduction or exemption regulations. In addition, government should avoid economic weaker excluding from the market system employs education, social security, etc. Under the insufficient tax revenue, tax base erosion and public expenditure increasingly, the income inequality in society caused the expansion of fiscal deficit. Therefore, government must devote to improving the income distribution to slacken off the expansion of fiscal deficit.
Bernardino, Tiago. "Asset liquidity and fiscal consolidation programs". Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/66785.
Pełny tekst źródła"Analyzing the Socio-Economic Impacts of Fiscal Policies: Educational Attainment, Interstate Migration, Inequality, and Poverty". Tulane University, 2018.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaThis dissertation includes three essays analyzing the socio-economic impacts of fiscal policies in the areas of educational attainment, interstate migration, inequality, and poverty. The first chapter, Labor versus Capital in the Provision of Public Services: Estimating the Marginal Products of Inputs in the Production of Student Outcomes, evaluates and compares the impact of various types of school expenditures on student test scores. It finds that additional operating expenditure has a positive short-term impact on students’ test scores (mainly through its impact on teachers’ compensation) while capital expenditures do no have any impact. The second chapter, Do Government Subsidies to Low-income Individuals Affect Interstate Migration? Evidence from the Massachusetts Health Care Reform, estimates the impact of MHCR on interstate migration of low income individuals to Massachusetts. It finds that providing health subsidy to low income individuals increases the population growth rate of low income individuals in border cities of Massachusetts with the other states and the effect diminishes quickly as distance to the state border increases. The third chapter, Fiscal Policy, Inequality, and Poverty in Iran: Assessing the Impact and Effectiveness of Taxes and Transfers, analyzes the fiscal system in Iran and its impact on inequality and poverty. It finds that the Targeted Subsidy Reform plays the major role in reducing inequality and poverty in Iran.
1
Ali Enami
"A Gender Sensitive Fiscal Incidence Analysis for Latin America: Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and Uruguay". Tulane University, 2019.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaThis dissertation examines how fiscal policy affects gender inequality using a comparable and comprehensive framework and data from Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and Uruguay. Using the harmonized household microdata provided by the Commitment to Equity (CEQ) Institute at Tulane University, this study assesses how fiscal policy in these countries affects households and beneficiaries with gender equity as the focus. This is the first cross-country comprehensive gendered fiscal incidence analysis evaluating the impact of direct and indirect taxes (including consumption taxes and subsidies), direct and indirect subsidies (e.g., cash transfers), and in-kind education and health transfers combined. The study reveals that male breadwinner households are more disadvantaged pre and post government intervention as compared to female breadwinner households. However, female headed households are more disadvantaged than male headed households. In fact, female headed households are the most severely disadvantaged group compared to any other gender variable. In all countries analyzed in this study, fiscal policy as a whole does improve the wellbeing of those who are more disadvantaged pre fisc (i.e., the poor, defined as those who earn less than US$5.50 PPP per day) regardless of their gender. Further research is needed to determine why female breadwinners are better off than male breadwinners, but female headed households are more disadvantaged than any other type of gender household classification. Additionally, more research should be done to determine the most effective gender variables necessary to assess fiscal policy.
1
Samantha Greenspun
Fonseca, Miguel Ângelo De Sá Monteiro Da. "Fiscal consolidations: welfare effects of the adjustment speed". Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/104271.
Pełny tekst źródłaGulker, Amery Johannes. "Fiscal consideration and the distribution of income: does the currency regime matter?" Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/18647.
Pełny tekst źródłaTsoungui, Belinga Vincent de Paul. "On the dynamic effects of fiscal policy". Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13581.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the wake of the 2008-09 Global Recession, several issues have been raised in the economic literature about the short and long-run effects of fiscal policy on economic activity with respect to its signs, its size and its duration. These have important implications to better understand the transmission channels and the effectiveness of fiscal policies, along with the monetary policy being pursued, as well as for their economic fallouts. This dissertation is part of this renewed strand of literature to assess how changes in fiscal policy affect economic activity. It therefore relies on three essays: the macroeconomic effects of government spending and tax revenue shocks, the economic outcomes of the interaction between fiscal and monetary policies and the nexus between fiscal policy and income distribution. The first chapter examines the effects of fiscal policy shocks (government spending and tax revenue shocks) on the Canadian economy, building on the sign-restrictions-VAR approach developed by Mountford and Uhlig [2009]. In response to the Global Recession, fiscal authorities in advanced economies including Canada typically implemented a two-phase approach to fiscal policy. First, they introduced unprecedented stimulus packages to revive their economies. For instance, stimulus measures in Canada, introduced through Canada's Economic Action Plan, were projected at 3.2 percent of GDP in the 2009 federal budget while the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) was estimated at 7 percent of GDP. Following the stimulus, they shifted gears, adopting adjustment plans to reduce public debt and ensure long-term fiscal sustainability. Against this backdrop, examining the size of fiscal multiplier is important to informing the effectiveness of such policy measures in reviving or not economic activity. I find that tax-cut multipliers vary between 0.2 and 0.5, while spending multipliers range between 0.2 and 1.1. Spending multipliers tend to be larger than tax-cut multipliers over the last two decades. For policy implications, these results tend to suggest that fiscal consolidations through large spending cuts could be more harmful to the economy than tax-based fiscal adjustments. The second chapter, co-written with Constant Lonkeng Ngouana, provides estimates of the US government spending multiplier over the monetary policy cycle. Government spending shocks are identified as forecast errors of the growth rate of government spending from the Survey of Professional Forecasters (SPF) and from the Greenbook record, further stripped from their predictable components. The state of monetary policy is inferred from the deviation of the Fed funds rate from the target rate, using a smooth transition function. Applying the local projections method to quarterly US data over the period 1965-2012, results show that the federal government spending multiplier is substantially higher under accommodative than non-accommodative monetary policy. The estimations also suggest that federal government spending may crowd-in or crowd-out private consumption, depending on the extent of monetary policy accommodation. The latter result reconciles---in a unified framework---apparently contradictory findings in the literature. These findings have important policy implications. They broadly suggest that fiscal policy is more effective when needed the most (e.g., at times of slack), if supported by monetary policy. They also have implications for the normalization of monetary conditions in advanced economies: the exit from UMP would lead to much lower federal government spending multipliers than otherwise, even if some amount of slack was to remain in the economy. This further highlights the need for a careful calibration of the timing of exit from unconventional monetary policy. The third chapter examines the impact of fiscal expansion and fiscal contraction measures on income distribution in a panel of 18 Latin American countries over the period 1990-2010, with a focus on the bottom 40 percent. It therefore explores how these fiscal measures and their composition have affected the income growth of the bottom 40 percent, their income share growth and economic growth. Fiscal expansions and fiscal consolidations are identified by periods for which there is a significant change in the cyclically-adjusted primary deficit as share of GDP. I find that on average, expenditures-based fiscal expansion are more likely to increase the income of the bottom 40 percent than revenues-based fiscal expansion. This result is mainly driven by government current consumption, transfers and subsidies. In addition, these fiscal expansion measures help to reduce income inequality by improving the income share of the bottom segments of the population while reducing the top income share. However, fiscal expansion could either have no effect on economic growth or prevent the latter through capital expenditures increases. Results for fiscal consolidation are somewhat mixed. Sometime, fiscal consolidation is associated with a decline of the income growth of the less well-off and rising inequality, sometime the impact is non-significant. None of the fiscal contraction measures affects significantly GDP growth. These findings have important policy implications. Countries with some fiscal space could initiate or continue to implement safety nets program--like conditional cash transfer programs--necessary to prevent the vulnerable segment of the population to adverse shocks and to improve their living standards. With a potential of stimulating low-skill employment, a wise fiscal stimulus through government current consumption increases could also play a significant role to reduce income inequality. Also, to avoid capital expenditures that hinder economic growth, efficient public investment projects should be prioritized in the policy making process. This consists of implementing investment projects with higher productivity that can enhance economic growth necessary to reduce inequality.
Scheibe, Conrad. "Fiscal consolidations and their effects on income inequality. An empirical analysis of the distributional effects of austerity, using a novel approach to identify consolidation compositions". Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-352482.
Pełny tekst źródłaTroch, Tomáš. "Nerovnost bohatství v dynamických stochastických modelech všeobecné rovnováhy". Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-338755.
Pełny tekst źródłaAlmanzar, Miguel. "Essays on the Effects of Growth, Public Expenditures and Infrastructure Investments in Developing Countries". Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-3EA9-4.
Pełny tekst źródłaZeida, Teega-Wendé Hervé. "Essays on business taxation". Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23500.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis explores the macroeconomic and distributional effects of taxation in the U.S. economy. The first three chapters take advantage of the interplay between entrepreneurship and wealth distribution while the last one discusses the trade-offs when financing a corporate tax cut under revenue neutrality. Specifically, Chapter 1 provides evidence using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) that occupation-specific human capital or business experience is quantitatively important in explaining income and wealth disparities among individuals over their life cycle. To capture the data patterns, I build on Cagetti and De Nardi (2006) occupational choice model, modified to feature life-cycle dynamics. I also introduce managerial skill accumulation which leads entrepreneurs to become more productive with experience. I then calibrate two versions of the model (with and without accumulation of business experience) to the same U.S. data. Results show that the model with business experience margin is the closest one. Chapter 2's research question is timely to the recent tax reform enacted in the US, which is a major change of the tax code since the 1986 Tax Reform Act. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) as of December 2017 significantly altered how business income is taxed in the US. I consider a dynamic general equilibrium model of entrepreneurship developed in Chapter 1 to provide a quantitative assessment of the macroeconomic effects of the TCJA, both in the short run and in the long run. The TCJA is modeled by its three key provisions: a new 20-percent-deduction rate for pass-throughs, a drop in the statutory tax rate for corporations from 35% to 21% and the reduction to 37% of the top marginal tax rate for individuals from 39.6%. I find that the economy experiences, a GDP growth rate of 0.90% over a ten-year window and average capital stock increases by 2.12%. These results are consistent with estimates made by the congressional budget office and the joint committee on taxation. With temporary provisions, the TCJA delivers a reduction in wealth and income inequality but the opposite occurs once provisions are made permanent. In both scenarios, the population suffers a welfare loss and finds them difficult to support. Chapter 3 answers the normative question: Should entrepreneurs be taxed differently? Accordingly, I quantitatively investigate the desirability of occupation-based taxation in the entrepreneurship model of Chapter 1, when transitional cohorts are explicitly taken into account. The main experiment is to move from the federal single progressive taxation for both labor income and business profit at the individual level to a differential tax regime where business income faces a proportional tax rate and labor income is still subject to the progressive scheme. I find that a tax rate of 40% is optimal. More generally, the optimal tax rate varies between 15% and 50%, increasing with the planner's aversion to inequality and decreasing with its relative valuation of future generations' welfare. In the context of business tax reform, chapter 4 assesses revenue-neutral trade-offs when financing a corporate tax cut. To meet revenue neutrality, the policymaker uses three instruments to balance the government budget, namely labor income tax, dividend tax, and capital gains tax. I then construct a parsimonious general equilibrium model to derive balanced fiscal multipliers associated with corporate tax reform. Using a standard calibration, I show that both labor income tax and dividend tax multipliers are negative, suggesting a trade-off between a corporate tax cut and these two tax rates. On the other hand, the multiplier related to the capital gains tax is positive, which predicts the coordination of a double cut in both corporate and capital gains tax rates. Moreover, the welfare gains of the different scenarios are mixed.
Thomas, Christopher Gerald. "The discourses on the right to housing in Gauteng Province, 1994-2008". Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/8141.
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