Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „First century Roman social situation”
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Versluys, Miguel John. "Splendid Isolation? A Glimpse into Contemporary British Archaeology". Archaeological Dialogues 8, nr 2 (grudzień 2001): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203800001926.
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Ray Laurence's contribution on the state and future of Roman archaeology as practised in Britain can be summarised as follows: he thinks the discipline to be dominated by a narrative of invasion that is based on literary texts and which has made the concepts of Romanisation and resistance key points in the theoretical discussion. Laurence values this situation as negative. He looks at the discussion on the (im)possibility of representing the Holocaust and at the work of the contemporary architect Rem Koolhaas in trying to formulate alternatives, ending with a manifesto for a twenty-first century Roman archaeology firmly based on recent developments within the social sciences.
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Wójcik, Monika. "Zagadnienie nierówności społecznej w "De Gubernatione Dei" Salwiana z Marsylii : aspekty prawne". Prawo Kanoniczne 54, nr 1-2 (10.06.2011): 339–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/pk.2011.54.1-2.14.
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Salvian both recognized and censured social inequality, however, without transposing his critical attitude onto the relationship between freemen and slaves. For Salvian, this relationship was a point of reference, though indirect, to the relationship between man and God. Salvian considered the characteristics commonly attributed to slaves against the backdrop of Christian duties before God. When it comes to the situation of slaves, some Salvian’s opinions on the lord’s ius vitaenecisque are in conflict with the existing law, as, for instance, some provisions safeguarding slaves against owners’ abuse or lawlessness. Yet, such provisions might not have been fully observed in practice. Salvian recognizes some undeniable Roman flaws when examining the issue of exploitation of the poor by the rich. The main Salvian’s objections relate to both excessive financial burden laid on citizens by the state, as well as to the wealthy shifting the tax encumbrance to the needy. State legislation took some measures to remedy this situation, but, as follows from Salvian’s account, these regulations remained a dead letter. Salvian repeatedly touches on the problem of the ineffective state apparatus. In Salvian’s opinion, in the aftermath of the unjust state financial system, many Roman citizens fled to become the subjects of the barbarian rule. Salvian attributed ill intentions and oppression of the poor to the councillors; it was largely due to their tax collection powers. As follows from Salvian’s account, the councillors’ assumption of the function of tax collectors was to the significant detriment of social relations in cities. The author briefly reviews their role with the maxim: quot curiales, tot tyranni. Not infrequently, Salvian’s considerations seem rather selective, particularly with respect to the socio-political situation. In his opinion, the Roman Empire of the 5th century faced a dramatic economic slump, first, due to the barbarian invasions, and second, due to the poor administration.
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Liyanti, Lisda, i Saskia Nabila. "KOHESI SELF-ESTEEM DAN KEMAMPUAN RESILIENSI ANAK MARGINAL DALAM ROMAN PÜNKTCHEN UND ANTON". LEKSEMA: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 4, nr 2 (31.12.2019): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/ljbs.v4i2.1781.
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Germany nowadays is known as one of the most robust economies in Europe. Yet, at the beginning of 20th Century Germany, poverty became a severe problem that caused a social and cultural impact on the children. Positive self-esteem and resiliency in children were needed to cope with the situation. The roman titled Pünktchen und Anton, written in 1931 by Erich Kästner, describes the children’s life in Berlin dealt with the poverty problem. This research aims to see how self-esteem and resiliency in children described as a life tool for the first figure (Anton) who classified as an adversity child in the novel. This question is answered by using descriptive qualitative method and self-esteem theory by Nathaniel Branden. The result shows there is advocacy in describing a marginalized Anton to become a hero thank to his positive self-esteem (self-efficacy and self-respect). His positive self-esteem builts him to be resilient.
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Lis, Artur. "Kultura prawna w Polsce przed założeniem Akademii Krakowskiej". Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne 15, nr 2 (30.06.2017): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/osap.1270.
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Culture is a very complex reality of human existence, which is comprehended in its different aspects. By the object of culture they are all products of human activity, events, behaviors ordered in certain examples present in societies in the form of rules of conduct which are determined by customs, morality and legal regulations. The acceptance of Baptism by Mieszko I of Poland in 966 was the turning point in the Polish history. The country of the first Polish Piast was rooted in the culture of the international community of European states. This situation favored the influence of certain rights of the foreign Polish legal system. In the then practice of Slavic states, the legal system was based on a tribal customary law (i.e., universally recognized, time-honored form of behaving, accepted in the given social community). From the 12th and 13th centuries the knowledge of Roman law and canon law broadened in Poland. During this period, developing the legal thought was based on both types of law. Knowledge of those systems derived from various sources. This process was used for the import of legal manuscripts of Roman and canonistic study to Poland. An example of the reception of Roman law and canon law in Poland until the beginning of the 13th century is the Chronicle of Poland by Master Vincent called Kadlubek (c. 1150–1223). The document is one of the most important and most abundant sources of law in this period.
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Botha, P. H., i F. J. Van Rensburg. "Seksuele reinheid voor die huwelik in Korinte in die eerste eeu nC". Verbum et Ecclesia 23, nr 1 (6.09.2002): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v23i1.1199.
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Sexual purity before marriage in Corinth in the first century BC A socio-historical overview on the ethical codes within Judaism, Hellenism, and early Christianity shows that very definite codes were in place. Sexual purity within Judaism was based on two aspects, namely a property code and an ethical code. Early Christianity inherited its sexual ethics from Judaism and has reinterpreted it in the light of the Gospel. The moral status of Corinth was to a great extent the outcome of its religious and social history. The Christian community existed within these circumstances, but experienced problems in coping with the moral situation of its time. The Jewish, Graeco-Roman and Christian communities existed alongside each other in the city of Corinth and each of these groups had a code of conduct for sexual purity. It would seem that the different ethical codes for sexual purity had much in common. Virginity was a prerequisite, especially for unmarried females.
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Urbańczyk, Przemysław. "The Goths in Poland — where did they come from and when did they leave?" European Journal of Archaeology 1, nr 3 (1998): 397–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/eja.1998.1.3.397.
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Recent archaeological discoveries and reinterpretations of written sources supported by the concepts of historical anthropology allow the creation of a new picture about the Goths. Most of the archaeologists studying the cultural situation in northern Poland during the Roman period admit today that the roots of the Wielbark culture commonly identified with the early Goths are to be sought in local traditions. The results of that process, which can be explained in terms of change in symbolic consciousness rather than by a demographic expansion, became archaeologically visible in the mid-first century AD. The decision to leave the Baltic zone could have been taken by a Gothic social elite endangered by tensions resulting from unstable trade relations with the Roman Empire and climatic deterioration. However, a substantial part of the agricultural Wielbark population stayed behind, preferring well-known circumstances than risks of an unpredictable fate in distant lands. Among those people, after some time, the hierarchization process was repeated, leading to the emergence of a new elite, which decided to follow their predecessors by migrating to the south east. They are identified by the sources as the Gepids. There are strong archaeological indications that some part of the Wielbark population must have again stayed behind in Poland maintaining close contacts with their southern ‘cousins’. Archaeologists today suggest that some ‘Gothic’ groups from the Pontic steppes returned to the Baltic. The merging of Germanic and Baltic traditions resulted in a new cultural formation. In the ninth century AD, its material culture became more and more Prussian but there is evidence for lively contacts with western Europe, Scandinavia and the Abbassid Khalifate. A specific tradition recorded in the oldest Polish chronicles and in the twelfth century epitaph of the first Polish king Boleslav the Brave raises the serious possibility that some memory of the presence of Goths east of the Vistula somehow survived over centuries and it was used for construction of the Piasts' dynastic tradition.
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Matsiuk, H. P. "Towards a typology of language situations in historical sociolinguistics. The language situation in Kholmshchyna and Pidliashshia in 1815-1915". Movoznavstvo 318, nr 3 (2.07.2021): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33190/0027-2833-318-2021-3-002.
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The article seeks to study a new period in the typological characteristics of language situations related to the functions of the Ukrainian language. The purpose of the article is to analyze the changes in the language situation and the causal interaction of social functions of languages used by the indigenous Ukrainian population on the outskirts of ethnically Ukrainian territory of Kholmshchyna and Pidliashshia in 1815–1915. In order to reach this goal, the author reveals the political factors that led to a variety of language situations, communicative practices, and assimilation processes. The analysis is based on the results of interdisciplinary research on the history, politics, and culture of Kholmshchyna and Pidliashshia, as well as the works on historical sociolinguistics. The sources of analysis include travel records, memoirs, and documents, to which the method of sociolinguistic interpretation and reinterpretation is applied, as well as comparative and biographical methods, elements of discourse analysis. The results testify to three geopolitical influences that changed the directions of development of the language situation: the transition of territories within the Kingdom of Poland to the Russian Empire in 1815; military actions on the territory of Kholmshchyna and Pidliashshia during the First World War in 1914– 1915; the arrival of the new occupation authorities in 1915. In early 20th century, there was a decrease in the number of native speakers of the Ukrainian language: after the permitted conversion from Orthodoxy to the Roman Catholic faith under the tsarist law of 1905 and in connection with the deportation in 1915. Communicative practices of Ukrainians in different spheres of life included a combination of languages: colloquial Ukrainian and Polish, literary Polish, Russian and occasionally Ukrainian, Church Slavonic with Ukrainian and Russian pronunciations, and the German language. Based on the assimilative interaction of the languages, it might be suggested that the life of Ukrainians took place in the face of Polonization. This was particularly a manifestation of the resistance of the Polish and non-Polish population to the tsarist government as an occupation after the uprisings of 1831 and 1863–64, and after 1875, and Russification as a result of the planned conversion of Greek Catholics to Orthodoxy, the creation of new educational institutions and separation on the basis of Lublin and Siedlce Voivodeships
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Kossarik, M. A. "The treatise on the history of spanish by B. de Aldrete (1606) as the first textbook of romance philology". Philology at MGIMO 6, nr 4 (28.12.2020): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2020-4-24-135-145.
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The paper analyses the role of B. de Aldrete’s treatise “Del Origen y principio de la lengua castellana o romance que oi se usa en España” (1606) in the development of Romance philology. The XVII-century author writes about the most important aspects of internal and external history of Spanish, such as: pre-Romance Spain and substratum languages; Roman conquest and romanization; Hispanic Latin; German conquests of Spain; Arabic conquest and the Reconquista; formation of kingdoms in the north and state-building processes; sociolinguistic situation in Spain; the role of Spanish in the New World; changes from Latin to Spanish in phonetics and morphology; sources of Spanish lexis; early written texts; territorial, social, functional variation of Spanish. Apart from the aspects of Spanish philology, B. de Aldrete pays attention to the formation and functioning of Pyrenean languages: Catalan, Galician, and Portuguese. However, B. de Aldrete does not limit himself to examining Ibero-Romance languages. Many aspects of the history of Spanish are shown against a wider, Romance background, bearing in mind the earlier tradition (the Antiquity, in the first place). He also confronts Spanish with other Romance languages and Latin. The analysis of the first treatise on the history of Spanish makes one reconsider B. de Aldrete’s contribution to the development of language description models and the bases of Romance philology. The treatise sets up a model of Romance philology as a full-fledged philological discipline.
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Głuszkowski, Michał. "Socio-cultural and Language Changes in a „Cultural Island”: Vershina – A Polish Village in Siberia". Eastern European Countryside 20, nr 1 (1.12.2014): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eec-2014-0008.
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Abstract The present article attempts to describe the social evolution of the community of Vershina, a village founded in the beginning of the 20th century by voluntary settlers from Little Poland, from a cultural island to the stage of assimilation. The social, economic, cultural, political and language situation of the community changed several times. The most significant historical moments of Russia and the Soviet Union set the borders of three main periods in Vershina’s history. During its first two-three decades Vershina consisted a homogenous Polish cultural and language island. The migrants preserved the Roman Catholic religion, Polish language and traditions as well as farming methods and machines. Collectivization and the communist system with its repressions made the Polish village assimilate to its surroundings. With the flow of time, the generation of first settlers died and some of the traditions of Little Poland vanished or got modified by the elements of the Soviet, Russian or Buryat culture. After the Perestroika the minorities gained some rights, which strengthened in the 1990s. Thanks, to the political changes and the collapse of the SU the inhabitants of Vershina can found cultural organisations, cultivate their religion, and learn Polish in local schools. However, in spite of the regained rights, over the decades of mass sovietization and ateization, the culture and customs of the Polish community became similar to other Siberian villages. Young people from the group of our interest abandon their mother language and are not eager to leave Russia and move to Poland. The process of assimilation is intensifying while there are practically no factors protecting the local culture and language.
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Dagovych, Tetyana. "Law and religion in “Martian the Lawyer”, the dramatic poem by Lesia Ukrainka". Слово і Час, nr 1 (2.02.2021): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33608/0236-1477.2021.01.39-55.
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The paper explains the attitudes towards law and religion in Lesia Ukrainka’s dramatic poem “Martian the Lawyer” (1911). The poem depicts the life of early Christians under the Roman law in the third century and obtains new relevance in the context of the movement ‘Law and Literature’, as the focus on law in this oeuvre allows a deeper exploration of its meaning. Law is connected with religion in two ways in the poem: as a part of the civil religion and as a system of prohibitions and punishments within the Christian community.
Analysis of the text shows that Martian is a carrier of a sophisticated religious form, which implies the juridical elements codified in early Christianity, as well as a belief in law as the incarnation of the idea of truth and justice. The two antagonistic social and spiritual systems – early Christianity and the Roman law – fuse into one ideology that consumes the life of the protagonist. The difference between the juridical laws, the law of nature, and the commandments of Christian leaders disappears within this religious form. In the house of the hero, only those things that represent time or law remain, such as different types of timepieces and juridical texts; Martian’s home becomes a place for abstract ideas, but not for human beings with their needs and feelings. For the protagonist, there are no conflicts between law and religion, but there is a conflict between early Christianity and the Roman law on the one side and, on the other side, human compassion, which is supposed to be a crucial idea within Christianity but is not practiced in the local Christian community. Because of this conflict, Martian completely loses contact with human feelings and becomes an ideal lawyer, which is beneficial for his Christian community but tragic for himself and his relatives. This development signifies not only a sacrifice but also the full realization of Martian’s talent (Ukrainian: ‘khyst’). In some episodes within other poems by Lesia Ukrainka, law and religion are presented as intertwined or undifferentiated, but in “Martian the Lawyer” the author for the first time elaborates this issue thoroughly and creates an ambivalent and sophisticated dramatic situation.
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Stanovcic, Vojislav. "Contribution of historical and literary works to the understanding of political phenomena". Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, nr 118-119 (2005): 93–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0519093s.
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The paper presents a series of arguments which indicate that significant historiographic works describing and analyzing bygone political phenomena as well the literary works which picturesquely depict political situations and human destinies - with their specific approaches and methods - contribute to the better insight and understanding of the phenomena in the political life which philosophy and social sciences express by notions. Social and political life have their bright and dark sides. It is less arguable that political sciences - in the study of phenomena included in their topic -find great help in history, if it is - as Leopold von Ranke advised - oriented only to "show what really happened". Historical studies, specially the ones of the socalled great historians, present to us the images of the situation in a certain period or event with all significant details and contribute to the understanding of that phenomenon, helping to clarify its essence. Thus for example, Appian's Roman Civil Wars or Tacitus' descriptions in The Annals of the suffering of the innocent victims in the power struggle during civil wars and during the ferocious persecution of Christians -innocent, but accused of all possible crimes. What astonishes the reader is the grea similarity between the phenomena, processes, actions happening two millennia ago and in the 20th century. Philosopher and political thinkers (like Aristotle), but also some historians (like Thucydides) offer explanations why some patterns repeat and why they would "keep repeating". In Khalil Inalcik's work, we find detailed descriptions of brutal mutual killings among the sons of the majority of the Turkish sultans in the power struggle after their fathers' death. Generalizing on the basis of the material provided by history, we reach an entire string of general notions in political and social sciences. Great thinkers and writers, from the oldest Eastern and the greatest antique philosophers till the ones from the 20th century, used found inspiration and drew ideas and incentives or material from the sources with which they supplemented their theoretical categories, notions and explanations, including the images of political life. These sources are represented in the great literary works. Contradictory opinions about the character and significance of ail and literature are found in Plato's and Aristotle's writings. Aristotle, who analyzed this problem, presented arguments why literary insights - precisely because of the character of insights they offer - deserve to stand in the same pedestal with philosophy. He used the expression he himself introduced to mark one aspect of the effect of art and literature - and that is catharsis. Psychology facilitates our insights into the motives and consequences of the participants' behavior social psychology being particularly important, but also ethics. The means used to convey a certain truth is less important, its essence is more important. Several Greek philosophers (Parmenides, Empedocles, Xenophon) even the Roman ones (for example, Lucretius Cains) wrote their philosophical treatises in verse. Kant's famous words Sapere aude! with which he asks people to have courage to use their own mind and thus become enlightened originate from the Roman poet Horace, and Michel de Montaigne also used them. Plato and Aristotle referred not only to the available sources about preceding philosophical ideas and political systems, including the first Greek historians, but also to the tragedians, primarily Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides, to the comedy writers (like Aristophanes), to the lyricists (Solon, Simonides, Archilochus). When Aristotle expounds one of the key categories of his political theory about man as a political animal (zoon politikon), he refers to Homer to confirm what he himself believes. Anica Savic-Rebac quotes Strabo's formulations about poetry as "the first philosophy", as well as about Homer's work as "poetic philosophy" and as a source of every kind of wisdom, even every kind of knowledge. With his ideas and images he presented in his literary works, Dostoyevsky influenced several philosophers (Nietzsche, Camus and others) and scientists (Freud, Adler and others). "The philosophy of existence" and its ethical orientation were presented not only in the philosophical, but also in the literary works (Kierkegaard, Sartre, Camus). The so called philosophy of the absurd and "the literature of the absurd" mutually merge and supplement. Not even the best 20th century theoretical treatise about the nature of power - like those by Charles Merriam, Bertrand Russell, Bertrand de Jouvenel or Harold Lass well can depict what man gets to know through the tragedies of Marlowe Shakespeare, Goethe, in which main participants are driven and urged by the yearning to achieve absolute power. "The Great Inquisitor", "The Iron Heel" "Dark at Noon", but also the personalities like Raskolnikov or Verhovensky from the novel The Possessed help us to understand many things. "Gulag" became a political notion because of the title of the novel Gulag. Literature-antiutopia pointed to the dangers of the closed mind and of the technological society before scientific studies had done that.
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Manan, Nuraini A. "Kemajuan dan Kemunduran Peradaban Islam di Eropa (711M-1492M)". Jurnal Adabiya 21, nr 1 (17.07.2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/adabiya.v21i1.6454.
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Spain is more commonly known as Andalusia, the Andalusia comes from the word Vandalusia, which means the country of the Vandals, because the southern part of the Peninsula was once ruled by the Vandals before they were defeated by Western Gothia in the fifth century. This area was ruled by Islam after the rulers of The Umayyah seized the peninsula's land from the West Gothies during the time of the Caliph Al-Walid ibn Abdul Malik. Islam entered Spain (Cordoba) in 93 AH (711 AD) through the North African route under the leadership of Tariq bin Ziyad who led the Islamic army to conquer Andalusia. Before the conquest of Spain, Muslims had taken control of North Africa and made it one of the provinces from the Umayyad Dynasty. Full control of North Africa took place in the days of Caliph Abdul Malik (685-705 AD). Conquest of the North African region first defeated until becoming one of the provinces of the Umayyad Caliph spent 53 years, starting from 30 H (Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan's reign) to 83 H (al-Walid's period). Before being defeated and then ruled by Islam, in this region there were sacs which became the basis of the power of the Roman Empire, namely the Gothic Kingdom. In the process of conquering Spain there were three Islamic heroes who could be said to be the most effective in leading units of troops there. They are Tharif ibn Malik, Tariq ibn Ziyad, and Musa ibn Nushair. Subsequent territorial expansion emerged during the reign of Caliph Umar ibn Abdil Aziz in the year 99 AH/717 AD, with the aim of controlling the area around the Pyrenian mountains and South France. The second largest invasion of the Muslims, whose movement began at the beginning of the 8th century AD, has reached all of Spain and reached far to Central France and important parts of Italy. The victories achieved by Muslims appear so easy. It cannot be separated from the existence of external and internal factors. During the conquest of Spain by Muslims, the social, political and economic conditions of this country were in a sad state. Politically, the Spanish region was torn apart and divided into several small countries. At the same time, the Gothic rulers were intolerant of the religious beliefs adopted by the rulers, namely the Monophysites, especially those who adhered to other religions, Jews. Adherents of Judaism, the largest part of the Spanish population, were forced to be baptized to Christianity. Those who are unwilling brutally tortured and killed. The people are divided into the class system, so that the situation is filled with poverty, oppression, and the absence of equality. In such situations, the oppressed await the arrival of the liberator and the liberator was from Muslims. Warrior figures and Islamic soldiers who were involved in the conquest of Spain are strong figures, their soldiers are compact, united, and full of confidence. They are also capable, courageous, and resilient in facing every problem. Equally important are the teachings of Islam shown by the Islamic soldiers, like tolerance, brotherhood, and help each other. The attitude of tolerance of religion and brotherhood contained in the personalities of the Muslims caused the Spanish population to welcome the presence of Islam there. Since the first time Islam entered in the land of Spain until the collapse of the last Islamic empire was about seven and half centuries, Islam played a big role, both in fields of intellectual progress (philosophy, science, fiqh, music and art, language and literature) and the splendor of physical buildings (Cordova and Granada). The long history passed by Muslims in Spain can be divided into six periods. Spanish Muslims reached the peak of progress and glory rivaled the glory of the Abbasid sovereignty in Baghdad. Abdurrahman Al-Nasir founded the Cordova University. He preceded Al-Azhar Cairo and Baghdad Nizhamiyah.
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Slater, Thomas B. "On the Social Setting of the Revelation to John". New Testament Studies 44, nr 2 (kwiecień 1998): 232–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688500016490.
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Revisionists have argued that no empire-wide persecution of Christians occurred in the late first century and that Domitian was neither a persecutor of Christians nor an evil, incompetent ruler. This essay agrees with those points but also argues that a closer examination of extant Roman and Christian late first/early second century writers demonstrates that Christians were held in low esteem and suffered in Roman society because of their religious convictions. This study argues that Revelation was a Christian response to religio-political pressures by indigenous Asian pagans upon Christians to conform to traditional social practices in Roman Asia.
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Bernard, Seth. "The Social History of Early Roman Coinage". Journal of Roman Studies 108 (5.07.2018): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075435818000497.
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AbstractFiscal explanations often given for Rome's first coins fail to account for the shape of monetary development. Nothing in the mid-republican budget matches the small scale and sporadic production of Roman coins during the early third century, or coinage's rapid expansion in the lead-up to the Second Punic War. Instead, I locate early Roman coinage within a broader reconfiguration of wealth and political power during the early phases of imperial expansion. Coins facilitated the exchange of wealth in the absence of strong social ties; conquest opened up Roman society to vast wealth of this order while also sparking debate about wealth's integration into the political community. Archaeological and textual evidence permits us to trace the contested and uneven development of elite accommodation to impersonal wealth during the third century. This context, I argue, offers the best explanation for Rome's initial coins.
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Maver, Andreja, Harald Müller i Igor Riznar. "Roman capitals from Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia)". Starinar, nr 59 (2009): 119–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sta0959119m.
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The article brings a detailed formal analysis of the Roman capitals from Sirmium, in the light of the stone analysis conducted on the material at the Museum of Srem and elsewhere in Sremska Mitrovica. The capitals dot the historical development of the town from the first half of the 2nd century until the 4th century. First made of regional limestone, they were later joined by those of limestone and marbles of distant source, whereby different stones in capitals coexisted almost throughout the town?s development. This was certainly the situation during the flourishing times of the late 3rd and the 4th century, when Sirmium, as one of the four capitals of the Roman Empire, stood within several formal circles of capitals. The plain-leaved capitals tie it to the rest of Pannonia, the Corinthianizing capitals to the provinces to the east and south, while part of the Asiatic capitals, the largest group, tie it to the wider area of the Mediterranean.
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Rossi, Luiz Alexandre Solano. "Cross and Roman legion: popular imaginary in the first century". Heródoto: Revista do Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre a Antiguidade Clássica e suas Conexões Afro-asiáticas 2, nr 2 (23.03.2018): 419–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31669/herodoto.v2i2.288.
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From the year 63 BCE the new imperial order arrives in Palestine. An empire desired by the gods and considered eternal as the gods themselves are. Nevertheless, the eternity of the Empire passes through instruments of violence against the peoples subjugated in the present. Thus, the cross and the Roman legion will become symbols in the social imaginary of the Palestine’s peasants. Imaginary that is constructed from images present in the daily routine. Crosses and soldiers were present in the Palestinian scenario to remind any peasants of their vulnerability and at the same time to reaffirm the perennity of an empire deified by force.
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Lenski, Noel. "Assimilation and Revolt in the Territory of Isauria, From the 1st Century BC to the 6th Century AD". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 42, nr 4 (1999): 413–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568520991201687.
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AbstractThis article investigates shifts in the scale and organization of violence in the region of Isauria during the period of Roman rule. In contrast with the fundamental paper of B. Shaw in JESHO, volume 33 (1990), which argues that Isaurian violence was a constant in all periods of history, this study attempts to show that major Isaurian uprisings were brought under control from the mid-first century to the mid-third century AD. In these centuries the Isaurians became increasingly sedentarized, adopted Hellenistic social and political structures, and cooperated with the Roman state actively, particularly as soldiers. Only after the midthird century did Isauria again turn against Rome, this time with increased strength built on the economic and social development it had experienced under Roman rule.
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Clifford, Richard. "Changing Christian Interpretations of the Old Testament". Theological Studies 82, nr 3 (wrzesień 2021): 509–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00405639211033975.
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In first-century CE Judaism, the Scriptures validated Jesus and his message, but later Christians “read back” to Old Testament sources of New Testament texts. Constant alluding to a past document tended to make the document look obsolete and useful only as a source. Can the Old Testament regain its generative power for Christians today? The article sketches the first-century Christian situation, looks at subsequent interpretation, and calls on recent Roman Catholic documents to revise old assumptions.
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Faversani, Fabio. "Social boundaries and social-political categories in Early Imperial Roman History". Romanitas - Revista de Estudos Grecolatinos, nr 11 (4.11.2018): 154–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17648/rom.v0i11.21822.
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This article discusses different historiographical approaches that dominated the studies on early imperial Roman history during the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century. In order to do this, it focuses on two historiographic controversies: in the first place, the modernist-primitivist debate concerning economic history; in the second place, the debate about the constitutionalist approach to Roman politics, and the criticism it attracted. We conclude that historians have paid great attention to the elements that characterize the different spheres of social life, and to the reasons why scholars ought to favour one of them - especially whether to consider more structural or more dynamic aspects of social life. Our article considers the challenges in surveying the elements that integrate and separate these different spheres, i.e. the frontiers, suggesting possible approaches to overcome these limits, mainly by paying attention to their boundaries and connections.
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Manning, C. E. "Liberalitas – the Decline and Rehabilitation of a Virtue". Greece and Rome 32, nr 1 (kwiecień 1985): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383500030151.
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By the end of the first century A.D., the teachings of the philosophers as expounded by Cicero on the practice of liberalitas had been largely accepted, often even in detail, by members of the governing class at Rome. Such would not have been the situation in the last generation of the Roman republic. This paper will seek to explain the cautious attitudes to the quality shown in the last three quarters of the first century B.C., and the declining relevance of these reservations, with the consequent rehabilitation of the virtue, in the early principate.
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Iakovleva, Svetlana. "Marcus Antonius’ Campaign against the Pirates in 102 BC". Sapiens ubique civis 1, nr 1 (1.12.2020): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/suc.2020.1.89-96.
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The struggle between the Roman State and Mediterranean pirates is a problem in ancient history that has not been sufficiently studied. By analyzing events from the turn of the 1st century BC, the author provides information about the first serious military campaign, as well as the qualitative and quantitative Roman staff directed against the piracy in Cilicia. The author concludes that the problem of piracy was not solved and claims that Cilicia was established not as a province but as a military command aimed to resolve the situation in the Mediterranean Sea.
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Meier, Mischa. "The Roman Context of Early Islam". Millennium 17, nr 1 (9.11.2020): 265–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mill-2020-0009.
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AbstractThe article tries to contribute to a more concrete embedding of early Islam into the context of late antique, in particular late Roman history. It takes its starting point in a description of the phenomenon of liturgification as an overarching process of religious permeation and internalization that swept across Eastern Roman society since the second half of the sixth century and saved society from collapse. During the early seventh century, when the Romans suffered from immense territorial losses to the Persians, liturgification contributed to the survival of the Empire as well. Liturgification, however, radiated out into the territory of the immediate neighbors of the Romans, and thus also reached Arabia by various ways, not least via trade and military contacts, but probably above all through the mediation of the Ǧafnids, who energetically supported Christianization in their area of influence, which extended deep into the Arabian Peninsula. In this way, liturgification itself created the enabling space in which Islam could come into being. The restitutio crucis by Heraclius in Jerusalem, March 21, 630, then lent these developments concrete reference points and impetus. It should be viewed as the culmination of a process that was driven in turn by liturgification and characterized especially by the grave threats that the Eastern Roman-Byzantine Empire faced in its war against the Persians in the early decades of the seventh century. It led to a reconceptualization of the imperial monarchy, which now attributed a messianic quality to the emperor in a highly eschatologically charged context. The emperor, in turn, first effectively tapped the representational potential of this quality in the act of restoring the relics of the True Cross in Jerusalem in 630. This brought about a situation of messianic rivalry, since the rise of the Prophet Muhammad – which was made possible in turn by the penetration of liturgification into Arabian territory – was based on claims similar to those that Heraclius had claimed for himself. The first attacks on Byzantine outposts in the years 629/30 may have been a direct response to the emperor’s self-representation in Jerusalem. They were the beginning of the Muslim armies’ excursions beyond the Arabian Peninsula and thus the beginning of the great Muslim-Arabian Empire that would come into being in the ensuing century. Against this background, the restitutio crucis proves to be vitally important as a turning point in developments both within the Byzantine Empire and beyond its borders.
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Tran, Nicolas. "The Work Statuses of Slaves and Freedmen in the Great Ports of the Roman World (First Century BCE–Second Century CE)". Annales (English ed.) 68, nr 04 (grudzień 2013): 659–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398568200000133.
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This article investigates the working identities of slaves and freedmen involved in the economies of Roman ports between the first century BCE and the second century CE. Textual evidence (from manuscripts to more diverse epigraphic productions) reveals the great diversity that predominated within these social categories. This heterogeneity was related to the level of technical difficulty involved in the tasks that were performed and thus to workers’ professional skills, as was the case in other urban economies. Nevertheless, factors specific to port economies, particularly with regard to long-distance trade, were also important. The opposition between unskilled workers and trusted agents represents only a part of this broad spectrum. The complexity that can be observed lies in the lack of correspondence—or even the dissonance—between the legal, social, and work statuses of individuals.
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Abramzon, Mikhail G., Mikhail Yu Treister i Nikolaï I. Vinokurov. "Two Hoards of Coins and Jewellery Items from the Time of the Roman-Bosporan War of AD 45–49 from the Site of Artezian". Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 18, nr 2 (2012): 207–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700577-12341235.
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Abstract This article is the publication of two hoards found in 2009 during excavations of the fortified settlement of Artezian in the Eastern Crimea, which met its end at the very beginning of the Roman-Bosporan war of AD 45–49. The assemblages contain 244 bronze Bosporan coins from the end of the 1st century BC to the first half of the 1st century AD (Caesarea, Agrippia, Aspurgus, Gepaepyris, Mithridates VIII), 10 silver denarii of the Roman emperors Augustus and Tiberius, and also various items of gold, silver and bronze jewellery and glass vessels. The discovery of these hoards not only provides further archaeological confirmation of the historical events of the mid-1st century BC, but also makes it possible to establish, with more precision, the chronology of certain categories of jewellery items and glass vessels, which in a number of cases had only been represented by rare specimens of Bosporan, Eastern-Mediterranean and Roman workmanship of a high level. Deserving of special attention is the find, in the context of hoards, of a well-preserved gladius of the Mainz type. For the first time it has proved possible reliably to record the initial phase of the Bosporan-Roman War of AD 45–49 at an archaeological site, situated within the territory of the European Bosporus. The unique nature of the materials from Artezian lies in their diversity and the narrow chronological range of their hoarding, linked to important events of not only Bosporan but also Mediterranean history, which had a considerable influence on the military-political situation in the Pontic region.
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Aune, David E. "The Apocalypse of John and Graeco-Roman Revelatory Magic". New Testament Studies 33, nr 4 (październik 1987): 481–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688500020968.
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The Apocalypse of John mirrors in a very distinctive way the social and cultural amalgam which constituted late first century Christianity. Though a Christian document it is heavily indebted to Jewish religious and apocalyptic traditions. It also exhibits both the influences of and the reactions to Hellenism. The purpose of this paper is to examine selected Hellenistic magical traditions which have been taken up consciously by John and fashioned into an anti-magic apologetic.
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Sandon, Tatjana, i Luca Scalco. "MORE THAN MISTRESSES, LESS THAN WIVES: THE ROLE OF ROMAN CONCUBINAE IN LIGHT OF THEIR FUNERARY MONUMENTS". Papers of the British School at Rome 88 (19.05.2020): 151–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246220000057.
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This article focuses on the role of concubinae in the Roman world, through analysis of inscriptions and reliefs on funerary monuments involving these women and their relatives. It investigates why concubinatus was chosen in preference to legal marriage, and how the concubina was perceived as a member of her partner's family. The results bring to light how this type of quasi-marital union was an appealing option for men of social standing, and that the role of concubinae accepted by their partners was not so dissimilar to that of legal wives. The article considers funerary monuments from Roman Italy, dating from the first century BC to the early third century AD. It deals with the role of Roman concubinae by analysing tombstones from both an archaeological and historical point of view; the aim of this analysis is to reconstruct a social pattern of concubinatus and of the individuals involved in this type of quasi-marital relationship, with the aid of two different types of ancient sources.
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Georges, Sidiropoulos. "Interpreting the Local Development through the History of the Place". International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 5, nr 4 (październik 2014): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.2014100106.
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The city of Nigrita is located in Visaltia, the valley of the Strymon, in Eastern Macedonia wich in the past was an active shareholder of Greek history. The text tries to explain the current situation through the time. The approach involves both the city of Nigrita -and Visaltia- the region in which it grows, from the time of first appearance until today. The town appears for the first time in the 15th century and quickly evolves into village and then in a strong town. In an area with a significant presence in Classical and Byzantine periods, the city meets the conditions to be established. The determining factor for its establishment is the change of traffic policy during the Ottomanic occupation, which choose the mountain shortcuts instead of the Roman style traffic through lowland axes. Developed ex nihilo, at the area of this node in the old Roman road system, the city of Nigrita serves one of the main intersections in the valley of Serres to Thessaloniki. Since then, the growth of the city is continuous until two decisive events in the early 20th century. The first one, concerns the change in traffic policy of New Greek State, which sets new routes that bypass the city. The second fact is linked with the transformation of Nigrita's geographical situation, decisively altered by the draining of lake Kerkinida, making the city part of a mandatory central corridor in a typical city in an open plain. Since then, the city has a very slow and declining growth, because of certain particularities and also the general situation of the Greek periphery. The text seeks to understand and interpret the present city, through data in-city and regional scale, attempting to study-specified cross sections in the historical geography of the place.
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Dambruyne, Johan. "Guilds, Social Mobility and Status in Sixteenth-Century Ghent". International Review of Social History 43, nr 1 (kwiecień 1998): 31–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859098000029.
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This article investigates the relationship between social mobility and status in guilds and the political situation in sixteenth-century Ghent. First, it argues that Ghent guilds showed neither a static picture of upward mobility nor a rectilinear and one-way evolution. It demonstrates that the opportunities for social promotion within the guild system were, to a great extent, determined by the successive political regimes of the city. Second, the article proves that the guild boards in the sixteenth century had neither a typically oligarchic nor a typically democratic character. Third, the investigation of the houses in which master craftsmen lived shows that guild masters should not be depicted as a monolithic social bloc, but that significant differences in status and wealth existed. The article concludes that there was no linear positive connection between the duration of a master craftsman's career and his wealth and social position.
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Adamiak, Stanisław. "Kontynuacja przymusu państwowego w sprawach religijnych w Afryce Północnej". Vox Patrum 64 (16.12.2015): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.3704.
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The paper aims at showing the continuity of the methods and motivations of the religious persecutions in Roman North Africa between IV and VII century. Different examples are briefly analysed: anti-Christian persecutions of the first centuries, the struggle between the Catholics and the Donatists, the persecution of the Catholics by the Vandals and the religious coercion exercised against Jews and dissidents under Byzantine dominion. The continuity can be found not only in the means employed by the oppressors and their justification, but also in the description of the situation produced by the victims.
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Moisá Elicabide, Laura Carla, Jana K. Silverman i María Piñón Pereira Dias. "Labor and Development in Twenty-first-Century Latin America: Two Political Options". Latin American Perspectives 46, nr 6 (24.10.2018): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x18806592.
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An analysis of the results of social and labor policy in two Southern Cone countries (Uruguay and Brazil) and two members of the Pacific Alliance (Mexico and Colombia) between 2000 and 2012 focused on minimum wage policy, state intervention in labor market regulation and supervision, and relations between governments and social and political actors, especially unions, indicates that, in contrast to the situation in the progressive countries, the neoliberal policies adopted by Mexico and Colombia maintained social divisions instead of reducing them in this period. Un análisis de los resultados de la política social y laboral en dos países del Cono Sur (Uruguay y Brasil) y dos miembros de la Alianza del Pacífico (México y Colombia) entre 2000 y 2012 enfocado en la política de salario mínimo, intervención estatal en regulación y supervisión del mercado laboral, y las relaciones entre los gobiernos y los actores sociales y políticos, especialmente los sindicatos, indica que, a diferencia de la situación en los países progresistas, las políticas neoliberales adoptadas por México y Colombia mantuvieron las divisiones sociales en lugar de reducirlas en este período.
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Au, Connie. "Globalization and Asian Pentecostalism in the Twenty-First Century". Pneuma 42, nr 3-4 (9.12.2020): 500–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700747-bja10022.
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Abstract This article aims to explore the development of Pentecostalism in Asia under the tide of globalization since the beginning of the twenty-first century. It will do so in three sections. First, it investigates megachurches and the prosperity gospel in Asian countries and regions that enjoy a greater extent of liberty and where neo-capitalism has emerged. Second, the article discusses the situation of Pentecostalism in countries ruled by totalitarian regimes. Pentecostalism cannot grow freely there, but it is relatively safe for Pentecostals to provide humanitarian relief and social services. Third, the article illustrates how migration as a major phenomenon of globalization has influenced pentecostal mission. It focuses on African Pentecostals who engage in trades in China and the Filipino/a Charismatics who are migrant workers. In the conclusion, the article discusses how the coronavirus pandemic has been reshaping globalization and Pentecostalism and offers a possible way to see the future.
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Eckardt, Hella, i Sandie Williams. "The Sound of Magic? Bells in Roman Britain". Britannia 49 (8.03.2018): 179–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x18000028.
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AbstractBells are recorded in many published excavation reports from Roman sites, but there has been no previous study of the British material. This paper explores the significance of bells in the Roman world from both a ritual and a functional perspective. We create a first typology of Romano-British bells, provide an understanding of their chronology and examine any spatial and social differences in their use. Special attention is paid to bells from funerary or ritual contexts in order to explore the symbolic significance of these small objects. Bells from other parts of the Roman world are considered to provide comparisons with those from Roman Britain. The paper demonstrates that small bells were used as protective charms and may have been preferentially placed into the graves of children and young women. The paper identifies a new, probably Roman type of bell that has no parallels within the Empire, although similar pieces occur in first- and second-century graves in the Black Sea region.
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Edwards, Owen Dudley. "The Irish Priest in North America". Studies in Church History 25 (1989): 311–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400008767.
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To assert at the outset of this study, as I do, that the task before me is both impossible and essential, may be justly proclaimed a proceeding both cowardly and obvious. We are principally concerned with the nineteenth century, but the twentieth century prolonged many of the features of Irish Roman Catholic clerical identity of the nineteenth, in North America as elsewhere. Vitally important patterns and castes (social and mental) were established in the eighteenth century, and the first Irish-American Roman Catholic priestof major significance in the United States, John Carroll (1735-1815), first Roman Catholic bishop in the U.SA and first archbishop of Baltimore, owed his American birth initially to migration of his father’s kinsmen in the late seventeenth century. Anglophone North America from 178 3 consisted of two political obediences, with similarities and contrasts both subtle and, at least superficially, forceful. The huge and consistently expanding area of white settlement in North America in which the Irish Catholic clergy participated, created other great divergences: when American historians at the end of the nineteenth century under the influence of figures as divergent as Frederick Jackson Turner of the ‘frontier thesis’, Ulrich Bonnell Phillips of slavery apologetics, and Alfred Thayer Mahan of sea-power celebration, looked to environmentalism as the chief explanation of the American past, they may have oversimplified—indeed, they did oversimplify—but their sheer preoccupation with the question gives its own warnings against a filio-pietism which chooses to see an Irish ethnic character resolutely asserting itself to the third, fourth, and even later generations.
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Magee, Peter. "Revisiting Indian Rouletted Ware and the impact of Indian Ocean trade in Early Historic south Asia". Antiquity 84, nr 326 (25.11.2010): 1043–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00067065.
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Indian Rouletted Ware pottery is the iconic marker of the overseas reach of the subcontinent at the turn of the first millennium AD. In the mid twentieth century this was naturally seen as prompted by the contemporary Roman Empire, while the later post-colonial discourse has emphasised the independence and long life of Indian initiatives. In this new analysis the author demonstrates a more complex socio-economic situation. While Greyware is distributed long term over south India, Rouletted ware is made in at least two regional centres for coastal communities using a new ceramic language, one appropriate to an emerging international merchant class.
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Vasiljević, Mirko. "Company law of the twenty-first century". Revija Kopaonicke skole prirodnog prava 3, nr 1 (2021): 51–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/rkspp2101051v.
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Company law, although contractual by its nature, unlike the contract law with low depreciation rate of legal institutes and, in principle, longevity, still has a high depreciation rate and, as a rule, the short duration of its institutes. The reasons for this lie in the fact that the contract law went through "teething troubles" in the previous two centuries, which were marked by major codifications of contract law, as opposed to the company law which is a newer branch of law which was affected by such troubles to a greater extent only in the second half of the twentieth century and it will thus mark to a great extent this, twenty-first century as well. In this paper, the author seeks to predict the main directions of such development of company law in the current (twenty-first) century. It is the understanding of the author that such directions are to be marked by: further strengthening of the institutionality of the company as a legal entity and profiling of legal institutes for protection of this interest and, on that basis, strengthening the so-called system of company social responsability, not only as a policy and moral imperative, but also as a legal category; strenghtening the role of the state regulatory framework in relation to the self-regulatory one with the affirmation of economic freedoms; competition of national regulations and harmonization which is based on that; strengthening civil law institutes in relation to common law institutes in the field of continental law as appropriate to the legal tradition and culture; whithin civil law the takeover of "pure" legal institutes of the Roman or German legal tradition, where they differ, but not mixing them and thus "deteriorating" their nature; seeking the new balance in the relationship between majority capital and minority capital, which prevents the abuse of the majority and the abuse of the minority and which promotes and protects the "interest of a company" as a legal entity; finally, further promoting the principle of arbitrability of intercompany disputes so that the private law will in the choice of the forum for resolving these disputes would be more dominant (prevail) in relation to the public law one.
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Neumann, Nils. "Die πανοπλία Gottes. Eph 6,11–17 als Reflexion der Belagerung einer Stadt". Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 106, nr 1 (31.01.2015): 40–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znw-2015-0003.
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Abstract: The image of „God’s Armor“ in Eph 6,11–17 is modeled, on the one hand, after biblical traditions, taking formulations from the book of Isaiah (Isa 11,5; 52,7; 59,17). But on the other hand the author of Ephesians also adds some elements to the image that do not have any equivalents in Isaiah or other biblical texts. These extra elements in Ephesians are the sword, the shield, the mention of the military term πανοπλία („armor“), and the sandals. The naming of these additional items is based on first century knowledge about the equipment of a Roman legionnaire. As can be shown by comparison to descriptions of ancient Roman warfare in Josephus and Polybius, the wearer of God’s armor in Ephesians is figuratively positioned in a concrete battle situation, namely the siege of a town wall. The author of Eph 6,11–17 imagines the present life of the Christian community as a dramatic situation that can be compared to a battle. With the sword of God’s word in their hands the members of the Christian community are supposed to defend the wall of their fortress against the attacks of the forces of evil.
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Perun, Mykhailo. "MATERIAL SITUATION, DAILY ROUTINE AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF MARAMOROSH PEASANTRY IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 17TH CENTURY". Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University. Series: History, nr 1 (44) (27.06.2021): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2523-4498.1(44).2021.232604.
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In this article, the author tries to comprehensively consider the history of the peasantry from the eastern part of modern Transcarpathia. Particular attention is paid to the general characteristics of the organization of a rural society of the Maramorosh County of the first half of the 17th century. This period was characterized by significant migration within the Carpathian region, which led to the emergence of new settlements in the Upper Potyssia and changes in cultural and domestic nature. According to the author, the main driver of these processes was the minor and middle gentry of North-East Hungary, which encouraged the resettlement of peasants to their lands with the help of certain privileges. The article substantiates the idea that the daily routine of the Maramorosh peasantry and occupations were closely connected with the payment of tribute to their own master. That is why the primary sources on the early modern Maramorosh County peasant history are tax descriptions (urbariums), where much information about the property status, social system, and basic occupations of the people of that period can be found. The author emphasizes that in addition to small and medium-sized nobles, another large landowner in the Maramorosh region were the owners of the Khust dominion. The article highlights the difference between the payment of tribute, forms of management, and some other features of the peasants of the highland and lowland parts of the Maramorosh County. The author writes that based on the analysis of the inventory of the possessions of the nobleman Zhigmond Lipchei (Lipcsei Zsigmond) in 1646 and the decrees of Count Miklosh Esterhazy (Esterházi Miklós) in 1613, we can identify terminological nuances of the documents of this period. The author uses in the publication written sources from the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century, for certain clarifications and explanations, acts, and North-Eastern Hungary and other territories charters. The author of the publication concludes the interdependence between the financial situation of the Maramorosh peasants and their mobility.
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Goodhew, David. "Growth and Decline in South Africa's Churches, 1960-911". Journal of Religion in Africa 30, nr 3 (2000): 344–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006600x00564.
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AbstractSouth Africa's churches grew or declined so quickly in the years after 1960 that by 1991 the country's religious map had been redrawn. This article charts and offers explanations for such developments. Almost all Christian churches grew substantially in the first half of the twentieth century but mainline churches were dominant. They continued to grow numerically into the 1960s and 1970s, but were beginning to shrink as a proportion of the expanding population. By contrast, Roman Catholic, African Independent and smaller independent denominations were growing quickly. By the 1990s, mainline Protestant churches were suffering considerable decline and Roman Catholicism's growth had stalled. African Independent and other churches continued to grow rapidly. A matrix of forces help to explain this phenomenon-including the political situation, socio-economic pressures, secularisation and particular religious factors. A comparative perspective shows South Africa's churches to have much in common with African and global trends.
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SCHNABEL, ECKHARD J. "CONTEXTUALISING PAUL IN ATHENS: THE PROCLAMATION OF THE GOSPEL BEFORE PAGAN AUDIENCES IN THE GRAECO-ROMAN WORLD". Religion and Theology 12, nr 2 (2005): 172–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157430105x00040.
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Abstract<title> Abstract </title>This article contextualises Paul's speech on the Areopagus as reported in Acts 17 in the light of the contemporary religious situation obtaining in Athens in the middle of the first century C.E. Against the background of the pluralistic and polytheistic religious context of life in Athens, Paul's speech is interpreted and situated primarily in the light of the role of the Council of the Areopagus as guardians of traditional Athenian ways. The speech before the Council is characterised by agreements with Graeco-Roman philosophy (Stoicism and Epicureanism), as well as by contradictions with these. It is clear that the thrust of the speech derives from Old Testament prophetic traditions and contemporary Jewish apologetics. Rather than drawing on Graeco-Roman philosophical traditions as a kind of preparation for the gospel, then, Paul is transcending these with revealed theology.
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Cho, Bernardo. "Subverting Slavery: Philemon, Onesimus, and Paul’s Gospel of Reconciliation". Evangelical Quarterly 86, nr 2 (26.04.2014): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/27725472-08602001.
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The lack of a taxonomic exposition by Paul on the issue of slavery in the Roman Empire has led modern scholars to regard the apostle as a socially disengaged religious figure. However, given the risks of anachronistically employing modern categories to describe Paul’s social stance, it seems imperative that interpreters take seriously the context of the first-century Roman Empire when exegeting Paul’s view of the specific issue of slavery. By taking Paul’s Epistle to Philemon as a case study, this paper examines Paul’s particular request to Philemon in light of the concurrent Greco-Roman sources, and analyses how the apostle’s stance towards slavery intersected with the cultural expectations of his time. The intended outcome of this study is both to elucidate how Paul addressed the problem of slavery in the early Christian communities and to provide modern readers with a theological framework through which to engage their own social struggles.
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Torrey, Deberniere Janet. "Hard Road to Heaven: Bearing the Weight of Soul Judgment in Korea’s First Bible Commentary". Journal of Korean Studies 25, nr 1 (1.03.2020): 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/07311613-7932232.
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Abstract Korea’s first Bible commentary, Direct Exposition of the Bible for Widespread Benefit (Syŏnggyŏng chikhae kwangik), is marked by a strong emphasis on human guilt and eternal judgment in its extensive didactic explication. How might this seemingly pessimistic message, read widely by Korean Catholics during the nineteenth century, support conversion in spite of the burden it imposes? This article explores the theme of soul judgment in Direct Exposition against the background of preexisting Korean cultural paradigms. It shows that this teaching carried a logic that could be compelling to Chosŏn Catholics, and that the psychological burdens such threats of judgment in the afterlife might impose could be mitigated by promises of help featured in the same text. This analysis also concludes that, in the political and social situation of nineteenth-century Korea, the emphasis on soul judgment offered validation of suffering and control over destiny.
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Astakhov, Ivan Alekseevich. "Changes in the ethnic picture and its impact on the internal political situation in the Bosporus after Rheskuporis VI". LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, nr 3A (6.09.2021): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-6220202173a1397p.245-252.
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The article examines the influence of ethnic change in the North Black Sea region on the internal political situation in the Bosphorus kingdom in the mid-6th century – the first quarter of the 6th century AD. The main ethnic groups that appeared in the Bosphorus at the specified time, the degree of their influence on the state institutions of the kingdom and the nature of political changes are determined. It is assumed that, as a result of the movement of barbarian groups throughout the North Black Sea region, representatives of these groups have taken power in the Bosphorus kingdom. We can refer to these Sarmatian-Alan representatives and Gothic nobility. With the appearance of the Huns in the North Black Sea region, the Bosphorus falls into the sphere of influence of the Huntribal union, under the de facto rule of the Gothic nobility. With the appearance in the Northern Black Sea region of the Huns-Utigurtribes, power in the Bosphorus returns to the hands of the pro-Roman nobility, to which King Diuptun can be assigned.
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Scheidel, Walter. "Human Mobility in Roman Italy, I: the Free Population". Journal of Roman Studies 94 (listopad 2004): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4135008.
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How did the relentless spread of Roman power change people's lives? From military mobilization, urbanization, slavery, and the nexus between taxation and trade to linguistic and religious change and shifting identities, the most pervasive consequences of empire all had one thing in common: population movements on an unprecedented scale. Yet despite its pivotal role in social and cultural change, the nature of Roman mobility has never been investigated in a systematic fashion. In this study, I develop a comprehensive quantitative model of population transfers within, to, and from Italy, from the late fourth century B.C. to the first century A.D. Owing to the diverse and complex character of these movements, I develop my argument in two steps. The present paper deals with the demographic context, scale, and distribution of the migration of free persons. I argue that the total population of Italy in the early imperial period was of the order of five to six million rather than fourteen to twenty million (Section II); that state-sponsored re-settlement programmes dramatically increased overall levels of mobility on three occasions (during the Italian wars in the late fourth and early third centuries B.C., in the aftermath of the Second Punic War in the early second century B.C., and in the period of constitutional transition from the 80s to the 10s B.C.) (Section III); and that in the last two centuries B.C., colonization programmes and urban growth in Italy required the permanent relocation of approximately two to two-and-a-half million adults (Section IV).
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ROSS, ALAN S. "PUPILS’ CHOICES AND SOCIAL MOBILITY AFTER THE THIRTY YEARS WAR: A QUANTITATIVE STUDY". Historical Journal 57, nr 2 (8.05.2014): 311–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x13000575.
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ABSTRACTThis article presents the main findings of the first detailed reconstruction of the pattern of attendance at an early modern German school, based on the exceptionally preserved matriculation records of the Latin (grammar) school of Zwickau/Saxony in the second half of the seventeenth century. It investigates pupils’ social background, their geographical mobility, and reconstructs their educational choices. Prevailing top-down perspectives on early modern education obscure the range of choices available to pupils. This article argues that substantial social mobility into learned professions formed the backdrop to the preoccupation with rank and distinction within the Republic of Letters in the Holy Roman Empire.
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Lytvynova, Tetiana. "Social conflicts in Ukraine XIX century in historiography and sources". Universum Historiae et Archeologiae 2, nr 2 (12.10.2020): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/26190215.
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The aim of the article was to identify the historiographic tradition of highlighting social conflicts in Ukrainian society of the nineteenth century. Using the methods of historiographic analysis and synthesis made it possible to ascertain that in modern Ukrainian historica science the modern period is still considered mainly from the perspective of the concept of Ukrainian national revival, while the specifics of social processes continue to be reproduced at the level of historiography of the ХIX–ХХ centuries. The main result was the consideration of several persistent historiographic myths that explain the relationship between noble landlords and serfs exclusively in the categories of class struggle. The desire to perceive and reconstruct peasant-noble relations only from such an angle of view precluded the factor of chance in these conflicts, their criminal component. Scientific novelty is determined by the fact that on the basis of archival sources an attempt has been made to show the vulnerability of such a perception of landowner-peasant interaction, the variety of causes and motives of social conflicts. It is argued that popular protests were not directly related to the deterioration of the situation of peasants, but were the result, first of all, of a sharp change in their legal and social status. It is noted that in the historiography of the New History of Ukraine the problem of intraclass conflicts was not even posed. This applies to all social groups, which in Ukrainian historiography are shown as extremely consolidated communities. Attention is drawn to the fact that historians often demonstrate a selective approach to sources, leaving behind the scenes episodes of friendly, solidary relations between landowners and peasants, frequent cases of a breakdown of mutual consent, refusal of peasants to be released, and examples of mutual assistance. The conclusion and practical significance of the study is that modern approaches in historical science require abandoning the extremes in interpreting the social history of Ukraine. It is necessary to pay attention to the reconstruction of the social situation, taking into account the specifics of the relationship between all participants in the agrarian process in the prereform Ukrainian village, to take into account a wide range of social relationships, the essence of conflicts and the circumstances of their occurrence. Type of article: analytical.
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Zivkovic, Valentina. "The sixteenth-century altar painting of the Cattaran (Kotor) fraternity of leather-makers". Balcanica, nr 40 (2009): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc0940075z.
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The altar painting that the Cattaran Fraternity of Leather-makers commissioned from the Venetian painter Girolamo da Santa Croce in the first half of the sixteenth century contains the images of Sts Bartholomew, George and Antoninus. The presence of the first two saints is looked at from the perspective of a long-established religious tradition, while the reasons for depicting the archbishop Antoninus giving alms to the poor appear to reside in the then prevailing religious policy and the local social situation.
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González García, Francisco Javier. "Exploring Alternative Pathways to Social Complexity in the European Iron Age: The Northwestern Iberian Peninsula as a Case Study". Cambridge Archaeological Journal 27, nr 2 (9.01.2017): 295–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774316000718.
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The study of non-hierarchical forms of social organization occupies a prominent place in the European Iron Age research. This paper explores the application of Pierre Clastres political anthropology to the study of the Iron Age. The approach of this study to the Iron Age focuses on the northwest of the Iberian peninsula. It was an area that experienced social changes from 1000 bc to the first century bc–first century ad, from the Bronze Age to the Roman conquest. Using the archaeological record of the northwest Iberian peninsula as a case study, the paper tries to show the potential benefits of applying Clastres’ ideas to the interpretation of European societies from the Iron Age: overcoming, thanks to the application of the concept of non-coercive power, the false and increasingly frequent image of non-hierarchical societies and introducing new ways of explaining social complexity that are not based on economic criteria.
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Dowling, Melissa Barden. "A Time to Regender: The Transformation of Roman Time". KronoScope 3, nr 2 (2003): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852403322849224.
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AbstractAt the end of the first century A.D., at the height of the Roman empire, a new abstract deity of eternal time, Aeternitas, appeared. This first discrete personification of abstract time was initially a female image represented on official coins and monuments, but in A.D. 121, a new male personification of eternal time appeared in imperial, state sponsored art. Both male and female depictions of eternal time were accompanied by a rich array of attributes that connected eternity, immortality, and earthly prosperity. This change in the image of time occurred simultaneously with tremendous changes in Roman culture: the creation of universal time keeping, the creation of elaborate beliefs in the afterlife, and transformations in Romans' expectations of life, lead to the embodiment of an ideal of eternity in the personification Aeternitas, and explain the radical transformations in her/his iconography. It is through a study of the representation of time that we identify a profound reenvisioning of the nature of time in Western thought, when human temporal and metaphysical experiences of time were expanded, laying the foundation for the successful spread of the Christian conceptions of eternal blissful time after the apocalypse.
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Sweet, Rosemary. "WILLIAM GELL AND POMPEIANA (1817–19 AND 1832)". Papers of the British School at Rome 83 (16.09.2015): 245–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246215000100.
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This article offers an analysis of the preparation, publication and reception of the two separate versions of William Gell's Pompeiana, texts that exercised a formative influence over Victorian understanding of not just Roman Pompeii, but of domestic Roman life more broadly throughout the nineteenth century, and that highlight a transition from eighteenth-century antiquarianism to a more ‘archaeological’ approach to the past in the nineteenth century. Using unpublished correspondence that has been overlooked by other scholarship on Gell, it argues that the form and content of the volumes responded to both contemporary fascination with the history of domestic life and the need for an affordable volume on Pompeii. But the volumes also reflected many of Gell's more personal interests, developed in a career of travelling in Greece, Asia Minor and Spain, and were a product of his circumstances: they were conceived in order that Gell (and his coadjutor John Peter Gandy in the first edition) might earn much-needed additional income, and were a means through which Gell could consolidate his social position in Naples by establishing his authoritative expertise on Pompeii.
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Sánchez Rei, Xosé Manuel. "Language and music in Galicia and Ireland in the early 20th century". Oceánide 13 (9.02.2020): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37668/oceanide.v13i.37.
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This study takes a contrastive approach to the situation of Galician and Irish Gaelic in the first third of the twentieth century, and to traditional music in particular. It is a period of significant interest in both Galiza and Ireland in terms of the cultural, political and social climate. Indeed, the current situations of the two countries can hardly be understood without taking these crucial years into consideration.