Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Fiordland

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Fiordland”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 31 stycznia 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Fiordland"

JEWELL, TONY. "Two new species of Hemiandrus (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae) from Fiordland National Park, New Zealand". Zootaxa 1542, nr 1 (6.08.2007): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1542.1.4.

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Two new species of Hemiandrus are described from alpine habitat in the Sinbad Gully of Fiordland National Park, New Zealand. H. superba n. sp. is the largest known member of the genus, and H. nitaweta n. sp. is perhaps the most brilliantly colored. Fiordland is a major centre of diversity for Hemiandrus; a photographic overview and key to the species recorded from the Park are provided.

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Blatchford, Hannah J., Keith A. Klepeis, Joshua J. Schwartz, Richard Jongens, Rose E. Turnbull, Elena A. Miranda, Matthew A. Coble i Andrew R. C. Kylander-Clark. "Interplay of Cretaceous transpressional deformation and continental arc magmatism in a long-lived crustal boundary, central Fiordland, New Zealand". Geosphere 16, nr 5 (31.08.2020): 1225–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02251.1.

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Abstract Recovering the time-evolving relationship between arc magmatism and deformation, and the influence of anisotropies (inherited foliations, crustal-scale features, and thermal gradients), is critical for interpreting the location, timing, and geometry of transpressional structures in continental arcs. We investigated these themes of magma-deformation interactions and preexisting anisotropies within a middle- and lower-crustal section of Cretaceous arc crust coinciding with a Paleozoic boundary in central Fiordland, New Zealand. We present new structural mapping and results of Zr-in-titanite thermometry and U-Pb zircon and titanite geochronology from an Early Cretaceous batholith and its host rock. The data reveal how the expression of transpression in the middle and lower crust of a continental magmatic arc evolved during emplacement and crystallization of the ∼2300 km2 lower-crustal Western Fiordland Orthogneiss (WFO) batholith. Two structures within Fiordland’s architecture of transpressional shear zones are identified. The gently dipping Misty shear zone records syn-magmatic oblique-sinistral thrust motion between ca. 123 and ca. 118 Ma, along the lower-crustal WFO Misty Pluton margin. The subhorizontal South Adams Burn thrust records mid-crustal arc-normal shortening between ca. 114 and ca. 111 Ma. Both structures are localized within and reactivate a recently described >10 km-wide Paleozoic crustal boundary, and show that deformation migrated upwards between ca. 118 and ca. 114 Ma. WFO emplacement and crystallization (mainly 118–115 Ma) coincided with elevated (>750 °C) middle- and lower-crustal Zr-in-titanite temperatures and the onset of mid-crustal cooling at 5.9 ± 2.0 °C Ma−1 between ca. 118 and ca. 95 Ma. We suggest that reduced strength contrasts across lower-crustal pluton margins during crystallization caused deformation to migrate upwards into thermally weakened rocks of the mid-crust. The migration was accompanied by partitioning of deformation into domains of arc-normal shortening in Paleozoic metasedimentary rocks and domains that combined shortening and strike-slip deformation in crustal-scale subvertical, transpressional shear zones previously documented in Fiordland. U-Pb titanite dates indicate Carboniferous–Cretaceous (re)crystallization, consistent with reactivation of the inherited boundary. Our results show that spatio-temporal patterns of transpression are influenced by magma emplacement and crystallization and by the thermal structure of a reactivated boundary.

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Roberts, Clive D. "Fiordland is a special place". New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 35, nr 4 (grudzień 2001): 649–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2001.9517031.

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Blattner, Peter. "The North Fiordland transcurrent convergence". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 34, nr 4 (grudzień 1991): 533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1991.9514488.

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Smith, Warwick D. "New Zealand earthquakes in 1989". Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 23, nr 2 (30.06.1990): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.23.2.97-101.

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During 1989 the Seismological Observatory recorded and analysed 9892 earthquakes in the New Zealand region. Preliminary locations and magnitudes are now available for all these events. This is about five times the number usually analysed in previous years, thanks to the new digital recording equipment which is being installed throughout the country. No earthquakes reached magnitude 6 during the year, although one of magnitude 5.9 in Fiordland was close to that figure. This caused intensity MM VI throughout Fiordland, and lower intensities elsewhere in the southern half of the South Island. Earthquakes of magnitude 5 and greater are listed: they indicate an ongoing level of activity commensurate with New Zealand's seismic history and geographic location.

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Warham, John. "THE FIORDLAND CRESTED PENGUIN EUDYPTES PACHYRHYNCHUS". Ibis 116, nr 1 (3.04.2008): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1974.tb00220.x.

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McGinty, P. "The 2003, Mw 7.2 Fiordland earthquake, and its near-source aftershock strong motion data". Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 37, nr 3 (30.09.2004): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.37.3.139-145.

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The 2003 Fiordland earthquake was not only the best ever recorded subduction interface earthquake to occur in New Zealand, it also provided the opportunity to collect near-source strong-motion data produced by its aftershocks covering a wide magnitude range. Near source strong-motion data had been lacking in the New Zealand data set, on which current attenuation models are based. Here the author presents some preliminary results relating recorded peak ground accelerations in the near-source field to current attenuation models. The near-source data from the 2003 Fiordland earthquake sequence has shown that the observed data has a greater magnitude-dependence than that predicted by the current attenuation models. This new data will help to improve current models and will lead to a better understanding of the attenuation process associated with New Zealand subduction interface earthquakes.

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Davis, JP, i SR Wing. "Niche partitioning in the Fiordland wrasse guild". Marine Ecology Progress Series 446 (2.02.2012): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps09452.

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Wing, SR, i L. Jack. "Fiordland: the ecological basis for ecosystem management". New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 48, nr 4 (30.04.2014): 577–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2014.897636.

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Van Dissen, R., J. Cousins, R. Robinson i M. Reyners. "The Fiordland earthquake of 10 August, 1993". Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 27, nr 2 (30.06.1994): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.27.2.147-154.

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On 10 August, 1993, a ML 6.7 (Ms 7.1, Mw 7.0) earthquake occurred c. 10 km offshore of western Fiordland, New Zealand (45.2° S, 166.7° E). Its hypocentre is approximately 20 km deep which places it on, or close to, the interface between the subducted Australian plate and the overriding Pacific plate. The focal mechanism for the mainshock indicates reverse faulting on either a steep west-dipping, or shallow southeast-dipping plane. Analysis of a subset of the over 7,000 recorded aftershocks defines a shallow (c. 15°) southeast-dipping plane, roughly 25 km long and 15 km wide, that probably represents the rupture surface of the mainshock. The earthquake was strongly felt by fishermen offshore in the epicentral region. Onshore, there were no reports of damage to man-made structures. The maximum peak ground acceleration recorded was 0.08 g at Te Anau, about 73 km from the epicentre. The attenuation of peak horizontal ground acceleration for this event is similar to the attenuation of other shallow crustal earthquakes in New Zealand. The number of landslides triggered by this event is at least an order-of-magnitude less than the number of pre-existing landslide scars. The highest concentration of new slides appears to be in the Vancouver Arm/Hall Arm region, c. 45 km south-southeast from the epicentre. Many of the new slides were narrow, shallow seated failures, or small reactivated portions of older slides. The two largest earthquake-triggered landslides observed are located near Hall Arm, and in the Freeman Burn north of Lake Manapouri. Except perhaps for these two slides, all other observed earthquake-triggered slides will be indistinguishable from storm-generated slides once re-vegetated.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Fiordland"

Scott, James Morfey, i n/a. "Tectonic evolution of the Eastern Fiordland Gondwana margin". University of Otago. Department of Geology, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20081003.094325.

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Eastern Fiordland is an eroded Carboniferous to Cretaceous arc assemblage juxtaposed against the Western Fiordland Gondwana continental margin along the Grebe Shear Zone. In the Manapouri region, Eastern Fiordland is composed of scattered metasedimentary and plutonic rocks of Carboniferous, Jurassic and Jurassic-Early Cretaceous age. Quantitative P-T estimates on rare paragneiss assemblages, coupled with LA-ICP-MS analyses of metamorphic overgrowths on detrital zircon grains, demonstrate metamorphism at low to middle amphibolite facies (<6 kbar, c. 600�C) at 145.0 � 2.8 Ma (all quoted errors at 2[sigma]). The Manapouri-Lake Te Anau area of Eastern Fiordland also exposes scattered fragments of the Mesozoic volcano-sedimentary Loch Burn Formation. Relict sedimentary features within this long-lived Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous unit indicate deposition in a mostly terrestrial or shallow water environment that was fed by debris flows from proximal granitic and volcanic topographic high points. Deposition of the Loch Burn Formation in the Murchison Mountains is bracketed between a 342.3 � 1.5 Ma basal granite and an intrusive 157.6 � 1.4 Ma quartz diorite. Metamorphism throughout the unit achieved greenschist and amphibolite facies temperatures (P unconstrained) in the Early Cretaceous (post c. 148 Ma and prior to c. 121 Ma). Although metasedimentary rocks provide insights into the tectonic evolution of Eastern Fiordland, a range of compositionally heterogeneous plutonic rocks dominates the geology. At Lake Manapouri, these comprise four principal associations: (1) the composite Pomona Island Granite (Carboniferous-Permian and Jurassic), (2) the Beehive Diorite (148.6 � 2.3 Ma), (3) the heterogeneous Hunter Intrusives (Carboniferous, Jurassic and Early Cretaceous) of the Darran/Median Suite and (4) HiSY granitoid dikes of the Separation Point Suite (123.5 � l.2Ma). The latter suite also occurs in immediately adjacent parts of Western Fiordland, forming the Refrigerator Orthogneiss (120.7 �1.1 Ma), the Puteketeke Granite (120.9 � 0.8 Ma) and the West Arm Leucogranite (116.3 � 1.2 Ma). Geobarometry indicates the Jurassic portions of the Darran/Median Suite were emplaced between 4 - 6 kbar and Western Fiordland Early Cretaceous Separation Point Suite between 5 - 7 kbar. Zircon initial �⁷⁷Hf/�⁷⁶Hf isotopic ratios suggest that Separation Point Suite magma could be derived from the same Paleozoic - Late Neoproterozoic mantle source as the Jurassic portion of the Hunter Intrusives member of the Darran/Median Suite. However, Early Cretaceous plutons west of the Early Cretaceous active margin (and study area) have significantly more evolved source regions, reflecting the influence of continental Gondwana on lithosphere composition. Initial �⁷⁷Hf/�⁷⁶Hf ratios from the Loch Burn Formation Carboniferous basal granite zircon are slightly less primitive than either Darran/Median or Separation Point Suite but nowhere near as evolved as similar-aged zircon in the Eastern Fiordland Mt Crescent Paragneiss unit in the Hunter Mountains. The Cambrian/Early Ordovician Russet Paragneiss, which lies just west of the Grebe Mylonite Zone in Western Fiordland and has been intruded by a range of Early Paleozoic to Mesozoic plutons, was metamorphosed at 7.5 � 1.2 kbar, 633 � 25�C at 348.6 � 12 Ma and exhibits no evidence for Jurassic re-equilibration. Zircon U-Pb isotopes from a pelitic schist enclave within the Western Fiordland Mt Murrell Amphibolite are interpreted to show that these and associated intrusive rocks were also metamorphosed at kyanite-grade in the Carboniferous. This event, �M1�, generated a pervasive lineation and distinctive pargasite-anorthite-kyanite/corundum-bearing assemblages in layered aluminous components to the Mt Murrell Amphibolite, garnet-amphibole-biotite-kyanite-gedrite-plagioclase-quartz in metasomatised tonalite at the Mt Murrell Amphibolite margins, and low CaO-garnet in pelitic schist enclaves within the amphibolite. P-T estimates suggest M1 took place at 6.6 � 0.8 kbar, 618 � 25�C. Both the timing and P-T conditions of M1 overlap with metamorphism of the Russet Paragneiss. However, the layered amphibolites and pelitic schist enclaves partially re-equilibrated in the Early Cretaceous (c. 115 Ma) at higher pressure (8.8 � 0.9 kbar). This event, �M2�, generated static assemblages of margarite, epidote, chlorite, oligoclase-andesine and second-generation kyanite in the layered amphibolites and relict olivine gabbronorite, and high-CaO garnet rims, biotite, plagioclase, quartz, kyanite and staurolite in the pelitic schist enclaves. Trace element chemistries of c. 340 Ma zircon grains in the schist have unusual smoothed Ce/Ce* anomalies and high Th/U ratios. These properties may be result of fluid flow and metasomatism from the enveloping amphibolite during imposition of the penetrative M1 lineation. Early Cretaceous (c. 115 Ma) zircon overgrowths and chemistries (low heavy rare earth elements, low Th/U ratios, large Eu/Eu* anomalies) are compatible with formation in the presence of local M2 garnet and plagioclase. M2 was coeval with amphibolite to garnet-granulite facies metamorphism of the regionally extensive Western Fiordland Orthogneiss and Arthur River Complex, thus demonstrating that high-pressure metamorphism was not restricted to the Western Fiordland Early Cretaceous components and their marginal metasedimentary rocks. The Grebe Mylonite Zone forms a lithologic, metamorphic, isotopic and structural boundary between Eastern and Western Fiordland. This 200 to 300 metre-wide and > 50 km long north-striking mylonitic zone is the prominent manifestation of deformation associated with the wider (c. 30 km) Grebe Shear Zone, which extends into Eastern and Western Fiordland. Qualitative and quantitative P-T estimates indicate the currently exposed level of the Grebe Mylonite Zone was active at amphibolite facies conditions (c. 600�C and c. 6 kbar). Coupled U-Pb and Ar-Ar data indicate the mylonite zone was active at, or between, c. 128 and 116 Ma. Temperature-time profiles constructed along a transect perpendicular to the shear zone, used in conjunction with fabric data and the orientation of nearby Tertiary unconformities, suggest that the currently sub-vertical shear zone was rotated during the Cenozoic from an initially steeply east-dipping geometry with a reverse sense of shear. This style of deformation is consistent with an inclined continuously partitioned transpressional structure. Synkinematic emplacement and deformation of the Refrigerator Orthogneiss implies that Grebe Shear Zone provided a crustal anisotropy that facilitated the movement and emplacement of some Separation Point Suite magmas through the crust. Data collected here are interpreted to show that the Grebe Shear Zone is a terrane-bounding suture. Differences in metasedimentary rock composition, age, provenance and metamorphism across the zone suggest that the crustal framework to Eastern Fiordland did not forth in its current tectonic position. Instead, the Mesozoic portion of Eastern Fiordland is inferred to have developed allochthonously with respect to Western Fiordland, with components internally dismembered and rearranged during Jurassic metamorphism and juxtaposition in the Early Cretaceous. However, the Jurassic portion of the arc may have developed near the Gondwana margin because the Jurassic Borland Paragneiss contains detritus that can be partly matched to sources in the Western and Eastern Provinces of New Zealand, as well as early parts of the Darran/Median Suite and Loch Burn Formation. Recognition that the Eastern Fiordland arc was faulted against and then over Western Fiordland in the Early Cretaceous provides a possible driving mechanism for coeval transpressive shortening, rapid burial and high-pressure metamorphism (e.g., as seen in the Mt Murrell Amphibolite) of the lower Western Fiordland crust.

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Currey, Rohan J. C., i n/a. "Conservation biology of bottlenose dolphins in Fiordland, New Zealand". University of Otago. Department of Marine Science, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090730.141243.

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The bottlenose dolphins of Fiordland, New Zealand, live at the southern limit of the species' worldwide range. They are exposed to impacts from tourism and habitat modification, particularly in Doubtful Sound, and their conservation requirements are presently unclear. Dolphin abundance was estimated in Doubtful Sound using photo-identification census and capture-recapture techniques (56 individuals; 95% CI: 55-57), detecting a decline of 34-39% over 12 years among adults and sub-adults (>3 years old). The cause of this decline was investigated via demographic modelling in Doubtful Sound and a comparative assessment of population status in Dusky Sound. Capture-recapture modelling of photo-identification data compiled since 1990 yielded a constant adult survival rate marginally lower than prior estimates for wild bottlenose dolphins ([phi]a(1990-2008) = 0.9374; 95% CI: 0.9170-0.9530). Survival of calves (<1 year old) declined to an unsustainable level that is thought to be the lowest recorded for wild bottlenose dolphins ([phi]c(2002-2008) = 0.3750; 95% CI: 0.2080-0.5782) coincident with the opening of a second tailrace tunnel for a hydroelectric power station. Reverse-time capture-recapture modelling detected declines in recruitment (f(1994-2008) = 0.0249; 95% CI: 0.0174-0.0324) and population growth ([lambda](1994-2008) = 0.9650; 95% CI: 0.9554-0.9746) over time consistent with the decline in calf survival (<1 year old) and a separate reduction in juvenile survival (1 to 3 years old) reflecting cumulative impacts. Dolphin abundance was estimated in Dusky Sound using photo-identification census and capture-recapture techniques (102 individuals, 95% CI: 100-104) providing no evidence of interchange with Doubtful Sound. A comparative assessment of health status between Doubtful and Dusky Sounds revealed skin lesioning was more severe in Doubtful Sound, particularly among females, and newborn calves appeared to be smaller and were born over a shorter period: factors that may contribute to the low levels of calf survival in Doubtful Sound. The Fiordland bottlenose dolphins were assessed under IUCN Red List regional criteria. The small size of the population (205 individuals, 95% CI: 192-219) combined with the projected rate of decline in stochastic matrix models (average decline 31.4% over one generation) resulted in a recommended classification of Critically Endangered.

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Cassady, St Clair Colleen. "Mechanisms of brood reduction in Fiordland crested penguins (Eudyptes pachyrhynchus)". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Zoology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6953.

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Mechanisms of brood reduction were studied in Fiordland crested penguins (Eudyptes pachyrhynchus) on Open Bay Islands from July through October 1989. I quantified behavioural and environmental causes of egg and chick loss at the time of laying, during incubation, and after hatching to evaluate hypotheses advanced to explain the unique patterns of hatching asynchrony and egg dimorphism in eudyptid penguins. Although first eggs experienced lower survival than second eggs and most losses occurred during the laying interval, aggression between adult penguins did not appear to contribute to egg loss at any time. Similarly, egg mortality was not influenced by the effects of nest crowding or cover, or by the degree of intraclutch egg dimorphism. Egg temperatures were measured throughout the incubation period with thermocouples implanted in preserved eggs. Recorded temperatures increased markedly after the laying of the second natural egg, but did not differ between eggs of different sizes within a nest. First eggs were not consistently incubated in the anterior nest position and that position did not confer a thermal disadvantage. However, first eggs hatched later than second eggs. Retarded brood patch development may contribute to lower egg temperatures during the laying interval. Chicks from larger, second-laid eggs were larger at hatching, and grew more rapidly than their siblings. Overt aggression between feeding chicks was not observed and begging and feeding rates appeared to be similar. Nonetheless, large chicks experienced higher survival to the creche stage. Intra-clutch egg dimorphism was negatively correlated with the number of days two chicks survived in the same nest, but there was no relationship between survival and hatching asynchrony.

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Boisseau, Oliver, i n/a. "The acoustic behaviour of resident bottlenose dolphins in Fiordland, New Zealand". University of Otago. Department of Marine Science, 2005. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20060728.140213.

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The bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus is an extremely well-studied species. We have an extensive knowledge of certain aspects of their vocal behaviour, particularly from captive contexts. Bottlenose dolphins produce a rich tapestry of vocalisations, however, which have historically received minimal attention. Resident groups of bottlenose dolphins frequent the waterways of Fiordland in southwest New Zealand. These deep, sheltered fiords are ideally suited for acoustic studies. This thesis presents the first detailed study of bottlenose dolphin acoustics in New Zealand. Both narrowband and broadband systems were used to record the vocalisations of two resident groups. Effort was distributed evenly over three years for both Doubtful Sound and Milford Sound. From 875 recordings, I proposed a repertoire of 15 discrete calls. These categories were subsequently compared using parameters measured from almost 2000 individual vocalisations. Various multivariate techniques revealed some redundancy in the proposed repertoire, and it was subsequently reduced to 12 calls. The 12 call repertoire was compared between the potentially interbreeding populations of Doubtful Sound and Milford Sound. Fiord-specificity was revealed for many of the calls, particularly the sequenced calls and whistles. These differences suggest bottlenose dolphins use dialects, in keeping with studies of killer whales and sperm whales. As Fiordland dolphins are out of sight for 90% of the time, acoustic techniques allow inference in to subsurface behaviour. I investigated sequential relationships among sounds and between sounds and behaviours. Many calls were strongly implicated in social interactions. The vocalisations ratchet, orca and the sequenced calls were associated with periods of conflict. A number of the click-based calls were linked to diving and presumed foraging events. Inference on the functional significance of sounds allowed an interpretation of habitat use. This appears to be the first study relating the entire vocal repertoire of a cetacean population to a complete home range. Areas important for socialising, foraging and resting are proposed. Local management decisions may be well served by this information. This study uses benign techniques to build on previous research in Fiordland, and adds a new dimension to the study of these populations.

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Smith, Derek, i n/a. "Movements, population dynamics and predatory behaviour of stoats inhabiting alpine grasslands in Fiordland". University of Otago. Department of Zoology, 2006. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070330.160940.

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Stoats are introduced mammalian carnivores implicated in the decline of several of New Zealand�s endemic species. Most research into stoats in New Zealand has focused on beech forest habitat, especially in years of peak stoat abundance following heavy beech seedfall and peak cohorts of mice. In New Zealand, alpine grasslands occur above the altitudinal limit of beech forest (900-1000 m a.s.l.). Although previous research has shown stoats to be present there, little is known about the ecology of stoats in alpine grasslands. This research aimed to test whether alpine grasslands were a marginal habitat occupied by surplus stoats that had spilled over from beech forest populations, i.e. a sink habitat. The alternative is that alpine grasslands are a desirable habitat deliberately exploited by stoats. This question was answered using mark-recapture, radio-tracking, diet analysis and a food addition experiment. Another objective was to determine whether nest survival is higher in alpine grassland compared to beech forest and whether stoats are likely to be a frequent predator of ground nests in alpine grasslands relative to other introduced mammals that inhabit them. If nest survival is higher in alpine grassland then alpine grasslands may be a refuge from predation. However, if it is not then it is important for management to know the relative risk posed by stoats compared with other predators. An artificial nest experiment was used to answer these questions. This research was undertaken during two years of low to intermediate beech seedfall and therefore provided an opportunity to look at the ecology of stoats in a New Zealand National Park outside years of peak abundance. The principal study site for this research was the Borland Valley, Fiordland National Park. Compositional analysis showed that stoats in alpine grassland selected for it over adjacent beech forest. The range cores of these stoats were high up in alpine grassland away from the ecotone with beech forest. Stoats occurred at similar densities in alpine grasslands as they did in beech forest and observed survival was similar between the two habitats (with the exception of 2004 when it may have been higher in alpine grassland). The most frequent prey of stoats inhabiting beech forest were birds and mice. Although stoats in alpine grasslands also ate birds and mice their most frequent prey were ground weta and hare. Food addition appeared to cause diet switching but did not reduce the distances moved by stoats, suggesting that other factors may be more important in regulating their summer home range size in alpine grasslands. All of these factors lead to the conclusion that alpine grasslands in the Borland are not a marginal habitat for stoats, but may instead be a desirable one. Artificial nests had a higher probability of survival in alpine grassland compared to adjacent beech forest, but survival was too low to support the idea that alpine grasslands are a refuge. Stoats were the most frequent predator of artificial nests in both habitats, but 95 % confidence intervals overlapped the predation rate by possums, which was also high. These findings illustrate the need for a comprehensive landscape approach to stoat control in montane National Parks, for two reasons: 1) endemic biodiversity in alpine grasslands may be under threat from stoat predation, 2) alpine grasslands may act as a source for dispersing stoats that reinvade lowland stoat control areas. In the absence of heavy beech seedfall and peak mouse abundance, stoats occurred at densities of around 1 km⁻� in both habitats and there was recruitment into these populations. This raises the important question: What regulates the distribution and abundance of stoats in years of low beech seedfall and low mouse abundance? In these years birds, ground weta and hares may be as important as mice are in years of peak abundance following heavy beech seedfall.

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Daczko, Nathan Robert. "The Structural and Metamorphic evolution of cretaceous high-P granulites, Fiordland, New Zealand". University of Sydney. Geosciences, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/822.

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Fiordland is located southwest of South Island of New Zealand. The field area of this thesis is in northern Fiordland, at the boundary of pristine arc rocks (Median Tectonic Zone) and a belt of Paleozoic paragneisses and orthogneisses of variable age that represent the metamorphosed paleo-Pacific Gondwana margin.

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Blatchford, Hannah Jane. "The Structural Evolution Of A Portion Of The Median Batholith And Its Host Rock In Central Fiordland, New Zealand: Examples Of Partitioned Transpression And Structural Reactivation". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2016. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/635.

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This thesis presents the results of structural analyses and detailed field mapping from a region near Adams Burn in central Fiordland, New Zealand. The region preserves assemblages of metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks deposited, intruded, and ultimately metamorphosed and deformed during the growth of a Gondwana-margin continental arc from Cambrian-Early Cretaceous. Evidence of arc growth is preserved in the Late Devonian-Early Cretaceous Median Batholith, a belt of intrusive rock whose growth culminated with the emplacement of the Western Fiordland Orthogneiss (WFO) into the middle-lower crust of the margin. Following this magmatic flare-up, the margin experienced Late Cretaceous extensional orogenic collapse and rifting. During the Late Tertiary, the margin records oblique convergence that preceded the Alpine fault. The history of arc growth and record of changing tectonic and deformational regimes makes the area ideal for study of structural reactivation during multiple cycles of magmatism, metamorphism and deformation, including during a mid-lower crust magma flare-up. Structural and lithologic mapping, structural analyses, and cross-cutting relationships between superposed structures and three intrusions were used to bracket the relative timing of four tectonic events (D1-D4), spanning the Paleozoic to the Tertiary. The oldest event (D1) created a composite fabric in the metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks of the Irene Complex and Jaquiery granitoid gneiss prior to emplacement of the Carboniferous Cozette pluton. S1 foliation development, set the stage for structural reactivation during the second phase of deformation (D2), where S1 was folded and reactivated via intra-arc shearing. These second-phase structures were coeval with the emplacement of the Misty pluton, (part of WFO in central Fiordland), and record crustal thickening and deformation involving a kinematically partitioned style of transpression. Arc-normal displacements were localized into the rocks of the Irene Complex. Oblique displacements were localized along the Misty-Cozette plutonic contact, forming a ≥1 km-wide, upper amphibolite-facies gneissic shear zone that records sinistral-reverse offset. Second-phase structures are cross-cut by widespread leucocratic pegmatite dikes. S2 in the Cozette and Misty plutons is reactivated by localized, ≤10 m-thick, greenschist-facies (ultra)mylonitic shear zones that record sinistral-normal offsets. S3/L3 shear zones and lithologic contacts were then reactivated by two episodes of Tertiary, fourth-phase faulting compatible with Alpine faulting, everywhere truncating the pegmatite dikes. Early faults accommodated shortening normal to the Alpine fault, and were obliquely reactivated by a younger population of faults during dextral transpression. My results show that structural reactivation occurred repeatedly after D1, and that structural inheritance played a key role in the geometry, distribution, and kinematics of younger deformation events throughout the arc's history. The sheeted emplacement of the Misty pluton was accompanied, and possibly facilitated, by a system of partitioned transpression during Early Cretaceous crustal thickening and arc magmatism. These results show that transpression helped accommodate and move magma through the middle and lower crust during the flare-up. This conclusion is important for the study of continental arcs globally, as evidence of deformation during high-flux magmatism at lower crustal depths (~40 km) is rarely preserved and exhumed to the surface.

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Hendrikx, Jordy. "An examination of the snow and avalanche hazard on the Milford Road, Fiordland, New Zealand". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1356.

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Avalanches pose a significant natural hazard in many parts of the world. Worldwide the hazard is being managed in a number of new and traditional methods. In New Zealand, the Milford Road, Fiordland, has a significant avalanche problem which has been managed by the Transit New Zealand Milford Road Avalanche Programme since 1984. This avalanche programme has generated a database of all avalanche occurrences and associated meteorological parameters for the time period 1985 to 2002. Elsewhere around the world, similar and more extensive data sets have been used to examine a wide variety of aspects in relation to the snow cover, avalanching and avalanche hazard. The availability of the Milford Road database has provided the opportunity use new and traditional approaches to examine many aspects of avalanching including; the trends in and relationships with the snow and avalanche regime, evaluation of the avalanche hazard, statistical forecasting of avalanches and the visualisation of avalanche occurrence information in a GIS. Statistical and graphical examination of the inter-annual variation in the snow and avalanche regime revealed relationships between the snow depth, avalanche occurrences and atmospheric circulation similar to those found elsewhere around the world, but not previously examined in New Zealand. Furthermore, the analysis resulted in strong correlations despite using a database significantly shorter than those used elsewhere. Atmospheric circulation types that bring strong winds and precipitation were found to be highly significantly correlated with avalanche occurrences and snow depth. Avalanche occurrences were more highly correlated with atmospheric circulation than snow depth was, reflecting the strong maritime avalanche climate. Risk evaluation was undertaken using two approaches, the avalanche hazard index (AHI) and the probability of death to individuals (PDI) method. The present avalanche risk was compared to a theoretically uncontrolled avalanche regime, using 2002 traffic volumes for AHI and PDI. The AHI analysis highlighted the reduction in the AHI resulting from the control programme, and the significantly lower AHI when compared to Rogers Pass, B.C., Canada. The PDI analysis using equations modified to allow for a range of consequences indicated that the Milford Road is similar in risk to roads in Switzerland, but is far more accessible, with fewer closed days. A new equation for PDI, which accounted for waiting traffic was derived, and suggested that the calculated risk was high and unacceptable compared to standards applied to other hazards. Statistical forecasting using classification tree analysis has been successfully applied to avalanche forecasting in other climatic settings. This study has applied an extension to this technique through 10-fold cross validation to permit classification of an avalanche day in this direct action maritime climate. Using varying misclassification costs two classification trees were generated. The tree that used only wind speed and wind speed and precipitation combined in a temperature sensitive wind drift parameter obtained an overall accuracy of 78%, with correct prediction for an avalanche day at 86%. These predictor variables are considered to be the fundamental controls on avalanche forecasting in this climate, and coincide with important variables inferred from the atmospheric circulation analysis. Following the investigation of various methods for the creation of a high resolution digital elevation model (DEM), a GIS was used for the visualisation and examination of avalanche occurrences. Similar to other studies, qualitative and quantitative analysis of the spatial distribution in terms of aspect of avalanche occurrences was undertaken using the GIS. Colour coding of occurrences highlighted the influence of two storm directions, while an excess ratio showed the clear influence of aspect on avalanche occurrences in relation to two dominant storm directions, avalanche size and avalanche paths. Furthermore, the GIS has many applications for operational forecasting, teaching and the maintenance of institutional memory for the avalanche programme.

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Dianiska, Kathryn Elise. "The interplay between deformation and metamorphism during strain localization in the lower crust: Insights from Fiordland, New Zealand". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2015. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/387.

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In this thesis, I present field, microstructural, and Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) analyses of rock fabrics from high strain zones in exposures of lower crustal Cretaceous plutons at Breaksea Entrance, Fiordland, New Zealand. The interplay between deformation and metamorphism occurs across multiple scales at the root of a continental arc. I show a series of steps in which retrogressive metamorphism is linked to the accommodation of deformation. I define three main phases of deformation and metamorphism at Breaksea Entrance. The first phase (D1) involved emplacement of dioritic to gabbroic plutons at depths up to 60 km. The second phase (D2) is characterized by deformation and metamorphism at the granulite and eclogite facies that produced high strain zones with linear fabrics, isoclinal folding of igneous layering, and asymmetric pressure shadows around mafic aggregates. New structural analyses from Hāwea Island in Breaksea Entrance reveal the development of doubly plunging folds that define subdomes within larger, kilometer-scale gneiss domes. The development and intensification of S2 foliations within the domes was facilitated by the recrystallization of plagioclase and clinopyroxene at the micro-scale (subgrain rotation and grain boundary migration recrystallization), consistent with metamorphism at the granulite and eclogite facies and climb-accommodated dislocation creep. EBSD data show a strong crystallographic preferred orientation in plagioclase during D2 deformation. The third phase (D3) is characterized by deformation and metamorphism at the upper amphibolite facies that produced sets of discrete, narrow shear zones that wrap and encase lozenges of older fabrics. Structural analyses reveal a truncation and/or transposition relationship between the older S2 and the younger S3 foliations developed during D3. Progressive localization of deformation during cooling, hydration, and retrogression, resulted in the breakdown of garnet and pyroxene to form hornblende, biotite, fine plagioclase and quartz. EBSD data show a strong crystallographic preferred orientation in hornblende. During D3, hornblende and biotite accommodated most of the strain through fluid-assisted diffusion creep. The last two events (D2 and D3) reflect a transition in deformation and metamorphism during exhumation, as well as a focusing of strain and evolving strain localization mechanisms at the root of a continental arc. An examination of structures at multiple scales of observation reveals that fabrics seen in the field are a composite of multiple generations of deformation and metamorphism.

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Moyer, Griffin Amoss. "Strain Accommodation, Metamorphic Evolution, And 3d Kinematics Of Transpressional Flow Within The Lower Crust Of A Cretaceous Magmatic Arc In Fiordland, New Zealand". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2019. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/1110.

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The George Sound Shear Zone (GSSZ) exposed in Bligh Sound within Fiordland, New Zealand allowed us to reconstruct the kinematics of transpressive flow in >100 km2 of exhumed Cretaceous lower crust. We compare the three-dimensional characteristics of the deformation to theoretical models of transpression that assume steady-state flow in a homogeneous medium. This assumption is rarely the case for shear zones that experience metamorphism during deformation. We determined the three-dimensional kinematics of the GSSZ and evaluated the effects of metamorphism on strain accommodation and structural fabric evolution in the GSSZ to determine if metamorphism is an important parameter that transpressional models should account for. We found that metamorphism aided strain localization within the GSSZ and resulted in a style of structural fabric development that deviates from predictions made by theoretical models. We used foliation and lineation orientation data and field observations to determine GSSZ kinematics. Asymmetric pyroxene σ-porphyroclasts and hornblende fish show top-down-to-the-SW apparent normal shear sense with a sinistral component. The Z-axes of oblate SPO ellipsoids define the vorticity normal section and the moderately WNW-plunging vorticity vector. Foliation deflections relative to the shear zone boundaries yielded a vorticity magnitude (Wk) of ≥0.8. Our kinematic results suggest that the GSSZ records inclined, triclinic transpression with sinistral, top-down-to-the-SW simple shear-dominated flow. We used finite strain analysis and petrographic analysis to determine that metamorphism influences strain accommodation. Finite strain analyses were performed in 3D on 16 samples using the Rf/ɸ, Fry, and Intercept methods to determine the SPO fabric ellipsoids at different stages of deformation. Petrographic analysis was performed to identify metamorphic reactions using syn-kinematic minerals and constrain deformational temperatures using deformation mechanisms of plagioclase. Early deformation formed a ~13 km wide prolate fabric at granulite facies. Deformation later localized into a ~2-4.6 km wide oblate, mylonitic fabric at upper amphibolite facies. This fabric cross-cuts the prolate fabric and is characterized by metamorphic hornblende and biotite produced from retrogressive hydration reactions. Samples with syn-kinematic biotite contain more shear bands and display more grain size reduction of plagioclase than samples without this phase, suggesting these samples may have accommodated more strain. Changes in syn-kinematic metamorphic minerals were accompanied by steepening of stretching lineations and by changes in foliation orientation. Our analyses show that retrogressive hydration metamorphism aided strain localization within a cross-cutting oblate fabric, and the uneven distribution of biotite within this domain potentially influenced along strike variation in strain magnitude and fabric ellipsoid symmetry. Our results highlight the influence of fluid-induced metamorphism on shear zone evolution and call for new transpressional models to incorporate changes in rheology due to syn-kinematic metamorphism.

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Książki na temat "Fiordland"

Hall-Jones, John. The fjords of Fiordland. Invercargill, N.Z: Craig Printing Co., 2002.

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Hallett, David. Fiordland: New Zealand's untouched wilderness. North Shore, N.Z: Viking, 2008.

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Golf courses of Southland and Fiordland. Christchurch, N.Z: Whitcoulls, 1985.

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Page, Olivia. The last great southern adventure: Helicopter hunting, Fiordland. Auckland, N.Z: Halycyon Press, 2011.

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Dore, Yvonne. Dore to Manapouri: The development of tourism in early Fiordland. [Invercargill, N.Z: Craig Printing Co., 1992.

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Gavalas, Marios. Landmarks of Fiordland, Southland, and Stewart Island/Rakiura: Past and present. Auckland, N.Z: Reed Publishing, 2007.

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Brian, Patrick, red. Wild Fiordland: Discovering the natural history of a world heritage area. [Dunedin, N.Z.]: University of Otago Press, 1996.

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Grant, Max. Fiordland and beyond: A circumnavigation of the South Island of New Zealand by Kayak. [New Zealand]: [Max Grant], 2013.

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Wilmshurst, Janet M. Establishing long-term changes in takahē winter feeding grounds in Fiordland using pollen analysis. Wellington, N.Z: Dept. of Conservation, 2003.

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Lusseau, David. Cetacean sightings off the Fiordland coastline: Analysis of commercial marine mammal viewing data 1996-99. Wellington, N.Z: Dept. of Conservation, 2002.

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Części książek na temat "Fiordland"

Oliver, G. J. H. "An Exposed Cross-Section of Continental Crust, Doubtful Sound Fiordland, New Zealand; Geophysical & Geological Setting". W Exposed Cross-Sections of the Continental Crust, 43–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0675-4_3.

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Gibson, G. M. "Uplift and Exhumation of Middle and Lower Crustal Rocks in an Extensional Tectonic Setting, Fiordland, New Zealand". W Exposed Cross-Sections of the Continental Crust, 71–101. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0675-4_4.

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"Fiordland Penguin". W Penguins, 226–27. Princeton University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv22rth6w.45.

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Mattern, Thomas, i Kerry-Jayne Wilson. "Fiordland penguin / tawaki". W State of Penguins. New Zealand Penguin Initiative, Dunedin, New Zealand, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36617/sop.tawaki.2019-04.

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"Seismic Characterization of the Fiordland Gas-hydrate Province, New Zealand". W Natural Gas Hydrates—Energy Resource Potential and Associated Geologic Hazards, 467–80. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/13201158m893355.

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Klepeis, Keith A., i Daniel S. King. "Evolution of the middle and lower crust during the transition from contraction to extension in Fiordland, New Zealand". W Crustal Cross Sections from the Western North American Cordillera and Elsewhere: Implications for Tectonic and Petrologic Processes. Geological Society of America, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2009.2456(09).

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Fiordland"

Schwartz, Joshua J., Meghann Decker, John A. Wiesenfeld, Keith A. Klepeis, Scott D. Samson, Harold H. Stowell i Andrew J. Tulloch. "CONSTRUCTION OF THE MEDIAN BATHOLITH, FIORDLAND, NEW ZEALAND". W GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-287588.

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Quezada, David Trinidad, Joshua J. Schwartz, Mike Cho, Harold Stowell i Keith Klepeis. "THE PROVENANCE OF HIGH-GRADE METASEDIMENTARY ROCKS, FIORDLAND, NEW ZEALAND". W GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-287494.

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Simon, Isaac John-Peter, Joshua J. Schwartz, Keith Klepeis, Harold Stowell i Andrew Kylander-Clark. "DIRECT DATING OF EXHUMATIONAL FABRICS IN THE ANITA SHEAR ZONE, FIORDLAND, NEW ZEALAND". W GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-287043.

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Schwartz, Joshua, Adam Brackman, Kendra Carty, Gillian Greenberg, Keith A. Klepeis, Harold H. Stowell i Calvin Barnes. "THE DIVERSIFICATION OF CORDILLERAN ARC MELTS IN THE DEEP CRUST OF FIORDLAND, NEW ZEALAND". W GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-370492.

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Stowell, Harold, Joshua J. Schwartz, Keith Klepeis, Andrew Tulloch i Rebecca A. Norton. "WIDESPREAD GARNET GRANULITE METAMORPHISM IN THE LOWER CRUST OF A CONTINENTAL MAGMATIC ARC, FIORDLAND NZ". W GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-285411.

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Stowell, Harold H., Joshua J. Schwartz, Elizabeth M. Bollen, Andy Tulloch, Keith A. Klepeis i J. Ramezani. "GEOCHRONOLOGY IN THE BOWELS OF MAGMATIC ARCS: A TALE OF TWO MINERALS, FIORDLAND NEW ZEALAND". W 116th Annual GSA Cordilleran Section Meeting - 2020. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020cd-347006.

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Gross, Caroline E., Elena A. Miranda i Keith Klepeis. "PLAGIOCLASE DEFORMATION RESULTING IN LOCALIZED STRAIN IN A LOWER CRUSTAL SHEAR ZONE, FIORDLAND, NEW ZEALAND". W GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-308126.

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Stowell, Harold, i Elizabeth M. Bollen. "COMPARISON OF SM-ND AND LU-HF GARNET AGES I: GRANULITE METAMORPHISM, FIORDLAND NEW ZEALAND". W GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-318884.

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Andico, S., Joshua J. Schwartz, Andy Tulloch, Rose Turnbull, Keith Klepeis, Elena A. Miranda, Kouki Kitajima i M. F. Ringwood. "OXYGEN ISOTOPE MAPPING REVEALS A CRUSTAL-SCALE STRUCTURE WITHIN THE MEDIAN BATHOLITH, FIORDLAND, NEW ZEALAND". W GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-305151.

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Miranda, Elena A., Keith Klepeis i Griffin A. Moyer. "THE RHEOLOGY OF PYROXENE-PLAGIOCLASE MYLONITES FROM A TRANSPRESSIONAL LOWER CRUSTAL SHEAR ZONE, FIORDLAND, NEW ZEALAND". W GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-336951.

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