Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Filters and filtration”
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Девисилов, Vladimir Devisilov, Шарай i E. Sharay. "Hydrodynamic Filtration". Safety in Technosphere 4, nr 3 (8.07.2015): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11885.
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Prospects of hydrodynamic filters application are demonstrated through the review of current state of hydrodynamic filtering. Acknowledged schemes of hydrodynamic filters are Classified by 3 parameters: presence/absence of sludge liquid, frame and filter design, extra force field creation means. Advantages and disadvantages of every type of hydrodynamic filter are noted. Major attitudes to hydrodynamic filtering are considered with deterministic approach. Special attention is paid to hydrodynamic filters with flow vortex of “cylinder in cylinder” and “cylinder in cone” types. Promicing directions for further research of Hydrodynamic filtration are proposed.
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Hollings, P., M. J. Hendry i R. Kerrich. "Sequential Filtration of Surface and Ground Waters from the Rabbit Lake Uranium Mine, Northern Saskatchewan, Canada". Water Quality Research Journal 34, nr 2 (1.05.1999): 221–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1999.010.
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Abstract Major, trace and rare earth element analyses were conducted on water samples from four sites at the Cameco Rabbit Lake uranium mine in northern Saskatchewan, Canada. Samples were collected from the mill discharge, raise water, the tailings and an adjacent well. Water samples were sequentially filtered through 3.0-µm, 0.45-µm, 0.2-µm, 0.1-µm and 0.02-µm Millipore filters. Trace element and metal abundances were higher in unfiltered samples directly related to the tailings management facility (TMF) than the adjacent ground-water sample. The majority of the metals, including As and Ni, were trapped on the 3.0-µm filter, with the remainder of the metals in all four samples either in solution or transported by extremely small colloidal material (<0.02 µm). Filtration through a 3-µm filter resulted in a substantial decrease in the absolute abundances of the REE in the samples directly associated with the TMF; however further filtration through progressively finer filters did not result in detectable variations in REE abundances. In the TMF-related samples removal of suspended sediment by the 3-µm filter resulted in changes in the REE patterns which were not observed in subsequent filtrations. The well sample did not display major variations in REE abundances with filtration, reflecting the lower colloidal load in that sample. Consequently, filtration through 3.0-µm or 0.45-µm filters will remove the majority of colloidal material at the Rabbit Lake uranium mine.
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Zullo, Biagi Angelo, Giulia Venditti i Gino Ciafardini. "Effects of the Filtration on the Biotic Fraction of Extra Virgin Olive Oil". Foods 10, nr 8 (21.07.2021): 1677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081677.
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Filtration is a widely used process in the production of extra virgin olive oil. We studied the influence of filtration performed with cotton filters and cellulose filter press on the biotic components of the oily mass containing probiotic traits in two freshly produced monocultivar extra virgin olive oils. The concentration of bacteria was reduced from 100% to 28%, while that of fungi was reduced from 100% to 44% after filtration, according to the filtration system and the initial contamination of the original monocultivar extra virgin olive oil. Compared with the control, the yeast content in the oil samples filtered with cotton filters was reduced from 37% to 11% depending on the cultivar. In the oil filtered with cellulose filter press, the yeast content reduced from 42% to 16%. The viable yeast that passed through the oily mass during the filtration process with cellulose filter press, unlike all the other samples, were unable to survive in the oil after a month of storage. The possible health benefits of compounds from both the biotic and abiotic fraction of the oil, compared to the control, were significantly low when filtered with the cellulose filter press.
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Tobiason, J. E., J. K. Edzwald, D. A. Reckhow i M. S. Switzenbaum. "Effect of Pre-Ozonation on Organics Removal by In-Line Direct Filtration". Water Science and Technology 27, nr 11 (1.06.1993): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0267.
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A pilot-scale study of the effects of pre-ozonation on the performance of in-line direct filtration was carried out. Performance measures included filtered water turbidity, unit filter run volumes, and organics in filtered waters: DOC, UV254, AOC and DBPs. Continuous operation of four dual media GAC/sand filters with and without pre-ozonation and chlorinated backwash and a dual media anthracite/sand filter were compared to full-scale performance. Pre-ozonation frequently results in longer filter runs, causes a twofold increase in raw water AOC and has little effect on raw water DOC. GAC/sand filters consistently reduced the AOC in the ozone train to levels below that of the full-scale plant and also provided 25 % lower DOC levels as compared to anthracite/sand filters. The effect of ozone and filtration on chlorinated DBPs followed overall DOC removal while DBPs created by ozonation followed AOC removal trends.
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Naddeo, V., i V. Belgiorno. "Tertiary filtration in small wastewater treatment plants". Water Science and Technology 55, nr 7 (1.04.2007): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.148.
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Tertiary filtration can be proposed in small wastewater treatment plants with impact on protected water bodies. Rotating disk filters may be adopted, in respect to conventional sand filters, when low availability of space and low investment costs are the prevailing conditions. The overall objective of this research was to evaluate the filtration efficiency of rotating disk filters; to compare effectiveness with traditional sand filters; to analyse thoroughly the importance of particle size distribution in wastewater tertiary filtration. In the experimental activity, conventional wastewater quality parameters were investigated and particle size distribution (PSD) was characterized to discuss the filter effectiveness. The effect of design and operation parameters of tertiary filters were discussed related to particle removal curves derived from particles counts. Analysis of particle size distribution can be very useful to help comprehension of filtration processes, design of filtration treatments and to decide the best measures to improve filter performance.
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Al Zubaidy, Riyadh Z., Mahmoud Al-Khafaji i Riyadh J. M. Al-Saadi. "Rotating Ceramic Water Filter Discs System for Water Filtration". Journal of Engineering 23, nr 4 (31.03.2017): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2017.04.04.
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This work aimed to design, construct and operate a new laboratory scale water filtration system. This system was used to examine the efficiency of two ceramic filter discs as a medium for water filtration. These filters were made from two different ceramic mixtures of local red clay, sawdust, and water. The filtration system was designed with two rotating interfered modules of these filters. Rotating these modules generates shear force between water and the surfaces of filter discs of the filtration modules that works to reduce thickness of layer of rejected materials on the filters surfaces. Each module consists of seven filtration units and each unit consists of two ceramic filter discs. The average measured hydraulic conductivity of the first module was 13.7mm/day and that for the second module was 50mm/day. Results showed that the water filtration system can be operated continuously with a constant flow rate and the filtration process was controlled by a skin thin layer of rejected materials. The ceramic water filters of both filtration modules have high removal efficiency of total suspended solids up to 100% and of turbidity up to 99.94%.
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Lipowska, B., J. Witek, T. Wala, A. Karwiński, P. Wieliczko, M. Asłanowicz i A. Ościłowski. "Cast Steel Filtration Trials Using Ceramic-Carbon Filters". Archives of Foundry Engineering 14, nr 4 (1.12.2014): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2014-0087.
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Abstract Trials of cast steel filtration using two types of newly-developed foam filters in which carbon was the phase binding ceramic particles have been conducted. In one of the filters the source of carbon was flake graphite and coal-tar pitch, while in the other one graphite was replaced by a cheaper carbon precursor. The newly-developed filters are fired at 1000°C, i.e. at a much lower temperature than the currently applied ZrO2-based filters. During filtration trials the filters were subjected to the attack of a flowing metal stream having a temperature of 1650°C for 30 seconds. Characteristic of the filters’ properties before and after the filtration trial were done. It was found, that the surface reaction of the filter walls with molten metal, which resulted in local changes of the microstructure and phase composition, did not affect on expected filter lifetime and filtration did not cause secondary contamination of cast steel.
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Fylypchuk, Viktor, Stanislav Induchny, Pete Pearce, Leonid Fylypchuk i Serhii Martynov. "Application of expanded polystyrene filter for tertiary treatment of domestic waste effluent in the UK". Journal of Water and Land Development 35, nr 1 (1.12.2017): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0066.
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AbstractThe use of expanded polystyrene filters is a promising method for tertiary treatment of domestic waste effluent where biologically treated effluent is filtered through a layer of buoyant polystyrene beads. The advantage of such filters is in the absence of backwashing pumps, containers of clean washing water, while having low energy costs, high resistance of polystyrene to various chemical contaminants that may be in the effluent, easy automation of switching modes.The article describes the features of the design and principles of the expanded polystyrene filter operation with an upward filtration flow which works in automatic mode. The article includes the comparison of operation and the structural technological characteristics of polystyrene filters with disc filters, which are usually used in practice of tertiary-treatment of effluent in the UK.Experimental results were obtained from the operation of expanded polystyrene filters with an upward flow of filtration at two operational wastewater treatment plants. The effectiveness of the tertiary-treatment of waste effluent was evaluated by measures of BOD and COD in non-filtered and filtered samples, as well as total suspended solids during the months of the year and hours of the day. The filter demonstrated an average removal of 40% BOD, 28% of COD and 66% of TSS.
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Koláček, Stanislav, i Michal Černý. "Latest aspects of mechanical filtration". Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, nr 5 (2013): 1535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361051535.
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The aim of this study was to describe and unify all knowledge about mechanic filtration. The first part deals with the parameters and properties of filtration. Here some important basic concepts are explained such as pressure gradient, filter life, etc. There’s also a description of convenient filtration technology for coarse and fine materials, such as sand, smoke or soot. The second part primarily focuses on the real use and application of filters for liquid and gaseous media. The differences in construction between different types of filters for filtration of fuels, oils, hydraulic fluids, air and cabin filters are described. The last section is focused mainly on new materials for the production of filters. These materials are ceramic or nanomaterials, which can actually be enriched for example with antibacterial silver or some fungicides.
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Rocha, Sandra Mara Santana, C. B. Vasconcelos, Luiz Gustavo Martins Vieira, M. L. Aguiar i João Jorge Ribeiro Damasceno. "The Influence of the Velocity of Filtration in the Formation and Removal the Dust Cake". Materials Science Forum 660-661 (październik 2010): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.660-661.46.
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The effective filtration area determined in a design of fabric filter depends on the filtration velocity, also known as air-to-cloth ratio that will be used. Low filtration velocities may demand big effective filtration areas. But then high filtration velocities may wear the filters out early. By searching for more efficient and economic equipments, this paper investigated the influence of the filtration velocity by formatting and removing the dust cake. Concluding that filtering at higher velocities a higher penetration of particles in the filter media occurs. Decreasing the filtration time and increasing the number which regenerates the cloth, consequently decreasing the life cycle of the filters.
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Andersson, C., M. Tendaj i M. Rothman. "Filtration at Bromma Sewage Treatment Plant". Water Science and Technology 25, nr 4-5 (1.02.1992): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0481.
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The requirements for purification of the sewage will be more stringent in Sweden. For the three plants in Stockholm - Henriksdal, Bromma and Loudden the proposed limit concentrations for BOD7, total phosphorus and total nitrogen are 10, 0.3 and 15 respectively. A limit value of 0.3 mg/l of phosphorus in the effluent will require a filtration stage. In this paper results are presented from filter tests at Bromma sewage treatment plant. The tests were carried out during almost two years and included operation of different types of sand dual-media downflow filters and an upflow filter. The filters were tested with respect to sludge accumulation capacity, suspended solids removal and phosphorus removal at different operation conditions including chemical precipitation in the filters.
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Janiszewski, K. "Influence of Slenderness Ratios of a Multi-Hole Ceramic Filters at the Effectiveness of Process of Filtration of Non-Metallic Inclusions from Liquid Steel". Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 57, nr 1 (1.03.2012): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-012-0002-y.
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Influence of Slenderness Ratios of a Multi-Hole Ceramic Filters at the Effectiveness of Process of Filtration of Non-Metallic Inclusions from Liquid SteelThe paper presents the results of investigations of the process of filtration of solid non-metallic inclusions from liquid steel with use of multi-hole ceramic filters (filtrating surfaces) characterised by a varying slenderness ratios. In order to eliminate the negative influence of the ambient air atmosphere the investigations have been carried out under a protective argon atmosphere. The experimental results obtained have proved earlier suggestions of papers [9-12] about the negative influence of ambient air atmosphere, as well as the essential influence of slenderness ratio of the used multi-hole ceramic filter at the increase of effectiveness of the liquid steel refining processes carried out through steel filtration.
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Canalli Bortolassi, Ana Cláudia, Vádila Giovana Guerra, Mônica Lopes Aguiar, Laurence Soussan, David Cornu, Philippe Miele i Mikhael Bechelany. "Composites Based on Nanoparticle and Pan Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes for Air Filtration and Bacterial Removal". Nanomaterials 9, nr 12 (6.12.2019): 1740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9121740.
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Often, solid matter is separated from particle-laden flow streams using electrospun filters due to their high specific surface area, good ability to capture aerial particulate matter, and low material costs. Moreover, electrospinning allows incorporating nanoparticles to improve the filter’s air filtration efficiency and bacterial removal. Therefore, a new, improved polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers membrane that could be used to remove air pollutants and also with antibacterial activity was developed. We engineered three different filters that are characterized by the different particles embedded in the PAN nanofibers: titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), and silver (Ag). Then, their filtration performance was assessed by quantifying the filtration of sodium chloride (NaCl) aerosol particles of 9 to 300 nm in diameter using a scanning mobility particle sizer. The TiO2_F filter displayed the smallest fiber diameter and the highest filtration efficiency (≈100%). Conversely, the Ag_F filter showed the highest quality factor (≈0.06 Pa−1) because of the lower air pressure drop. The resulting Ag_F nanofibers displayed a very good antibacterial activity using an Escherichia coli suspension (108 CFU/mL). Moreover, the quality factor of these membranes was higher than that of the commercially available nanofiber membrane for air filtration.
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Fu, Hai Ming, Yu Fu i Fang Xu. "Experiment and Simulation on Pressure Drop of Pleated Air Filters". Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (czerwiec 2014): 568–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.568.
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In order to reduce pressure drop of filtration process and increase filtration area, filtration media would usually made into pleated shape. The designs of pleats numbers and pleats height in the unit length have greatly impacted on pressure drop of the filtration process. In this paper, filter pressure drop of pleated air filters were examined by theoretical, experimental and simulation studies. By solving pressure drop from the Navier-Stokes equation on basis of velocity function assumption, by using the concept of average pressure drop in wind gap width, pressure drop in pleated filters was calculated. The numerical simulation of pleated filtration media was developed via using FLUENT software package and flow field variation in gap of pleated media was simulated. The results of theoretical calculations were in agreement with experimental results. It was confirmed that reducing pleat spacing or increasing pleats height could increased the area of filtration media and reduce the overall pressure drop of filters, although structure pressure drop increased. There were best value between pressure drop of pleated air filters and pleat numbers in the unite length. Key words: filtration medium; pressure drop; numerical simulation; air filter; pleated structure
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Li, Hai Xia, i Jiang Wei. "Flow Pattern in Ceramic Filter System for Particle Removal". Advanced Materials Research 599 (listopad 2012): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.599.309.
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A gas-particle separation system was established to study the filtration performance where twelve ceramic filters were divided into four groups. Filters in same group will be cleaned by pulse back-flow at one time. The pressure distribution and variation during filtration and pulse back-flow washing in filter cavity and along filter length was measured. The main pressure drop occurs across the filter porous wall. The pressure at filter cavity decreases from the close end to open end of the candle filter. The gas velocity inside the filter system is generally relatively low in the vessel during filtration process.
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M. Ammar, A. S., M. G. El-Ziney i A. I. Al-Turki. "Chemical and microbiological assessment of house-filtered water produced by household water filtration systems". Food systems 7, nr 1 (22.04.2024): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21323/2618-9771-2024-7-1-137-143.
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Chemical characteristics and microbiological quality of filtered water generated from municipal water using mono-, di- and penta-stage (5-stage) filters, as well as disposed drain water were investigated. With the application of the household water penta filters, the total dissolved solids (TDS) of the filtered water were highly reduced (0.04–0.07 g/L) and, consequently, electrical conductivity also decreased. Furthermore, total hardness was completely removed (0–2 mg CaCO3/L), as well as the chloride content. In the same manner, the nitrate content in the filtered water resulted from the household water penta filters decreased significantly (0.5–0.9 mg/L). Cations, such as Na+ and K+, in the filtered water were greatly affected and were 18–28 and 2 mg/L, respectively. Filtered water generated from the house-water penta filters was not in compliance with the daily amounts of F, Na and K necessary for teenagers and kids, and it might cause a risk of deficiencies. From the microbiological point of view, the penta-stage filter effectively removed total bacterial counts and total coliforms from water making it completely safe for potable and other domestic uses. The home water mono- and di- filters had low effectiveness of contaminant removal.
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Rogoziński, Tomasz, Czesław Dembiński, Zbigniew Potok, Alena Ockajova, Martin Kucera i Richard Kminiak. "Long-term operation of pulse-jet filters for wood dust". Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology 121 (29.03.2023): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.8638.
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Long-term operation of pulse-jet filters for wood dust. The study specifies the value of flow resistance and separation efficiency of filter material during long-term use in pulse-jet filters for wood dust. The experiments were carried out for one type of material working in two different filtration installations in one furniture factory. The bags were obtained from the installations after working for 67, 133 and 272 days, respectively. All tests were performed on the pilot-scale test stand under identical filtration conditions. Studies have shown that long-term filter material use increases airflow resistance and improves filtration efficiency. The range of these changes depends on the operating conditions of the pulse-jet filters. The obtained results made it possible to determine the properties of the long-term use of filter materials in various filtration conditions.
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Williams, A. M., C. P. Garner i J. G. P. Binner. "Analysis and optimization of gel-cast ceramic foam diesel particulate filter performance". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222, nr 11 (1.11.2008): 2235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto840.
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Gel-cast ceramic foams potentially offer a more robust configurable alternative filtration medium to monolithic wall flow filters (WFFs) for the reduction in particulate matter (PM) emissions from diesel internal combustion engines. The fundamental back pressure and filtration efficiency characteristics of gel-cast ceramic foam diesel particulate filters (DPFs) have been investigated. Methodology is developed for the first time that allows the calculation of the effect of local PM loading on the pressure drop characteristics from experimental data without problems caused by the non-uniform PM loading in the filter that can be applied to all depth bed filtration media. The back pressure and filtration efficiency relationships were used to develop graphical design spaces to aid development of application-specific DPFs. Effects of PM distribution on the pressure drop of the filter are presented. Filters with a non-even distribution of PM were found to have lower pressure drops than filters with an evenly distributed PM for the same average specific PM loadings. The predictions showed that gel-cast ceramic foams can achieve comparable back pressure, filtration volume, and PM holding capacity with WFFs with a lower filtration efficiency of about 80 per cent. The model demonstrated that greater than 90 per cent filtration efficiency can be achieved with filter volumes of about 0.6 times the volume of a WFF with a lower PM holding capacity.
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Zhang, Xin, Yue-Sheng Fan, Guo-Ji Tian, Huan Wang, Hong-Li Zhang i Wei Xie. "Influence of fiber diameter on filtration performance of polyester fibers". Thermal Science 23, nr 4 (2019): 2291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1904291z.
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The filtration performance of four kinds of coarse polyester filters commonly used in the market was studied experimentally. The results showed that these filter materials had better filtration efficiency for particles larger than 5 ?m. There was a significant difference among the same grade filters on filtration efficiency and resistance. The maximum counting efficiency of all four Samples can be achieved when the filtration velocity was 1.1 m/s. Fiber diameter was one of the main influencing factors that affect the efficiency and resistance of polyester filters. The comprehensive effect was relatively good when the Sample fiber diameter was small.
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Lecoq, Marie, Soleiman Bourrous, Dominique Thomas, Jean-Christophe Appert-Collin, Fabien Floc’Hlay i Mathieu Barrault. "Investigation of the Possibility of Application of Metal Fibrous Media in the Process of Filtration of Liquid Aerosols". Atmosphere 13, nr 10 (7.10.2022): 1633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101633.
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This manuscript presents a study of the possibility of applying metallic fibre filter media made of stainless steel for the filtration process of liquid aerosols. To perform the experiment, three types of filters were used: single layer and symmetric or non-symmetric multi-layered filters. Filters have been loaded with DEHS (Di-Ethyl-Hexyl-Sebacate) aerosol while the pressure drop and the collection efficiency were monitored. The impact of the filtration velocity on the saturation pressure drop has been quantified for monolayer filters. The building of a draining film on the free surface of the multi-layered filters has been studied and the impact of this phenomenon on the filtration performances and saturation ratio of the medium are discussed. For multilayer filters, the clogging dynamic, occurring by a successive loading of the draining layers, is highlighted in this work. Finally, propositions are made to evaluate the behaviour of metallic multi-layered filters for liquid aerosol filtration applications.
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Schelling, M., T. B. Boving i K. Patil. "Induced Bank Filtration: Hydraulic Testing of Pilot Filters". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 933, nr 1 (1.11.2021): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/933/1/012043.
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Abstract Hydraulic tests were performed on two pilot scale filters as part of a water treatment project in the village of Nersa, Karnataka, India. The filters use locally sourced alluvial material to filter E.coli contamination using natural processes that mimic those in Riverbank Filtration (RBF). Two pilot scale filters were tested, one containing locally sourced granular activated carbon (GAC) and one without. A falling head test and tracer test were preformed, and breakthrough curves were used to analyze the hydraulic performance. E.coli data were also collected, and percent removal was calculated to determine the effectiveness of the filters. Relative to the influent water, the E.coli removal percentage of Filter 1 (no GAC) was consistently high and ranged between 97.1% and 100% E.coli. The addition of GAC did not improve performance in this study. Overall, the effectiveness in bacteria removal observed in the non GAC filter warranted construction of a full-scale system.
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Matti, Lilyan Y. "Performance Comparison of Various Filters Media in Water Treatment (Statistical Study)". Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 17, nr 1 (31.03.2010): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.17.1.05.
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In this research, a bench-scale filter is designed and constructed in order to compare the performance of different media namely, sand, crushed marble stone and crushed red brick. The filters are operated under various operating conditions such as filter depth, raw water turbidity, pretreatment, effective size and uniformity coefficient. These filters are operated under conventional and direct filtration modes with different doses of alum. Statistical methods had been used to determine the best media using Duncan multiple range test. The result showed the superiority of crushed red brick media in the removal of turbidity and total bacteria. The results also indicated that filters operated under direct filtration mode show better performance than that operated under conventional filtration mode. The pH of treated water show slight increase for the two modes of filtration.
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Andersson, B., H. Aspegren, D. S. Parker i M. P. Lutz. "High rate nitrifying trickling filters". Water Science and Technology 29, nr 10-11 (1.10.1994): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0744.
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A two year pilot plant study has been performed in order to evaluate a nitrifying trickling filter (NTF) process within an upgrading project for increased nutrient removal. The operation of the filters was very stable without upsets due to predators. The filter microfauna was dominated by worms and the presence of filter fly larvae was limited. Suggested predator control methods like flooding or varying the flushing intensity did not affect the identified microfauna. By operating the filters in a two stage alternating series filtration mode, higher nitrification rates and lower effluent ammonia concentrations could be reached simultaneously in comparison to operating the filters in a single stage filtration mode.
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Wohlsen, T., J. Bates, B. Gray i M. Katouli. "Evaluation of Five Membrane Filtration Methods for Recovery of Cryptosporidium and Giardia Isolates from Water Samples". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, nr 4 (kwiecień 2004): 2318–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.4.2318-2322.2004.
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ABSTRACT We evaluated the efficiency of five membrane filters for recovery of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Giardia lamblia cysts. These filters included the Pall Life Sciences Envirochek (EC) standard filtration and Envirochek high-volume (EC-HV) membrane filters, the Millipore flatbed membrane filter, the Sartorius flatbed membrane filter (SMF), and the Filta-Max (FM) depth filter. Distilled and surface water samples were spiked with 10 oocysts and 10 cysts/liter. We also evaluated the recovery efficiency of the EC and EC-HV filters after a 5-s backwash postfiltration. The backwashing was not applied to the other filtration methods because of the design of the filters. Oocysts and cysts were visualized by using a fluorescent monoclonal antibody staining technique. For distilled water, the highest percent recovery for both the oocysts and cysts was obtained with the FM depth filter. However, when a 5-s backwash was applied, the EC-HV membrane filter (EC-HV-R) was superior to other filters for recovery of both oocysts (n = 53 ± 15.4 per 10 liters) and cysts (n = 59 ± 11.5 per 10 liters). This was followed by results of the FM depth filter (oocysts, 28.2 ± 8, P = 0.015; cysts, 49.8 ± 12.2, P = 0.4260), and SMF (oocysts, 16.2 ± 2.8, P = 0.0079; cysts, 35.2 ± 3, P = 0.0079). Similar results were obtained with surface water samples. Giardia cysts were recovered at higher rates than were Cryptosporidium oocysts with all five filters, regardless of backwashing. Although the time differences for completion of filtration process were not significantly different among the procedures, the EC-HV filtration with 5-s backwash was less labor demanding.
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Lin, Jia-Horng, Ying-Huei Shih, Chen-Hung Huang, Mei-Feng Lai, Shu-An Lee, Bing-Chiuan Shiu i Ching-Wen Lou. "Evaluations of Electrostatic Filtration Efficiency and Antibacterial Efficacy of Antibacterial Electret Polypropylene Filters: Effects of Using Low Molecular Antibacterial Agent as Additive". Polymers 13, nr 19 (27.09.2021): 3303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13193303.
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In recent years, air filtration has been gaining much attention, and now people are much more concerned about antibacterial filters due to the spreading of COVID-19. The electret polypropylene (PP) nonwoven fabrics possess excellent filtration efficiency but a limited antibacterial effect against S. aureus and E. coli, and therefore triclosan is used in this study. Serving as an antibacterial agent, triclosan with a low molecular weight is an effective additive for the test results, indicating that the presence of triclosan strengthens the antibacterial effects of the filters. In addition, triclosan also strengthens the PP’s crystallinity, which in turn betters the filtration efficiency of the filters concurrently. Demonstrating powerful filtration and antibacterial performances, the antibacterial electret PP filters are highly qualified for filter applications.
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Rawal, BD, R. Schwadron, MP Busch, R. Endow i GN Vyas. "Evaluation of leukocyte removal filters modelled by use of HIV-infected cells and DNA amplification". Blood 76, nr 10 (15.11.1990): 2159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v76.10.2159.2159.
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Abstract The concept of reducing cell-associated blood-borne viruses (BBVs) by filtration of the vector leukocytes from blood collected for transfusion has led to the development of high efficiency filters. Improved filtration technology demands newer methodology to accurately estimate the residual cells. We have developed an experimental model based on the hemocytometer counts and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), performed on the lymphocytes derived from the units of red cell mass inoculated with marker cells (H9) persistently carrying cell- associated human immunodeficiency virus DNA (CA-HIV). We measured the efficiency of 6 units of a prototype filter using our model and found an estimated mean of less than 4 residual cells per milliliter in the filtered blood. This represents a mean 5.84 log10 reduction of normal PBMC and CA-HIV in pre- and post-filtration aliquots and exemplifies the application of our model for evaluating a new generation of blood filters. Our model illustrates that a biological tracer (ie, DNA) is a better measure of the efficacy of a leukocyte filter than the hemocytometric enumeration of pre- and post-filtration PBMC concentrates.
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Rawal, BD, R. Schwadron, MP Busch, R. Endow i GN Vyas. "Evaluation of leukocyte removal filters modelled by use of HIV-infected cells and DNA amplification". Blood 76, nr 10 (15.11.1990): 2159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v76.10.2159.bloodjournal76102159.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The concept of reducing cell-associated blood-borne viruses (BBVs) by filtration of the vector leukocytes from blood collected for transfusion has led to the development of high efficiency filters. Improved filtration technology demands newer methodology to accurately estimate the residual cells. We have developed an experimental model based on the hemocytometer counts and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), performed on the lymphocytes derived from the units of red cell mass inoculated with marker cells (H9) persistently carrying cell- associated human immunodeficiency virus DNA (CA-HIV). We measured the efficiency of 6 units of a prototype filter using our model and found an estimated mean of less than 4 residual cells per milliliter in the filtered blood. This represents a mean 5.84 log10 reduction of normal PBMC and CA-HIV in pre- and post-filtration aliquots and exemplifies the application of our model for evaluating a new generation of blood filters. Our model illustrates that a biological tracer (ie, DNA) is a better measure of the efficacy of a leukocyte filter than the hemocytometric enumeration of pre- and post-filtration PBMC concentrates.
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Jones, Matthew P., Malte Storm, Andrew P. E. York, Timothy I. Hyde, Gareth D. Hatton, Alex G. Greenaway, Sarah J. Haigh i David S. Eastwood. "4D In-Situ Microscopy of Aerosol Filtration in a Wall Flow Filter". Materials 13, nr 24 (12.12.2020): 5676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13245676.
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The transient nature of the internal pore structure of particulate wall flow filters, caused by the continuous deposition of particulate matter, makes studying their flow and filtration characteristics challenging. In this article we present a new methodology and first experimental demonstration of time resolved in-situ synchrotron micro X-ray computed tomography (micro-CT) to study aerosol filtration. We directly imaged in 4D (3D plus time) pore scale deposits of TiO2 nanoparticles (nominal mean primary diameter of 25 nm) with a pixel resolution of 1.6 μm. We obtained 3D tomograms at a rate of ∼1 per minute. The combined spatial and temporal resolution allows us to observe pore blocking and filling phenomena as they occur in the filter’s pore space. We quantified the reduction in filter porosity over time, from an initial porosity of 0.60 to a final porosity of 0.56 after 20 min. Furthermore, the penetration depth of particulate deposits and filtration rate was quantified. This novel image-based method offers valuable and statistically relevant insights into how the pore structure and function evolves during particulate filtration. Our data set will allow validation of simulations of automotive wall flow filters. Evolutions of this experimental design have potential for the study of a wide range of dry aerosol filters and could be directly applied to catalysed automotive wall flow filters.
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Chan, Tak W., Marie Lee, Gary Mallach i David Buote. "Efficiency of the Vehicle Cabin Air Filters for Removing Black Carbon Particles and BTEX from the Air Intake". Applied Sciences 11, nr 19 (28.09.2021): 9048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11199048.
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A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate 11 vehicular cabin filters (including electrostatic filters) in removing fine particles. Two filters with charcoal were also evaluated to understand their usefulness in removing five common volatile organic compounds, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (BTEX). Filters were found to show considerably different particle filtration efficiencies (FE). Electrostatic filters were found to provide 20–60% better FE across all particle diameters (6–520 nm). For 6 nm particles, FE from 78 to 94% were observed (from the worst to the best filters), while at 520 nm, FE varied from 35 to 60%. The best group of filters provided 44–46% FE for capturing the most penetrating particles (100–300 nm), while the worst group of filters provided only 10–11% FE. The filtration behavior of nominal filters was typically stable (with respect to particle number, black carbon, and particulate matter mass) over the course of 1–2 years of usage. The benefits of the electrostatic filters were significant, but such advantages were observed to gradually dissipate over the course of about 1 year; by then, the electrostatic filter becomes no different compared to a nominal filter in terms of filtration behavior. Charcoal filters showed variabilities in removing BTEX, and removal efficiencies varied from 11 to 41%.
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Katrivesis, Fotios K., Varvara Sygouni, Christakis A. Paraskeva i Vagelis G. Papadakis. "A Performance Comparison of Pilot-Scale Sand Filtration and Membrane Filtration of Glafkos River Water". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, nr 2 (16.02.2021): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020203.
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Surface-water treatment plants use the flocculation–precipitation method followed by gravity filters to remove suspended solids. In the present work, the replacement of gravity filters with ultrafiltration membrane units is suggested to improve the efficiency of water treatment and to reduce fixed and operational costs. A parametric pilot-scale study was conducted to compare the filtration efficiency of a deep bed and a membrane module for water-simulating river water of various turbidity degrees. Suspensions of kaolinite were prepared to simulate turbidity of the Glafkos River, Achaia Region of Greece and were filtered using a laboratory sand-bed column and a pilot ultrafiltration (UF) membrane unit. Operational parameters such as the particle concentration ratio, the flow rate, and the filter head loss were studied in the case of the granular bed. In the case of membrane filtration, the permeate flux, turbidity, and membrane permeability loss due to fouling were tested. A discussion in terms of the operational cost and environmental impacts was performed. Filtration capacity of the sand filter is a decreasing function of the flow rate and it was found less efficient than membrane ultrafiltration for increased turbidity or increased particle concentration values. Membrane ultrafiltration could achieve long-term economic profit while it is characterized by minimum environmental impact since the use of chemical reagents and the production of waste sludge are limited.
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Djaelani, Muhammad Anwar, Lestari Milatul Khusnia i Sunarno. "Histomorfometri Limpa Ikan Nila Merah (Oreochromis niloticus) yang Dibudidayakan dengan Aerasi dan Filtrasi Berbeda". Jurnal Veteriner 25, nr 1 (10.06.2024): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2024.25.1.21.
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Cultivation of red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) requires good water quality. Physiological processes and organ structures can be disrupted when water quality including dissolved oxygen, water temperature, pH, salinity and ammonia exceeds the normal threshold. Aeration and filtration in fish farming can help improve water quality which affects the improvement of physiological processes and spleen function of red tilapia. The study was purposed to analyze the use of aerators, filters and a combination of both on the histomorphometry and structure of the spleen of red tilapia. This study used a completely randomized design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement. Each main factor consists of two levels, such as aeration i.e., single aeration and double aeration and filtration i.e., without filter and with filter. The experimental fish in the study were 24 red tilapia fish which were divided into four treatment groups, which included single aeration without filter, double aeration without filter, single aeration with filter, and double aeration with filter. The results showed that the interaction between aeration and filters had no significant effect (P>0.05) on spleen weight, Relative Spleen Weight (RSW), red pulp diameter, white pulp diameter, melanomacrophage center (MMC) diameter, and MMC cell diameter. The conclusion of this study was that the aeration, filters and combination of aeration and filters could maintain the chemical quality of water so there was no adverse effect on the histomorphometry and structure of the spleen of red tilapia
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Franco, Monalisa, Gabriela K. e. Silva i José E. S. Paterniani. "Water treatment by multistage filtration system with natural coagulant from Moringa oleifera seeds". Engenharia Agrícola 32, nr 5 (październik 2012): 989–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162012000500018.
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This study presents an evaluation of a pilot multistage filtration system (MSF) with different dosages, 131 mg L-1 and 106 mg L-1, of the natural coagulant extracted from Moringa oleifera seeds in pre-filtration and slow filtration stages, respectively. The system was comprised by a dynamic pre-filter unit, two upflow filters in parallel and four slow filters in parallel, and in one of the four filters had the filter media altered. The performance of the system was evaluated by monitoring some water quality parameters such as: turbidity, apparent color and slow filter load loss. The stages that have received the coagulant solution had better treatment efficiency compared with the steps without it. However, the direct application of the coagulant solution in the slow filter caused rapid clogging of the non-woven blanket and shorter career length.
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Fournier, Corentin, Alexander Fiedler, Maximilian Weidele, Harald Kautz i David Schleheck. "Description of a ‘plankton filtration bias’ in sequencing-based bacterial community analysis and of an Arduino microcontroller-based flowmeter device that can help to resolve it". PLOS ONE 19, nr 5 (28.05.2024): e0303937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303937.
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Diversity studies of aquatic picoplankton (bacterioplankton) communities using size-class filtration, DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing of phylogenetic markers, require a robust methodological pipeline, since biases have been demonstrated essentially at all levels, including DNA extraction, primer choice and PCR. Even different filtration volumes of the same plankton sample and, thus, different biomass loading of the filters, can distort the sequencing results. In this study, we designed an Arduino microcontroller-based flowmeter that records the decrease of initial (maximal) flowrate as proxy for increasing biomass loading and clogging of filters during plankton filtration. The device was tested using freshwater plankton of Lake Constance, and total DNA was extracted and an 16S rDNA amplicon was sequenced. We confirmed that different filtration volumes used for the same water sample affect the sequencing results. Differences were visible in alpha and beta diversities and across all taxonomic ranks. Taxa most affected were typical freshwater Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes, increasing up to 38% and decreasing up to 29% in relative abundance, respectively. In another experiment, a lake water sample was filtered undiluted and three-fold diluted, and each filtration was stopped once the flowrate had reduced to 50% of initial flowrate, hence, at the same degree of filter clogging. The three-fold diluted sample required three-fold filtration volumes, while equivalent amounts of total DNA were extracted and differences across all taxonomic ranks were not statistically significant compared to the undiluted controls. In conclusion, this work confirms a volume/biomass-dependent bacterioplankton filtration bias for sequencing-based community analyses and provides an improved procedure for controlling biomass loading during filtrations and recovery of equivalent amounts of DNA from samples independent of the plankton density. The application of the device can also avoid the distorting of sequencing results as caused by the plankton filtration bias.
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Kaminski, Iris, Nicolae Vescan i Avner Adin. "Particle size distribution and wastewater filter performance". Water Science and Technology 36, nr 4 (1.08.1997): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0123.
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Particle size distribution (PSD) allows more accurate simulations of filtration models and better understanding of filter performance. PSD in municipal activated sludge effluent filtration is determined, varying filtration rate, grain size, flocculant type and dosage and function parameters are examined in this work. Results show, that removal efficiency varies for different size groups: small particles in the range of 5-10 μm in initialization stage, with no chemical aids, are poorly removed. Higher rate filters were more sensitive to the particle size than lower rate filters. Filtration with chemical aids is more sensitive to filtration conditions than filtration with no chemical additions. Particle size distribution in filtrate generally fits power law function behavior better than in raw effluent. The treatment smoothens the function somewhat. In a similar manner to the effect of settling in tanks or in natural lakes. Degree of correlation to power law function may indicate the mode of filter operation: high - working stage, low - breakthrough stage. β may also reflect on filters performance: high values - initial filtration stages. Decrease in β values - cycle progress towards breakthrough. Low β values, with low PSD correlation to power law function, may indicate low filtration efficiency or breakthrough.
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Al-Saqqar, Awatif S., i Batool M. Al-Bayaty. "Breakthrough Index and Specific Deposit in Dual Filters". Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 15, nr 1 (31.03.2008): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.15.1.04.
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The dual filter was tested in this study to improve the performance of the filtration process in water treatment plants. Porcelanite rocks were selected to be the dual media with sand in the experimental work. The work required installing a pilot filtration unit in the location of the filters in one of the water treatment plants. The pilot filtration consists of three plastic column filters, acting parallel and simultaneously. The first contains 70 cm sand, the second and third were dual filters (porcelanite with sand) of different types. The dual media was tested at different filtration rates (5, 7.5, 10, and 15 m/hr). The results showed that the dual filters had better performance than sand filters and reduced the specific deposit ( ) and the breakthrough index (BI). In the dual filters the specific deposit was about (16 to 65 %) less than in sand filters and the breakthrough index (BI) was specified weak for rates 5 and 7 m/hr, light at 10 m/hr, and medium at 15 m/hr..
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Wiewiórska, Iwona. "Impact of Variable Technological and Quality Factors on the Efficiency of Filtration Processes Using Dynasand Filters and Lamella Separator". Architecture, Civil Engineering, Environment 16, nr 2 (1.06.2023): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acee-2023-0027.
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Abstract The paper presents the influence of the quality of water subjected to treatment on the filtration process, using self-cleaning DynaSand filters with contact coagulation. Technological factors directly influencing the filtration process and filtrate quality were identified, e.g. variable flows, retention time on filter bed and filtration speed. In addition, the purification process of rinse water in the Lamella separator and its impact on the filtration process were investigated. The Lamella separator combined with the flocculation tank, in which the coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes are carried out, is an excellent solution to the problem involving the formation of large amounts of rinse water after washing the sand bed of DynaSand filters. The rinse water of fast filters is cleaned on the Lamella separator and returned to the beginning of the filtration system, before DynaSand filters. This solution allows to minimize water losses in the discussed WTP.
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Dwyer, RW, i SG Abel. "The Efficiencies of Cellulose Acetate Filters". Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 13, nr 5 (1.12.1986): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0574.
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AbstractCigarette filters remove both particles and condensable vapours from tobacco smoke aerosols. The particulate contribution to filtration can be isolated by allowing the smoke aerosol to attain thermal equilibrium before it is introduced to the filter. Such experiments show the effects of filter length, filter pressure drop, and aerosol flow rate on particulate filtration. The relative roles of diffusion, impaction, and interception on particle removal have been examined. The extent to which vapour condensation occurs in filters has been found to be dependent on the length to which the tobacco rod has been smoked and independent of the pressure drop of the filter.
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Zhang, Qirong, John Rong, Xizeng Wu, Yuhua Li, Wei R. Chen i Hong Liu. "Impacts of Filtration on Contrast-Detail Detectability of an X-ray Imaging System". International Journal of Biomedical Imaging 2006 (2006): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/ijbi/2006/95754.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of added filtration on the contrast-detail detectability of a digital X-ray imaging system for small animal studies. A digital X-ray imaging system specifically designed for small animal studies was used. This system is equipped with a micro X-ray source with a tungsten target and a beryllium window filtration and a CCD-based digital detector. Molybdenum filters of0mm,0.02mm, and0.05mm in thickness were added. The corresponding X-ray spectra and contrast-detail detectabilities were measured using two phantoms of different thicknesses simulating breast tissue under different exposures. The added Mo filters reduced the low-energy as well as the high-energy photons, hence providing a narrowband for imaging quality improvement. In the experiments with a1.15cm phantom, the optimal image detectability was observed using22kVp and the0.05mm Mo filter. With the2.15cm phantom, the best detectability was obtained with22kVp and the0.02mm Mo filter. Our experiments showed that appropriate filtrations could reduce certain low- and high-energy components of X-ray spectra which have limited contributions to image contrast. At the same time, such filtration could improve the contrast-detail detectability, particularly at relatively low kVp and high filtration. Therefore, optimal image quality can be obtained with the same absorbed radiation dose by the subjects when appropriate filtration is used.
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Li, Hai Xia, i Bing Guang Gao. "Filtration Performance of Particle Removal from Gas with Ceramic Candle Filter". Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (grudzień 2012): 1205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.1205.
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A gas-particle separation system was established to study the filtration performance where twelve ceramic filters were divided into four groups. Filters in the same group will be cleaned by pulse back-flow at once. The pressure distribution and variation during filtration and pulse back-flow washing in four group filter and along filter length was measured. The main pressure drop occurs across the filter porous wall. The pressure at filter cavity decreases from the close end to open end of the candle filter. The gas velocity magnitude inside the filter system during filtration process is generally relatively low inside the vessel. The velocity increases as the gas passes across the filter walls and enters the outlet of the filter tube.
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Alsuhaili, Rafa H., Awatif Soaded A. Alsaqqar i Nawar Omran Ali Nasser. "INITIAL COLLECTION EFFICIENCY FOR GLASS FILTER MEDIA". Journal of Engineering 18, nr 2 (16.05.2023): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2012.02.01.
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This study investigated the ability of using crushed glass solid wastes in water filtration by using a pilot plant, constructed in Al-Wathba water treatment plant in Baghdad. Different depths and different grain sizes of crushed glass were used as mono and dual media with sand and porcelaniate in the filtration process. The mathematical model by Tufenkji and Elimelech was used to evaluate the initial collection efficiency η of these filters. The results indicated that the collection efficiency varied inversely with the filtration rate. For the mono media filters the theoretical ηth values were more than the practical values ηprac calculated fromthe experimental work. In the glass filter ηprac was obtained by multiplying ηth by a factor 0.945 where this factor was 0.714 for the sand filter. All the dual filters showed that ηth was less than ηprac. Whereas the dual filter 35cm porcelanite and 35cm glass showed the highest collection efficiency. To obtain ηprac in the dual filter glass and sand, ηth is multiplied by 1.374, as for the dual filters porcelanite and glass the factor was 1.168 and 1.204.
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Wijeyekoon, S., T. Mino, H. Satoh i T. Matsuo. "Fixed bed biological aerated filtration for secondary effluent polishing-effect of filtration rate on nitrifying biological activity distribution". Water Science and Technology 41, nr 1 (1.01.2000): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0028.
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Three fixed bed downflow biological aerated filters were operated at the rates of 5, 10 and 20 m/day under tertiary treatment conditions. A high NH4+−N oxidation rate of 1.75 kg−N/m3 /day was achieved with an effective residence time of 15 minutes. The biofilm biomass density increased with increasing load while the density gradient along the filter bed became narrower with higher filtration rate. Specific biological activity was inversely proportional to the biomass density. Specific overall biological activity and specific nitrifying activity were found to be higher towards the effluent end of filters operated at the rates of 20 and 10 m/day whereas the highest specific nitrification activity was found to be at the feed end of the slowest filter. Introduction of easily biodegradable organic substrate affected the nitrification activity in the slower filters. The above findings suggest that the location of concentrated nitrification activity is filtration rate dependent. Presence of nitrifiers close to the feed end in a fixed bed downflow filter could be a disadvantage in the presence of faster growing heterotrophic activity under influent fluctuating conditions.
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Smith, Benjamin, Steven Hoff, Jay Harmon, Daniel Andersen, Jeffrey Zimmerman i John Stinn. "Quantification of Site Layout and Filter Characteristics on Primary Filter Airflow Reduction on Commercial Swine Sites in Iowa". AgriEngineering 1, nr 2 (4.06.2019): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering1020022.
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Fresh air intake filtration is used on commercial swine breeding-gestation-farrowing farms to reduce the frequency of airborne infectious agents. For swine producers, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), influenza A virus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae are considered the most economically challenging airborne pathogens. Reduced frequency of disease outbreaks has been attributed to retrofitting existing systems with filtration. Economic analysis of operating costs includes energy use, maintenance and replacement of filters. Filter replacement, the largest operational cost, is dependent on filter lifespan. However, limited data is available on filter lifespan and the rate of airflow reduction during the high dust-loading periods typically encountered for filtered swine building ventilation systems. Therefore, the objectives of this study were (1) estimate the average primary filter airflow reduction per day, (2) identify the impact of factors related to site layout, filter characteristics and weather on airflow reduction rates of filters in positive-pressure ventilated buildings and (3) determine methods for reducing average primary filter airflow reduction rate per day during row-crop harvest season. Both filter brand and the installed orientation of the filter significantly (p = 0.0314, p = 0.0419, respectively) impacted airflow reduction rates. All site layout factors were significant (driveway side, p = 0.001; dormer orientation, p = 0.0001; and dormer configuration, p = 0.0001). The materials tested significantly reduced the airflow reduction rate during row-crop harvest. The information obtained in this study will aid producers when planning for filtration, highlight details relevant to the purchase and installation of filters, identify factors that affect filter lifespan and identify methods for improving filter lifespan.
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Kenney, T. C., R. Chahal, E. Chiu, G. I. Ofoegbu, G. N. Omange i C. A. Ume. "Controlling constriction sizes of granular filters". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 22, nr 1 (1.02.1985): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t85-005.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Controlling constriction size Dc* is a size characteristic of the void network in a granular filter and is equal to the diameter of the largest particle that can possibly be transported through the filter by seepage. It provides a quantitative measure of the size of the channels within a granular filter and it is an aid to understanding filtration by drawing attention to processes occurring within the void network. Results of analytical and experimental studies indicate that Dc* is largely independent of the shape of the filter's grain size distribution curve and thickness and can be related to the size of particles in the fine fraction.To transport particles equal in size to Dc* through a granular medium requires mild vibration and seepage velocities corresponding to values of hydrodynamic number R′ ≥ 10. Smaller velocities will only transport particles smaller than Dc*. Filtration capability is thus dependent on both Dc* of the filter and hydrodynamic conditions within the filter.It is shown that knowledge of Dc* can be helpful when designing filters to protect cohesionless and cohesive soils. Key words: filter, constriction size, hydrodynamics, tests, design.
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Lee, Min-Jeong, Hyeon-Ju Kim, Du-Hong Kang, Jung Woo Lee i Jung-Yeul Yun. "Microstructure and Pore Characteristics of a Double-Layered Pore Structure Powder Filter Fabricated by the WPS Process". Metals 14, nr 6 (4.06.2024): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14060665.
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In order to supply high-purity process gas in the semiconductor manufacturing process, a gas filter is used to remove particles that may be contained in the gas. However, because the gas filters currently in use have simple pore structures, there is a need to increase filtration efficiency through the development of filters with complex pore structures. In this study, a metal powder filter with double-layered pores was manufactured using a Wet Powder Spraying process (WPS) to increase the filtering efficiency of gas filters used in semiconductor manufacturing. The effects of the mixing ratio of spherical-shape and flake-shape powders and the rolling process on the filter’s characteristics were investigated. The filter’s performance, microstructure, and surface roughness were evaluated by measuring porosity and gas permeability. The results showed that as the ratio of flake-shaped powder decreased, the thickness of the coating layer and the porosity of the filter decreased. Additionally, it was observed that as the rolling process progressed, the non-uniform pore structure was oriented parallel to the cross-section of the filter regardless of the mixing ratio. Measurements found that the gas permeability of the uncoated filter support was the highest, and that gas permeability decreased as the proportion of spherical powder increased regardless of the average particle size of the mixed powder. Lower gas permeability was observed in rolled samples. A filtration efficiency of LRV 3 or higher was confirmed.
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Dziubak, Tadeusz, i Yuriy Yendzheyovskyy. "Operating properties of air inlet filters in a sports car engine". Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 66, nr 2 (3.07.2017): 123–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.1894.
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There are presented design solutions and operation properties of air inlet filters of motor vehicles and sports cars. An analysis of the impact of the use of a sports car air filter in a passenger car was performed. The effect of this change on the increase in power and torque in several car engines was shown. The conditions and methodology of sports car air filter studies have been developed. A research stand with a particle counter was presented. The test results on the characteristics of efficiency and accuracy filtration and flow resistance of two sports air filters were presented. Each filter was tested at a different filtration rate. The dust absorption coefficient of the sport filter was determined. The dust particle fraction in the air purified behind the filter was calculated. Keywords: engine, air filter, sports filter, filtration efficiency and filtration accuracy, flow resistance, dust absorption coefficient, particle size
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Cheikhrouhou, M., i D. Sigli. "Influence of the Structure of Fabric Filters on the Velocity and Stress Fields of Filtration Flows in Their Vicinity". Textile Research Journal 58, nr 7 (lipiec 1988): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051758805800701.
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An experimental study of filtration flow through textile filters focuses on the area of contact between the filter and the flowing fluid. Optical and complementary techniques based on laser Doppler velocimetry and flow birefringence are applied to filtration, providing precise data for the fine structure of the local velocity and mechanical stress fields near the filters. The effects of the woven structures on the mechanical properties and performance of the filters are studied.
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Filice, Simona, Viviana Scuderi, Sebania Libertino, Massimo Zimbone, Clelia Galati, Natalia Spinella, Leon Gradon, Luciano Falqui i Silvia Scalese. "Sulfonated Pentablock Copolymer Coating of Polypropylene Filters for Dye and Metal Ions Effective Removal by Integrated Adsorption and Filtration Process". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, nr 19 (4.10.2022): 11777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911777.
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In this work, we coated polypropylene (PP) fibrous filters with sulfonated pentablock copolymer (s-PBC) layers and tested them for the removal of cationic organic dyes, such as methylene blue (MB), and heavy metal ions (Fe3+ and Co2+) from water by adsorption and filtration experiments. Some of the coated filters were irradiated by UV light before being exposed to contaminated water and then were tested with unirradiated filters in the same adsorption and filtration experiments. Polymer-coated filters showed high efficiency in removing MB from an aqueous solution in both absorption and filtration processes, with 90% and 80% removal, respectively. On the other hand, for heavy metal ions (Fe3+ and Co2+), the coated filters showed a better removal performance in the filtration process than for the adsorption one. In fact, in the adsorption process, controlled interaction times allow the ionic species to interact with the surface of the filters leading to the formation and release of new species in solution. During filtration, the ionic species are easily trapped in the filters, in particular by UV modified filters, and we observed for Fe3+ ions a total removal (>99%) in a single filtration process and for Co2+ ions a larger removal with respect to the untreated filter. The mechanisms involved in the removal of the contaminants processes were investigated by characterizing the filters before and after use by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).
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Dziubak, Tadeusz. "Experimental Studies of PowerCore Filters and Pleated Filter Baffles". Materials 15, nr 20 (18.10.2022): 7292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15207292.
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The material most commonly used to filter and clean the intake air of vehicle internal combustion engines is pleated filter paper, which in most cases is shaped in the form of a cylinder or panel. The production technology has a low cost and is not complicated. In addition to high separation efficiency and filtration performance, pleated filter media are required to have low initial pressure drop, which depends on the geometry of the bed. Much research has been conducted in this area. Dust accumulated in the filter bed causes an increase in pressure drop, which is the cause of deformation and sticking of pleats. The lack of stability of the pleats, the need to strengthen them, and the need to obtain small sizes while achieving high efficiency and accuracy of filtration of engine intake air was the reason for the development of a different design and a new technology for making filter cartridges called PowerCore. The distinctive feature of these filters is axial flow in one direction of the air stream, which avoids turbulence and thus minimizes pressure drop. This paper presents a comparative analysis of a standard PowerCore and PowerCore G2 filter bed and two cylindrical filters with a pleated filter bed made of cellulose and polyester. The conditions and methodology of experimental testing of filters with test dust are presented. During the tests, the characteristics of separation efficiency and filtration performance, as well as pressure drop as a function of the mass of dust retained on the filter of two PowerCore filters and two cylindrical filters were performed. Three specimens of test filters with the same filtration area were made from each sample of filter bed. The results showed that in each test of the filter bed, there is an initial filtration period characterized by low (96–98%) initial separation efficiency and the presence of large (dpmax) dust grains. As the dust loading of the bed increases, the separation efficiency and filtration performance obtain higher and higher values. The initial period of filtration ends when the conventional value (99.9%) of separation efficiency is reached. The duration of this period depends on the type of filter bed and for the PowerCore G2 filter ends for a dust loading of km = 33.1 g/m2, and for the cellulose filter for km = 117.3 g/m2. During the initial period, the air behind the PowerCore G2 filter contains grains with sizes in the range of dpmax = 9–16 µm. Behind the cellulose filter, dust grains are much larger, dpmax = 17–35 µm. The total operating time of the PowerCore G2 filter, limited by the achievement of the permittivity resistance Δpwdop = 3 kPa, is twice that of the other filter compositions tested.
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Merkle, Frank, Wolfgang Böttcher i Roland Hetzer. "Prebypass filtration of cardiopulmonary bypass circuits: an outdated technique?" Perfusion 18, nr 1_suppl (styczeń 2003): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0267659103pf632oa.
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Filtration of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) priming fluid before connection of the circuit to the patient was first accomplished by arterial line filtration. When dedicated prebypass filters (PBFs) with smaller pore sizes became available, a large number of particles could be found on the filter surface. In recent years, modern manufacturing methods for CPB circuit components were believed to be associated with a reduced number of particles found in components of extracorporeal circuits, making separate filtration of CPB priming solution unnecessary. Microemboli generated during the preparation and priming procedure of the CPB circuit may consist of either solid particles or gaseous emboli and may contribute to patient morbidity. Endotoxins found in infusion solutions and CPB priming solutions may trigger inflammatory responses when administered into the circulatory system. Filtration of crystalloid CPB priming solutions with a PBF consisting of a filter membrane with a pore size of0.2 mm was found to effectively reduce the number of microemboli. Infusion filters with a filter pore size of 0.2 mm were found to reduce the endotoxin contamination in infusion solutions. Prebypass filtration with filters containing pores of 0.2 mm should be a necessity for contemporary perfusion practice.
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Pinto, Marinaldo F., Dinara G. Alves, Ezequiel Saretta, Antonio P. de Camargo i Tarlei A. Botrel. "Development of a filtration system with high-frequency flow reversal". Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 20, nr 4 (kwiecień 2016): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n4p295-301.
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ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to develop a filtration system with high-frequency flow reversal and minimum requirement of water for cleaning routines. The system was developed in the period from 2011 to 2013 and consists of three screen filters and eleven solenoid valves electronically controlled by a controller that operates based on head loss measurements. The following evaluations were carried out: head loss curve as a function of flow rate; filtrating efficiency as a function of solids concentration, frequency of flow reversal and increment in head loss. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme with three replicates and two treatment levels for each factor. The filtration efficiency was equal to 98.6% for particles larger than 50 µm. The minimum volume of water for each cleaning of the filters was 5.39 L. The head loss increment in the filtration system with flow reversal at frequencies of 11.11 and 22.22 mHz was smaller compared with the filtration system without flow reversal. The developed filtration system has potential for filtering low-quality irrigation water, but requires periodic maintenance to clean the filter element.