Rozprawy doktorskie: „Filters and filtration”

1

Moorthy, Kavitha. "EFFECT OF SURFACE ENERGY OF FIBERS ON COALESCENCE FILTRATION". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1185554340.

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2

Agranovski, Igor Evgenevich, i n/a. "Filtration of Ultra-Small Particles on Fibrous Filters". Griffith University. School of Environmental Engineering, 1995. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20050913.164528.

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The problem of filtration of liquid aerosols by both wettable and nonwettable filters has been extensively studied and the results of the theoretical calculations together with the experimental results are presented. More realistic models of filtration by both wettable and nonwettable filters have been developed and verified experimentally. A new instrument has been developed, and used in the experiments, for the measurement of the absolute concentration of aerosols in the gas stream. This instrument is based on the measurement of the initial vapour content of the gas stream simultaneously with the measurement of the vapour content after the total evaporation of aerosol. The concentration of the aerosol is calculated as the difference between these two values. The instrument was developed to provide fast and accurate measurements of aerosol concentration. The main advantages of the instrument are: high accuracy, simplicity of measurement, possibility of use for a wide range of substances, perfect suitability of operation for automatic monitoring technologies, etc. All rights for this instrument have been reserved and the fully automatic version will be available in the near future. It was found that the efficiency of filtration of aerosol on the wettable filter depends on the thickness of the liquid film on the fibre. This parameter was taken into account in the development of a theoretical model of filtration on wettable fibrous filters. The particle breakthrough problem has been solved by the optimisation of the aspect ratio (the ratio of the height by width) of the wettable filter. On this basis, industrial devices have been developed, patented, and implemented in industry. These devices provide a stable operating efficiency of higher than 99%. It was found experimentally that the efficiency of filtration of aerosol on the nonwettable filter depends on the diameter of the drop suspended on the filter, and on the area of the filter blocked by drops: this influences the velocity of filtration. All these parameters were taken into account in the development of a theoretical model of filtration on nonwettable fibrous filters. On the basis of this model, satisfactorily verified by the experiments, an industrial device has been developed. The harnessing of atomisers makes it possible to maintain the efficiency of filtration higher than 99%, even with a relatively high velocity of filtration of 2.7m/s. The new technology is tackling the problem of handling huge amounts of exhaust gases and this is particularly important for cramped installations when the space available for the air pollution control technology is quite limited. A highly efficient gas cleaning technology has been developed. This technology is based on combining two stages (wet scrubber and filter) of currently utilised air pollution control devices by submerging the fibrous filter into the liquid on the plate. The new device provides an effective division of the main gas stream into ultra-small bubbles which increase the contact area between the gas and liquid phases. It was estimated theoretically and verified experimentally that the efficiency of the proposed 'combined' technology, is 45% higher than the efficiency of the two stages technology. The technology has been patented and will be offered for industrial implementation in the near future.

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3

Agranovski, Igor Evgenevich. "Filtration of Ultra-Small Particles on Fibrous Filters". Thesis, Griffith University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367392.

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The problem of filtration of liquid aerosols by both wettable and nonwettable filters has been extensively studied and the results of the theoretical calculations together with the experimental results are presented. More realistic models of filtration by both wettable and nonwettable filters have been developed and verified experimentally. A new instrument has been developed, and used in the experiments, for the measurement of the absolute concentration of aerosols in the gas stream. This instrument is based on the measurement of the initial vapour content of the gas stream simultaneously with the measurement of the vapour content after the total evaporation of aerosol. The concentration of the aerosol is calculated as the difference between these two values. The instrument was developed to provide fast and accurate measurements of aerosol concentration. The main advantages of the instrument are: high accuracy, simplicity of measurement, possibility of use for a wide range of substances, perfect suitability of operation for automatic monitoring technologies, etc. All rights for this instrument have been reserved and the fully automatic version will be available in the near future. It was found that the efficiency of filtration of aerosol on the wettable filter depends on the thickness of the liquid film on the fibre. This parameter was taken into account in the development of a theoretical model of filtration on wettable fibrous filters. The particle breakthrough problem has been solved by the optimisation of the aspect ratio (the ratio of the height by width) of the wettable filter. On this basis, industrial devices have been developed, patented, and implemented in industry. These devices provide a stable operating efficiency of higher than 99%. It was found experimentally that the efficiency of filtration of aerosol on the nonwettable filter depends on the diameter of the drop suspended on the filter, and on the area of the filter blocked by drops: this influences the velocity of filtration. All these parameters were taken into account in the development of a theoretical model of filtration on nonwettable fibrous filters. On the basis of this model, satisfactorily verified by the experiments, an industrial device has been developed. The harnessing of atomisers makes it possible to maintain the efficiency of filtration higher than 99%, even with a relatively high velocity of filtration of 2.7m/s. The new technology is tackling the problem of handling huge amounts of exhaust gases and this is particularly important for cramped installations when the space available for the air pollution control technology is quite limited. A highly efficient gas cleaning technology has been developed. This technology is based on combining two stages (wet scrubber and filter) of currently utilised air pollution control devices by submerging the fibrous filter into the liquid on the plate. The new device provides an effective division of the main gas stream into ultra-small bubbles which increase the contact area between the gas and liquid phases. It was estimated theoretically and verified experimentally that the efficiency of the proposed 'combined' technology, is 45% higher than the efficiency of the two stages technology. The technology has been patented and will be offered for industrial implementation in the near future.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environmental Engineering
Faculty of Environmental Sciences
Full Text

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4

Ahmad, Rasheed. "Filtration and backwashing performance of biologically-active filters". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21659.

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5

Tian, Chenguo. "Filtration of liquid aluminum with reticulated ceramic filters". Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28932.

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Fluid flow and filtration phenomena associated with filtration of liquid aluminum using reticulated ceramic filters were systematically investigated. It was found that fluid flow through this type of filter could be described by Darcy's Law up to a Reynolds number of 8, and the permeability of this type of filter ranged from about $9 times10 sp{-3}$ to $4 times10 sp{-2} rm mm sp2$.
Parameters affecting filtration processes during the initial period were identified, some of which could be quantified numerically using a 2-D computational domain. According to these numerical analyses, the clean filter coefficient for this type of filter was linearly dependent on the dimensionless Stokes velocity of the suspended particles, had a $-$0.96 power dependence on the Peclet number, a $-$6.93 power dependence on the effective porosity of the filter, and exhibited only a weak dependence on the Reynolds number, in the Darcy velocity regime.
The dynamic behaviour of this type of filter was analyzed theoretically and simulated numerically using newly proposed correlations relating the filter coefficient and the pressure drop to the amount of particles captured within the filter (the specific deposit), and a model describing the morphology of captured particles. The simulated results showed that the filtration efficiency and the pressure drop increased with inlet particle concentration and filtration time; these increases were however, insignificant when the inlet particle concentration was less than 1 ppm for filtration periods of two hours, however, when the inlet concentration (initial and continued) reached 10 ppm, the change became appreciable.
Experimental data, obtained from liquid aluminum filtration tests conducted by the author in both laboratory and industrial settings, compared favourably with the numerical results.

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6

Stephen, Christopher Mark. "Filtration and cleaning behaviour of rigid ceramic filters". Thesis, University of Surrey, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337002.

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7

Ying, Tung-Yu. "Magnetically-seeded filtration of colloidal particles". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20229.

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8

Munholand, Luke. "Filtration à haute température avec des chandelles céramiques = High temperature filtration with ceramic candle filters". Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2001.

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9

Aliouane, Kamel. "Contribution à l'étude du filtrage d'harmoniques des réseaux de distribution à l'aide de l'association de filtres actif et passif parallèle". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL012N.

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Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de l'association d'un filtre actif avec un filtre passif. Cette association peut conduire à une augmentation sensible des performances de filtrage ainsi que des potentialités d'application. Différentes structures sont envisageables, mais les deux configurations retenues (filtre actif en série avec l'alimentation ou en série avec le filtre passif) conduisent à un dimensionnement réduit du filtre actif, tout en assurant de bonnes performances de filtrage. Dans les deux cas, le filtre actif ne fonctionne pas comme un compensateur d'harmoniques. Il joue le rôle d'isolateur d'harmoniques, s'opposant en particulier aux phénomènes de résonance. C’est la raison pour laquelle il nécessite une plus faible puissance comparée à la puissance d'un filtre actif parallèle. Afin de valider l'étude effectuée, une maquette expérimentale monophasée de puissance réduite a été développée. Elle a permis de montrer que les caractéristiques de filtrage sont indépendantes de l'impédance de source et que les performances du filtre passif sont nettement améliorées

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10

Evans, Helen L. "Particle removal within biological water treatment filters". Thesis, University of Surrey, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298089.

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11

Kong, Deyi. "A modelling study of filtration mechanisms for micron-particles filtration in fibrous diesel particulate filters". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/130563/9/Deyi%20Kong%20Thesis.pdf.

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Diesel exhaust has a particle size less than 10 µm; for the visualisation of micron-particles’ motion, the numerical method is applied. A coupled lattice Boltzmann method and discrete element method is implemented to investigate the mechanism that governs particle-gas flows and particle fouling in idealised 2D fibrous DPFs. The open-source library, Mechsys, is validated and then implemented for idealised filter configurations. The initial parameters of simulations are filter configurations, initial velocities of fluid, the density of the particles, porosity of the filters, with the particle diameter being 10 µm. These results consider the numbers of particle deposition, filtration time, pressure drop, and location of particle deposition. The results have shown that the different filter configurations have different filtration performances for different velocities or densities. The filters of 75% porosity have better than 90% porosity filtration performance for 10 µm particles.

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12

Tousi-Ardakani, Saied. "Numerical investigation of particle collection in electrically enhanced fibrous filters /". Access abstract and link to full text, 1986. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/8702930.

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13

Payne, Simon Daniel. "Experimental studies of diesel particulate filtration". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610170.

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14

Cheung, W. F. "Filtration and cleaning characteristics of ceramic media". Thesis, University of Surrey, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234580.

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15

Mait, Joseph Neil. "Pupil function optimization for bipolar incoherent spatial filtering". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13709.

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16

Yeo, Woon Kwang. "A Generalized High Pass/Low Pass Averaging Procedure for Deriving and Solving Turbulent Flow Equations". Connect to resource, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1210098135.

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17

Daniel, Timothy Seth. "The effects of precision on the fast, recursive least-squares transversal filters for adaptive filtering". Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03242009-040454/.

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18

Vasheghani-Farahani, Ebrahim. "Filtration of fine suspensions in an electrofluidized bed". Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66042.

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19

Sittivate, Dome. "Algae removal from surface water by horizontal-flow roughing filtration". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287809.

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20

Li, Hong-yu Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Mechanism studies for crossflow microfiltration with pulsatile flow". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, 1995. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/17858.

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The mechanism of how pulsatile flow affects flux behaviour in crossflow micro-filtration was investigated. The effects of pulsatile flow were sub-divided into shear effects and backflushing effects. A servo-valve hydraulic piston pump was applied to generate pulsatile flows in the membrane module with particular waveforms. Four types of fluid pulsation with specific flow-rate and pressure waveforms were produced for experimental tests. Two parameters, /dVcf\dt/ maxand Pmin, were examined independently for their effect during pulsatile flow, which was estimated by comparing the cake resistance during steady flow and pulsatile flow at the same mean crossflow velocity, trans-membrane pressure and membrane resistance. Filtration tests for all the pulsatile flows with clean water confirmed that pulsatility only affects cake depositions. Without particles, no flux improvement was obtained. The results for the microfiltration of 0.5g/1 silica suspension showed that for pulsatile flows without backflushing (i.e. no negative transmembrane pressure peak), the fluid pulsation decreased cake resistance when the shear related parameter /dVcf\dt/max exceeded a critical value for each given waveform. When the instantaneous transmembrane pressure reached negative values, i.e. back-flushing occurred, the cake resistance was reduced for all pressure waves tested. Cake resistance was reduced more for more negative P min. With two of the waveforms tested, the cake resistance was almost completely eliminated. In contrast, the shear affected cake resistance reduction differently for each waveform. Comparing cake reduction results for different pulsatile waveforms, it was found that, for the square wave, the cake resistance reduction was higher for both shear and backflushing effect tests, while for the short spike waveform, the cake resistance reduction was lower. The flux waveforms were seen to follow the variations in transmembrane pressure. The flux response time was longer than the time required for the pressure changes, but was not dependent on the direction of the pressure change.

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21

Turkson, Abraham K. "Electro-ultrafiltration with rotating dynamic membranes". Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=72036.

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In axial electrofiltration, a DC electric field is imposed between a rotating inner cylinder and a stationary outer cylinder giving rise to four mechanisms which act to minimize solute accumulation at the filter surface: turbulence, centrifugal force, electrophoresis and shear stress which removes solute aggregates.
Four dynamic membranes, Zr(IV) oxide, calcium oleate, poly-2-vinylpyridine and cadmium sulfide, were used to filter bovine serum albumin (BSA) in a disodium phosphate solution at pH = 8 and Prussian blue in distilled water. Prussian blue is a particle of 0.01(mu)m diameter with a zeta potential of -41mV while BSA is a macromolecule of 69,000 molecular weight, a Stokes-Einstein radius of 0.0038(mu)m and a zeta potential of -23.3mV at pH = 8. For BSA, the flux declined with time while the rejection increased. Filtrate fluxes increased with rotation rate and electric field and declined with concentration for both feeds. The flux declined beyond N = 2000rpm and was constant above C(,0) = 5.0wt%. For Prussian blue, the rejection was greater than 90% at all levels of E, N and C(,0). For BSA, the rejection increased with rotation rate and declined with concentration. The BSA rejection declined above N = 2000rpm and was constant beyond C(,0) = 0.5wt%.
A mathematical model was derived to predict the time variation of filtrate flux and a rejection model was used to predict the effect of surface concentration on BSA rejection.

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22

Zhao, Yaqian. "Interactions of polymer and an alum sludge during conditioning and dewatering". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367045.

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23

Ye, Yun School of Chemical Engineering &amp Industrial Chemistry UNSW. "Macromolecular fouling during membrane filtration of complex fluids". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/33245.

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Macromolecular components, including protein and polysaccharides, are viewed as one type of major foulants in the complex feed membrane filtration systems such as membrane bioreactor (MBR). In this thesis, the mechanisms of macromolecular fouling including protein and polysaccharide in the complex feed solution are explored by using Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and alginate as model solution. During the filtration of BSA and washed yeast with 0.22 ????m PVDF membrane, it was found that the critical flux of mixture solution was controlled by washed yeast concentration while the existence of BSA significantly changed the cake reversibility of much larger particles. The fouling mechanisms of alginate, as a model polysaccharide solution, were investigated both in dead end and crossflow membrane filtration. In the dead end experiments, it was found that the cake model appears to fit the entire range of the ultrafiltration data while the consecutive standard pore blocking model and cake model are more applicable to microfiltration membranes. The alginate was featured with high specific cake resistance and low compressibility despite some variations between different membranes. The specific cake resistance ( c ) is similar to c of BSA and actual extracellular polymer substance (EPS) in MBR systems reported in the literature, and higher than that of many colloidal particles. In a system contained alginate-particles mixture, it was found that the existence of alginate dramatically increased the cake specific resistance and decreased the cake compressibility. The fouling mechanism of alginate was also studied using long term cross flow filtration under subcritical flux. A two-stage TMP profile similar to that typically observed in MBR was obtained, confirming the important role of EPS during membrane fouling in MBR. In addition to adsorption, trace deposition of alginate also contributed to the initial slow TMP increase during the subcritical filtration. TMP increase during the long-term filtration was found not only due to the increase of the amount of deposition, but also the increase of specific cake resistance. A combined standard pore blocking and cake filtration model, using a critical pore size for the transition time determination, was developed and fit the experimental results well.

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24

Xie, Jing. "Models for filtration during drilling, completion and stimulation operations /". Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008475.

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25

Bailey, Andrew Douglas. "An exploratory investigation of crossflow microfiltration for solid/liquid separation in biological wastewater treatment". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21915.

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This thesis contains the results and discussion of an exploratory investigation into the application of Crossflow Microfiltration (CFMF) for solid/liquid separation in biological wastewater treatment systems. The principal objective of the study was to assess the influence of CFMF on the performance of identified biological wastewater treatment systems. It was not the objective to optimise filtration performance. A literature review indicated that the crossflow mode of filtration has been widely accepted as a unit operation in the fermentation industry. The filtration mode is now being applied not only for solid/liquid separation but also for separations on a molecular and ionic level. Very few applications of crossflow filtration in the context of biological wastewater treatment solid/liquid separation are reported in the literature. The reasons for this limited experience would appear to be the scale involved and the perceived high costs; separations in the fermentation industry are usually conducted at relatively small scale (laboratory or pilot-scale) and involve high-value products, justifying high capital and operating costs. Also, the high level of separation performance attained is perhaps not necessary for many wastewater treatment applications. No doubt these reservations are largely valid. However, these arguments cannot be applied equally to all filtration methods and wastewater treatment schemes. For example, the costs of microfiltration are substantially less than ultrafiltration or reverse osmosis, and in certain cases effluents with extremely low suspended solids contents may be required. In the light of these observations an investigation of CFMF for solid/liquid separation in biological wastewater treatment systems appears justified. Two biological treatment systems were selected for study: the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed (UASB) reactor and the Activated Sludge system. The envisaged benefits accruing from the application of CFMF were different in each case.

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26

Mann, Allan. "A comparison of floating and sunken media biological aerated filters (BAF)". Thesis, Cranfield University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359948.

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27

Amburgey, James E. "Improving filtration for removal of cryptosporidium oocysts and particles from drinking water". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20723.

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28

Santos, Pedro Deyrieux Centeno Ogando. "Heavy metals removal in dual media filters". Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/8251.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente – Perfil de Engenharia Sanitária
The purpose of this study was to investigate physicochemical mechanisms for the removal of heavy metals from the effluent of Harnaschpolder’s WWTP Pilot Installation in the South of Netherlands. This effluent is partially submitted to tertiary treatment in a water reuse pilot which aims the production of water for two different end‑uses: crop irrigation in greenhouses and surface‑type water. Tertiary filters were mounted and started up at the reuse pilot and specific concentrations of heavy metals were dosed in the filters. Removal efficiencies were then calculated after the end of the experiments. As a parallel research project, the removal of HM was also carried out by inoculating selected bacteria (biosorption). Solubility curves were calculated for the dosed heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn) using PHREEQc programme, to predict if heavy metal precipitation occurred in the filters (using the same experimental data: temperature, pH , alkalinity, etc.). Results show that physicochemical precipitation was not the primary removal mechanism for heavy metals. The results suggest that other mechanisms such as adsorption and/or chelation may be involved in the removal of these species.

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29

Sills, James A. "Nonstationary signal modeling, filtering, and parameterization". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16884.

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30

Raveendran, Palanivel. "Mechanisms of particle detachment during filter backwashing". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/18989.

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31

Mahmood, Talat. "The mechanics of asymmetric particle release during filter backwashing and migration of colloids". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19159.

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32

Vasudevan, Venkatesh. "Study on candle filter surface regeneration characteristics at room temperature". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2003. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2878.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2003.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xxiii, 271 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 268-271).

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33

Viswanathan, Balakrishnan. "Study of surface regeneration characteristics of a candle filter at high temperature". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2004. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=3373.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2004.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 106 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 96-98).

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34

Rahman, Mohammad Dilawar Adnan. "LABORATORY EVALUATION OF EXISTING FILTER CRITERIA FOR GEOFABRICS". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275254.

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35

Al-Hajeri, Mohammad Hamad. "Characterization of the fluid flow associated with ceramic candle filters". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323258.

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36

Simha, Sharath J. "Investigation of the formation of residual ash on candle filters". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1998. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=231.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1998.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 156 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 134-135).

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37

Rosepiler, Stephen G. "Performance evaluation of diesel particulate filters on heavy duty vehicles". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2003. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2867.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2003.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 114 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-103).

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38

FLEISCHMAN, GREGORY JOSEPH. "FLUID FILTRATION FROM CAPILLARY NETWORKS (MICROCIRCULATION, MATHEMATICAL MODELING)". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187998.

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A mathematical model has been developed which describes the fluid exchange from a capillary network of realistic topology, and calculates the spatial distribution of extravascular pressure. In this model, the capillaries are represented by a superposition of sources and sinks, resulting from a D'Arcy's Law description of flow in tissue of uniform fluid conductivity. The combination of this representation and Starling's Hypothesis, which relates the forces influencing transmural fluid exchange, yields an integral equation of the second kind which is solved numerically for the source strength distribution. Two important features of this approach are that: (i) it allows for interaction between the local tissue pressure field and fluid exchange (the model is called, therefore, the tissue pressure interaction model); and (ii) complex network morphologies are easily modeled. In single capillaries, this interaction, which decreases the predicted fluid exchange, increases with the magnitude of the ratio of capillary wall to extravascular fluid conductivities. For multiple capillaries, in addition to the "self" interaction of a capillary with the local extravascular pressure field, there is the possibility of interaction between capillaries ("capillary-capillary" interaction). The ratio of conductivities, and the additional factors of intercapillary distance and the number of capillaries, also affect interaction in capillary networks. Although interaction is only a weak function of intercapillary distance, it depends strongly on the number of capillaries. The major result from this work is that for the entire physiological range of conductivity ratios, interaction cannot be neglected in predicting fluid exchange. Although tissue pressure interaction affects the magnitude of fluid exchange, it does not greatly alter the pattern of extravascular flow. Therefore, previous models which neglected interaction are not invalidated by the present findings. The effect of interaction on planar capillary networks within a semi-infinite tissue space was also investigated. Flow boundary conditions were imposed at opposed planar boundaries, parallel with the capillary network. Interaction was found to decrease with decreasing distance between the boundary and plane of the capillaries. It still exerted a large effect, however, for distances greater than one-fourth the reference capillary length.

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39

Patel, Shagufta Usman. "Improving Performance and Drainage of Coalescing Filters". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1279317322.

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Fotovati, Shahryar. "THE EFFECTS OF MICRO- AND MACRO-SCALE GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS ON PERFORMANCE OF THE PLEATED AEROSOL FILTERS". VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2681.

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While most filters are made of pleated fibrous media, almost all existing theories of aerosol filtration are developed for flat media placed perpendicular to the air flow. Expressions developed for flat sheet media do not provide accurate information directly useful for designing a pleated filter, and therefore, most progress made in developing pleated filters is based on empiricism. This study is aimed at establishing an enabling knowledge that allows for a better design and optimization of pleated aerosol filters. This study is focused on developing a predictive simulation method that accounts for the influence of a filter’s micro-scale geometric parameters, such as fiber orientation, as well as its macro-scale features, like pleat shape, in predicting the transient pressure drop and collection efficiency with or without the effects of dust loading. The dual-scale simulation method developed in this work is believed to be the only feasible approach for design and optimization of pleated aerosol filters with the current academic-level computational power. Our study is divided into two major tasks of micro- and macro-scale modeling. Our micro-scale studies are comprised of a series of CFD simulations conducted in virtual 2-D or 3-D fibrous geometries that resemble the internal micro-structure of a fibrous medium. These simulations are intended to isolate the effects of each micro structural parameter and study its influence on the performance of the filter medium. In detail, it is intended to propose a method to predict the performance of micro-structures with fiber size distribution. Also, the effects of micro-structural fiber orientation were investigated. Moreover, we offered methodology to predict the performance of noncircular fibers using available analytical expressions for circular fibers. It is shown that the circumscribed circle for a trilobal shaped fiber gives the best prediction for collection efficiency. In macro-scale simulations, on the other hand, the filter medium is treated as a lumped porous material with its properties obtained via micro-scale simulations. Our results showed that more number of pleats helps better performance of pleated filters, however, if the pleat channel becomes blocked by dust cake then this effect is no longer valid.

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41

Michen, Benjamin. "Virus removal in ceramic depth filters". Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-66644.

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Diese Arbeit untersucht den Einsatz von keramischen Materialien in der Trinkwasseraufbereitung mittels Filtration und fokussiert dabei die Entfernung von Viren. Herkömmliche, auf Kieselgur basierende Tiefenfilter (Filterkerzen) mit Porengrößen im unteren Mikrometerbereich, werden hinsichtlich ihres Rückhaltevermögens gegenüber Kolloiden (Viren sowie Polystyrolpartikel) untersucht, um deren Einsatzfähigkeit in der Entfernung von Mikroorganismen im Allgemeinen abschätzen zu können. Ferner wird gezeigt, wie durch ein einfaches Verfahren solche Filter modifiziert werden können, um auch kleinste Viren mit ca. 30 nm Durchmessern aus dem Rohwasser zu entfernen. Die Zugabe von MgO während der Granulierungsstufe im Herstellungsprozess der Filterkerzen bewirkt eine erhebliche Verbesserung des Virenrückhalts bis zu über 99.9999%. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse wurden dabei mit theoretischen Modellen verglichen, um Aussagen über die Mechanismen der Virenentfernung treffen zu können.

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Lee, Dowon. "Simulation of phosphorus transport in vegetative filter strips". Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77815.

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This study investigated the effectiveness of vegetative filter strips (VFS) in removing phosphorus from surface runoff. Dissolved and particulate nutrients were treated separately due to differing transport and removal mechanisms. Nutrient transport in VFS appears to be a function of runoff rate, concentration and size distribution of suspended solids, and biological factors that influence hydrologic and chemical processes in filter strips. Three sets of experimental field plots were constructed to simulate VFS. Each set consisted of three plots containing sediment and nutrient source areas and 0.0, 4.6, or 9.1 m grass filter strips. Artificial rainfall was applied to the plots, and surface runoff, soil, and plant material samples were collected and physically and chemically analyzed. The VFS reduced surface runoff, suspended solids, and phosphorus losses. Most removal of sediment and phosphorus was accomplished in the first few meters of the VFS. The filter strips did not remove phosphorus as effectively as sediment, due to their ineffectiveness for filtering dissolved phosphorus and sediment-bound phosphorus associated with fine particles. The VFS often increased orthophosphorus losses in surface runoff. Laboratory batch experiments of phosph~rus desorption reaction suggested that plant residues, living plant canopy, and soil components of the strips could release dissolved phosphorus to surface runoff. A modified Elovich equation and a diffusion-control model were used to describe the phosphorus release from the plant and soil materials. A computer model, GRAPH, was developed to simulate phosphorus transport in VFS by incorporating phosphorus transport submodels into the VFS model in SEDIMOT II, a stormwater and sediment transport model. The model considers the effects of advection processes, infiltration, biological uptake, phosphorus desorption from the soil surface to runoff, the adsorption of dissolved phosphorus to suspended solids in runoff, and the effects of dynamic changes in the sediment size distribution on chemical transport. GRAPH was verified using the results of the physical plot simulations. The model's predictions and observed phosphorus transport compared favorably. Sensitivity analysis suggested that sediment and phosphorus removal was sensitive to the input parameters in the order: filter length and width, grass spacing, and filter slope and surface roughness. Increased filter width and length and aboveground biomass increased orthophosphorus loss from VFS.
Ph. D.

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Murray-Chiasson, Audrey. "Étude de la relâche des inclusions lors de la filtration de l'aluminium liquide /". Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2002. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Djembarmanah, Rachmawati Sugihhartati. "Activated unsaturated sand filter as an alternative technology to remove copper, manganese, zinc and nickel from waters". Thesis, Swansea University, 2012. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42435.

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An activated unsaturated sand filter (AUSF) is one of only a few of the filtration technologies utilized to treat waters and wastewaters that use unsaturated filter media. AUSF employs sand coated with potassium permanganate and operates with an open chamber allowing free air flow into the column of sand. The AUSF also benefits from operation without the need for a sedimentation unit. Previous studies have demonstrated the efficient removal of iron and manganese using an AUSF, however, to date there are still very limited studies available that use AUSF technology for the removal of metals from waters and wastewaters. Thus, there is an urgent need and opportunity to exploit this technology further. This research was conducted in order to develop and study the characteristics and subsequent operational performance of a novel AUSF media. The study focuses on the removal of copper, manganese, zinc and nickel from a synthetic wastewater and extends current knowledge to a passive aeration process rather than the active aeration used in the previous study by Lee et. al. (2004). The characterisation involved the use of sieving, Brunauer- Fmmett-Teller (BET) analysis, water evaporation studies and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for structural analysis such as particle size, surface area, porosity and topography. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), acid/alkali resistance, isoelectric point determination and acid digestion analysis were used to determine the chemical constituency, chemical stability, electrical charge properties and the binding efficiency of the media. Finally, tracer studies were employed to determine the flow characteristics through the particle media. The manganese coated sand was proven effective for the removal of copper in both agitated tank batch studies and continuous column studies. The batch studies showed that the equilibrium sorption of copper followed a Langmuir isotherm and the sorption rate was best modelled using the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. This suggests that adsorption is taking place as a single homogeneous layer on the surface of the sand particle via the chemisorption method. The Weber-Morris and Bangham models were used to determine the rate-controlling mechanism and this was found to be predominantly intra-particle diffusion. This was confirmed for column studies using the Bohart-Adams model that demonstrated that liquid-film mass transfer was not significant. Several mechanisms of metal removal are proposed and these include precipitation, electrostatic attraction, adsorption, ion exchange and complex ion formation. The column studies demonstrated that dispersion was low under the operating conditions and plug flow performance could be inferred, thus justifying the use of the AUSF model employed. Copper was best removed when operating as an unsaturated particle bed and the removal capacity was increased by approximately 100% when compared to a saturated particle bed. Moreover, the pH increase that occurs on exposure of the process water to the unsaturated column further improves removal capacity. Thus, there is no requirement for an expensive pH adjustment as a pre-treatment process prior to this unit operation. In addition, the removal capacity of the AUSF was demonstrated to increase with lower metal concentrations, lower water flow rates, smaller sand particles, an increase in manganese to sand ratio and an increase in particle bed height. The AUSF performance in removing metals followed the order Cu > Mn > Zn > Ni for individual and mixed component solutions and Cu > Ni > Zn > Mn for a synthetic wastewater typical of the electroplating industries. In conclusion, the novel manganese coated AUSF developed is effective in the removal of metals from solution and offers the potential of a sustainable low cost treatment method for the purification of waters and wastewaters.

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O'Connell, Bethesda, Deborah Slawson, Megan Quinn, Phillip Scheuerman i Olushola O. Ogunleye. "Review of Biosand Water Filters". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6781.

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Diarrhoeal diseases are a global public health burden, killing 1.8 million people annually. Diarrhoea disproportionately affects children and those in poverty. Most diarrhoeal cases can be prevented through safe drinking water and basic hygiene and sanitation measures, with drinking water interventions having the most impact on reducing diarrhoeal disease. A metaevaluation of studies assessing a specific household water treatment method, the biosand water filter, was completed. Results from the meta-evaluation illustrated that biosand water filters improve drinking water quality and reduce diarrhoeal disease. However, short follow-up times and inconsistent measures are a concern. Furthermore, there is no generally accepted field method for determining biosand water filter effectiveness that is useable in low-resource communities. This study adds to understanding of biosand water filters.

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Simmons, Kathy. "An investigation into the deposition of particulate material on ceramic particle filters". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243347.

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Miller, Stanley David 1960. "Mass separation techniques for the design of fixed film bioreactors". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276846.

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Dissolved organics in wastewater samples were separated into three size fractions (0-1,000 amu, 1,000-10,000 amu, and 10,000 amu-0.22 m) using ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. The mass distribution within each fraction was adjusted by using a new permeation coefficient model to account for membrane rejection. Dissolved organic and soluble BOD (sBOD) removals in a trickling filter were studied for the different size fractions. The Logan trickling filter model was recalibrated and used to generate predicted removals by size fraction of sBOD, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and biodegradable DOC (bDOC) for a given influent. Although there was moderate agreement between observed and predicted removals, more investigation is needed to explain shifts in material between different size fractions. Of the three parameters, bDOC may offer a better parameter for modelling trickling filter performance than sBOD.

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Maddineni, Ajay Kumar. "Particle filtration behaviour of oil-treated fibrous air filters for automotive engine intake application". Thesis, IIT Delhi, 2018. http://eprint.iitd.ac.in:80//handle/2074/8030.

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Lee, Ho Tong. "Prism-coupled square optical micropillar resonator-based filters for optical communications /". View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ELEC%202004%20LEE.

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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-138). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

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Demitry, Mariana. "Evaluating Water Filtration and Disinfection for Household, Using Slow Sand Filters plus Solar Disinfection". DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6911.

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In this research, a household water treatment system was built and evaluated as a trial for improving the drinking water quality of the Nile River for the low-income communities. The system consisted of household-scale slow sand filters, and transparent polyethylene terephthalate-bottles for solar disinfection. The evaluation of the system depended on the removal/inactivation of some surrogates for the reference pathogens, and turbidity. The reference pathogens are pathogens specified by the World Health Organization to evaluate the efficiency of the household water treatment options. They were chosen to represent the classes of pathogens in water (bacteria, viruses, protozoa). The surrogates used in the evaluation of the system are Escherichia coli (E.coli), Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli bacteriophage (MS2). The candidate surrogates are also specified by the World Health Organization. The designed household-scale slow sand filter was very efficient in removing the different turbidity levels to ≤0.4NTU. The evaluated system is classified as highly protective because it was able to achieve higher than 4 log removal for E.coli and Clostridium perfringens, and higher than 5 log removal for MS2.

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