Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Film distribution”
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1
Zaytseva, E. G., O. V. Naumova i A. K. Gutakovskii. "Conditions for the identical distribution of free carriers in thin films". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, nr 7 (3.11.2021): 075101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac30fb.
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Abstract The condition of the same distribution of free carriers in thin films is necessary for comparing the mobility and analyzing the scattering mechanisms of carriers near semiconductor film/insulator interfaces. In thin film/insulator systems with different design parameters, it is difficult to ensure the same distribution of free carriers due to physical phenomenon such as the coupling effect. In this study, TCAD simulations of thin-film transistors, which have been used to monitor Si film properties, were applied to find parameters that allow tuning the potential distribution and, accordingly, the distribution of free carriers in films. It was found that such parameters are the film regime, the density of induced carriers, the gate voltage or threshold voltage of transistors. The conditions for the selection of parameters were found that ensure the same distribution of free carriers in thin-film structures for the cases of different thicknesses of films and the surrounding dielectrics. It was shown that the proposed approach can be used for a comparative analysis of the mobility in thin films and makes it possible to eliminate errors associated with different distributions of carriers in the films due to the coupling effect.
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Vande Winkel, Roel. "Film Distribution in Occupied Belgium (1940–1944)". TMG Journal for Media History 20, nr 1 (26.06.2017): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18146/2213-7653.2017.280.
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The military successes achieved by the Wehrmacht in the first years of World War II, provided Nazi Germany with the opportunity to realise a long-dormant ambition of cultural hegemony. This article, focusing on film distribution in German-occupied Belgium (1940–1944), investigates the concrete steps that were taken to bring this new cultural order into practice and identifies the obstacles the German Propaganda Division (‘Propaganda-Abteilung Belgien’) encountered. Through various measures, the number of Belgian film distributors, and the number of films offered by them, were reduced. The market position of German film in general and of German film distributors Ufa and Tobis in particular, was fortified. Nevertheless, these measures did not lead to a complete German market monopoly. This would have been politically undesirable, but also turned out to be economically impossible. Towards the end of the war, the cultural, ideological, but also the undeniable economic mission to make German films as strong as possible in occupied Belgium, proved incompatible with the German war economy.
3
Li, Zheng Min, Zhi Wei Chen, Min Tan, Ke Jing Xu i Bing Jiang. "Determination of Particle Size Distribution of Nano-TiO2 Coating Film by AFM and Image Analysis". Advanced Materials Research 177 (grudzień 2010): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.177.22.
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Nano-TiO2 coating film is one of the efficient photocatalysts. The particle size distribution of TiO2 has important influence on photocatalytic activity. A new method to determine the particle size distribution of TiO2 nano-film coated on ceramic was developed, by which the images of film acquired by Atom force microscope (AFM) were processed, and TiO2 particles contacted with others were separated and detected. The particle size distributions of two TiO2 nano-films were determined.
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Cherkasova, N. "Peculiarities of Ukrainian Films Distribution at the Present Stage". Culture of Ukraine, nr 73 (23.09.2021): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31516/2410-5325.073.16.
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The relevance is determined by the need to reconsider the attitude to the traditional system of film distribution in the new reality. Under conditions of quarantine, the film and the audience actively interact mainly outside of cinemas. Current distribution practices have changed significantly over the last year. Cinemas have almost lost movies and viewers, and filmmakers are trying to minimize the negative effects with new content delivery channels. It is important for various representatives of the film industry to quickly and effectively adapt to new conditions of film consumption.
The methodology. We used the methods of analysis and synthesis in the study of certain characteristics of the domestic rental repertoire, rental conditions of national films, audience preferences. The comparison revealed the features of distribution at the present stage, new opportunities for the distribution of film products in the modern audiovisual space. The method of generalization is used in determining the relevance of study issues, the degree of its theoretical development, identifying positive and negative features in the film practice of Ukrainian distributors, trends in modern film distribution.
The purpose of the article is to analyze and highlight the trends in the distribution of Ukrainian films.
The results. Perspective channels of content distribution in the conditions of crisis of cinema rental are considered. It is proved that different types of television, online distribution segment in practice show interest in new Ukrainian cinema. It is established that Ukrainian film producers and distributors partially use modern mechanisms of distribution of national films.
The topicality. It can be stated that the topic of distribution of national films in the current conditions of cinema crisis is insufficiently studied. There is a lack of study in this regard. We have made an attempt to analyze in detail the topical issues of the development of Ukrainian cinema, which have not received sufficient comprehensive coverage of modern domestic science.
The practical significance. The gradual recovery of the film distribution industry and the film industry is associated with modern methods of delivering films to the audience. The analysis shows the need for further study in this direction. The materials of study can be used in the development of the distribution strategy of national films, in the preparation and practical activities of various representatives of the film industry.
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Sowiński, Emil. "Alternative distribution and its role in the promotion of films produced by the Irzykowski Film Studio between 1981–1984". Images. The International Journal of European Film, Performing Arts and Audiovisual Communication 32, nr 41 (5.01.2023): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/i.2022.41.06.
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The Irzykowski Film Studio was founded in 1981 as an institution that allowed young filmmakers to start their careers directly after graduating from the Film School. The studio could produce medium-length and short feature films and documentaries as well as animation. Nevertheless, all these types of films, according to the statute confirmed by the minister, were not to be officially cinema distributed, since they were supposed to be treated as a film exercise, a kind of practice run. Finally, it turned out that the Irzykowski Film Studio productions were regarded as fully fledged films that could compete with films produced by Film Units (i.e., the professional organizational entities of the Polish film production system at the time) or short film studios. What is not without significance, most films (not to say: all) were politically controversial. Therefore, the leaders of the Studio decided to show films to the audience, but they could not do it officially by applying for referral to cinema distribution. In connection with this, they were shown at small film festivals, inner (unofficial) screenings, and illegally distributed on VHS tapes. By extension, the range of distribution was narrow, but, curiously enough, the films were attracting a lot of interest from film critics, audiences and... state authorities. The aim of this paper is to analyze the alternative distribution process that occurred at the Irzykowski Film Studio. What films were shown at festivals, at internal screenings, and which were illegally copied onto VHS tapes? Had all the films shown been censored? How did state censorship react to test screenings with the audience? How did the critics and audience perceive these films? Did the presence of films at festivals influence their cinema distribution? And finally: how did the promotion and festival distribution of these films affect the perception of the Irzykowski Film Studio among the state authorities?
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Han, Ya Ping, Shao Ze Wang, Qing Wen Wang, Jin Xin Wang i Ming Hai Luo. "Theoretical and Experimental Analysis on Magnetron Sputtering Film Thickness Distribution". Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (styczeń 2012): 334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.334.
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Thickness uniformity of film influences the properties of deposit films greatly by using magnetron sputtering. A magnetron sputtering model is developed , film thickness distribution is got by theoretical deduction, and the data is analyzed by Matlab and Mathematica. The result shows that film thickness is the function of radius, and the uniformity is connected to time. The related experiment was conducted and corresponded with the theory.
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Taufiqurrohman, Muhammad, i Tri Murniati. "Distribution of Post-New Order Indonesian Non-Commercial Films: Case Studies of turah (2016) and prenjak (2016)". Culture and History 2, nr 1 (28.06.2022): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/ch.v2n1p1.
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This article discusses the distribution of two post-New Order Indonesian non-commercial films, namely Turah and Prenjak. Eclectic methods employed in this research consist of (1) a textual-descriptive method to reveal the message of the films in correlation with its distribution aspect, and (2) an ethnographic method with in-depth interview technique to reveal how the distribution of the two films is carried out. This article shows that the distribution of Turah and Prenjak has several similarities as well as differences. Thematically, they talk about the lives of the poor, though they use different angles. In terms of distribution, both utilize film festivals as the main distribution media, both at national and international levels. Turah and Prenjak also achieved recognitions at various film festivals. The striking difference is in the choice of film distribution and screening road shows. Turah entered mainstream cinema and benefited from road shows while Prenjak did neither. This is mainly due to sensitive scenes in Prenjak showing vagina and penis which makes the film unable to be widely screened. It was distributed only for film festivals and limited screenings. Meanwhile, Turah, which does not display any scenes related to pornography, has the flexibility in its distribution. This shows that as part of circuit of culture, film distribution—as an act to circulate the film’s vision and ideology—is closely related to the process of production, consumption and also regulation.
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Tanki, Nobuyoshi, Toshizo Katsuda, Rumi Gotanda, Tatsuhiro Gotanda, Shinya Imai, Yasuyuki Kawaji, Atsushi Noguchi, Tadao Kuwano, Hideki Fujita i Yoshihiro Takeda. "THE CONCEPT OF X-RAY CT DOSE EVALUATION METHOD USING RADIOCHROMIC FILM AND FILM-FOLDING PHANTOM". Radiation Protection Dosimetry 193, nr 2 (styczeń 2021): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncab033.
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Abstract In this paper, we propose a novel radiochromic film (RCF)-based computed tomography (CT) dosimetry method, which is different from the method based on CT dose index. RCF dosimetry using Gafchromic QA2 films was performed using two lengths of film-folding phantoms. The phantom was exposed to X-ray CT through a single scan, while the RCF was sandwiched between the phantoms. We analysed the dose profile curve in two directions to investigate the dose distribution. We observed a difference in the dose distribution as the phantom size changed. Our results contradict with the results of previous studies such as Monte Carlo simulation or direct measurement. The ability to visually evaluate 2D dose distributions is an advantage of RCF dosimetry over other methods. This research investigated the ability of 2D X-ray CT dose evaluation using RCF and film-folding phantom.
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Ivanov, Oleg Valentinovich, Nadezhda Viktorovna Astakhova i Danila Olegovich Ivanov. "Movie Distribution Categories in Russia: Sample of Statistical Analysis". Journal of Flm Arts and Film Studies 7, nr 1 (15.03.2015): 112–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vgik71112-127.
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The article analyzes the statistical distribution dynamics of domestic film attendance within the territory of the Russian Federation covering a five-year period (from 2009 to 2013). The authors point out four distribution categories and six subcategories for films in accordance with their attendance at cinemas. Comprehensive analysis of the films grouped into each category allows to make conclusions concerning a progression of absolute measure of domestic film attendance and increase its relative share in the total amount of distribution.
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Park, Hwan Pil, Yoon Chung, Chong Seung Yoon, Sung Su Jo i Young Ho Kim. "Comparison of Metal-Oxide Nanoparticle Formation in the Cu and Sn Thin Films by the Reaction with Polyimide". Materials Science Forum 449-452 (marzec 2004): 1237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.449-452.1237.
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We developed a simple method of producing metal oxide nanoparticles by reacting a polyamic acid (PAA) with Cu or Sn metal films. Respective particle size, distribution, and morphology were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The morphology of metal oxides dispersed in the polyimide is different in Cu and Sn metal films. The Cu2O particles were formed by the dissolution reaction between the polyamic acid and the Cu films. During curing, PAA dehydrates and converts to polyimide, accompanied by precipitation of Cu2O particles. The synthesized Cu2O particles were randomly dispersed within the polyimide. And their particle size was relatively uniform, having a narrow distribution. Mostly nanosize Cu2O particles were formed in the specimen made from 10 nm thick Cu film and the mixture of nanosize particles and Cu layers were observed in the 30 nm thick Cu film. On the other hands, the Sn film undergoes surface reaction with the polyamic acid. Therefore, the synthesized SnO2 particles existed only at the surface of the substrate. SnO2 particle size distribution was not uniform in the polyimide. Although particles were not distributed uniformly in the polyimide, they were confined in a monolayer. The different particle distributions were attributed to the reactivity difference of PAA with Cu and Sn films.
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Iswahyuningtyas, Cici Eka, i Mochammad Fadjar Hidayat. "Strategies and Challenges in Conventional and Digital Film Distribution and Exhibition in Indonesia". Jurnal Komunikasi 13, nr 1 (7.07.2021): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jk.v13i1.10033.
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Today, media distribution and consumption can occur anytime, anywhere, anything, both conventional and digital. The change in media consumption behavior has brought many challenges for the Indonesian film industry, particularly distribution and exhibition. Film distribution should not just rely on the domestic market and film exhibitions through cinemas. The number of Indonesian cinemas and screens is not ideal, still concentrated in big cities, has low moviegoers, is dominated by foreign films, and lacks support from the government. This study intended to identify challenges and strategies for conventional and digital distribution and exhibition. Answer to that question, this study was carried qualitatively by conducting a literature review through meta-analysis related to history, experiences, and situations in some countries. Research findings indicate film distribution and exhibition need to run simultaneously conventional and digital. Digital distribution is urgent for expanding market size and cinemas revenue. The conventional distribution needs to be maintained because the highest film revenue still comes from cinemas exhibitions. Therefore, filmmakers should begin to organize their distribution strategy and expand cooperation with digital film providers. The government needs to build distribution infrastructures such as global film festivals and distribution agencies, also create policies related to exhibition incentives and tax rebates, especially for films with small audiences. Distribusi dan konsumsi media dewasa ini dapat dilakukan kapanpun, dimanapun, apapun, baik secara konvensional maupun digital. Perubahan perilaku konsumsi media membawa banyak tantangan bagi industri film di Indonesia, khususnya terkait aspek distribusi dan eksibisi. Distribusi film tidak boleh hanya bergantung pada pasar domestik dan mengandalkan eksibisi film melalui bioskop. Hal ini karena jumlah bioskop dan layar yang tersedia di Indonesia belum ideal, masih terpusat di kota besar, memiliki sedikit penonton, berada dalam dominasi film asing dan kurang mendapatkan dukungan dari pemerintah. Kajian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui tantangan dan strategi dalam distribusi dan eksibisi film secara konvensional dan digital. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut kajian ini dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan melakukan kajian pustaka melalui analisis meta terkait sejarah, pengalaman, situasi yang terjadi di beberapa negara. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa distribusi dan eksibisi film perlu dilakukan secara simultan. Distribusi digital penting untuk memperluas pasar dan meningkatkan pendapatan. Distribusi konvensional perlu dipertahankan karena pendapatan film terbesar masih berasal dari distribusi melalui jalur bioskop. Oleh karena itu, pembuat film harus mulai mengatur sendiri strategi distribusinya dan meningkatkan kerjasama dengan provider film digital. Pemerintah perlu membangun infrastruktur distribusi seperti festival film dan agensi distribusi di tingkat global, dan membuat kebijakan terkait pemberian insentif eksibisi dan potongan pajak, khususnya bagi film dengan sedikit penonton.
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Shao, Hong Yang, Kan Zhang, Yi Dan Zhang, Mao Wen i Wei Tao Zheng. "NbN Thin Film of Alternating Textures". Materials Science Forum 898 (czerwiec 2017): 1431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.1431.
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The δ-NbN thin films with different thickness have been prepared by reactive magnetron sputtering at different deposition time and exhibited alternating textures between (111) and (200) orientations as a function of thickness. In addition, the grain size, peak position, morphology, residual stress and orientation distributions of the deposited films were explored by X-ray diffraction, low-angel X-ray reflectivity, scanning electron microscopy and surface profiler. The film deposited at 300 s showed a (111) preferred orientation, changing to (200) preferred orientation at 600 s, and exhibited alternating textures between (111) and (200) preferred orientations. With further increasing deposition time, in which (200) peak position and the full width at half maximum of (111) peak also displayed a trend of alternating variation with varying deposition time. The intrinsic stress for δ-NbN films calculated by Stoney equation alternately changed with alternating textures, in which (111) orientation always takes place at relatively high intrinsic stress state and vice versa. Meanwhile, the film with (111) preferred orientation showed higher density than (200) preferred orientation. The film deposited at 4800 s owned a mixed texture of (111) and (200), showing an anisotropy distribution of (111)-oriented and (200)-oriented grains, while film deposited at 7200 s owned a strong (200) texture, displaying an isotropy distribution of (200)-oriented grains. The competitive growth between (111)-oriented and (200)-oriented grains was responsibility for alternating texture.
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Косинова, Марина, Marina Kosinova, Артур Аракелян i Artur Arakelyan. "Soviet film distribution and demonstration in the era of “thaw”. The revival of the film industry." Servis Plus 9, nr 4 (1.12.2015): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14569.
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In the period of “thaw” (mid 1950s – mid 1960s), there is a sharp qualitative and quantitative growth of
Soviet cinema. If in 1951 in the USSR was filmed just nine films which didn’t represent a high artistic value in
the creative attitude, already in 1956–57, Soviet cinema shocked the whole world. In 1958 they released 66
new Soviet film, but by 1960 our film industry overcame the milestone of 100 films and continued to steadily
increase the production. The growth of the film industry contributed to the cinema spreading and film distribution.
In the years of “thaw” in the USSR cinema attendance exceeded 3 billion, compared to 1.5 billion in
1953. The Gross fundraising from screenings at state cinema chains increased to 5.5 million rubles in 1957,
and throughout the hole cinema chain – up to 7.5 million rubles. On the 1st January 1958, the chain consisted
of 80 thousand cinemas, including more than 50 thousand in rural areas. By this time, they had mastered
new technical possibilities of cinema (wide-screen, panoramic, wide angle, circular panorama). They fully
mastered color film. However, in the field of cinema there were still a lot of unresolved issues. Revenues from
films increased annually in largely through the construction and commissioning of new cinemas, and due to
the tightening operation mode of already active cinemas, contrary to their real capabilities. But cinema rigidly
centralized administrative-command system which had been formed in the 1930s continued to operate until
the perestroika in the Soviet. They sold films to the distributors as a “product” based on the amount of the
estimated cost of the film. The Studio was lcompletely disinterested in the outcome of the promotion of the
film, its success with the audience. Thus, they did not have a major driver in the fight for the quality of films.
Numerous attempts of the Filmmakers ‘ Union, established in 1957, to change the existing system didn’t have
the results. The only application of far-reaching ideas of the Union became an Experimental creative Studio.
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Zheng, You Yi, Chun Lin Zhang i Xing Xin Xu. "Preparation and Film-Substrate Stress Analysis of CVD Diamond Film Coating Tools". Advanced Materials Research 619 (grudzień 2012): 589–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.619.589.
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The diamond thin films was deposited by hot filament CVD method in the Cemented Carbide (YG6) substrate. The surface morphology and quality of the diamond film coating was detected by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectrometer. The internal stress of the diamond thin films and Cemented Carbide substrate, exerted by load, was calculated by the method of finite element numerical analysis. The analysis result shows that the internal stress of the film is tensile stress. The maximum appear in the blade and the tip place, the stress distribution more evenly in the middle area of the film. The stress is a zonal distribution and reduced gradually from the matrix surface to bottom in the Cemented Carbide, the results of the finite element analysis can provide the reference for the other methods to determin the diamond film stress and improve the stress between the membrane and substrate.
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Muhina, L. L., I. V. Razumovskaja, S. K. Kudaikulova, B. A. Zhubanov i M. J. M. Abadie. "The Microhardness as an Express Method for Estimation the Depth of Metal Particle Distribution". Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 6, nr 1 (7.04.2016): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj331.
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By measurement of microhardness of silver layer on polyimide films and its reduction after removing the stress, the depth of silver distribution in the polyimide films was calculated. A significant hardening of Kapton 100 HN films was observed especially for cobalt-impregnated materials, which was about 10 μm. The distribution of silver in the film layers was obviously deeper that manifested as entirely lower hardening at microhardness measurement. Because of the initial microhardness of Upilex it was observed strong hardening of the effort, which was led to shallow distribution of metals in the films. For example, Cometallized films showed 5 μm distribution in the top film layers. Such method could allow precisely and rapidly estimating the distribution of metal particles impregnated in metallized polymeric materials.
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Hurlburt, Evan T., i Ty A. Newell. "Prediction of the Circumferential Film Thickness Distribution in Horizontal Annular Gas-Liquid Flow". Journal of Fluids Engineering 122, nr 2 (16.02.2000): 396–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.483269.
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This paper develops a liquid film symmetry correlation and a liquid film thickness distribution model for horizontal annular gas-liquid pipe flows. The symmetry correlation builds on the work of Williams et al. (1996) (Droplet Flux Distributions and Entrainment in Horizontal Gas-Liquid Flows,” Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol. 22, pp. 1–18). A new correlating parameter is presented. The liquid film thickness model is based on the work of Laurinat et al. (1985) (Film Thickness Distribution for Gas-Liquid Annular Flow in a Horizontal Pipe,” PhysicoChem. Hydrodynam., Vol. 6, pp. 179–195). The circumferential momentum equation is simplified to a balance between the normal Reynolds stress in the film’s circumferential direction and the circumferential component of the weight of the film. A model for the normal Reynolds stress in the circumferential direction is proposed. The symmetry correlation is used to close the model equations. The model is valid for films with disturbance waves, and is shown to be applicable to air-water flows over a range of conditions from low velocity asymmetric to high velocity symmetric annular flows. [S0098-2202(00)02102-7]
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Косинова, Марина, i Marina Kosinova. "Soviet spreding of the cinema and film distribution during the second half of the 1940-ies. “Trophy movies” as the salvation of the film industry in the period of “malokartinye”". Servis Plus 9, nr 3 (28.08.2015): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/12541.
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The article discusses the recovery process of the destroyed film industry during one of the most difficult periods — the post-war years. During the years of the great Patriotic war The Soviet urban chain lost more than 500 cinemas, located in major cities and industrial centers. Rural cinema network lost almost half of the cinemas (about 7000). The construction of new urban cinemas was carried out very poorly in the early postwar years; for 5 years only 77 theaters had been built. The film distribution, as spreading of the cinema, developed very slowly in the postwar years. In addition to purely economic problems, in these years our film faced difficulties of a different nature. Films shown on the Soviet cinemas were forcibly shifted in the direction of ideological and political propaganda that led to a narrowing of the genre and thematic range of the Soviet cinema. The results of the work of the film industry itself were also affected with the consequences of policy "malokartinye» the authorship of which is attributed to Stalin. The essence of it was a controversial idea: to spend on movies less money, but earn more. As a result the movie industry was in a very difficult position. In 1947 it was decided to release in USSR a lot of foreign films, announced «trophy». These films caused a lot of criticism on the part of Agitprop, and in fact, saved the Soviet film distribution in the late 1940s — early 1950s. Fascination with foreign «innovations» was inevitable: the decline of the Soviet film industry didn´t allow satisfying the screen with new Soviet films, and nobody reduced plan profits from film distribution to the Ministry of cinematography. A great help in further raising the income of film distribution was the expansion of old Soviet films. In addition, cinema directors took a rather ingenious attempt of the extension of the films shown on cinemas at the expense of shooting on film theatrical productions.
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Shinde, Deodatta, Stefan Fritze, Mattias Thuvander, Paulius Malinovskis, Lars Riekehr, Ulf Jansson i Krystyna Stiller. "Elemental Distribution in CrNbTaTiW-C High Entropy Alloy Thin Films". Microscopy and Microanalysis 25, nr 2 (4.02.2019): 489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927618016264.
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AbstractThe microstructure and distribution of the elements have been studied in thin films of a near-equimolar CrNbTaTiW high entropy alloy (HEA) and films with 8 at.% carbon added to the alloy. The films were deposited by magnetron sputtering at 300°C. X-ray diffraction shows that the near-equimolar metallic film crystallizes in a single-phase body centered cubic (bcc) structure with a strong (110) texture. However, more detailed analyses with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom probe tomography (APT) show a strong segregation of Ti to the grain boundaries forming a very thin Ti–Cr rich interfacial layer. The effect can be explained by the large negative formation enthalpy of Ti–Cr compounds and shows that CrNbTaTiW is not a true HEA at lower temperatures. The addition of 8 at.% carbon leads to the formation of an amorphous structure, which can be explained by the limited solubility of carbon in bcc alloys. TEM energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated that all metallic elements are randomly distributed in the film. The APT investigation, however, revealed that carbide-like clusters are present in the amorphous film.
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Zheng, Liang, Qi Zhang, Kexin Zheng, Shumei Zhao, Pingzhi Wang, Jieyu Cheng, Xuesong Zhang i Xiaowen Chen. "Effects of Diffuse Light on Microclimate of Solar Greenhouse, and Photosynthesis and Yield of Greenhouse-grown Tomatoes". HortScience 55, nr 10 (październik 2020): 1605–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15241-20.
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The application of diffuse light can potentially improve the homogeneity of light distribution and other microclimatic factors such as temperature inside greenhouses. In this study, diffuse light plastic films with different degrees of light diffuseness (20% and 29%) were used as the south roof cover of Chinese solar greenhouses to investigate the spatial distribution of microclimatic factors and their impacts on the growth and yield of tomato. The horizontal and vertical photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) distributions, air temperature distribution, and leaf temperature distribution inside the canopy, tomato leaf net photosynthesis (Pn), and fruit production during the growth period were determined. The results showed that diffuse light plastic film continuously improved the light distribution in the vertical and horizontal spaces of the crop canopy in terms of light interception and uniformity. A more diffuse light fraction also decreased the air and leaf temperatures of the middle canopy and upper canopy during the summer, thereby promoting the photosynthesis of the tomato plants. Pn of the middle and lower canopies with higher haze film were significantly greater than those with lower haze film (19.0% and 27.2%, respectively). The yields of higher stem density and lower stem density planted tomatoes in the 29% haze compartment were increased by 5.5% and 12.9% compared with 20% in the haze group, respectively. Diffuse light plastic films can improve the homogeneity of the canopy light distribution and increase crop production in Chinese solar greenhouses.
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Kawakami, Ichiro. "3. Film Distribution, Exhibition Technology". Journal of The Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers 72, nr 9 (2018): 694–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej.72.694.
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Harris-Lowe, R. F., i R. R. Turkington. "Distribution of4He film flow rates". Physica B: Condensed Matter 194-196 (luty 1994): 645–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(94)90652-1.
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Shibayama, Yuki, Ryo Yokogawa i Atsushi Ogura. "Distribution Evaluation of Optical Properties in Silicon Germanium Films Grown on Silicon Substrates with Graded Silicon Germanium Buffer Layers". ECS Transactions 109, nr 4 (30.09.2022): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10904.0367ecst.
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We report on the distribution of the optical properties in strain-relaxed SiGe films. We confirmed that the SiGe film (Ge fraction: 50%) has a larger variation of the extinction coefficient than the SiGe film (Ge fraction: 20%) in the near-infrared region. This result suggests that the distribution of the optical properties of the SiGe film (Ge fraction: 50%) may have a significant effect on process yields while the SiGe film (Ge fraction: 20%) should have a smaller effect on process yields. In addition, we investigate the distribution of Ge fraction, strain and cross-hatch pattern, and consider their relationship to optical properties.
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Zhang, Wenwu, Y. Lawrence Yao i I. C. Noyan. "Microscale Laser Shock Peening of Thin Films, Part 1: Experiment, Modeling and Simulation". Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 126, nr 1 (1.02.2004): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1645878.
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Microscale Laser Shock Peening (LSP), also known as Laser Shock Processing, is a technique that can be potentially applied to manipulate residual stress distributions in metal film structures and thus improve the fatigue performances of micro-devices made of such films. In this study, microscale LSP of copper films on single crystal silicon substrate is investigated. Before and after-process curvature measurement verifies that sizable compressive residual stress can be induced in copper thin films using microscale LSP. Improved modeling work of shock pressure is summarized and the computed shock pressure is used as loading in 3D stress/strain analysis of the layered film structure. Simulation shows that the stress/strain distribution in the metal film is close to equi-biaxial and is coupled into the silicon substrate.
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Kato, T., i H. Fujii. "PVD Film Method for Measuring the Temperature Distribution in Cutting Tools". Journal of Engineering for Industry 118, nr 1 (1.02.1996): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2803632.
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A new method to measure the temperature distribution in cutting tools is reported. In this method, a thin PVD (physically vapor deposited) film deposited on a cutting tool is used as a thermal sensor. Various films of different materials are deposited to determine the location of a multiplicity of isotherms at different temperatures. Cemented carbide tools and alumina ceramic tools are used for tests. It is confirmed that the boundary between the melted film zone and the unmelted film zone shows the isotherm directly and clearly. The method is also found to be very sensitive and applicable to any tool material as well as to a very small area.
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CUI, YU-XIAO, i FANG-HONG SUN. "SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON ADHESION ENHANCEMENT BETWEEN DIAMOND FILMS AND WC-Co SUBSTRATES BY EMPLOYING AMORPHOUS SiC INTERLAYER". Surface Review and Letters 26, nr 06 (lipiec 2019): 1850201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x18502013.
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The finite element method (FEM) is employed to analyze the residual stress distribution of bi-layer (a-SiC [Formula: see text] diamond) film system, and the adhesion enhancement mechanism of a-SiC interlayer is further investigated. The influence of a-SiC interlayer on the surface topography of WC-Co substrate is taken into consideration by adopting a 3D surface topography model agreeing with the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) characterization of a-SiC interlayer. For the sake of comparison, the stress distribution of a diamond film with no interlayer is also simulated. The simulation analysis reveals that the residual stress distribution is much more homogeneous after employing the a-SiC interlayer, which is supposed to be of great importance to the adhesion enhancement of diamond films. Afterwards, the diamond films with and without a-SiC interlayer are fabricated on WC-Co substrates. Raman mapping is carried out to measure the real residual stress distribution of as-fabricated a-SiC diamond films, which is in accordance with the simulation results. Moreover, the a-SiC interlayered diamond film exhibits better adhesion than the diamond film with no interlayer in adhesion evaluation, which can be ascribed to the more homogeneous residual stress distribution and better interfacial bonding after introducing the a-SiC interlayer.
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Putra, Achmad Eriansyah Utama, Agnes Juliarti, Dimas Mohammad Wibowo, Figra Ardham i Vera Julianti. "Studi Aktivitas Pemasaran Film Independen: Kasus di Indonesia". Indonesian Business Review 2, nr 2 (6.02.2020): 400–437. http://dx.doi.org/10.21632/ibr.2.2.400-437.
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The independent film industry in Indonesia is both interesting and unique sector because it has different characteristics from the commercial film industry. The study was conducted to identify independent film marketing activities through a marketing mix and the factors that can influence the marketing activities of independent films in Indonesia. This is a qualitative research using in-depth interview as the main method. Interviews were conducted to nine participants in the film industry representing three chains of production, distribution and exhibition that forms the synergies in the film industry. The main research finding is eight factors influenced independent film marketing activities: idealism, story line, expressions, aspirations, actualization, film distribution channels, promotional activities, and regulation.
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Yin, Yan, Yonghong Peng i Haiwei Xie. "Fabrication and characterization of solvent evaporation-assisted sodium caseinate emulsion films". Materials Express 10, nr 4 (1.04.2020): 514–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2020.1661.
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As plastic pollution increases, the development of degradable film has attracted much attention. Sodium caseinate was suitable to be a degradable film material for its mechanical performance and appearance. Maize oil was added to improve the properties of film material by microfluidization and solvent evaporation. Microfluidization could improve the droplet distribution of maize oil in the film building dispersions and the performance of film material. Solvent evaporation could further control the droplet distribution and the characteristics of film materials. The introduction of ethyl acetate could refine the droplet of maize oil distributing in the film building dispersions. The mechanical characteristics, water blocking properties and microscopic structure of solvent evaporation-assisted sodium caseinate emulsion films were improved.
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Halle, R. "German film, European film: transnational production, distribution and reception". Screen 47, nr 2 (1.01.2006): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/screen/hjl019.
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Petrychyn, Jonathan. "Getting the Queer Word Out: Word is Out and 16mm Distribution as Gay and Lesbian Activism". Canadian Journal of Film Studies 31, nr 2 (1.11.2022): 80–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjfs-2021-0058.
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Cet article retrace la distribution en 16mm du film Word is Out: Stories of Some of Our Lives (Mariposa Film Group, 1977, États-Unis) à travers le Canada entre 1977 et 1985. Il contribue au corpus croissant de travaux sur la distribution de films en se penchant sur celle des films gais et lesbiens durant cette période. En s’appuyant sur des journaux numérisés ainsi que sur la correspondance et la documentation en archives, l’auteur démontre que la distribution en 16mm de Word is Out dépendait de son intermédialité avec d’autres médias et technologies de communication, notamment le film en 35mm, la télévision, les grands journaux et les revues gaies, qui étaient tous cruciaux pour former un contre-public discursif. L’analyse de ces connexions intermédiales élargit notre compréhension des façons complexes par lesquelles les militants gais et militantes lesbiennes ont utilisé le film pour créer des communautés et élargir leur mouvement.
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Morito, Kentaro, Toshimasa Suzuki, Youichi Mizuno, Isao Sakaguchi, Naoki Ohashi i Hajime Haneda. "Influence of Hydrogen Atoms on Electrical Properties of BST Thin Film Capacitors". Key Engineering Materials 388 (wrzesień 2008): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.388.167.
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The relationship between the distribution of hydrogen and the electrical properties of (Ba, Sr)TiO3 (BST) thin film capacitors was investigated using secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) analyses. It has been clearly shown that there is a close relationship between the hydrogen distribution in BST thin film and the frequency dependence of the complex impedance of the BST thin film capacitors. It was confirmed that protons, the interstitial hydrogen impurity dissolved in BST thin films annealed at 400oC, were produced by a thermal equilibrium reaction between the hydrogen in the annealing atmosphere and the BST thin films.
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Bruneel, Els, Hannes Rijckaert, Javier Diez Sierra, Klaartje De Buysser i Isabel Van Driessche. "An Evaluation of Nanoparticle Distribution in Solution-Derived YBa2Cu3O7−δ Nanocomposite Thin Films by XPS Depth Profiling in Combination with TEM Analysis". Crystals 12, nr 3 (17.03.2022): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12030410.
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This work discusses the development of an analysis routine for evaluating the nanoparticle distribution in nanocomposite thin films. YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) nanocomposite films were synthesized via a chemical solution deposition approach starting from colloidal YBCO solutions with preformed nanoparticles. The distribution of the nanoparticles and interlayer diffusion are evaluated with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling and compared with cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. It is shown that the combination of both techniques deliver valuable information on the film properties as nanoparticle distribution, film thickness and interlayer diffusion.
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Miura, Hideo, Kazuhiko Sakutani i Kinji Tamakawa. "Fluctuation Mechanism of Mechanical Properties of Electroplated-Copper Thin Films Used for Three Dimensional Electronic Modules". Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (wrzesień 2007): 2954–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.2954.
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The mechanical properties of copper thin films deposited by sputtering and electroplating were compared using tensile test and nano-indentation. Both the Young’s modulus and tensile strength of the films were found to vary drastically depending on the microstructure of the deposited films. The Young’s modulus of the sputtered film was almost same as that of bulk material. However, the Young’s modulus of the electroplated thin film was about a fourth of that of bulk material. The micro structure of the electroplated film was polycrystalline and a columnar structure with a diameter of a few hundred-micron. The strength of the grain boundaries of the columnar grains seemed to be rather week. In addition, there was a sharp distribution of Young’s modulus along the thickness direction of the film. Though the modulus near the surface of the film was close to that of bulk material, it decreased drastically to about a fourth within the depth of about 1 micron. There was also a plane distribution of Young’s modulus near the surface of the film.
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Garofalo, Damiano. "The distribution and promotion of Dogman (2016) in the United States". On the Cultural Circulation of Contemporary European Crime Cinema, nr 22 (2.03.2022): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/alpha.22.04.
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This article will analyse the distribution and promotion strategies of Matteo Garrone’s Dogman (2018) in the United States. It will reconstruct the singularity of this case study in a comparative perspective, considering both the international circulation trends of European national cinemas and the distribution of contemporary Italian films in the United States. An integrated methodology will be adopted, combining film and media industry studies, cultural studies, and the field of art and culture economics. After an analysis of the tendencies of the distribution of Italian contemporary arthouse cinema in the United States, the specific distribution strategies adopted for Dogman will be considered against the background of the financing system within which the production model of the film is embedded. Further, the role of Magnolia Pictures, the North American distributor of Garrone’s film, will be inspected through the discussion of some interviews with professionals directly involved in the promotion and distribution of the film.
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Twesten, R. D., J. A. Floro i E. Chasonf. "Ge distribution in Gi80Ge20 Islands Grown in the High Mobility Regime." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (lipiec 1998): 662–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600023436.
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Strained epitaxial films are often unstable to morphological transformations. The classic example of this phenomenon is the SiGe system. A nonplanar morphology results in non-uniform strains in the system (Figure 1). These strain fields can modify the local chemical potential of a uniform alloy driving Ge enrichment in the regions of low compression.Recent work has shown that annealed films of SiGe on Si{001} exhibit both vertical and lateral segregation during the transition from a metastable planar film to an array of ﹛100﹜ directed island. Vertical segregation is evidenced by an enrichment of Ge in the last few monolayers of the film while lateral segregation is seen as an enhancement of this surface layer in the region near the island peaks. This segregation is due to surface diffusion as the bulk diffusion lengths are too short. The case of annealed, metastable films can be compared to growing films.
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Schettini, Evelia, i Giuliano Vox. "GREENHOUSE PLASTIC FILMS CAPABLE OF MODIFYING THE SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOLAR RADIATION". Journal of Agricultural Engineering 41, nr 1 (31.03.2010): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2010.1.19.
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The aim of this paper was to investigate the radiometric properties of innovative covering films for protected cultivation capable of modifying the spectral distribution of the transmitted radiation and thus the vegetative activity. Two photoselective films, three photoluminescent films and one low-density polyethylene film were used as greenhouse coverings for cherry trees and peach trees, grown in pots. The photoselective films were characterised by a reduction of the R/FR ratio in comparison to the natural solar radiation. Tree growth parameters, such as the apical shoot of cherry trees and the shoot of peach trees, were monitored. Different responses to vegetative activities were observed under the films, depending on the species, with a higher shoots growth rate in the peach with respect to the cherry. The photoselective film characterised by the lowest R/FR ratio significantly enhanced the growth of cherry and peach trees in comparison to the trees cultivated under the other greenhouse films
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Antunes, Jorge M., Nataliya A. Sakharova, José Valdemar Fernandes i Luís Filipe Menezes. "Strain and Stress Distribution in Vickers Indentation of Coated Materials". Materials Science Forum 514-516 (maj 2006): 1472–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.1472.
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Depth sensing indentation equipment allows the mechanical properties of thin films to be easily determined, particularly the hardness and Young’s modulus. In order to minimize the influence of the substrate on the measured properties, the indentation depth must be limited to a small fraction of the film’s thickness. However, for very thin films, the determination of the contribution of the substrate and the film to the measured mechanical properties becomes a hard task, because both deform plastically. The numerical simulation of ultramicrohardness tests can be a helpful tool towards better understanding of the influence of the parameters involved in the mechanical characterization of thin films. For this purpose, a three-dimensional numerical simulation home code, HAFILM, was used to simulate ultramicrohardness tests on coated substrates. Materials with different Young’s modulus film/substrate ratios were tested. Analyses of strain and stress distributions for several indentation depth values were performed, in order to clarify the composite behaviour.
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Alajlouni, Sami, David Alberto Lara Ramos, Kerry Maize, Nicolás Pérez, Kornelius Nielsch, Gabi Schierning i Ali Shakouri. "Estimating thin-film thermal conductivity by optical pump thermoreflectance imaging and finite element analysis". Journal of Applied Physics 131, nr 18 (14.05.2022): 185111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0084566.
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We introduce a noncontact experiment method to estimate thermal conductivity of nanoscale thin films by fitting high spatial resolution thermoreflectance images of surface spot heating to a finite element simulated temperature distribution. The thin-film top surface is heated by a [Formula: see text]m diameter focused, 825 nm wavelength laser spot. The surface temperature distribution in the excited sample is imaged by thermoreflectance microscopy with submicrometer spatial resolution and up to 10 mK temperature resolution. Thin-film thermal conductivity is extracted by fitting a measured surface temperature distribution to a 3D finite element temperature model. The method is demonstrated by estimating thermal conductivity for an isotropic thin-film metal (nickel, 60–260 nm) on a glass substrate. The fitted Ni thermal conductivity was 50 ± 5 W/m K, which is in good agreement with the literature. Also, we present a detailed finite element analysis for an anisotropic thin-film semiconductor sample to show how the method could be extended to estimate thermal conductivity of anisotropic thin films. Advantages of the new method are easy sample preparation (no top surface transducer film or integrated heater required), rapid in situ measurement, and application to a broad range of thin-film materials.
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YILBAS, B. S., i S. BIN MANSOOR. "FREQUENCY DEPENDENT PHONON TRANSPORT IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL SILICON AND DIAMOND THIN FILMS". Modern Physics Letters B 26, nr 17 (3.06.2012): 1250104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984912501047.
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Phonon transport in two-dimensional silicon and aluminum films is investigated. The frequency dependent solution of Boltzmann transport equation is obtained numerically to account for the acoustic and optical phonon branches. The influence of film size on equivalent equilibrium temperature distribution in silicon and aluminum films is presented. It is found that increasing film width influences phonon transport in the film; in which case, the difference between the equivalent equilibrium temperature due to silicon and diamond films becomes smaller for wider films than that of the thinner films.
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Rabkin, Eugen, i Leonid Klinger. "Enhanced Diffusional Self-Healing of Polycrystalline Thin Films". Defect and Diffusion Forum 237-240 (kwiecień 2005): 524–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.237-240.524.
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We considered the flattening of perturbed surface of a thin stress-free polycrystalline film with columnar microstructure deposited on rigid substrate. We show that the mass transport along the film/substrate interface and along the grain boundaries significantly contributes to the overall rate of surface flattening of the film. The diffusion along the film/substrate interface and along the grain boundaries is driven by the capillary stresses in the film. Using the approximation of small surface slopes, we calculated the distribution of capillary stresses in the film, and derived an explicit expression for the temporal behavior of the film topography. The initial distribution of the capillary stresses rapidly relaxes to the steady-state one that does not allow the accumulation of bending strain in the film. For the films with passivated or contaminated surfaces exhibiting reduced surface diffusivity the interfacial and grain boundary diffusion play a leading role in kinetics of surface flattening. The flattening process can be accelerated in this case by several orders of magnitude. The results of our work can be helpful in design of thin films and coatings with enhanced selfhealing capabilities.
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Yan, Ying, Jiarun Li, Qiuyu Liu i Ping Zhou. "Evaporation Effect on Thickness Distribution for Spin-Coated Films on Rectangular and Circular Substrates". Coatings 11, nr 11 (29.10.2021): 1322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111322.
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Spin-coating is widely applied in the field of thin-film fabrication due to its simplicity and high film uniformity. To prepare thin films on rectangular substrates by spin-coating, the simulation and experimental methods were used to study the characteristics of the film thickness in this work. The two-phase flow simulations of spin-coating on a rectangular substrate and circular substrate were carried out with the volume of fluid (VOF) method. The simulation results showed that the airflow field and the substrate geometry had little effect on the evolution of spin-coated film thickness. However, in the experimental results, there was a significant difference in the thickness of the spin-coated film on the rectangular substrate and the circular substrate. According to further study, the solvent evaporation that was neglected in the simulation was the dominant factor of the differences. In addition, it was concluded that the non-uniform evaporation caused by the surface tension and edge accumulation in the later spin-coating stage was the main reason for the film accumulation of the windward area on the rectangular substrate. This work is useful to obtain a deeper understanding of the thin-film formation mechanism of spin-coating.
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Shi, Chenyang, Rattavut Teerakapibal, Lian Yu i Geoff G. Z. Zhang. "Pair distribution functions of amorphous organic thin films from synchrotron X-ray scattering in transmission mode". IUCrJ 4, nr 5 (10.07.2017): 555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052252517009344.
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Using high-brilliance high-energy synchrotron X-ray radiation, for the first time the total scattering of a thin organic glass film deposited on a strongly scattering inorganic substrate has been measured in transmission mode. The organic thin film was composed of the weakly scattering pharmaceutical substance indomethacin in the amorphous state. The film was 130 µm thick atop a borosilicate glass substrate of equal thickness. The atomic pair distribution function derived from the thin-film measurement is in excellent agreement with that from bulk measurements. This ability to measure the total scattering of amorphous organic thin films in transmission will enable accuratein situstructural studies for a wide range of materials.
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Grzechowiak, Jarosław. "The audience and reception of the films from the Profil Film Unit in 1982-1989". Images. The International Journal of European Film, Performing Arts and Audiovisual Communication 32, nr 41 (5.01.2023): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/i.2022.41.07.
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The subject of this article is an analysis of the distribution, attendance results and reception of feature films made by the Profil Film Unit in 1982–1989. The Profil Film Unit was the second film group (alongside Iluzjon, headed by Czesław Petelski) to be reactivated by the cinematography management after martial law was declared in Poland. The artistic director of Profil, Bohdan Poręba, enjoyed the trust and support of the Party authorities, linking his allegiance to communist dogma to his activity in the nationalist ‘Grunwald’ Patriotic Association. Profil’s productions were boycotted by a large part of the acting community (also due to an appeal by the Solidarity Stage and Film Artists published in the newspaper “Tygodnik Mazowsze”), and some of the films made by this unit in the 1980s clearly followed the guidelines of the cultural policy of the Polish United Workers’ Party. The following questions will be answered: How did the political circumstances outlined above affect the distribution and reception of the films made by Profil? What attendance results did the films produced by Profil achieve and to what extent did they differ from the cinema ticket revenues of the films produced by other groups? How was the activity of the Profil Film Unit and the financial results achieved evaluated by the Supreme Board of Film Affairs? How were the productions of Profil received by film critics in the daily press and magazines?
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Tada, Naoya, i Ya Fei Hu. "Finite Element Analysis of Stress and Strain Distribution in Gold Thin Film Deposited on Polycarbonate Substrate Subjected to Tension and Cooling". Applied Mechanics and Materials 752-753 (kwiecień 2015): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.752-753.55.
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Thin metal films on polymeric materials have been widely used in electronic devices. Their total mechanical performance is determined by the mechanical property of each material, the thickness and size of film and substrate, their interface properties in addition to the temperature change during production and use. In this paper, stress and strain distribution of gold thin film on polycarbonate substrate subjected to tension and cooling was analyzed using the finite element method. The effect of cracking in thin film on the stress and strain distribution was also discussed.
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Sheremeta, Bozhena, Nataliya Chukhray i Oleh Karyy. "Marketing tools as the competitiveness enhancer of the Ukrainian film distribution market entities". Innovative Marketing 15, nr 4 (18.12.2019): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/im.15(4).2019.08.
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The main goal of the article is to study the features of film marketing and distribution of film products in Ukraine and to determine what kind of marketing tools are appropriate to be used within a cinema network to ensure their competitiveness in the national film distribution market.This article determines the characteristics of the movie market services and their compliance with modern consumer requirements, outlining the directions for increasing the usefulness of cinema-related services to consumers and developing a set of marketing tools to ensure the competitiveness of the cinema market.The results of the assessment of the impact of competitive forces revealed that intra-industry competition has the strongest impact on private cinema networks, the consumers of film distribution services and potential competitors have the moderate influence, the suppliers and substitute services have a low level of influence. According to the results of the survey, it can be concluded that cinemas are worth reducing the cost of tickets (this can be done by introducing the promotions and discounts for regular customers), since the solvency of a larger population does not correspond to the level of ticket prices. Also expanding the range of products will allow the consumers to spend more time in the cinema, which will lead to an increase in the value of the average check. Cinemas are quite realistic to open their own pizzerias or bars to add value to their customers.
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Wan, Yue, Diankai Qiu, Peiyun Yi, Linfa Peng i Xinmin Lai. "Molecular dynamics simulation of inhomogeneous density distribution mechanism of Ultra-Thin perfluoro sulfonic acid ionomer films on Triple-phase interface of PEM fuel cells". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2387, nr 1 (1.11.2022): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2387/1/012030.
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Abstract The proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell is a clean power generation component with high energy conversion rate and high energy density. The triple-phase interfaces of catalytic layer are where the electrochemical reaction occurs in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell, and its distribution directly affect the reactivity. The triple-phase interface is a nano-thick perfluorosul-fonic acid ionomer (PFSA) film that covers the catalyst particles. When the density of the ultra-thin PFSA film is not uniform, the gas transport resistance increases significantly, which is not conducive to the progress of reaction. However, ultra-thin PFSA film will have inhomogeneous density distribution due to the influence of forming process. Therefore, how to design the process to improve density distribution of ultra-thin films is an urgent problem. Molecular dynamics simulation model is built to study the influence of manufacturing process on inhomogeneous distribution of ultra-thin PFSA film, and the microscopic mechanism is revealed.
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Komemushi, Atsushi, Noboru Tanigawa, Shuji Kariya, Rie Yagi, Miyuki Nakatani, Satoshi Suzuki, Akira Sano i in. "Does Vertebroplasty Affect Radiation Dose Distribution?: Comparison of Spatial Dose Distributions in a Cement-Injected Vertebra as Calculated by Treatment Planning System and Actual Spatial Dose Distribution". Radiology Research and Practice 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/571571.
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Purpose. To assess differences in dose distribution of a vertebral body injected with bone cement as calculated by radiation treatment planning system (RTPS) and actual dose distribution.Methods. We prepared two water-equivalent phantoms with cement, and the other two phantoms without cement. The bulk density of the bone cement was imported into RTPS to reduce error from high CT values. A dose distribution map for the phantoms with and without cement was calculated using RTPS with clinical setting and with the bulk density importing. Actual dose distribution was measured by the film density. Dose distribution as calculated by RTPS was compared to the dose distribution measured by the film dosimetry.Results. For the phantom with cement, dose distribution was distorted for the areas corresponding to inside the cement and on the ventral side of the cement. However, dose distribution based on film dosimetry was undistorted behind the cement and dose increases were seen inside cement and around the cement. With the equivalent phantom with bone cement, differences were seen between dose distribution calculated by RTPS and that measured by the film dosimetry.Conclusion. The dose distribution of an area containing bone cement calculated using RTPS differs from actual dose distribution.
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CHEN, JIN-BO, i QING-GANG QIU. "NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF FILM DISTRIBUTION IN HORIZONTAL-TUBE FALLING FILM EVAPORATOR". International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 19, nr 03 (wrzesień 2011): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132511000521.
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The technique of horizontal-tube falling film has been used in the cooling and heating industries such as refrigeration systems, heating systems and ocean thermal energy conversion systems. The comprehensive performance of evaporator is directly affected by the film distribution characteristics outside tubes. In this paper, numerical investigation was performed to predict the film characteristics outside the tubes in horizontal-tube falling film evaporator. The effects of liquid flow rate, tube diameter and the circular degree of tube on the film thickness were presented. The numerical simulation results were compared with that of the empirical equations for calculating the falling film thickness, and agreements between them were reasonable. Numerical simulation results show that, at the fixed fluid flow density, the liquid film is thicker on the upper and lower tube and the thinnest liquid film appears at angle of about 120°. The results also indicate that, when the fluid flow density decreases to a certain value, the local dryout spot on the surface of the tube would occur. In addition, the film thickness decreases with the increases of the tube diameter at the fixed fluid flow density.
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Van Gheluwe, Louise, Emilie Munnier, Hichem Kichou, Kamilia Kemel, Frédéric Mahut, Marylène Vayer, Christophe Sinturel i in. "Confocal Raman Spectroscopic Imaging for Evaluation of Distribution of Nano-Formulated Hydrophobic Active Cosmetic Ingredients in Hydrophilic Films". Molecules 26, nr 24 (8.12.2021): 7440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247440.
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Film-forming systems are highly relevant to the topical administration of active ingredients (AI) to the body. Enhanced contact with the skin can increase the efficacy of delivery and penetration during prolonged exposure. However, after the evaporation of volatile solvents to form a thin film, the distribution of the ingredient should remain homogenous in order to ensure the effectiveness of the formula. This is especially critical for the use of hydrophobic molecules that have poor solubility in hydrophilic films. In order to address this concern, hydroxyphenethyl esters (PHE) of Punica granatum seed oil were prepared as a nanosuspension stabilised by poloxamers (NanoPHE). NanoPHE was then added to a formulation containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a film forming agent, Glycerol as a plasticiser and an antimicrobial agent, SepicideTM HB. Despite their reliability, reference methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography are increasingly challenged due to the need for consumables and solvents, which is contrary to current concerns about green industry in the cosmetics field. Moreover, such methods fail to provide spatially resolved chemical information. In order to investigate the distribution of ingredients in the dried film, Confocal Raman imaging (CRI) coupled to Non-negatively Constrained Least Squares (NCLS) analysis was used. The reconstructed heat maps from a range of films containing systematically varying PHE concentrations highlighted the changes in spectral contribution from each of the ingredients. First, using NCLS scores it was demonstrated that the distributions of PVA, Glycerol, SepicideTM HB and PHE were homogenous, with respective relative standard deviations (RSD) of 3.33%, 2.48%, 2.72% and 6.27%. Second, the respective relationships between ingredient concentrations in the films and their Raman responses, and the spectral abundance were established. Finally, a model for absolute quantification for PHE was be constructed using the percentage of spectral abundance. The prepared %w/w concentrations regressed against predicted %w/w concentrations, displaying high correlation (R2 = 0.995), while the Root Mean Squared Error (0.0869% w/w PHE) confirmed the precision of the analysis. The mean percent relative error of 3.75% indicates the accuracy to which the concentration in dried films could be determined, further supporting the suitability of CRI for analysis of composite solid film matrix. Ultimately, it was demonstrated that nanoformulation of hydrophobic PHE provides homogenous distribution in PVA based film-forming systems independent of the concentration of NanoPHE used in the formula.
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Wang, Ben, Xiuhua Fu, Shigeng Song, Hin Chu, Desmond Gibson, Cheng Li, Yongjing Shi i Zhentao Wu. "Simulation and Optimization of Film Thickness Uniformity in Physical Vapor Deposition". Coatings 8, nr 9 (16.09.2018): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8090325.
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Optimization of thin film uniformity is an important aspect for large-area coatings, particularly for optical coatings where error tolerances can be of the order of nanometers. Physical vapor deposition is a widely used technique for producing thin films. Applications include anti-reflection coatings, photovoltaics etc. This paper reviews the methods and simulations used for improving thin film uniformity in physical vapor deposition (both evaporation and sputtering), covering characteristic aspects of emission from material sources, projection/mask effects on film thickness distribution, as well as geometric and rotational influences from apparatus configurations. Following the review, a new program for modelling and simulating thin film uniformity for physical vapor deposition was developed using MathCAD. Results from the program were then compared with both known theoretical analytical equations of thickness distribution and experimental data, and found to be in good agreement. A mask for optimizing thin film thickness distribution designed using the program was shown to improve thickness uniformity from ±4% to ±0.56%.
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Fan, Zhizhong, i Xi Yu. "The Regional Rootedness of China’s Film Industry: Cluster Development and Attempts at Cross-Location Integration". Journal of Chinese Film Studies 1, nr 2 (1.11.2021): 463–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jcfs-2021-0027.
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Abstract China’s film industry has its historical roots across the four geographical divisions of northern, eastern, western, and southern China. Each of these four film-producing regions has their own characteristics with divergent historical heritages and cultural resources. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) the division of administrative regions included a territorially divided management policy of film enterprises. Such policies promoted the regional development of China’s film industry while simultaneously exacerbated the complex contradictions between and among the clusters produced. In the 1950s, four major state-owned film studios were established in Beijing, Shanghai, and Changchun. Under the planned economy model, films were purchased and sold exclusively by the state through these studios. Since the 1990s, China’s film industry has undergone deep institutional reform, with film distribution and exhibition gradually moving towards the market and private enterprises beginning to actively participate in film production and distribution. The film industry has since begun to actively explore the generative potential of the existing industrial clusters, experimenting with film co-production and cross-regional business operations across the regions. With the goal of constructing a film and television alliance, the film industry has sought to maximize the advantages of different regions to promote the integration of these historically and regionally distinct sectors in an open and tolerant manner, laying the foundation for Chinese films to leapfrog into the global film market.