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Turner, Susan Jane. "Microbiological Indicators of Faecal Contamination in Aquatic Environments". Thesis, University of Auckland, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/2375.
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Bates, Andrew John. "Effects of grazing management and pasture composition on the nitrogen dynamics of a dairy farm : a simulation analysis : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University /". Diss., Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1360.
Pełny tekst źródłaErceg, Vicki Heather. "Detection of behavioural and cognitive dysfunction in mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA affected dogs : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Veterinary Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand". Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1053.
Pełny tekst źródłaMuir, Paul David. "Studies on the growth and compositional development of antlers in red deer (Cervus elaphus)". Lincoln College, University of Canterbury, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1178.
Pełny tekst źródłaKongara, Kavitha. "Studies on renal safety and preventive analgesic efficacy of tramadol and parecoxib in dogs : thesis in fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Veterinary Clinical Science, Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand". Massey University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/864.
Pełny tekst źródłaDittmer, Keren Elizabeth. "Inherited rickets in Corriedale sheep : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand". Massey University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/882.
Pełny tekst źródłaFord, Colleen D. "The fate of nitrogen in lactose-depleted dairy factory effluent irrigated onto land". Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/837.
Pełny tekst źródłaThomas, Craig W. "Current practices and future possibilities of performance recording extensively-grazed commercial beef herds in New Zealand". Diss., Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/844.
Pełny tekst źródłaBlack, Amanda. "Bioavailability of cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc in soils treated with biosolids and metal salts". Lincoln University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1561.
Pełny tekst źródłaSheldon-Sayer, Lynne. "The vegetation of Maud Island, Marlborough, New Zealand". Lincoln University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1707.
Pełny tekst źródłaHill, Andrew Gordon. "An investigation of Leucocytozoon in the endangered yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes) : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Veterinary Science at Massey University, Turitea, Palmerston North, New Zealand". Massey University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1063.
Pełny tekst źródłaPatterson, R. G. "A study of the soils and agronomy of a high country catchment". Lincoln University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1315.
Pełny tekst źródłaJimenez-Castro, Claudia. "Management of a marine protected area by a local NGO in Honduras: its implications for local communities". Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1237.
Pełny tekst źródłaWillems, Nancy. "Forest structure and regeneration dynamics of podocarp/hardwood forest fragments, Banks Peninsula, New Zealand". Lincoln University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1301.
Pełny tekst źródłaLin, Xiaoxiao. "Evaluation of Kahne rumen sensors in fistulated sheep and cattle under contrasting feeding conditions : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Agriculture at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand". Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1313.
Pełny tekst źródłaPuig, Virginia Moreno. "Conservation issues for Hochstetter's frog (Leiopelma hochstetteri): monitoring techniques and chytridiomycosis prevalence in the Auckland region, New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Conservation Biology at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand". Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1132.
Pełny tekst źródłaCalder, Keith Wallace. "A LEEP forward : biodiversity futures for New Zealand : a thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Resource and Environmental Planning at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand". Massey University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/741.
Pełny tekst źródłaClough, Tim J. "Fate of urine nitrogen applied to peat and mineral soils from grazed pastures". Lincoln University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1030.
Pełny tekst źródłaHedley, Carolyn B. "The development of proximal sensing methods for soil mapping and monitoring, and their application to precision irrigation : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Soil Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand". Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1217.
Pełny tekst źródłaMojsilovic, Ognjen. "Estimating bioaccessibility, phytoavailability and phytotoxicity of contaminant arsenic in soils at former sheep dip sites". Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1142.
Pełny tekst źródłaFisher, P. M. "Residual concentrations and persistence of the anticoagulant rodenticides brodifacoum and diphacinone in fauna". Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/930.
Pełny tekst źródłaChappell, Esta Monique. "Morphology, phylogeography and drumming behaviour of a New Zealand ground weta, Hemiandrus pallitarsis : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Conservation Biology at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand". Massey University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/828.
Pełny tekst źródłaWilliamson, Michelle Leigh. "Differential responses of tillers to floral induction in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) : implications for perenniality : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Plant Biology at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand". Massey University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/842.
Pełny tekst źródłaLinden, Danitsja Stephanie van der. "Ewe size and nutrition during pregnancy : effects on metabolic and productive performance of the offspring : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Animal Science at Massey University, Turitea, Palmerston North, New Zealand". Massey University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1343.
Pełny tekst źródłaKang, Sideth. "Effect of irrigation on growth and nitrogen accumulation of Kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.)". Diss., Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1126.
Pełny tekst źródłaO'Connor, Katrina Marie. "The ecological footprint of international tourists in New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Applied Science in Natural Resource Management at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand". Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1124.
Pełny tekst źródłaLeeks, C. R. F. "Determining seed vigour in selected Brassica species". Lincoln University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1274.
Pełny tekst źródłaDobson-Hill, Brenna Catherine. "Uterine involution in the dairy cow : comparative study between organic and conventional dairy cows : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for degree of Masters of Science in Animal Science, Massey University, Palmerston North". Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1272.
Pełny tekst źródłaGibson, Troy John. "Electroencephalographic responses of calves to the noxious sensory input of slaughter by ventral neck incision and its modulation with non-penetrative captive bolt stunning : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physiology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand". Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1010.
Pełny tekst źródłaLopez, Juan Carlos. "The effect of environmental stressors on the immune response to avian infectious bronchitis virus". Lincoln University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/643.
Pełny tekst źródłaDonaldson, Laura Patricia Constance. "The distribution of fatty acids and presence of environmental contaminants in the blubber of the New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri) : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Conservation Biology at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand". Massey University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/887.
Pełny tekst źródłaNewcombe, Vernon Claude. "Mercury use in the goldmining industry : a retrospective examination of elemental mercury use in the gold mining industry of the West Coast of New Zealand in the period 1984-1988 : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Philosophy (Science) at Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand". Massey University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/832.
Pełny tekst źródłaRobertson, Louise Mary. "Anthelmintic treatment and digestive organ morphology of captive-reared kaki (Himantopus novaezelandiae) released to the wild : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Conservation Biology at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand". Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1001.
Pełny tekst źródłavan, Hooijdonk Benedict Michael. "The physiological basis of vigour control by apple rootstocks - an unresolved paradigm : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Physiology at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand". Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1137.
Pełny tekst źródłaHarrison-Kirk, T. "The effects of drying and rewetting cycles on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in soils of differing textures and organic matter contents". Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/656.
Pełny tekst źródłaPage, Girija. "An environmentally-based systems approach to sustainability analyses of organic fruit production systems in New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sustainable Agricultural Systems at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand". Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/825.
Pełny tekst źródłaGillies, Craig. "Aspects of the ecology and management of small mammalian predators in northern New Zealand". 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/1942.
Pełny tekst źródłaIto, Masayoshi 1967. "Non-filterable metals (NFM) in the atmosphere". 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/1954.
Pełny tekst źródłaAdeeb, Farah. "A Study of near-surface ozone concentrations in the city of Auckland, New Zealand". 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/2571.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis research provides insight into large-scale spatial variation of ozone (O3) distribution in the Auckland region and was designed to increase our understanding of O3 behaviour and distribution in a coastal-urban situation. The research was also carried out with a view to assisting regulatory agencies optimize future monitoring networks, and to help identify locations where human health and natural resources could be at risk in the future. Although the research was limited to one region, the results are valuable for improving the conceptual understanding of formation of high ozone concentrations in a more general sense in the New Zealand and Southern Hemisphere. The work reported in this thesis is aimed at studying O3 concentrations and the influence of the most relevant meteorological variables on an average coastal New Zealand city where precursor emissions are mainly due to traffic exhaust. It deals with the use of Principal Component Analysis method for determining O3 concentrations as a function of meteorological parameters. The study region includes the entire Auckland isthmus, and extends from Whangaparaoa in the North to Pukekohe in the South. Surface O3 data from four sites (Whangaparaoa, Musick Point, the Sky Tower and Pukekohe) for a 4-year period(October 1997 to October 2001) for the Auckland region were examined. Ambient concentration of O3 was characterized in terms of diurnal, weekday/weekend, seasonal and spatial variations in concentration using O3 measurements from the four air quality sites. The monthly average ambient background O3 concentrations at the monitoring sites during this study ranged from 16-30 ppb, much lower than those found in the Northern Hemisphere. The measured seasonal O3 record in the Auckland region, in common with many other remote sites in the Southern Hemisphere, exhibited a summer minimum and a winter maximum. Background concentrations of O3 (as seen in air of marine origin) made a significant contribution to the observed ambient concentrations. A unique feature of Auckland's air quality was the dilution of polluted city air due to the mixing of east coast air into the cleaner west coast circulation leading to overall lower average O3 concentrations in summer. The magnitude, frequency and spatial extent of maximum O3 concentrations were identified, and the observed patterns linked to the prevailing meteorological, topographic, and emission characteristics of the region. However, at no time at any site or season did the O3 concentration exceed the l-hour New Zealand Ministry for the Environment guideline of 75 ppb. O3 depletion was observed to occur at the urban sites, with O3 scavenging by nitric oxide believed to be the dominant depletion mechanism. The seasonal cycle was characterized by elevated O3 concentrations in the winter (nighttime level >24 ppb) and low mixing ratios in the summer (nighttime levels in the range 14-20 ppb). The afternoon O3 maxima found at the three low elevation sites under the impact of "Auckland city" plume were on average, 1.5 to 1.7 times higher than those associated with the "marine sector". A state of the art diagnostic meteorological model, namely CALMET, was used to generate wind fields for the Auckland region. These wind fields were then used to construct backward trajectories on days when high O3 concentrations (episodes up to 6l ppb) were observed. The un-even distribution of the meteorological monitoring sites provided justification for running the diagnostic model CALMET and exploring the utility of using such a model when topography/land use prohibits monitoring sites in certain sections of the domain. It was found that the high O3 events recorded at the monitoring sites during the study period coincided with transport episodes originating from Auckland's urban and industrial areas. For the occurrence of high O3 concentrations at downwind sites, it was found that not only wind direction from the urban areas of Auckland, but that high solar radiation was important as well. On four out of the five cases when photochemical production of O3 was found to occur, high O3 concentrations were associated with a particular type of diurnal evolution of wind direction wind fields associated with the sea breezes. In addition to the analysis of ambient o3 concentrations and O3 episodes, field measurements were carried out in an attempt to detect and subsequently understand the interaction between particulate matter and O3 in the Auckland region, a multivariate statistical analysis approach was utilized. Particulate matter in the size range 2.75-6.25 μm accounted for over 70% of the total aerosol concentration at all sampling sites. Surface area of particulate matter variable (especially in the size class 2.75-4.25 μm) was statistically significant in explaining variation in O3 concentration. However, the net change in the adjusted R2 indicated that the effect of adding particulate matter in the multiple regression model for the present dataset was relatively minor except at Musick Point.
Aleksa, Adriana Irene. "Vulnerability of Indigenous Forests in Changing Landscapes". 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/3370.
Pełny tekst źródłaSandiford, Anna. "Palynology and tephrostratigraphy of Quaternary coverbed sequences of the Auckland area, New Zealand". 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/2218.
Pełny tekst źródłaHoang, Van Cam. "Mucin changes associated with abomasal parasitism in sheep : a thesis presented partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Massey University". 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1273.
Pełny tekst źródłaBoxall, Naomi. "The epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni in commercial broiler flocks in New Zealand : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand". 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1589.
Pełny tekst źródłaNew Zealand maintains the highest incidence rate of human campylobacteriosis of the industrialized countries (334.2 cases per 100,000 in 2002), it accounts for more than 56% of all disease notifications in the country. New Zealand is unique globally, with a 'notification-based surveillance system for notifiable diseases that is complemented by laboratory reporting. In other countries (Australia, US, UK), the notification system is entirely laboratory based. Thus, the high incidence of Campylobacteriosis in humans may be related to the methods of reporting rather than the reality of the disease situation. However, the reason for such high incidence has not yet been fully elucidated, and several studies conducted in New Zealand and overseas have implicated the consumption of poultry meat as the main cause of human infections. The reduction or elimination of Campylobacter jejuni in the food chain, particularly from poultry meat products, is a major strategy in efforts to control campylobacteriosis. One approach to this is to prevent C. jejuni colonization of broiler chickens, This approach has been used to control Salmonella contamination of poultry, but the measures put in place for control of Salmonella have not controlled C jejuni. It is generally unknown how frequently C. jejuni colonizes commercial broiler chickens in New Zealand, or what could be done to prevent these infections from occurring. The present study was undertaken in order to describe some of the basic epidemiology of C. jejuni in commercial broiler flocks in New Zealand. The thesis is intended to further describe the epidemiology of colonisation of commercial broiler chickens by C. jejuni in NZ, and present possible risk factors that could be controlled in future to decrease the number of positive flocks of birds that are processed. The thesis set out to elucidate first the extent of C. jejuni colonisation of birds, flocks and farms while the birds were on the farm, having had minimal risk of exposure to Campylobacter spp., by sampling 15 birds in 80 flocks belonging to two companies prior to the first partial depopulation, an event during which the flock are exposed to potentially contaminated fomites and biosecurity levels are dropped, doors opened and personnel movements are extensive. The resulting prevalence estimates are 25.6% of farms, and 12.5% of sheds, are likely to be used to rear broiler chickens colonised with C. jejuni. When a positive flock is discovered, 76.9% of the birds are likely to be colonised with C. jejuni. These figures are results across the whole study population of farms and sheds, as there were no significant differences between prevalence estimates between companies. Following this prevalence estimation, a longitudinal study was conducted involving 12 sheds, to determine whether the environment or the birds were colonised with C. jejuni first. Although 12 sheds were observed every other day from day 14 to the end of the rearing period, it was determined that the birds were positive either first, or at the same time as the environment. Having said that, the sensitivity of the testing method for the environment was dubious, as there were instances where a shed that had positive samples collected on one occasion appeared negative the next, before returning a positive result on the third consecutive sampling occasion. A cross-sectional study of 810 flocks was undertaken to determine the most relevant risk factors for colonisation of the broiler chickens with C. jejuni. Because of the vertically integrated structure of the poultry industry, these 810 flocks corresponded to data collected from 77 farmers about their farms and the 219 sheds on those farms. The caeca from ten birds from each flock processed were pooled and examined for the presence of C. jejuni. These results were used to create a case definition, such that the flocks could be analysed with the questionnaire data, and different risk factors were seen in each season. More flocks reared for Company One were colonised by C. jejuni than for Company Two. Protective factors included having hard (i.e. gravel, asphalt or concrete) pathways to the growout houses, being near to another broiler farm, using the reticulated town water supply for the birds drinking water, using tunnel or crossflow shaped growout houses, using a Chore-TimeTM feed delivery system within the growout house and chlorinating the water supply to the birds (only in winter). The odds of raising flocks colonised with C jejuni increased if rodents were seen on the farm, if the growout houses were constructed with a concrete nib wall, if gas heaters were used during brooding, if cattle were farmed on the property, or if workers were employed on the farm. Sanitising the annex at least as frequently as once per run decreased the odds during summer, and tended to have a similar effect in other seasons. Chlorinating the water supply appeared to have a protective effect in only one season, though the trend appeared towards protection in the other seasons. The risk factor was validated by sampling the drinking water that broilers chickens had access to for the FAC to sec whether the levels that were present in the drinking water could have an effect on C. jejuni 11 sheds that were known to chlorinate the water were sampled to determine whether they met the drinking water standards for humans in NZ, or met the requirements presented by one of the companies involved. Only three sheds met the human drinking water standards for FAC, and two of these (one from each company) met Company Two's requirements. This thesis is for both regulatory and industry stakeholders to assist with developing risk management approaches to diminishing the number of C. jejuni positive flocks. Where management practices are altered, it is hoped that the efficacy of such practices be measured by examining the changes in the rates of C jejuni colonization within the industry
Penny, G. M. "Supply chain (re)alignment in New Zealand’s sheep meat and dairy industries : knowledge, networks and learning at the farmer-processor site". 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/2418.
Pełny tekst źródłaAyanegui, Alcérreca María Alejandra. "Epidemiology and control of leptospirosis in farmed deer in New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Veterinary Clinical Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand". 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1470.
Pełny tekst źródłaLeptospirosis has been reported in farmed deer in New Zealand since 1980 but knowledge was limited. Studies presented in this thesis investigated the epidemiology and distribution of infection associated with serovars Hardjobovis, Pomona, and Copenhageni in farmed deer, efficacy of a vaccine and the influence of maternally derived antibody, and aspects of exposure of humans to leptospirosis. Serology, bacteriology, and pathology were employed as determinants of infection and vaccine efficacy. A serological survey of 2016 deer from 110 herds confirmed leptospirosis throughout New Zealand with 61.3% of herds infected with Hardjobovis and 3.6% with Pomona alone, 16.4% with dual infections with those serovars, and none with Copenhageni, giving an overall herd prevalence of 81.3%. Epidemiological studies involved serological analysis of samples from a serum bank involving weaner, yearling and adult deer (n=10/group) from 15 farms sampled 3-monthly for 21 months, and intensive blood and urine sampling of young deer on three farms over 1-2 production cycles (n=15-65/group). Infection with Hardjobovis followed an age-related endemic cycle with some animals infected by 3-4 months of age and seroconversion peaking at up to 57% at 12-15 months and mild kidney lesions typical of a host-adapted organism. Infection with Pomona followed an epidemic pattern with seroprevalence of up to 100%, more severe kidney lesions, clinical signs and evidence of reduced growth and reproduction, typical of an accidental host relationship. Leptospira were observed in 30.4% of urine samples and 37.0% of kidneys. Vaccination with "Leptavoid 3" (Schering-Plough Animal Health Ltd) was studied on one non-infected, one Hardjobovis infected, and two dual Hardjobovis/Pomona infected herds. Vaccination produced sustained titres in uninfected young and adult deer, and no maternally derived antibody interference was observed in progeny vaccinated at approximately 3-4 months of age. In infected herds, vaccination enhanced seroprevalence and antibody titres, and reduced urine shedding by 44% and culture from urine and kidneys by 37% in the face of continued natural challenge. Analysis of previous data combined with pooled data from the above studies, indicated that 73.0% of lines and 29.0% of individual deer at slaughterhouses had kidney lesions indicative of leptospirosis with a relative risk (RR) of 1.08 and 1.6 for the relationship between seropositivity to Hardjobovis and Pomona, respectively. The overall RR between positive serology, lesion and culture was 2.1. The kidney culture rate ranged from 2.5-33% between herds demonstrating significant risk of exposure to humans, particularly slaughterhouse workers. This study has provided an understanding of the epidemiology in farmed deer and control options available to the industry.
Freitag, Thurid. "Uropathogenic Escherichia coli of dogs and cats : pathotypic traits and susceptibility to bacteriophages : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Veterinary Clinical Sciences at Massey University, Turitea, Palmerston North, Aotearoa, New Zealand". 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1541.
Pełny tekst źródłaMupeyo, Bornwell. "The effect of feeding willow upon the death of established parasites and upon parasite fecundity : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Animal Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand". 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1712.
Pełny tekst źródłaSubharat, Supatsak. "Epidemiology, diagnosis and vaccination control of leptospirosis in farmed deer in New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Veterinary Clinical Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand". 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1678.
Pełny tekst źródłaJansen, van Rensburg Monique. "Parasitism, disease and breeding ecology of little blue penguins (Eudyptula minor) on Tiritiri Matangi Island, New Zealand : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Conservation Biology, Massey University, Auckland". 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1634.
Pełny tekst źródłaAccording to the New Zealand Threat Classification, little blue penguin (LBP) (Eudyptula minor) populations are under ‘gradual decline’. Although long-term data are available for some mainland populations, the status of LBP on offshore islands remains largely unknown. Most studies have focussed on breeding success and foraging ecology. However, there is a paucity of data pertaining to diseases and parasites, and the potential effects of these factors on LBP health, reproductive success and survival. To date, the LBP population on Tiritiri Matangi Island, Hauraki Gulf, Auckland, New Zealand, has only been monitored periodically, despite the island being an important habitat for LBP throughout their annual cycle. The overall aim of this study was to examine the relative importance of parasites and disease in relation to key aspects of LBP life-history, including: the annual cycle; reproductive success; energetic demands, immunity; and mortality. During 2006 and 2007, the reproductive success of LBP on Tiritiri Matangi Island was investigated with respect to lay date, nest site attributes, parental quality and ectoparasite loads. A nest treatment experiment was conducted to explore flea (Parapsyllus longicornis) and tick (Ixodes eudyptidis) effects on breeding success. Overall reproductive output was low, estimated at 33.3%, with an average of 0.67 chicks fledged per pair. Lay date and body condition (BC) appeared to be the main drivers of reproductive success, with early breeders fledging significantly more chicks than late breeders. Increased BC improved reproductive success. Although late breeders exhibited higher BC scores, increased chick mortality indicated that late nests face a reproductive trade-off. Treatment did not prove effective in reducing ectoparasite loads and there was no correlation between ectoparasite abundance in the nest and reproductive success. Throughout their geographic distribution, penguins are host to a range of ectoparasites. Using Ixodes eudyptidis ticks as indicators, ectoparasite-host dynamics were investigated over the course of one year, in relation to LBP life stages, body condition (BC) and haematological parameters. To investigate the presence of vector-borne diseases, blood parasite prevalence was determined using molecular techniques and microscopy. Tick load exhibited significant seasonal variation, being highest during periods of increased host availability i.e. moult and breeding. However, these increases in abundance were not associated with body condition or decreased reproductive success of adults. Nonetheless, LBP exhibited seasonal fluctuations in haematological parameters, with decreases in white blood cell concentrations during periods of increased energy demands and high tick loads. Blood parasite prevalence was low (<1%), determined to be Plasmodium sp. infection. No other blood parasites were found. These results indicate that the lifecycle of I. eudyptidis is tightly linked with that of its LBP hosts, and that infested individuals exhibit physiological responses to tick load. LBP exhibit annual fluctuations in mortality and experience periodic mass mortalities. To examine factors associated with mortality, post-mortems were conducted on 32 LBP from the Hauraki Gulf. Additionally, 128 LBP necropsy records were obtained from the National Wildlife Database (HUIA) for the period spanning April 1993-January 2009, and the causes of mortality were reviewed. Starvation and disease accounted for the highest mortality levels, with 65% of deaths attributed to either one or both of these factors. Furthermore, there was a strong association between starvation and parasites. Parasitic disease and diseases of uncertain aetiology were the most common disease types. In all age groups, the likelihood of infectious, non-infectious and disease of unknown aetiology was significantly higher in LBP that harboured one or more parasite species. Results from this study suggest that starvation and disease, including parasites, are significant factors associated with mortality of LBP in New Zealand, as has been found in Australian LBP populations. Parasites and disease are increasingly recognised as a challenge to the conservation of wildlife, and information regarding endemism of pathogens and parasites within populations is vital for determining ecosystem health, and identifying aberrant diseases.
Mshanga, Deogratius Andrew. "Development of in vitro assays for detection of anthelmintic resistance in cattle nematodes : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Animal Science) at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand". 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1231.
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