Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / FERROUS MATERIAL

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „FERROUS MATERIAL”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 11 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "FERROUS MATERIAL"

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Guo, Liang, Sheng Li Wu, Li Hua Zhang i Bi Yang Tuo. "Study of Ferrous Material Reduction Based on Thermal Reserve Zone of Modern Blast Furnace". Advanced Materials Research 391-392 (grudzień 2011): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.391-392.65.

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Through analyzing and inspecting the raw materials conditions and process conditions that affect ferrous material reduction in the thermal reserve zone, the article indicates that for the three commonly used ferrous material of blast furnace, sinter, pellets and lump ore, sinter is easiest to reduce and lump ore is most difficult to reduce. And increasing of the size of ferrous material promote the reduction of the ferrous material slightly. With the increase of batch weight, weight loss of ore and coke decrease at first and then increase. With the increase of the ratio of coke/ore, the extent of reduction of ferrous material had not significantly improved.
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Huang, Daud, Shih Huang Chen i Hnin Hnin Mon. "The Preliminary Study on Re-Utilization of Ferrous-Nickel Slag to Replace Conventional Construction Material for Road Construction (Sub-Grade Layer Improvement)". Advanced Materials Research 723 (sierpień 2013): 694–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.723.694.

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Ferrous-nickel slag is an industrial waste material which produced from smelting process of ferrous-nickel uses in manufacturing of stainless steel and ferrous alloy industry, in China Guangdong province itself, it was estimated around 6-7million of ferrous-nickel slag has been produces annually, the common method in order to reutilize ferrous-nickel slag material is by using on cement industry (replace cement material) and as land-filling material. One of the main objectives of this study is to investigate the feasibility of reutilization of ferrous-nickel slag combined with soil improvement method to portion replace conventional construction materials such as sand and granular material on sub-grade or sub-base layer of pavement construction. Strength and swelling properties of ferrous-nickel slag and soil (sand) mixture after treatment with soil improvement agent will be use as main consideration the performances of ferrous-slag nickel material on road construction, includes 4-days soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR), 7-day Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and also swelling behaviour of the mixture.
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Zol Bahri, Razali, i Ibrahim Nur Hadzwan. "Automated Green Sorting Device for Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Material Wastes Using Eddy Current Technique". Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (kwiecień 2015): 576–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.576.

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This project is to design an automated green sorting device that can be used to recognize, differentiate and separate between ferrous and non-ferrous materials, as well as to perform transferring of the mentioned materials. In particular, the technique of separation is using magnetic and Eddy-current concept. Eddy-current is generated on a conductor when the conductor is placed in a magnetic field. These Eddy-currents circulate such a way that they induce their own magnetic field and causing a repulsive force (Eddy force). The analysis done is to analyzed the maximum Eddy force generated to the non-ferrous materials when the materials coming close to the Eddy-current roller. The focused parameters in this analysis are a gap distance between magnet to magnet and a gap distance between magnet to material. The results show this sorting device is completely sort the mix materials (ferrous and non-ferrous materials) up to 90% of consistency.
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Ramalingam, Senthil Rajan, C. S. Boopthi, Sridhar Ramasamy, Mominul Ahsan i Julfikar Haider. "Induction Heating for Variably Sized Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Materials through Load Modulation". Energies 14, nr 24 (11.12.2021): 8354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248354.

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Induction heating (IH) is a process of heating the electrically conducting materials especially ferromagnetic materials with the help of electromagnetic induction through generating heat in an object by eddy currents. A well-entrenched way of IH is to design a heating system pertaining to the usage of ferromagnetic materials such as stainless steel, iron, etc., which restricts the end user’s choice of using utensils made of ferromagnetic only. This research article proposes a new scheme of induction heating that is equally effective for heating ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic materials such as aluminium and copper. This is achieved by having a competent IH system that embodies a series resonant inverter and controller where a competent flexible load modulation (FLM) is deployed. FLM facilitates change in operating frequency in accordance with the type of material chosen for heating. The recent attempts by researchers on all metal IH have not addressed much on the variable shapes and sizes of the material, whereas this research attempts to address that issue as well. The proposed induction heating system is verified for a 2 kW system and is compatible with both industrial and domestic applications.
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Kolesnikov, A. S., N. N. Zhanikulov, S. Syrlybekkyzy, A. A. Abduova, A. O. Orazymbetova, O. G. Kolesnikova i A. L. Shal. "Utilization of Waste from the Enrichment of Non-Ferrous Metal Ores as Secondary Mineral Raw Materials in the Production of Cement Clinker". Ecology and Industry of Russia 27, nr 1 (10.01.2023): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2023-1-19-23.

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The scientific results of the optimization of raw materials mixtures for the production of cement clinker with the involvement as a secondary raw material – technogenic waste of the enrichment of non-ferrous metal ores, which by their chemical composition are of interest as an iron-aluminum-silicate raw material component. It has been established that the use of non-ferrous metal ore enrichment waste in the raw material mixture in the form of secondary technogenic raw materials contributes to its utilization, reducing the specific fuel consumption during clinker firing by 5.76%, reducing the firing temperature by 50 °C and obtaining cement clinker that meets the requirements for chemical and mineralogical compositions according to GOST 31108-2016.
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Qin, X. P., i L. Hua. "Deformation and strengthening of sintered ferrous material". Journal of Materials Processing Technology 187-188 (czerwiec 2007): 694–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.11.060.

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Narasimha Murthy, I., i J. Babu Rao. "Ferro Chrome Slag: An Alternative Mould Material in Ferrous and Non-ferrous Foundries". International Journal of Metalcasting 11, nr 3 (4.11.2016): 598–629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40962-016-0103-x.

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Goryachko, M. D., i L. R. Imangulov. "Assessment of scrap supply zones optimality for Russian steel industry plants". Regional nye issledovaniya 76, nr 2 (2022): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/1994-5280-2022-2-4.

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The article discusses the features of the distribution of ferrous scrap between the main metallurgical enterprises of the Russian Federation. It is revealed that the current configuration of the actual raw material zones of metallurgical enterprises of the Russian Federation is due to the uneven nature of scrap sources and end users, the export orientation of regions and the established institutional structure of regional ferrous scrap markets in the post-Soviet period. Based on the use of geoinformation technologies, the optimal configuration of raw material zones of metallurgical enterprises in the field of procurement of ferrous scrap has been determined. To assess the optimality of raw material zones of enterprises, two methods are proposed in the work – cartographic and economic. As a result of a comparative analysis of the calculation results, it was revealed that the economic method best evaluates the optimality of raw material zones in connection with the best consideration of the features of territorial schemes for the movement of ferrous scrap between producers and end consumers. According to the economic method, the metallurgical enterprises of the Ural metallurgical base have a low degree of optimality of raw material zones and, as a result, large losses in financial terms, mainly due to the extremely high concentration of metallurgical enterprises, small/medium losses have enterprises in the north, center and east of the country, where the demand for raw materials is a limited number of enterprises remote from each other. In the final part of the article, recommendations are presented to increase the economic efficiency from optimizing the distribution and the use of ferrous scrap for individual economic agents and the economy as a whole.
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Yeo, S. H., M. Murali i S. Balakrishnan. "Effect of Tool Electrode Material on the Spark Erosion of Micro Grooves". Materials Science Forum 526 (październik 2006): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.526.79.

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Micro electro discharge machining is an important unconventional metal micromachining technology. The performance of micro EDM depends on the combination of the tool and work materials used. In the absence of a comprehensive theoretical model to predict the effect of electrode materials on the performance of EDM, experimental investigations as described in this paper become useful. The work materials studied include ferrous, non-ferrous and exotic material (XW42, Ti6Al4V, WC) and the tool electrode materials include the commonly used EDM tool materials namely tungsten, copper and graphite. It is found that in the microgroove machining by micro EDM using foil electrodes, graphite consistently provides higher material removal rate than tungsten and copper tool electrodes and hence it is useful for the rough machining. On the other hand tungsten tool electrode is preferable for finish machining as it provides the least surface roughness.
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Gulizia, Stefan, Darryl Jones, Mahnaz Z. Jahedi, Trevor Kearney i Paul Koltun. "Thermal Fatigue Studies Using HF Induction Heating of Die Materials for Light Metals Casting". Materials Science Forum 618-619 (kwiecień 2009): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.618-619.357.

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In this study a new thermal fatigue test rig has been developed that can apply a net energy input to materials with different physical properties using HF induction heating. Several commercially available hot work ferrous and non-ferrous die materials were evaluated with the aim of providing a basis for selecting an appropriate die material with good thermal fatigue resistance for a given HPDC application. The results show materials with high thermal conductivity such as tungsten-based materials are more resistant to thermal fatigue cracking than conventionally used hot work tool steels for HPDC dies. The initiation and growth of thermal fatigue cracks were examined and periodically evaluated using computer image analysis, for crack morphology, and hardness on each material tested.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "FERROUS MATERIAL"

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Strandkvist, Ida. "A Dissolution Study of Common Ferrous Slag Minerals". Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Mineralteknik och metallurgi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-60227.

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Slag is a vital part of metal production since it removes impurities from the metal. As slag is continuously produced, the options are either to dispose slag in landfill or acknowledge slag as a product. Slag can be used in many different applications, ranging from fertilizer to construction material; in some cases, the properties of slag make it a superior alternative to virgin stone materials. The properties and thereby the field of application is determined by the mineralogical composition of the slag. Slag is considered an environmentally friendly material as long as the leaching of certain elements stay below specified thresholds, for leaching of chromium the limit is at 0.5 mg/kg for slag to be considered inert material. The most common leaching approach is to compare leaching analyses from slag samples to deduce which elements and/or phases contribute or prevent leaching of specific elements. With this method each slag need to be investigated separately and the result may only apply for that specific slag type. In this thesis the approach is different: individual minerals are synthesized and dissolved separately at various pH to accurately assess their dissolution capabilities. By studying the dissolution of individual minerals the leaching of any type of slag with known mineralogical composition can be anticipated. Slag leaching can then be tailored, for example, chromium leaching can be eliminated if all chromium containing phases are removed or not capable of dissolving. In this thesis the dissolution of akermanite, β- and γ-dicalciumsilicate, merwinte, monticellite, pseudowollastonite and magnesiowüstite with varying FeO/MgO ratios are studied. Leaching tests of magnesiowüstite with 4 wt% Cr2O3 were also included. The dissolution of each mineral is calculated by the acid addition required to maintain a constant pH with 50 mg of mineral in 100 ml water. As expected, the dissolution decreases as pH increases, with exception of the dicalcium silicates which dissolved completely at pH 4 to 10. The dissolution of the minerals is largely connected to the elemental composition. In the silica based minerals a high Ca ratio promotes dissolution while a high Si ratio impedes the dissolution rate. Both dissolution and chromium leaching of magnesiowüstite depends on the FeO content, with increasing FeO content the dissolution and leaching decreases, magnesiowüstite with at least 60 wt% FeO does not dissolve at pH 10. None of the magnesiowüstite compositions were close to the chromium leaching limit of inert material, 0.5 mg/kg, as the highest leaching sample, with 52 wt% FeO, leached 0.069 mg/kg.
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Wilson, Andrew David. "Wear and fatigue studies of surface engineered ferrous and non-ferrous aerospace alloys". Thesis, University of Hull, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264952.

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Soderhjelm, Carl. "Multi-Material Metal Casting: Metallurgically Bonding Aluminum to Ferrous Inserts". Digital WPI, 2017. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/174.

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Properties of cast aluminum components can be improved by strategically placing ferrous inserts to locally improve properties such as wear resistance and stiffness. A cost-effective production method is to cast-in the insert using the solidification of the molten aluminum as a joining method. Metallurgically bonding between the metals could potentially improve both load and heat transfer across the interface. The metallurgical bond between the steel and the aluminum has to be strong enough to withstand stresses related to solidification, residual stresses, thermal expansion stresses, and all other stresses coupled with the use of the component. Formation of a continuous defect free bond is inhibited by the wetting behavior of aluminum and is governed by a diffusion process which requires both energy and time. Due to the diffusional nature of the bond growth in combination with post manufacturing heat treatments defects such as Kirkendall voids can form. The effect of aluminum alloying elements during liquid-solid bond formation in regards to microstructural changes and growth kinetics has been described. A timeframe for defect formation during heat treatments as well as microstructural changes has been established. The effect of low melting point coatings (zinc and tin) on the nucleation of the metallurgical bond has been studied as well the use of a titanium coating for microstructural modification. A set of guidelines for successful metallurgical bonding during multi- material metal casting has also been constructed.
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Vo, Chau Ky. "Detection of stress concentration zones in ferrous material using stand-off magnetometry". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11487/.

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Detection of stress concentration zones using stand-off magnetometry based on the magnetomechanical effect has recently been applied to pipeline inspection. This study addresses the lack of scientific evidence encountered in the development of the technology by using a combination of laboratory experiments, field observations, and computer simulations to study the magnetic indication of local stress concentrations in the bulk material. It then offers new techniques to determine features of underground pipelines, and evaluates their performance using field survey data and standard inspection reports. The models proposed in this study are capable of simulating the effects of stress cycles on magnetisation of steel bars and pipes placed in the earth's magnetic field. The experimental and simulation results have shown that the magnetic indication of a local stress concentration zone (SCZ) is due to the distribution of magnetisation between the local SCZ and the surrounding area or the bulk material, which has explained the reverse in the polarity of the magnetic indication when varying the applied stress. It also implies the possibility to monitor stress conditions in ferrous material. It is proposed that the gradient magnetic field should be used in order to extract the magnetic indication from the measured magnetic field, together with a parameter K as the criteria for detection and characterisation of local SCZ using the remote magnetic field. It has found that K is linear with the initial magnetic condition induced in low field at a given stress. Inversely, at a given initial condition, variation of K with stress follows the stress-magnetisation relationship of the material. K is more sensitive with stress at stronger initial conditions. The study has also established the quantitative exponential relationship between K and the measurement distance, which implies a technique to solve for stress condition from the remote magnetic field. A study on circumferential welded joints of pipelines has found magnetic features of the welds, which implies the possibility to locate them using above-ground surveys. A technique is proposed and is capable of locating 70% of the actual welds with an offset of 3 meters and the probability of false call of 20% for the pipelines of 17 meters constructed length buried with more than 2 meters depth of cover. A new practical technique to estimate the depth of cover of underground pipelines from the remote passive magnetic field, which has the tolerance of 8% of the measurement depth, is also proposed. Importantly, this study proposes a preliminary technique to detect SCZs in underground pipelines using the remote magnetic field, which can detect side bends and sag bends, and shows promises for detection of SCZs caused by mechanical defects. The development of these techniques are important milestones in non-invasive remote pipeline condition monitoring.
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Dsouza, Brendan Harry. "Material Degradation Studies in Molten Halide Salts". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103052.

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This study focused on molten salt purification processes to effectively reduce or eliminate the corrosive contaminants without altering the salt's chemistry and properties. The impurity-driven corrosion behavior of HAYNES® 230® alloy in the molten KCl-MgCl2-NaCl salt was studied at 800 ºC for 100 hours with different salt purity conditions. The H230 alloy exhibited better corrosion resistance in the salt with lower concentration of impurities. Furthermore, it was also found that the contaminants along with salt's own vaporization at high temperatures severely corroded even the non-wetted surface of the alloy. The presence of Mg in its metal form in the salt resulted in an even higher mass-loss possibly due to Mg-Ni interaction. The study also investigated the corrosion characteristics of several nickel and ferrous-based alloys in the molten KCl-MgCl2-NaCl salt. The average mass-loss was in the increasing order of C276 < SS316L < 709-RBB* < IN718 < H230 < 709-RBB < 709-4B2. The corrosion process was driven by the outward diffusion of chromium. However, other factors such as the microstructure of the alloy i.e. its manufacturing, refining, and heat-treatment processes have also shown to influence the corrosion process. Lowering the Cr content and introducing W and Mo in the alloy increased its resistance to corrosion but their non-uniform distribution in the alloy restricted its usefulness. To slow-down the corrosion process, and enhance the material properties, selected alloys were boronized and tested for their compatibility in the molten KCl-MgCl2-NaCl salt. The borided alloys exhibited better resistance to molten salt attack, where the boride layer in the exposed alloy was still intact, non-porous, and strongly adhered to the substrate. The alloys also did not show any compensation in their properties (hardness). It was also found that the boride layer always composed of an outermost silicide composite layer, which is also the weakest and undesired layer as it easily cracks, breaks, or depletes under mechanical and thermal stresses. Various different grades of "virgin" nuclear graphites were also tested in the molten KF-UF4-NaF salt to assist in the selection of tolerable or impermeable graphites for the MSR operational purposes. It was found that molten salt wettability with graphite was poor but it still infiltrated at higher pressure. Additionally, the infiltration also depended on the pore-size and porosity of the graphite. The graphite also showed severe degradation or disintegration of its structure because of induced stresses.
Doctor of Philosophy
Molten salts are considered as potential fuel and coolant candidates in MSRs because of their desirable thermophysical properties and heat-transfer capabilities. However, they pose grave challenges in material selection due to their corrosive nature, which is attributed to the impurities and their concentration (mostly moisture and oxygen-based) in the salt. This study focused on purifying the salt to reduce these contaminants without compromising its composition and properties. The influence of purification processes on the corrosion behavior of HAYNES® 230® alloy was studied in the molten chloride salt with different purity conditions. Various nickel and ferrous-based alloys were also studied for their compatibility in the molten chloride salt. This will assist in expediting the material selection process for various molten salt applications. It was observed that several factors such as alloy composition, its microstructure, impurities in the salt attribute to molten salt corrosion. It was also quite evident that corrosion in molten salts is inevitable and hence, the focus was shifted on slowing down this process by providing protective barriers in the form of coatings (i.e. boronization). The borided (coated) alloys not only improved the corrosion resistance but also enhanced and retained their properties like hardness after exposure to molten salts. Since these studies were conducted under static conditions, a more detailed investigation is needed for the selected alloys by subjecting them to extreme flow-conditions and for longer a duration of time. To achieve this objective, a forced circulation molten salt loop was designed and fabricated to conduct flow corrosion studies for alloys in molten chloride salt. Graphite is another critical component of the MSR where it is used as a moderator or reflector. Generally, molten salts exhibit poor wettability with graphite, but they can still infiltrate (graphites) at higher applied pressures, and result in the degradation or disintegration of graphite's structure, and eventually its failure in the reactor. This study provides infiltration data, and understanding of the degradation of various 'virgin' nuclear graphite grades by the molten fluoride salt. This should assist in the selection of tolerable or impermeable graphite grades for MSR operational purposes.
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Degnan, Craig Cambell. "Processing and wear properties of a (W,Ti)C particulate reinforced ferrous-based metal matrix composite". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285253.

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Puff, Rinaldo. "Estudo de fadiga para materiais ferrosos com vazios e inclusões não metálicas". Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2015. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/621.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T15:56:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rinaldo Puff.pdf: 11901534 bytes, checksum: 902429cd8bc8c70d6eae9029243c8969 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-10
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This thesis was motivated by the study of voids and non-metallic inclusions influence on the high cycle fatigue of ferrous materials like steel, powder metal and gray cast iron. A second objective was to obtain simpler parameters, like the ones measured in hardness, static bending or axial tests, to evaluate materials in early phases of projects, in a way to avoid long fatigue tests. Initially the average fatigue strength was obtained for a high carbon steel. The effect of a silicon oxide inclusion near the surface on the performance of heavy-duty Cr-Si spring wire was also analyzed. The evaluation was done in terms of stress concentrating on the inclusion contours, due to the shot peening application on the surface and normal fluctuating loads. Mechanical properties of powder metal and cast iron were revised. Static tests without and with the presence of notches were performed, with the objective of obtaining a static notch sensitivity factor, to correlate with torsion fatigue results. The relation between hardness and torsion fatigue strength was evaluated for the cast iron, and simulations using linear elastic and nonlinear materials were performed to obtain geometric stress concentrating factors. A mesoscale simulation was done in plane stress, making it possible to evaluate local stress concentration in the cast iron matrix.
Esta tese foi motivada pelo estudo da influência de vazios e inclusões não metálicas na fadiga de alto ciclo de materiais ferrosos como aços, materiais obtidos por metalurgia do pó e ferros fundidos cinzentos. Foi objetivo também, avaliar parâmetros de medição mais simples, como os obtidos de ensaios de dureza e de flexão ou tração estáticos, como forma de avaliar materiais em fases iniciais de projeto, evitando-se longos ensaios de fadiga. Inicialmente obteve-se a resistência à fadiga de alto ciclo de um aço de alto teor de carbono. Analisou-se também o efeito da presença de uma inclusão de óxido de silício próximo à superfície de um arame de aço Cr-Si utilizado em molas submetidas a cargas reversas. A análise foi feita em termos de concentração de tensão nos contornos da inclusão, devido à aplicação de shot peening na superfície e também devido às cargas de operação. Uma revisão de propriedades mecânicas de aços obtidos por metalurgia do pó e do ferro fundido foi realizada, assim como ensaios estáticos sem e com entalhe, no intuito de obter um fator de sensibilidade ao entalhe estático, como forma de correlacionar com a sensibilidade ao entalhe na fadiga em torção. Foi avaliada a relação entre a dureza do ferro fundido e a sua resistência à fadiga na torção e realizadas simulações com material linear elástico e não linear para obter um fator de concentração de tensão geométrico. Uma simulação em mesoescala em estado plano de tensão foi realizada, podendo-se determinar a concentração de tensões locais na matriz do ferro fundido.
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Stroe, MIOARA ELVIRA. "Hydrogen embrittlement of ferrous materials". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210889.

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This work deals with the damage due to the simultaneous presence of hydrogen in atomic form and stress – straining.

The aim of this work is twofold: to better understand the hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms and to translate the acquired knowledge into a more appropriate qualification test.

The phenomena of hydrogen entry and transport inside the metals, together with the different types of damages due to the presence of hydrogen, are presented.

The analysis of the most important models proposed up to now for hydrogen embrittlement (HE) indicated that the slow dynamic plastic straining is a key factor for the embritteling process. There is a synergistic effect of hydrogen – dislocations interactions: on one hand hydrogen facilitates the dislocations movement (according to the HELP mechanism) and on the other hand dislocations transport hydrogen during their movement when their velocity is lower than a critical value.

This work is focused on supermartensitic stainless steels, base and welded materials. The interest on these materials is due to their broad use in offshore oil production.

First, the material’s characterisation with regards to hydrogen content and localisation was performed. This was conducted in charging conditions that are representative of industrial applications.

Because of previous industrial experience it was necessary to find a more appropriate qualification test method to asses the risk of HE.

In this work we proposed the stepwise repeated slow strain rate test (SW R – SSRT) as a qualification test method for supermartensitic stainless steels.

This test method combines hydrogen charging, test duration, plastic, dynamic and slow strains. Thus, this test method is coherent with both the model HELP proposed for hydrogen embrittlement and the observations of industrial failures.

The stepwise repeated slow strain rate test (SW RSSRT) is interesting not only as a qualification test of martensitic stainless steels, but also as a qualification test of conditions for using these materials (type of straining, range of strain and stress, strain rate, hydrogen charging conditions, etc.).

Ce travail se rapporte à l’endommagement provoqué par la présence simultanée de l’hydrogène sous forme atomique et une contrainte (appliquée où résiduelle).

Ce travail a comme but une meilleure compréhension du mécanisme de la fragilisation par l’hydrogène (FPH) et la recherche d’un essai de qualification qui soit cohérent avec ce mécanisme.

Les phénomènes liés à l’entrée et au transport de l’hydrogène au sein des métaux, ensemble avec les différents types d’endommagements dus à la présence de l’hydrogène, sont présentés.

L’analyse des modèles proposés jusqu’au présent pour la fragilisation par l’hydrogène (FPH) suggère que la déformation lente plastique dynamique est le facteur clé pour le processus de la fragilisation. Il y a un effet synergétique des interactions entre l’hydrogène et les dislocations: d’un coté l’hydrogène facilite le mouvement des dislocations (d’après le modèle HELP) et d’un autre coté les dislocations transportent l’hydrogène pendant leur mouvement, pourvu que leur vitesse soit en dessous d’une valeur critique.

Le travail a été conduit sur des aciers supermartensitiques, matériau de base et soudé. L’intérêt pour ces matériaux réside de leur large utilisation dans la production du pétrole en offshore.

D’abord, le matériau a été caractérisé du point de vu de la teneur et de la localisation de l’hydrogène. Les essais ont été conduits dans des conditions représentatives pour les cas industriels.

L’expérience industrielle d’auparavant indique qu’il est nécessaire de trouver un test de qualification plus approprié pour estimer la susceptibilité à la fragilisation par l’hydrogène.

Dans ce travail on propose un essai de traction lente incrémentée (SW R – SSRT) comme méthode de qualification pour les aciers supermartensitiques.

L’essai combine le chargement en hydrogène, la durée d’essai, la déformation lente, plastique et dynamique. Donc, cette méthode d’essai est cohérente avec le modèle HELP proposé pour FPH et les observations des accidents industriels.

Cet essai est intéressant pas seulement comme essai de qualification pour les aciers supermartensitiques, mais aussi comme essai de qualification pour les conditions d’utilisation des ces matériaux (type de déformation, niveau de déformation et contrainte, vitesse de déformation, conditions de chargement en hydrogène, etc.).


Doctorat en sciences appliquées
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Vasconcelos, Mara Lúcia Carrett de. "Artefatos em ferro de origem terrestre : um estudo de caso sobre a interface entre pesquisa arqueológica e conservação no sítio Charqueada Santa Bárbara, Pelotas, RS, Brasil". Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2014. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/3212.

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The current state of degradation of most archaeological collections has compromised the research and protection of this heritage. To respond to these problems, some initiatives that seek to modify the current practices of preservation of archaeological collections are emerging, as the fieldwork in the Charqueada Santa Barbara archaeological site ( Pelotas, RS, Brazil ), linked to the research project Pampa Negro: Arqueologia da Escravidão na Região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul (1780-1888), which has brought together a multidisciplinary team to talk about the praxis of each area and to think of appropriate solutions for the better management and protection of archaeological collections. In the context of the conservation, protocols for preventive and curative intervention of different types of materials were developed and tested in field and laboratory. Among the types of material recovered in the excavation, metal objects, especially iron, are those most susceptible to deterioration due to the process of recovery and to the speed at which the corrosive processes occur as well as the complexity of the products resulting from these. In this context, the aim of this study was to analyze, from a study of the interface between conservation and archeology, how the conservation procedures performed in the field and laboratory in the ferrous artifacts contributed to the preservation of archaeological collections. It was expected to verify which interventions enable a better conservation of archaeological origin and of the associated information material culture, and disseminate the need for greater integration between the experts related to the safeguard of the archaeological heritage areas. It was concluded that conservation practices directly assist in the preservation of archaeological collections in its material, documentary and symbolic aspects. Therefore, the conservator has become more of a manager of these collections, in a performance that, increasingly, is turning into an agent crucial to the management of the archaeological heritage.
O estado atual de degradação de grande parte dos acervos arqueológicos tem comprometido as pesquisas e a salvaguarda destes bens. Destas problemáticas vêm surgindo iniciativas que buscam a modificação das práticas atuais de preservação dos acervos arqueológicos, como o trabalho de campo do sítio Charqueada Santa Bárbara (Pelotas, RS, Brasil), vinculado ao projeto O Pampa Negro: Arqueologia da Escravidão na Região Meridional do Rio Grande do Sul (1780-1888), que reuniu uma equipe multidisciplinar a fim de dialogar a respeito da práxis de cada área e pensar de forma conjunta soluções adequadas para um melhor gerenciamento e salvaguarda dos acervos arqueológicos. No âmbito da conservação, foram elaborados e testados em campo e em laboratório protocolos de intervenção preventiva e curativa para distintos materiais. Dentre os materiais recuperados na escavação, os objetos metálicos, em especial os de ferro, estão entre aqueles mais suscetíveis à deterioração decorrente deste processo, em função da velocidade em que ocorrem os processos corrosivos e da complexidade destes. Neste contexto, o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi analisar, a partir de um estudo da interface entre Conservação e Arqueologia, de que forma os procedimentos de conservação realizados em campo e em laboratório nos artefatos em ferro contribuíram para a preservação dos acervos arqueológicos. Almejou-se verificar as intervenções que possibilitam a melhor conservação da cultura material de origem arqueológica e da informação associada, e difundir a necessidade de uma maior integração entre os especialistas das áreas relacionadas à salvaguarda do patrimônio arqueológico. Concluiu-se que as práticas de conservação auxiliam diretamente na preservação dos acervos arqueológicos, em suas instâncias material, documental e simbólica. O conservador vem se configurando, portanto, como mais um gestor destes bens, em uma atuação que, cada vez mais, se torna indispensável ao gerenciamento do patrimônio arqueológico.
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Souza, Fabrício Mendes. "Estudo da microestrutura, da textura cristalográfica e da recristalização em chapas obtidas por lingotamento contínuo e semicontínuo da liga de alumínio AA4006". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-07052012-121639/.

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A liga de alumínio designada AA4006 é muito utilizada na indústria. É uma liga do sistema Al-Fe-Si, com teores (% em massa) de Si na faixa de 0,8 a 1,2% e Fe entre 0,5 e 0,8%. Apesar de ser bastante utilizada, ela foi pouco estudada. Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo comparativo da microestrutura e da textura cristalográfica entre chapas da liga AA4006 produzidas por dois processos industriais de lingotamento: contínuo (Twin roll caster TRC) e semicontínuo (Direct chill DC). Para a caracterização microestrutural, foram utilizadas as técnicas de microscopia óptica com luz polarizada, microscopia eletrônica de varredura com microanálise química, medidas de condutividade elétrica e ensaios de dureza Brinell. A textura cristalográfica foi determinada por difração de raios X. Foram detectadas e discutidas diferenças significativas nas morfologias e distribuições de grãos e de partículas de fases intermetálicas. O estudo da textura cristalográfica foi realizado ao longo da espessura das tiras e os resultados mostraram variações significativas da textura entre as chapas ao longo da espessura. A chapa produzida por lingotamento contínuo apresentou uma típica textura de cisalhamento nas proximidades de sua superfície, enquanto nas regiões mais internas a fibra foi observada. O estudo da recristalização de chapas metálicas laminadas a frio é muito útil para a obtenção da temperatura de amolecimento do material submetido a um tratamento térmico. Tratamentos térmicos isócronos no intervalo de uma hora foram feitos em amostras das duas chapas e a chapa produzida pelo processo TRC apresentou a temperatura para 50% de recristalização em torno de 290 ºC e a amostra da chapa produzida pelo processo DC em torno de 270 ºC. A textura cristalográfica pode mudar com a recristalização e com a laminação do metal. Utilizando estas etapas de processamento do material, a orientação dos grãos de uma tira metálica pode ser otimizada, a fim de, por exemplo, melhorar a estampabilidade de chapas na obtenção de um dado produto com valor agregado. Neste trabalho as curvas de amolecimento para duas chapas produzidas por lingotamento contínuo e lingotamento semicontínuo da liga de alumínio AA4006 também foram determinadas e comparadas. Embora as diferenças detectadas entre as curvas de amolecimento tenham sido pequenas, foi possível verificar que a recristalização da chapa produzida por twin roll caster TRC ocorre em temperaturas mais elevadas do que na chapa produzida pelo processo direct chill DC. Resultados da textura cristalográfica em amostras destas chapas (laminadas e recozidas) foram obtidos utilizando difração de raios X e difração de elétrons retroespalhados EBSD. Estes resultados indicaram a presença da textura de cisalhamento na superfície e a fibra no centro da amostra laminada a frio (70% de redução) da chapa obtida por lingotamento contínuo. Na amostra da chapa obtida por lingotamento semicontínuo, a componente cubo e a fibra foram vistas na superfície e no centro. Uma textura fraca com grãos orientados ao acaso foi vista nas duas amostras (TRC e DC) recristalizadas das duas chapas, possivelmente, devido à nucleação estimulada por partículas. A fibra desapareceu nas amostras (TRC e DC) recristalizadas.
AA4006 Aluminum alloy is extensively used in industry. It belongs to the Al-Fe-Si system, with Si between 0,8 and 1,2 % mass, and Fe between 0,5 and 0,8 % mass. This alloy is less studied despite its extensive use. A comparative microstructural study has been performed in as-received AA4006 alloy strip produced by two industrial casting processes: twin roll caster (TRC) and direct chill (DC). Polarized optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with microanalysis, electrical conductivity measurements and Brinnel hardness tests have been used for microstructural characterization. Significant differences in the grain and intermetallic particle sizes, morphologies and distributions were detected and are discussed. Thermal treatments effects on the silicon content in solid solution were also studied. Crystallographic textures have been also determined. Textures across thickness of both sheets have been analyzed and compared. Results showed significant texture changes across thickness of the specimens. Texture analysis was carried out using X-ray diffraction technique. Twin roll caster (TRC) sheet presented the typical shear texture near the surface, while, in internal regions, the -fibre was observed. A recrystallization study of cold rolled metallic sheets is very important to obtain softening temperature for the material during annealing. After cold rolling with 70% of reduction in thickness, followed by isochronous heat treatments, the samples of the two sheets produced by TRC and DC presented a 50% recrystallization temperature around 290 ºC and 270 ºC, respectively. Crystallographic texture can change during the metal rolling and recrystallization. These processing steps can optimize the grain orientation distribution in a metal strip to improve, for instance, the stamping process, in order to obtain an aggregated value product. Softening curves were also compared and determined for the two sheets (rolled and annealed) of the AA4006 aluminum alloy produced by twin roll caster TRC and direct chill DC processes. It was detected that the recrystallization of the strip produced by TRC process occurs at a higher temperature than that for the DC process, despite the little differences in their softening curves. Crystallographic texture results, for the sheet samples, were obtained by using X-ray diffraction and electron back scatter diffraction EBSD techniques. These results indicated the shear texture presence on the surface and fiber at the center of the cold rolled (70% area reduction) sample for the sheet produced by TRC process. In the sheet sample produced by the DC process, under the same conditions, the cube component and fiber texture (at the surface and at the center) were observed. A texture with random oriented grains was detected in two deformed and recrystallized samples of the two sheets (TRC and DC). It is suggested that this texture occurs due to the particle stimulated nucleation. There was fiber absence in the recrystallized samples (TRC and DC).
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Książki na temat "FERROUS MATERIAL"

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Werner, Theisen, i SpringerLink (Online service), red. Ferrous Materials: Steel and Cast Iron. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2008.

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1955-, Dowben Peter A., i Miller Allen 1932-, red. Surface segregation phenomena. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1990.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, red. SAE ferrous materials standards manual. Warrendale, Pa: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1997.

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SAE ferrous materials standards manual. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1994.

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SAE ferrous materials standards manual. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1996.

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Schröder, Jörg, i Doru C. Lupascu, red. Ferroic Functional Materials. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68883-1.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive. SAE ferrous materials standards manual: 1995 edition. Warrendale, Pa: Society of AutomotiveEngineers, 1995.

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Adaskin, Anatoliy, Aleksandr Krasnovskiy i Tat'yana Tarasova. Materials science and technology of metallic, non-metallic and composite materials. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1143245.

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Book 1 of the textbook consists of two parts. Part I describes the structure of metallic, non-metallic, and composite materials. Technologies of production of metal materials are considered: metallurgical production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals; powder metallurgy; technologies of production of non-metallic materials: polymers, glass, graphite; technologies of production of composite materials, including semi-finished products-prepregs, premixes. Part II is devoted to methods for studying the properties of materials. Metal materials, technologies of their hardening by thermal, chemical-thermal treatment, and plastic deformation are considered. The features of organic and inorganic nonmetallic materials, as well as the possibility of changing their properties, are given. Composite materials are widely covered, and the areas of their rational application are shown. Revised chapter 14, which deals with intelligent materials. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For bachelors and undergraduates studying in groups of training areas 15.00.00 "Mechanical Engineering" and 22.00.00 "Materials Technologies". It can be used for training graduate students of engineering specialties, as well as for advanced training of engineering and technical workers of machine-building enterprises.
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Lookman, Turab, i Xiaobing Ren, red. Frustrated Materials and Ferroic Glasses. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96914-5.

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Seidel, Jan, red. Topological Structures in Ferroic Materials. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25301-5.

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Części książek na temat "FERROUS MATERIAL"

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Sánchez, Mario, Fernando Parada i José Palacios. "Alternative Ways of Using Nonferrous Slags as Feed Material in the Ferrous Production Industry". W Applications of Process Engineering Principles in Materials Processing, Energy and Environmental Technologies, 201–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51091-0_18.

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Sandulyak, Anna A., Darya A. Sandulyak, Vera A. Ershova i Alexander V. Sandulyak. "Ferrous Material Fill: Magnetization Channels, Layer-by-Layer and Average Permeability, Element-to-Element Field". W Analysis and Modelling of Advanced Structures and Smart Systems, 191–210. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6895-9_9.

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Kohno, Takuo. "Advanced Ferrous Materials". W Transactions of the Materials Research Society of Japan, 88–104. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0789-8_6.

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Beiss, P. "Non ferrous materials". W Powder Metallurgy Data, 460–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/10689123_23.

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Lyons, Arthur. "Ferrous and non-ferrous metals". W Materials for Architects and Builders, 201–64. Sixth edition. | Abingdon, Oxon : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351109550-5.

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John, V. B. "Non-ferrous Metals". W Engineering Materials, 131–47. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10185-6_7.

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Askeland, Donald R. "Ferrous Alloys". W The Science and Engineering of Materials, 116–29. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0443-2_12.

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Askeland, Donald R. "Ferrous Alloys". W The Science and Engineering of Materials, 352–400. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2895-5_12.

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Askeland, Donald R. "Ferrous Alloys". W The Science and Engineering of Materials, 135–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1842-9_12.

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Tagantsev, Alexander K., L. Eric Cross i Jan Fousek. "Ferroic Materials". W Domains in Ferroic Crystals and Thin Films, 109–20. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1417-0_3.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "FERROUS MATERIAL"

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Figala, G., M. Taschauer, S. Wallner i B. Buchmayr. "Metallurgical And Mechanical Analyses Of Dissimilar Friction Weldments Of Ferrous And Non-Ferrous Metals For Lightweight Components". W THE 14TH INTERNATIONAL ESAFORM CONFERENCE ON MATERIAL FORMING: ESAFORM 2011. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3589691.

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Han, Jiman, Gary Barber, Qian Zou, Xichen Sun i Philip Seaton. "Effect of Material Microstructure on Scuffing Behavior of Ferrous Alloys". W SAE 2011 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-1091.

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"Non-Ferrous Slag as Cementitious- Material and Fine Aggregate for Concrete". W SP-202: Third Canmet/ACI International Symposium: Sustainable Development of Cement and Concrete. American Concrete Institute, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/10772.

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Middleton, Robert. "Innovating the Recovery and Recycling of Waste-to-Energy Ferrous Metals". W 15th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec15-007.

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Most every one of the approximate 90 operating waste-to-energy facilities in North American have a ferrous metals recovery system to extract these metals from the ash stream before the ash is disposed as a waste. Recovery of this ferrous metal obviously reduces the significant landfill disposal cost and associated ash hauling cost for the facility by reducing the volume of materials being disposed. The volume of the ferrous metals stream typically ranges between 1.0 to 4.0 percent of the incoming waste volume. But for facilities which manage hundreds of thousands of materials per year, this relatively small stream of material in many facilities present such a nuisance that the operators at some plants have a penchant not to bother with it for the tenuous value they have received. The value received has been exposed to extreme variations and uncertainty due from the fragmented scrap metal markets, transportation costs, quality of the recovered product (or lack thereof), cost of recovery, and a number of other constraints and issues, some in the control of the facility operator and some not in the control of the operator. As a result, the attention given to this area is also very variable across facilities, even within the same parent company.
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Hilerio, I., i M. A. Barron. "Effect of Pre Oxidation on the Sliding Wear of Multi-Component Ferrous Alloys". W ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81963.

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Presence oxides on sliding surfaces can greatly influence friction and wear. Oxides have been usually considered as a friction and wear reducing agent acting as a solid lubricant. Effects of pre-oxidation, carried out at different temperatures, on the tribological behaviour of a high-speed steel and a high chromium white cast iron sliding against a ceramic material have been studied in this work. Wear was evaluated through a new methodology, which calculates the volume of removed material from topography data of the worn surface. Wear mechanisms were determined by scanning electron microscopy analysis. Results showed a large difference between wear rate of the studied materials. High speed steel had a much lower wear than high chromium white cast iron. However pre-oxidation did not cause any meaningful influence on the tribological behaviour of both material, at least in the conditions evaluated in this work.
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Singh, Sardar Jaspal, U. Ashok Kumar, P. Laxminarayana i K. Kishore. "Experimental study on non-ferrous metals coating over mild steel using friction surfacing". W 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MANUFACTURING, MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (ICMMSE-2019). AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5141227.

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de Waart, Hendrikus A. A. M. "Amsterdam Waste Fired Plant©: First Year Operating Experience". W 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2381.

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Mid 2007 the Amsterdam Waste and Energy Company (AEB) commenced initial operations of their new Waste Fired Power Plant© (WFPP). The unit processes 530,000 metric tons of unsorted municipal solid waste producing electricity with a net efficiency of 30%. (Picture 1)The major contributor to the efficiency increase from the conventional 22% to 30% is a new and patented technology, whereby steam from the high pressure turbine is reheated by steam, rather than flue gas, before entering the low pressure turbine. The WFPP facility has operated successfully throughout 2008 and to this date. Also, for a period of nearly three years, AEB operated a commercial scale pilot plant, with a maximum capacity of 50 tons per hour, to develop the necessary process steps, to recover ferrous, non-ferrous, as well as precious metals from the bottom ash. In this recycling process, heavy metals and other toxicants are removed from the ash, rendering it suitable as a raw material for use in building materials, leaving less than 5% material to be landfilled. The operating results of both experiences are presented in this paper.
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Uozato, S., K. Nakata i M. Ushio. "Development of Ferrous Powder Thermal Spray Coatings on Cylnder Bore in Diesel Engine". W ITSC2004, redaktorzy Basil R. Marple i Christian Moreau. ASM International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2004p0290.

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Abstract Aluminum alloy has been gradually utilized in cylinder block instead of ferrous casting material for weight reduction in automobile industry these days. In order to acquire more weight reduction, a new liner-less technology - without cast iron liner used - is putting into practice in the fields of aluminum cylinder block and the target is for diesel engine. However, diesel fuel's impurity "sulfur" element and corrosive attack risk, such as sulfuric acid generated to the surface of liner is higher than gasoline fuel. Because of such disadvantage, wear and corrosion resistances applied to the inner cylinder-bore are required in order to achieve this liner-less aluminum cylinder block. This research is intended to accomplish both wear and corrosion performances using plasma thermal spray technology and to verify the feasibility of application to actual engine bore. A newly-developed ferrous powder (Fe-C-Ni-Cr-Cu-V-B alloy) revealed extremely excellent corrosion and wear resistances, compared with currently used bulk casting materials such as Fe-C-Si-B alloy and Fe-C-Si-Mo-B alloy for cylinder liner. For the last time, the new ferrous alloy powder was applied to actual engine bore by using Rota-Plasma spray coating. The experimental results with engine bore presented potential equivalent to current engine bore.
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Vang, Nar, i Hemanth Porumamilla. "Detection of Concealed Ferrous Objects in Vehicles Using Magnetometry-Based Technology". W ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87188.

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Acts of insurgency have become an ever increasing threat resulting in extensive measures being taken by the law enforcement authorities to mitigate their devastating effects on human life and infrastructure. This paper introduces a magnetometry based information, and signal processing methodology for detecting concealed ferrous objects in vehicle body panels. From extensive literature research [6–12], it was observed that while magnetic sensors have been used in a variety of related applications but have not been extensively applied to the on-road detection of firearms and explosives concealed in vehicles. This study utilized an extensive experimental protocol for preliminary concept validation. The main idea behind the approach was that almost all concealed weapons and explosives are made up of a considerable amount of ferrous material and hence produce a local distortion in the magnetic footprint of the Earth’s magnetic field which can then be identified by utilizing sensitive magnetic sensors. To detect concealed ferrous objects, magnetic signatures of a vehicle door panel were obtained and compared to a base magnetic signature of the same vehicle door panel (the magnetic field data of the same vehicle where no foreign ferrous objects were present), by using a scanning assembly with onboard magnetic and infrared sensors. To analyze the data, a top-down, goal-driven signal processing methodology was designed. To achieve the objective of accurately detecting concealed ferrous objects, simple measures such as magnetic field strength and its energy density were computed, and used in conjunction with more sophisticated statistical measures such as normalized cross-correlation and Mahalanobis distance. Although all these methodologies were able to detect a magnetic footprint anomaly in the presence of a concealed object, the Mahalanobis distance approach in particular provided the most conclusive results in all the cases considered.
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Wada, Manabu, Hisashi Naoi i Kazuyuki Tsukimori. "Investigation of Shape Recovery Characteristics on Ferrous Shape Memory Alloy". W ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41896.

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Aims of this study are to clarify the shape recovery characteristics on ferrous shape memory alloy in order to utilize one as a many kinds of mechanical components. In this study, Fe-Mn-Si-Cr shape memory alloy is used. The fundamental characteristics and the shape recovery characteristics are investigated in this alloy. From the result of this investigation, shape recovery strain without training process reaches to maximum value of 2% at the amount of 5∼7% work-strain. That with the training process reaches 3.5% in the maximum, which is 1.8 times of that without training process. In addition, the shape recovery characteristic under constant stress which is given during the heating process is investigated. The microstructure of the deformed material is observed. The Widmanstatten structure is generated. This structure is attributed to the transformation from austenite to ε-martensite. In order to enable the prediction analysis of the shape recovery behavior, the relationship between shape recovery strain and work-strain is formulated by the regression analysis in cubic equation.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "FERROUS MATERIAL"

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Kumar. L52002 Man-Portable Magnetic Gradiometer for Buried Pipe Detection and Location. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), styczeń 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011154.

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The detection and location of buried underground or submerged underwater pipes is of importance to the utility, natural gas, and petroleum industries. Current detection and location methods include ground penetrating radar (GPR), ground conductivity measurements, and magnetometers. GPR presents numerous problems, including signal attenuation in the ground and the presence of ground clutter. Ground conductivity measurements require that electrodes be planted in the ground and results may be affected by ground conditions. Magnetometers can detect ferrous pipes, or pipes with ferrous taggants, since ferrous material will distort the earth�s magnetic field. In addition magnetometers can detect buried conductors by measuring the magnetic field generated by the current in the conductor. However, presently used magnetometers cannot provide information about the exact location and depth of the pipe or conductor since they do not measure all the independent components of the magnetic field gradient at a given spatial location above ground.
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Hayford. L51566 Ultralow Frequency Eddy Current Instrument for the Detection and Sizing of Stress Corrosion Cracks. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), styczeń 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010601.

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Eddy current testing has received only limited application to ferrous materials because the high permeability of the material in combination with the normally high frequency of the eddy current instrument results in a very small depth of penetration of the eddy currents into the material. The objectives of this research program were threefold. The first goal was to develop an eddy current instrument with frequencies low enough to penetrate pipeline steel. The second was to use the new instrument to develop techniques for locating stress corrosion cracks (SCC) on coated pipelines without requiring the removal of the coating. Our last goal was to develop methods of characterizing SCC; i.e. determining the lengths and depths of the defects.
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Saxena, Avadh Behari. Flexocaloric and Multicaloric Effects In Ferroic Materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), czerwiec 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1363737.

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Saxena, Avadh. Mesoscopic modeling of ferroic and multiferroic materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), styczeń 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1338789.

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Beavers, John, i Gregory Quickel. PR-186-09204-R01 Determining the Effects of Ethanol on Pump Station Facilities. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), kwiecień 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010706.

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The first task in Phase 1 of this project involved sending out an industry survey regarding materials in pump stations. This task was performed to determine what components are important from a facilities point of view and what materials are used in these components. The information from the survey was organized into a table that is attached as an appendix to this report. Additionally, manufacturers of the components were contacted in order to determine the materials present in the components in the pump stations. The requests for bill of materials or materials for specific part numbers were performed by email and/or phone calls. The second task involved performing a literature search. The survey focused on data from the literature on the ethanol exposure effects of materials involved in various pump station components. The open literature, as well as company reports, was considered. Previous literature surveys conducted for PRCI SCC 4-1 and 4-4, and API, were utilized. The open literature search was performed using two search engines; Engineering Village and Science Direct. The keywords in the search included ethanol, corrosion, failure, various non-ferrous metals, stainless steels, and elastomers/plastics.
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Newnham, R. E., A. S. Bhalla, A. Halliyal, E. Ylo i S. A. Markgraf. Ferroic Shape Memory Materials & Piezo:Pyro-Electric Oriented Recrystallized Glasses. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, lipiec 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada171409.

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Norfleet, Quickel i Beavers. PR-186-12204-R02 Guidelines on the Effects of Ethanol on Pump Stations and Terminal Facilities. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), czerwiec 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010673.

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Ethanol has been used for the last several years as an environmentally friendly alternative to methyl tertbutyl ether (MTBE), which is an oxygenate additive to gasoline, to increase octane levels, and to facilitate the combustion process. However, the need to find alternatives to imported oil and gas has spurred the increased use of ethanol as an alternative fuel source. Further, ethanol is being promoted as a potential trade-off for CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels since CO2 is consumed by the plants used as the ethanol source. Legislation mandates a significant increase in ethanol usage as fuel over the next twenty years. The widespread use of ethanol will require efficient and reliable transportation from diverse ethanol producers to distribution terminals. Pipelines are, by far, the most cost-effective means of transporting large quantities of liquid hydrocarbons over long distances. For transporting ethanol, both existing pipeline infrastructure and new pipeline construction are being contemplated. In companion PRCI projects, the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of pipeline steels and the performance of select elastomer seals/gaskets have been studied in fuel grade ethanol (FGE). The SCC study not only included piping grade steel, but also a cast steel that could be used in pumps. Many of the issues related to corrosion of pipeline steels have been resolved in these projects. However, to address completely the effect of ethanol and gasoline-ethanol blends in pipeline systems, investigation of the effects of ethanol on other components, such as pumps, valves, screens, springs, and metering devices was required. These components have different materials (e.g., non-ferrous alloys), different types of loading, and different exposure conditions. This report serves as a guidance document for identifying and selecting appropriate materials of construction that are exposed to ethanol and ethanol blends pumped and stored at pump stations and terminal facilities. The guidelines provided in this document are a culmination of knowledge gained from industry surveys, literature reviews, long-term testing programs, and past performance.
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