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Russell, Gordon W., Veronica E. Horn i Mary J. Huddle. "MALE RESPONSES TO FEMALE AGGRESSION". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 16, nr 1 (1.01.1988): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1988.16.1.51.
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The effects on males (N= 60) of observing fictional aggression were assessed in a between-subjects design. Subjects were randomly assigned to view either a film clip of professional lady wrestlers, a mud wrestling segment or, to a no-film control condition. Both films produced negative changes in mood states, principally an increase in aggression and a decrease in social affection. Exposure to the films failed to produce changes in men's acceptance of interpersonal violence against women, rape myth beliefs or sexual callousness.
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Barber, Michael E., Linda A. Foley i Russell Jones. "Evaluations of Aggressive Women: The Effects of Gender, Socioeconomic Status, and Level of Aggression". Violence and Victims 14, nr 4 (styczeń 1999): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.14.4.353.
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Research finds gender differences in aggression and suggests that female violence is viewed differently from male violence. Participants were 94 female and 38 male students from a mid-size public university in the Southeast. Participants read a mock trial and answered questions about their attitudes concerning an aggressor in the scenario. The study was a 2 (male or female) by 2 (high socioeconomic status or low socioeconomic status) by 2 (verbal aggression or physical aggression) between-subjects factorial design. The participants responded to a revised version of the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (Nelson, 1988). As hypothesized aggressive women were evaluated more negatively than aggressive men and participants evaluated the female aggressor who used physical aggression more negatively than the female who used verbal aggression. The hypothesis that the female aggressor would be perceived as more in need of counseling than the male aggressor was not supported. Contrary to another hypothesis, respondents did not evaluate higher socioeconomic status aggressors more negatively than those of lower status. As hypothesized people with traditional views of women evaluated the female aggressor more negatively than people with more liberal views of women, and liberal participants evaluated the male and female aggressors similarly. The more negative evaluation of female aggressors and, in particular, females who use physical aggression, may result in unfair treatment of such females. These social biases may cloud perceptions of aggressive females, suggesting that their actions are more inappropriate than those of a male who committed the same act.
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Lie, Gwat-Yong, Rebecca Schilit, Judy Bush, Marilyn Montagne i Lynn Reyes. "Lesbians in Currently Aggressive Relationships: How Frequently Do They Report Aggressive Past Relationships?" Violence and Victims 6, nr 2 (styczeń 1991): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.6.2.121.
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Findings are reported from a survey examining the frequency with which women in currently aggressive same-sex relationships also report aggressive past relationships involving female partners, male partners, or members of their family of origin. Particular attention is paid to victims who also used aggression and their perceptions of whether their aggressive behavior was self-defensive or mutually aggressive. Results indicate that about one-fourth of participants had been victims of aggression in current relationships, roughly two-thirds had been victimized by a previous male partner, and almost three-fourths had experienced aggression by a previous female partner. Among those reporting having been both victims and users of aggression, about one-fifth had used aggression in their current relationship, almost one-third used aggression with a previous male partner, and nearly two-thirds had used aggression with a previous female partner. A majority of victims who had also used aggression with a previous male partner characterized this use as self-defense, as compared to only 30% of those who had used aggression with a female partner. Instead, aggression in relationships involving a female partner was most frequently described as mutually aggressive in nature.
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Khan, Alia, Habib Ullah i Sundus Iftikhar. "GENDER DIFFERENCES AND AGGRESSION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF YOUNG AND ADULT ATHLETES". JUNE 02, nr 01 (30.06.2021): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.53664/jsrd/02-01-2021-05-49-53.
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This comparative study was adopted to compare the level of the aggression among young and adult athletes and gender differences in aggression. The subjects were N=120 (Male=66 & Female 54) athletes from the different colleges, universities and sports clubs in Faisalabad, the age range of young athletes 12 to 18 years and adult athletes age between 20 to 30 years part of the sample. Buss & Perry Aggression scale was used to measure aggression and reliability of scale (Cornbrash’s Alpha = 0.814). Results of multivariate analysis of the varia (Independent T-Test) T=9.02 p<0.03 Percent shows the difference between young and adults’ athletes’ aggressive behavior, Male athlete score high on the aggression scale rather than female. There is the significant aggression difference between male and female athletes in sports. Male athletes are more aggressive as compare female athletes (T=9.86, P<0.02) in aggression.
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Crane, Cory A., Stephanie A. Godleski, Sarahmona M. Przybyla, Robert C. Schlauch i Maria Testa. "The Proximal Effects of Acute Alcohol Consumption on Male-to-Female Aggression". Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 17, nr 5 (23.06.2016): 520–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838015584374.
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The current meta-analytic review examined the experimental literature to quantify the causal effect of acute alcohol consumption on self-reported and observed indicators of male-to-female general, sexual, and intimate partner aggression. Database and reference list searches yielded 22 studies conducted between 1981 and 2014 that met all criteria for inclusion and that were subjected to full text coding for analysis. Results detected a significant overall effect ( d = .36), indicating that male participants who consumed alcohol evidenced greater aggressive behavior toward females while completing a subsequent laboratory aggression paradigm than male participants who received no alcohol. We found homogeneity across all categories of potential moderator variables. Results further indicated that alcohol resulted in comparable increases of male-to-female sexual ( d = .32) and intimate partner ( d = .45) aggression. Further research is required to draw meaningful conclusions about individual and situational factors that may interact with acute alcohol consumption to produce the highest levels of risk.
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Kuester, Jutta, i Andreas Paul. "Female-Female Competition and Male Mate Choice in Barbary Macaques (Macaca Sylvanus)". Behaviour 133, nr 9-10 (1996): 763–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853996x00468.
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AbstractDue to a strong breeding synchronization, the Barbary macaque is a likely candidate for female competition for access to mates, female reproductive suppression, and male mate choice. The present study evaluated the significance of these factors for the mating system of this species. Female competition was analysed from focal observations of 19 out of 59 potentially reproductive females in their conception period. Ad libitum recorded sexual interactions of all animals were used for an analysis of male mate choice. The focal females were aggressive towards females once per 6.1 h and received aggression from females once per 3.8 h. However, they were three times more frequently the target of male aggression (once per 1.2 h), whereby the aggressor was often the momentary sexual partner. Rate of aggression received from males and females was not related with female rank. Females of all cycle stages disturbed sexual contacts, whereby the intruder was dominant to the target in most episodes (86 out of 100). Intruders more attractive than their targets were most successful in terminating the sexual association of their target, but success of intrusions was low and not related with female rank. The intruder copulated with the former partner of her target in only 5 intrusion episodes. Rate and date of conception and infant survival was not related with female rank, indicating that aggression against females during the conception period and intrusions into sexual contacts did not impair reproduction. Therefore, female
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Golobinek, Rok, Matjaž Gregorič i Simona Kralj-Fišer. "Body Size, Not Personality, Explains Both Male Mating Success and Sexual Cannibalism in a Widow Spider". Biology 10, nr 3 (3.03.2021): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10030189.
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Theory suggests that consistent individual variation in behavior relates to fitness, but few studies have empirically examined the role of personalities in mate choice, male-male competition and reproductive success. We observed the Mediterranean black widow, Latrodectus tredecimguttatus, in the individual and mating context, to test how body size measures and two functionally important aggressive behaviors, i.e., male aggression towards rivals and female voracity towards prey, affect mating behaviors, mating success and sexual cannibalism. We specifically selected voracity towards prey in females to test the “aggressive spillover hypothesis”, suggesting that more voracious females are more sexually cannibalistic. Both females and males exhibit consistent individual differences in the examined aggressive behaviors. While larger males win contests more often and achieve more copulations, neither male nor female size measures correlate to aggression. Female voracity does not correlate with aggression towards mates and sexual cannibalism, rejecting the “spillover hypothesis”. However, occurrence of sexual cannibalism positively relates to longer insertion duration. Furthermore, the smaller the ratio between male and female body length the more likely a female attacked and cannibalized a mate. We show that individual variation in aggression levels plays no direct role in the mating behavior of the Mediterranean black widow. Instead, body size affects male mating success and occurrences of sexual cannibalism in females.
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Bokhan, N., A. Abolonin i I. Nazarova. "Aggression as risk factor of delinquent behaviour (gender aspect)". European Psychiatry 33, S1 (marzec 2016): S114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.120.
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In many studies it is noted that common traits of aggressive adolescents are frustration, dissatisfaction with social environment; emotional coarseness, hostility against people around. Substance abuse leads to restructuring the motifs and gender roles. Heightened aggression of offenders as compared with common people is noted.ObjectiveTo study characteristics of aggression of male and female offenders with substance dependence.Materials and methodsOne hundred and fifty-five male and 110 female adolescents abusing psychoactive substances and serving their sentence were examined. “Hand-test” and Buss-Durkee questionnaire were used in this study.ResultsDuring comparison of number of offences committed by male and female adolescents, it was revealed that male adolescents commit significantly more crimes against life and female adolescents more crimes against property. Conducted analysis showed high level of aggressive and hostile reactions in this sample, indices of female adolescents (13.7 ± 2.95 and 27.6 ± 5.5) are significantly higher (P < 0.05), than in male adolescents (8.6 ± 2.8 and 23.6 ± 5.3). Significant correlations between level of aggression in female adolescents and beginning of substance use were revealed (r = 0.46, P < 0.05). In male adolescents, long-term substance use correlated with increase in level of physical aggression and tendency to manipulative behaviour (r = 0.37, P < 0.05). In male adolescents, high potential of adjustability, use of communication for self-assertion and achievement of goals, low level of attachment were revealed. Female adolescents are more aggressive in contacts, build relationships according to type of control-submission.DiscussionConducted study allowed revealing gender traits of juvenile offenders influencing the structure of aggressive behaviour, allowing the broadening the understanding of mechanisms of aggressive behaviour.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Grant, James W. A., i Patricia E. Foam. "Effect of operational sex ratio on femalefemale versus malemale competitive aggression". Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, nr 12 (1.12.2002): 2242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-217.
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We compared the patterns of femalefemale and malemale competition in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) in response to changes in the operational sex ratio (OSR), the ratio of sexually active members of one sex to sexually active members of the opposite sex. As expected, courtship behaviour and intrasexual aggression were more frequent in males than in females. However, the overall patterns of femalefemale and malemale aggression were similar: intrasexual aggression increased with the OSR (female/male OSR for females and male/female OSR for males), consistent with predictions of mating-systems theory. A comparative analysis of our data and those from three other studies indicated that the rate of intrasexual aggression was greater in males than in females, but the patterns of intrasexual aggression were similar: the rate increased linearly and with a common slope with increasing OSR over a range of 0.43.
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Sternalski, Audrey, François Mougeot i Vincent Bretagnolle. "Adaptive significance of permanent female mimicry in a bird of prey". Biology Letters 8, nr 2 (9.11.2011): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0914.
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Permanent female mimicry, in which adult males express a female phenotype, is known only from two bird species. A likely benefit of female mimicry is reduced intrasexual competition, allowing female-like males to access breeding resources while avoiding costly fights with typical territorial males. We tested this hypothesis in a population of marsh harriers Circus aeruginosus in which approximately 40 per cent of sexually mature males exhibit a permanent, i.e. lifelong, female plumage phenotype. Using simulated territorial intrusions, we measured aggressive responses of breeding males towards conspecific decoys of females, female-like males and typical males. We show that aggressive responses varied with both the type of decoys and the type of defending male. Typical males were aggressive towards typical male decoys more than they were towards female-like male decoys; female-like male decoys were attacked at a rate similar to that of female decoys. By contrast, female-like males tolerated male decoys (both typical and female-like) and directed their aggression towards female decoys. Thus, agonistic responses were intrasexual in typical males but intersexual in female-like males, indicating that the latter not only look like females but also behave like them when defending breeding resources. When intrasexual aggression is high, permanent female mimicry is arguably adaptive and could be seen as a permanent ‘non-aggression pact’ with other males.
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Kempenaers, Bart, i Wolfgang Forstmeier. "A quantitative genetic approach to understanding aggressive behavior". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32, nr 3-4 (sierpień 2009): 282–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x09990380.
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AbstractQuantitative genetic studies of human aggressive behavior only partly support the claim of social role theory that individual differences in aggressive behavior are learnt rather than innate. As to its heritable component, future studies on the genetic architecture of aggressive behavior across different contexts could shed more light on the evolutionary origins of male-female versus male-male aggression.
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Zhao, Xin, i Dingzhen Liu. "Aggression and plasma testosterone in male golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) in response to encounters with receptive vs. nonreceptive females". Canadian Journal of Zoology 96, nr 8 (sierpień 2018): 876–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2017-0232.
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Exposure to sexual stimuli can lead to increased aggression in male mammals, but it is unclear whether the aggression is related to the receptiveness of the females. Interactions with receptive females elicit testosterone (T) pulses that are important for sexual behaviors. We investigated the effects of male–female interactions on subsequent aggressive behaviors and T responses in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus (Waterhouse, 1839)). Three groups (n = 18, 17, and 18) of males were exposed to receptive females, nonreceptive females, and blank (control), respectively. Then, we randomly chose eight animals from each group and measured their aggression toward an unfamiliar male conspecific; the remaining 29 males were used for a T assay (to avoid effects of aggression on T levels). The results show that interactions with females led to significantly higher male aggression and T levels than were found in control males. The increased aggression was not related to the receptiveness of the females, but receptive females elicited higher levels of T in males than nonreceptive females. Our findings suggest that the elevated aggression following the sexual encounter may serve to defend the female, by enhancing the ability of males to exclude other males from the vicinity of females, whereas the post-encounter T release may serve to assist mating behaviors and reproductive success.
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French, Jeffrey A., i Betty J. Inglett. "Female-female aggression and male indifference in response to unfamiliar intruders in lion tamarins". Animal Behaviour 37 (marzec 1989): 487–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(89)90095-x.
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Boiten, Gust, Robin van Iersel, Rianne Pinxten i Marcel Eens. "Females Are More Aggressive Than Males towards Same- and Opposite-Sex Intruders in the Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus)". Animals 13, nr 4 (7.02.2023): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13040585.
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During the breeding season, aggression is expressed to gain access to resources such as territories and mates and protect offspring. Female aggressiveness has received much less attention than male aggressiveness, and few studies have examined female and male aggressiveness towards intruders of both sexes in the same species. We compared female and male aggressiveness towards same- and opposite-sex intruders during the egg-laying period in blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) using simulated territorial intrusions. For each sex, we examined the occurrence of different behavioural responses during agonistic encounters, and compared the intensity and individual consistency of intra- and inter-sexual aggression using same- and opposite-sex taxidermy mounts. Our results show that females are the more aggressive sex. Both sexes showed similar behaviours during simulated intrusions, although females were never observed singing and males never entered the nest box. In females, aggression was predominantly independent of the sex of the intruder, while males sang more from a distance during male–male encounters. The relative levels of aggression (pecking and perching on the mounts) during intra- and intersexual conflicts were consistent for females, but not for males. Females might be under stronger selection for aggressive phenotypes due to nest-hole competition and larger reproductive investments.
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Fernández, María de la Paz, Yick-Bun Chan, Joanne Y. Yew, Jean-Christophe Billeter, Klaus Dreisewerd, Joel D. Levine i Edward A. Kravitz. "Pheromonal and Behavioral Cues Trigger Male-to-Female Aggression in Drosophila". PLoS Biology 8, nr 11 (23.11.2010): e1000541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000541.
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Dijkstra, Thomas, Peter Korsten i Jan Komdeur. "Is UV signalling involved in male-male territorial conflict in the blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus)? A new experimental approach". Behaviour 144, nr 4 (2007): 447–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853907780756030.
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Structurally-based ultraviolet (UV) coloration of plumage can signal male quality and plays a role in female mate choice in many bird species. UV-reflecting badges could also be important signals in male-male competition. We tested if territorial blue tit ( Cyanistes caeruleus ) males discriminate between conspecific male intruders which differ in the UV reflectance of their crown feathers. To this aim, we used a new experimental approach in which we simultaneously (instead of sequentially) introduced two male blue tit taxidermic mounts in the territories of resident males during the female fertile period; one mount with natural crown UV reflectance and one mount with reduced crown UV. The two mounts provoked strong aggressive reactions from resident males. Males specifically directed their aggression to conspecific intruders, as a male blue tit mount received substantially more aggression than a mount of a European robin ( Erithacus rubecula ). However, aggression of resident males did not vary between the UV-reduced and the control mount. Furthermore, the variation in natural crown UV reflectance of the resident males did not predict the intensity of their aggressive response. Contrary to previous findings our results suggest that UV signals play only a limited role in male-male interactions during territorial intrusions in the female fertile period.
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Rezaei, A., i T. Ahmadi Gatab. "Relationship between mental health and its impact on family’s aggressive students boys and girls". European Psychiatry 26, S2 (marzec 2011): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72587-1.
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IntroductionThe main purpose of mental health, prevention of the occurrence of adversity and minor behavior disorders and health promotion, mental health is the best form.ObjectivesThis study reviews the relationship between mental health and its impact on family aggression male and female students Payam Noor University is the center of Babol.MethodsDescriptive study methods - is solidarity. Statistical Society study male and female students of Babol University of Payam Noor Centre in 89–88 school year are studying make up. Sample consisted of 100 male and female students to simple random sampling method chosen. Data collected in this study were two questionnaires: General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and the aggression questionnaire (AQ) is. And to analyze the data and the correlation coefficient R. The T method through SPSS software was used.ResultsResults showed that families with mental health among students, male and female aggression significant relationship exists. The results also show that between family and mental health scores of aggressive students, and significant negative relationship is seen. Whatever the mental health students is more aggressive than they would be.ConclusionsThe Role of Family Mental Health Dreaming family undoubtedly provides mental health and prevents distractions behavior has a major role.
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Peeke, Harman V. S., Maxwell Twum, James E. Finkelstein i Michael H. Figler. "Maternal Aggression in Red Swamp Crayfish (Procambarus Clarkii, Girard): the Relation Between Reproductive Status and Outcome of Aggressive Encounters With Male and Female Conspecifics". Behaviour 132, nr 1-2 (1995): 107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853995x00324.
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AbstractA series of experiments investigated intraspecific aggression by maternal (carrying eggs and/or hatched young) and non-maternal female red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) residents against intrusions by non-maternal female and Form I (reproductively active) male conspecifics. Each resident occupied an aquarium containing a shelter for 24 hours prior to the initial intrusion. The winner of each encounter was determined, as well as the pair member that initiated the aggressive interaction, and the relation between the initiation of aggression and contest outcome. The results showed that: (1) Maternal female residents were winners in 92% of the encounters with male intruders, and initiated aggression in a significantly higher proportion of encounters than the male intruders. (2) Maternal female residents were the winners in 75% of the encounters with non-maternal female intruders. The maternal residents also initiated aggression in a significantly higher proportion of the encounters than the non-maternal intruders. (3) Non-maternal female residents lost 77% of the encounters with non-maternal intruders. Also, the non-maternal intruders initiated aggression in a significantly higher proportion of the encounters than did the non-maternal residents. (4) Non-maternal female residents lost all of their encounters with male intruders. However, there was no significant difference in the proportion of the encounters in which aggression was initiated by residents or intruders. (5) For all experiments combined, maternal residents won a significantly higher proportion of their encounters than did non-maternal residents, regardless of whether the intruders were males or non-maternal females. (6) For the three experiments combined, the initiation of aggression reliably predicted contest outcome (i.e. the initiator of aggression ultimately won). The present results provide the first empirical demonstration, with appropriate non-maternal controls, of maternal aggression in decapod crustaceans. Also, the direct relation between reproductive status and contest outcome in both ovigerous and post-hatch P. clarkii are the first such data reported in crustaceans, in general. Finally, the findings of these experiments bear notable similarities to the results of maternal aggression research in other taxonomic groups.
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Kellner, Martin, i K. Håkan Olsén. "Divergent Response to the SSRI Citalopram in Male and Female Three-Spine Sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus)". Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 79, nr 4 (listopad 2020): 478–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-020-00776-1.
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AbstractSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are psychotropic pharmaceuticals used as antidepressants. SSRIs are commonly found in surface waters in populated areas across the globe. They exert their effect by blocking the serotonin re-uptake transporter in the presynaptic nerve ending. The present study examined whether behavioural effects to exposure to SSRI citalopram depend on personality and sex in the stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Three aspects of stickleback behaviour are examined: feeding behaviour, aggression, and boldness. We exposed sticklebacks to 350–380 ng/l citalopram for 3 weeks. Feeding and aggressive behaviour were recorded before and after exposure, whereas scototaxis behaviour was tested after exposure. The results show treatment effects in feeding and aggressive behaviour. Feeding is suppressed only in the male group (χ2 = 20.4, P < 0.001) but not in the females (χ2 = 0.91, P = 0.339). Aggressive behaviour was significantly affected by treatment (χ2 = 161.9, P < 0.001), sex (χ2 = 86.3, P < 0.001), and baseline value (χ2 = 58.8, P < 0.001). Aggressiveness was suppressed by citalopram treatment. In addition, the fish showed no change in aggression and feeding behaviour over time regardless of sex and treatment, which indicate personality traits. Only females are affected by treatment in the scototaxis test. The exposed females spent significantly (χ2 = 5.02, P = 0.050) less time in the white zone than the female controls.
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HAY, DALE F. "The gradual emergence of sex differences in aggression: alternative hypotheses". Psychological Medicine 37, nr 11 (5.03.2007): 1527–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291707000165.
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ABSTRACTNearly a century of observational studies and more recent longitudinal surveys reveal that, in infancy, girls and boys use force at similar rates. Over the next few years boys become significantly more aggressive. Alternative hypotheses accounting for the widening gender gap are evaluated. These include hypotheses about normative patterns of male escalation and female desistance; boys' preference for active play that promotes aggression; girls' tendency to hide aggression; girls' use of alternative forms of aggression; boys' increased risk for the cognitive and emotional problems that are linked to aggression; boys' sensitivity to situational triggers of aggression; and boys' vulnerability to adverse rearing environments. The evidence bearing on each hypothesis is mixed. In general, the overall difference between the sexes appears to be produced by a minority of boys who deploy aggression at high rates. Three general principles govern the emergence of sex differences in aggression: female precocity, male vulnerability, and the salience of sex as a social category that shapes children's lives.
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Lake, Sarah L., i Matthew S. Stanford. "Comparison of Impulsive and Premeditated Female Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence". Partner Abuse 2, nr 3 (2011): 284–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.2.3.284.
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A bimodal classification of aggression has been shown to be useful among male perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV; Stanford, Houston, & Baldridge, 2008). To extend this research, this study attempts to replicate this result in a female population. The Impulsive/Premeditated Aggression Scale (IPAS) was used to classify (N = 87) females who were convicted of domestic violence and court ordered into an intervention program as being predominately impulsive–aggressive (IA) or predominately premeditated–aggressive (PM). The results of this study demonstrate that female IPV perpetrators (both IA and PM) tend to be similar to male IA batterers, with low psychopathic traits and higher levels of psychopathology. Implications and future directions are discussed.
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Testa, Maria, Laura T. Petrocelli, Cory A. Crane, Audrey Kubiak i Kenneth E. Leonard. "A Qualitative Analysis of Physically Aggressive Conflict Episodes Among a Community Sample". Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, nr 21-22 (21.06.2017): 4393–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517715023.
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Intimate partner aggression among community couples has been conceptualized as representing an occasional, situationally provoked response to a conflict. Yet, relatively few studies have considered the situational factors that contribute to the occurrence of an aggressive episode. The present study used thematic analysis to understand how episodes of physical aggression come about from the participant’s perspective. We examined narrative descriptions of relationship conflicts that included physical aggression to gain insight into the types of aggressive incidents experienced, the reasons and motives behind the aggression, and the meaning of these events. Married and cohabiting couples (ages 18-45 at baseline) were recruited from the community to participate in a longitudinal study of relationships. Heavy drinking couples were oversampled. At Wave 3, participants were asked to describe the most severe conflict they had experienced over the past year and to answer questions about severity and impact. Narratives that described use of partner physical aggression by one or both partners were subject to thematic analysis. Using narratives provided by 27 male and 29 female respondents (representing 51 different couples), we identified three primary motives or reasons for aggression: Expressive, Instrumental, and Punishment. Narratives suggested as a primary theme that participants view partner violence as unusual, undesirable, and hence, meaningful. This was particularly true for male-to-female violence, which appeared objectively and subjectively different from female-to-male violence. Findings provide unique insight into the function and meaning of partner violence, including its gendered nature, within a community sample. Implications for measurement of partner aggression are also discussed.
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Muller, Martin N., Sonya M. Kahlenberg, Melissa Emery Thompson i Richard W. Wrangham. "Male coercion and the costs of promiscuous mating for female chimpanzees". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, nr 1612 (30.01.2007): 1009–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0206.
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For reasons that are not yet clear, male aggression against females occurs frequently among primates with promiscuous mating systems. Here, we test the sexual coercion hypothesis that male aggression functions to constrain female mate choice. We use 10 years of behavioural and endocrine data from a community of wild chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii ) to show that sexual coercion is the probable primary function of male aggression against females. Specifically, we show that male aggression is targeted towards the most fecund females, is associated with high male mating success and is costly for the victims. Such aggression can be viewed as a counter-strategy to female attempts at paternity confusion, and a cost of multi-male mating.
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Liao, Caiping, Dan Yu, Yiyu Chen, Martin Reichard i Huanzhang Liu. "Reproductive behaviour of female rosy bitterling Rhodeus ocellatus in response to a female-biased operational sex ratio". Behaviour 151, nr 6 (2014): 755–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003168.
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While the effect of Operational Sex Ratio (OSR) on reproductive behaviour of males has been studied extensively, little is known of the response of females facing a female-biased OSR. We investigated the effect of different OSRs on female reproductive behaviour using the rosy bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus, a freshwater fish that lays its eggs inside the gills of living freshwater mussels. Three levels of OSR (male/female ratio 1:1, 1:3 and 1:5) were tested. We demonstrated that inspection of the mussel (spawning substrate) by individual females increased with increasingly female-biased OSR, but that the rate of following territorial male decreased. Aggression towards other females was not affected by the OSR. Interestingly, when a male bitterling led a non-dominant female towards the mussel, the dominant female would become aggressive to the male and chase the non-dominant female away. Aggression towards male followed a bell-shaped pattern and was highest at an OSR of 1:3. In both the female-biased OSRs examined, almost 50% of dominant females tended to chase away other females and defend the mussel, showing territoriality in a similar manner to males. These observations suggest that female reproductive behaviour is strongly affected by the OSR, and their reproductive tactics during courtship change from a passive role in courtship (following a male) to an active role in courtship (approaching a male), with presence of female territorial behaviour as the OSR becomes increasingly female-biased. This study provides strong evidence that a female-biased OSR has an important effect on female reproductive behaviour.
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Hobson, Keith A., i Spencer G. Sealy. "Breeding-season aggression of female yellow warblers to models of male and female conspecific intruders". Animal Behaviour 39, nr 4 (kwiecień 1990): 809–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80397-5.
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Arseneau-Robar, T. Jean Marie, Anouk Lisa Taucher, Eliane Müller, Carel van Schaik, Redouan Bshary i Erik P. Willems. "Female monkeys use both the carrot and the stick to promote male participation in intergroup fights". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, nr 1843 (30.11.2016): 20161817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1817.
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Group-level cooperation often poses a social dilemma in which joint action may be difficult to achieve. Theoretical models and experimental work on humans show that social incentives, such as punishment of defectors and rewarding of cooperators, can promote cooperation in groups of unrelated individuals. Here, we demonstrate that these processes can operate in a non-human animal species, and be used to effectively promote the production of a public good. We took advantage of the fact that intergroup fights in vervet monkeys ( Chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus ) are characterized by episodes of intergroup aggression with pauses in-between. During pauses, females selectively groomed males that had participated in the previous aggressive episode, but aggressed male group members that had not. In subsequent (i.e. future) episodes, males who had received either aggression or grooming participated above their personal base-line level. Therefore, female–male aggression and grooming both appear to function as social incentives that effectively promote male participation in intergroup fights. Importantly, females stood to gain much from recruiting males as the probability of winning intergroup fights was dependent on the number of active participants, relative to the number of fighters in the opposing group. Furthermore, females appear to maximize the benefits gained from recruiting males as they primarily used social incentives where and when high-quality food resources, which are the resources primarily limiting to female fitness, were at stake.
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Hamel, John, Sarah L. Desmarais i Tonia L. Nicholls. "Perceptions of Motives in Intimate Partner Violence: Expressive Versus Coercive Violence". Violence and Victims 22, nr 5 (październik 2007): 563–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/088667007782312113.
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This study examined perceptions of motives in the perpetration of intimate partner violence. Respondents (N = 401) of diverse professions read three vignettes and indicated their perception of the aggressor’s motive (from 1 = Exclusively Expressive; 5 = Exclusively Coercive). Half of respondents read vignettes describing male-perpetrated violence against a female partner; the other half, female-perpetrated violence against a male partner. Overall, male-perpetrated aggression was seen as more coercive than female-perpetrated aggression, particularly by shelter workers and victim advocates. Further analyses revealed that men generally gave higher ratings than women, and that women rated female-perpetrated aggression as less coercive than male-perpetrated aggression. In contrast, men did not differ in their ratings of male versus female perpetration. Implications are discussed with respect to the assessment and treatment of partner violence.
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Cunradi, Carol B., Genevieve M. Ames i Michael Duke. "The Relationship of Alcohol Problems to the Risk for Unidirectional and Bidirectional Intimate Partner Violence Among a Sample of Blue-Collar Couples". Violence and Victims 26, nr 2 (2011): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.26.2.147.
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Understanding how each partner’s alcohol problems may contribute to the risk of male-to-female only, female-to-male only, or bidirectional partner violence is important for the prevention and treatment of these problems. Multinomial regression analysis was conducted using data from 848 blue-collar couples. Findings suggest that male alcohol problems are linked to male-to-female and bidirectional partner violence but not with female-to-male partner violence. Female alcohol problems do not appear to be related to any type of partner aggression. Each partner’s level of impulsivity was associated with bidirectional partner violence. Male impulsivity was associated with male-to-female violence, and female impulsivity was associated with female-to-male violence. Prevention of male alcohol problems and promotion of nonconfrontational conflict-solving techniques may help reduce partner aggression among couples in the general household population.
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Kim, Jiwon, Kritika Pokharel, Michael Sandali i Chung Sub Kim. "Establishment of the Mouse Model of Social Avoidance Induced by Female-Directed Female Aggression". Chronic Stress 6 (styczeń 2022): 247054702211292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/24705470221129288.
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Background Most preclinical research on the effects of stress has been done on male subjects, even though women are more prone than men to experience stress-related problems. Chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) is a rodent model of psychosocial stress. However, this model has been challenged in female mouse studies since neither male nor female resident mice attack intruder females. A female-to-female CSDS model is needed to investigate the physiological and behavioral aspects. Methods The intruders were either male or female C57BL/6J mice, whereas the residents were male or ovariectomized (OVX) female CD-1 mice. The CD-1 aggressor mice had direct physical contact with the C57BL/6J mice for 10 min before initiating sensory contact with them for 24 h. Jump escape and freezing were evaluated during the social defeat of days 1 and 12. Experimental C57BL/6J mice underwent a social interaction test after suffering social defeat for 12 days. Results We found that the number of attack bites and attack latency had a significant negative correlation during the selection of aggressors. In the single-housed OVX mice, 34% of mice met the criterion of the selection of aggressors. However, single-housed OVX mice did not show sustained aggressive behavior (eg, attack bites) through the 12-day CSDS. As a result, we did not find susceptible mice during the social interaction test. In contrast, during the selection of aggressors, 42% of OVX mice housed with partners satisfied the criterion and displayed consistently aggressive behavior. CSDS produced susceptible (50%) and resilient (50%) phenotypes during the social interaction test. Notably, male and OVX female CD-1 mice housed with partners had similar amounts of attack bites and attack rates over the 12-day CSDS. Finally, we found that chronically socially defeated male and female mice displayed different coping behaviors (eg, active vs passive) with social defeat. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that OVX CD-1 mice housed with mates exhibited territorial aggression toward female intruders, producing susceptibility and resilience to social avoidance. Additionally, socially defeated male and female mice displayed different behavioral susceptibility to social defeat.
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Goymann, Wolfgang, Andrea Wittenzellner, Ingrid Schwabl i Musa Makomba. "Progesterone modulates aggression in sex-role reversed female African black coucals". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275, nr 1638 (5.02.2008): 1053–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.1707.
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Testosterone is assumed to be the key hormone related to resource-defence aggression. While this role has been confirmed mostly in the context of reproduction in male vertebrates, the effect of testosterone on the expression of resource-defence aggression in female vertebrates is not so well established. Furthermore, laboratory work suggests that progesterone inhibits aggressive behaviour in females. In this study, we investigated the hormonal changes underlying territorial aggression in free-living female African black coucals, Centropus grillii (Aves; Cuculidae). Females of this sex-role reversed polyandrous bird species should be particularly prone to be affected by testosterone because they aggressively defend territories similar to males of other species. We show, however, that territorial aggression in female black coucals is modulated by progesterone. After aggressive territorial challenges female black coucals expressed lower levels of progesterone than unchallenged territorial females and females without territories, suggesting that progesterone may suppress territorial aggression and is downregulated during aggressive encounters. Indeed, females treated with physiological concentrations of progesterone were less aggressive than females with placebo implants. This is one of the first demonstrations of a corresponding hormone–behaviour interaction under challenged and experimental conditions in free-living females. We anticipate that our observation in a sex-role reversed species may provide a more general mechanism, by which progesterone—in interaction with testosterone—may regulate resource-defence aggression in female vertebrates.
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Deolal, Prachi Bhatt, i Madhu Lata Nayal. "Effect of Mother’s Employment on Aggression of Board Students". Journal of Extension Systems 37, nr 1 (2021): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/jes.2021.37110.
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The present study aimed to find out the difference in the aggression level of Board Students of employed and non-employed mothers. Total sample of 200 students was taken from five CBSE affiliated schools of Pithoragarh district (Uttarakhand). Personal data schedule along with the Aggression Scale was used to calculate the result. Aggression Scale used in the study was developed by Pal and Naqvi (2000) which comprised of 60 questions. Stratified Random Sampling was used to select the data and t-test was applied to calculate the level of significance. While compiling the results, significant difference was found between the male and female adolescents of 10th standard of employed mothers and even between the male and female adolescents of 12th standard of employed mothers. Male and female adolescents of 12th standard of non-employed mother have also shown significant difference on the level of aggression. In all the three cases Male adolescents have shown greater aggression than female adolescents.
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Qadir, Muhammad Irfan, i Shafiq Jullandhry. "Impact of TV Violence on Aggression of Youth; A Comparative Analysis of Male and Female Students of Lahore". Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies 6, nr 2 (14.06.2020): 549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jbsee.v6i2.1180.
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This study focuses on impact of TV violence on aggression young viewers of Lahore. For this study 500 (Male, 250 and Female 250) students are taken as a sample size from different universities of Lahore. Data is collected through stratified and convenience sampling technique from the targeted population. Major results indicate the significant difference in exposure to TV violence and aggression of male and female students. Major results of statistical tests male student exposure and attitude to TV violence has significant impact on aggression but exposure of female student has not significant impact on aggression whereas attitude to TV violence has significant impact on aggression. Further, there is also need to set some sort of filters on media contents which are presenting violence.
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Hills, Danny J. "Differences in risk and protective factors for workplace aggression between male and female clinical medical practitioners in Australia". Australian Health Review 41, nr 3 (2017): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah16003.
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Objectives The aim of the present study was to investigate differences in prevalence, as well as risk and protective factors, for exposure to workplace aggression between male and female clinicians in Australian medical practice settings. Methods In a cross-sectional, self-report study in the third wave of the Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life survey (2010–11), 16 327 medical practitioners were sampled, with 9449 (57.9%) respondents working in clinical practice. Using backward stepwise elimination, parsimonious logistic regression models were developed for exposure to aggression from external (patients, patients’ relatives or carers and others) and internal (co-workers) sources in the previous 12 months. Results Overall, greater proportions of female than male clinicians experienced aggression from external (P < 0.001) and internal (P < 0.01) sources in the previous 12 months. However, when stratified by doctor type, greater proportions of male than female general practitioners (GPs) and GP registrars experienced external aggression (P < 0.05), whereas greater proportions of female than male specialists experienced external (P < 0.01) and internal (P < 0.01) aggression. In logistic regression models, differences were identified in relation to age for males and experience working in medicine for females with external and internal aggression; working in New South Wales (vs Victoria) and internal aggression for females; a poor medical support network and external aggression, and perceived unrealistic patient expectations with internal aggression for males; warning signs in reception and waiting areas with external aggression for males; and optimised patient waiting conditions with external and internal aggression for females. Conclusions Differences in risk and protective factors for exposure to workplace aggression between male and female clinicians, including in relation to state and rural location, need to be considered in the development and implementation of efforts to prevent and minimise workplace aggression in medical practice settings. What is known about the topic? Workplace aggression is prevalent in clinical medical settings, but there are conflicting reports about sex-based differences in the extent of exposure, and little evidence on differences in risk and protective factors for exposure to workplace aggression. What does this paper add? Differences in workplace aggression exposure rates between male and female clinicians are highlighted, including when stratified by doctor type. New evidence is reported on differences and similarities in key personal, professional and work-related factors associated with exposure to external and internal aggression. What are the implications for practitioners? In developing strategies for the prevention and minimisation of workplace aggression, consideration must be given to differences between male and female clinicians, including with regard to personality, age and professional experience, as well as work locations, conditions and settings, as risk or protective factors for exposure to aggression in medical work.
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Pauers, Michael J., Joshua M. Kapfer, Christopher E. Fendos i Craig S. Berg. "Aggressive biases towards similarly coloured males in Lake Malawi cichlid fishes". Biology Letters 4, nr 2 (29.01.2008): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0581.
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In haplochromine cichlids, female mate choice based on male nuptial coloration has played an important role in speciation. Recent studies suggest that male coloration strongly influences the distribution of these fishes based on male–male aggression; males direct more aggression towards similarly coloured opponents while tolerating differently coloured individuals. We explored the role of male nuptial colour in aggression among the mbuna of Lake Malawi, examining aggression by male Metriaclima mbenjii , the red top cobalt zebra, towards conspecific opponents, similarly coloured heterospecific opponents and differently coloured heterospecifics. In trials in which focal males were offered a single opponent, while the total number of aggressive behaviours did not vary among opponent species, the types of behaviours did; focal males directed more lateral displays towards conspecifics than towards the other opponent species. When focal males were offered two opponents simultaneously, M. mbenjii directed more aggressive behaviours and more lateral displays towards similarly coloured opponents, regardless of species. Furthermore, when offered a conspecific and a similarly coloured opponent simultaneously, there were no differences in behaviour towards either opponent. Thus, nuptial coloration is used by males to identify competitors, and it suggests that male–male aggression may have also been an important diversifying force in speciation in rock-dwelling Lake Malawi cichlids.
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Summers, Kyle. "MATING AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR IN DENDROBATID FROGS FROM CORCOVADO NATIONAL PARK, COSTA RICA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY". Behaviour 137, nr 1 (2000): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853900501845.
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Abstract1. Mating and aggressive behaviour was observed in four species of dendrobatid frogs in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica: Colostethus nubicola, Colostethus talamancae, Phyllobates vittatus and Dendrobates granuliferus. 2. Males of both species of Colostethus were more likely to respond to call playbacks than male P. vittatus or D. granuliferus. Male D. granuliferus were less likely to be found calling than males of the other species. Conspecific male-male aggression was observed in P. vittatus, but not in the other species. 3. Females were more active during courtship in P. vittatus. Female-female aggression was observed on one occasion in P. vittatus. Females were more likely to reject males than the reverse in all species. 4. These observations suggest that sexual conflict occurs in P. vittatus, but not in C. nubicola or C. talamancae.
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Barclay, R. "The Effects of Intrusion on the Behaviour of Caged Laboratory Rats (Rattus Norvegicus): Consequences for Welfare". Animal Welfare 10, nr 4 (listopad 2001): 421–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600032681.
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AbstractThis experiment examines the consequences and welfare implications of the introduction of new rats to established (resident) caged laboratory rat groups. The effects on investigatory and aggressive behaviours of the established and the newly introduced rats were measured. The aggressive status within each established resident group was known prior to the introduction; the status of each intruder rat was also known. Single-sex groups of both male and female residents and intruders were studied. Two important conclusions arise from the results of the experiment. First, contrary to reports in a number of publications, there were no effects of male resident social status on their investigatory or aggressive behaviour towards male intruder rats. There was, however, a significant effect of social status among female residents on their investigatory behaviour towards intruders; unexpectedly, it was the subordinates followed by the dominant animals that showed the highest investigatory response. Second, aggression by intruders of both sexes depended upon their social status in their resident group. In the case of male intruders, aggressive behaviour towards residents was a reflection of their previous social status irrespective of how much aggression they received from residents. Among females, a similar pattern emerged, with the dominant females initiating the most aggression; however, this behaviour was dependent upon how much aggression was received from residents and on the resident’s social status, with resident subordinates and dominants responding with the most aggressive behaviour. The results are interpreted in terms of putative competitive strategies adopted by rats in a confined (cage) environment, and their welfare implications are discussed.
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Sluijs, Inke van der, Peter D. Dijkstra, Charlotte M. Lindeyer, Bertanne Visser, Alan M. Smith, Ton G. G. Groothuis, Jacques J. M. van Alphen i Ole Seehausen. "A test of genetic association among male nuptial coloration, female mating preference, and male aggression bias within a polymorphic population of cichlid fish". Current Zoology 59, nr 2 (1.04.2013): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/59.2.221.
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Abstract Both interand intrasexual selection have been implicated in the origin and maintenance of species-rich taxa with diverse sexual traits. Simultaneous disruptive selection by female mate choice and male-male competition can, in theory, lead to speciation without geographical isolation if both act on the same male trait. Female mate choice can generate discontinuities in gene flow, while male-male competition can generate negative frequency-dependent selection stabilizing the male trait polymorphism. Speciation may be facilitated when mating preference and/or aggression bias are physically linked to the trait they operate on. We tested for genetic associations among female mating preference, male aggression bias and male coloration in the Lake Victoria cichlid Pundamilia. We crossed females from a phenotypically variable population with males from both extreme ends of the phenotype distribution in the same population (blue or red). Male offspring of a red sire were significantly redder than males of a blue sire, indicating that intra-population variation in male coloration is heritable. We tested mating preferences of female offspring and aggression biases of male offspring using binary choice tests. There was no evidence for associations at the family level between female mating preferences and coloration of sires, but dam identity had a significant effect on female mate preference. Sons of the red sire directed significantly more aggression to red than blue males, whereas sons of the blue sire did not show any bias. There was a positive correlation among individuals between male aggression bias and body coloration, possibly due to pleiotropy or physical linkage, which could facilitate the maintenance of color polymorphism.
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Nau, Charlotte, i Craig O. Stewart. "Effects of gender and verbal aggression on perceptions of U.S. political speakers". Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 6, nr 1 (2.07.2018): 127–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlac.00006.nau.
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Abstract Two experiments tested whether male and female political speakers in the United States are judged differently when they use verbal attacks. Participants read eight short excerpts of political speeches, half of which contained character and competence attacks (the other half without such attacks), and half of which were attributed to a female speaker (the other half a male speaker), and rated these in terms of agreement with the message, and perceptions of credibility, appropriateness, and aggressiveness. In both experiments, messages containing verbally aggressive attacks resulted in less perceived credibility and appropriateness, and these negative effects were consistent regardless of the speaker’s gender. In Experiment 1, women tended to penalize aggressive speakers more so than did men, suggesting the men are less sensitive to verbal aggression in their evaluations of political speakers. However, women tended to perceive non-aggressive female speakers as more aggressive than male speakers. Most of these interaction effects were not replicated in Experiment 2.
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Palanza, P., L. Re, D. Mainardi, P. F. Brain i S. Parmigiani. "Male and Female Competitive Strategies of Wild House Mice Pairs (Mus Musculus Domesticus) Confronted With Intruders of Different Sex and Age in Artificial Territories". Behaviour 133, nr 11-12 (1996): 863–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853996x00288.
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Male and female aggression at different reproductive stages was investigated in pairs of wild mice. Fourteen pairs of laboratory-outbred wild mice were established, each pair living in a multiple set of cages, connected by runaways. Intruder tests were carried out at different stages of the reproductive cycle, i.e. 48 h after introduction, during pregnancy and lactation. In these stages, a female, a male and two pups were consecutively introduced in each territory (24 h separating each intrusion). Male residents were highly aggressive towards (and always intolerant of) male but not female intruders. Conversely, resident females preferentially attacked same sex intruders after colony establishment and during pregnancy, but they attacked either sex of intruder when nursing young. Seven out of 14 female intruders were tolerated 48 h after introduction of residents but tolerance of females decreased during pregnancy and lactation. Male and female residents were essentially responsible for the intolerance of same-sex intruders. Both males and females exhibited infanticide, but sex differences in the timing of attack on alien pups were observed. In the 7 colonies where the intruder female was tolerated (since that two females were present) only one female reproduced successfully. This suggests that, as in males, females of this stock compete for the opportunity to reproduce; they can be exclusively territorial or form a dominance hierarchy which probably determines reproductive success. While male competitive aggression appears to be mostly directed to other males, females seem largely responsible of the regulation of the reproductive potential of a deme unit throughout intrasexual aggression (intolerance towards other females), and possibly also inhibition of subordinate reproduction and killing of unrelated pups.
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Palavicino-Maggio, Caroline B., Yick-Bun Chan, Claire McKellar i Edward A. Kravitz. "A small number of cholinergic neurons mediate hyperaggression in female Drosophila". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, nr 34 (7.08.2019): 17029–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907042116.
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In the Drosophila model of aggression, males and females fight in same-sex pairings, but a wide disparity exists in the levels of aggression displayed by the 2 sexes. A screen of Drosophila Flylight Gal4 lines by driving expression of the gene coding for the temperature sensitive dTRPA1 channel, yielded a single line (GMR26E01-Gal4) displaying greatly enhanced aggression when thermoactivated. Targeted neurons were widely distributed throughout male and female nervous systems, but the enhanced aggression was seen only in females. No effects were seen on female mating behavior, general arousal, or male aggression. We quantified the enhancement by measuring fight patterns characteristic of female and male aggression and confirmed that the effect was female-specific. To reduce the numbers of neurons involved, we used an intersectional approach with our library of enhancer trap flp-recombinase lines. Several crosses reduced the populations of labeled neurons, but only 1 cross yielded a large reduction while maintaining the phenotype. Of particular interest was a small group (2 to 4 pairs) of neurons in the approximate position of the pC1 cluster important in governing male and female social behavior. Female brains have approximately 20 doublesex (dsx)-expressing neurons within pC1 clusters. Using dsxFLP instead of 357FLP for the intersectional studies, we found that the same 2 to 4 pairs of neurons likely were identified with both. These neurons were cholinergic and showed no immunostaining for other transmitter compounds. Blocking the activation of these neurons blocked the enhancement of aggression.
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Bushmann, P. J., i J. Atema. "Shelter sharing and chemical courtship signals in the lobster, Homarus americanus". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54, nr 3 (1.03.1997): 647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f96-302.
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In a 3.7-m Y-maze flume study of social odor-mediated behavior of mature lobsters (Homarus americanus), females preferred male- but not female-occupied shelters over empty shelters: they detected them from a distance and spent much time trying to enter. Males did not show distant detection and preference for female shelters but did spend much time trying to enter female but not male shelters once nearby. Sheltered resident males showed strong aggression toward visiting males but only mild aggression to visiting females; intermolt and premolt females could enter resident male shelters, cohabit for at least 7 h, receive mating attempts, and sometimes mate. Premolt females or females with sperm plugs resisted mating attempts. Visiting females released more than four times and males more than seven times as much urine during a shelter approach compared with an equal time in isolation. Females with or without urine release entered male-occupied shelters successfully, but mating attempts rarely occurred when female urine release was blocked. Female urine block resulted in greatly increased resident male aggression toward her, reaching the same levels elicited by visiting males with or without urine block. The results show that female urine signals reduce male aggression and facilitate mating.
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Schmidt, Julianne D., Alice F. Pierce, Kevin M. Guskiewicz, Johna K. Register-Mihalik, Derek N. Pamukoff i Jason P. Mihalik. "Safe-Play Knowledge, Aggression, and Head-Impact Biomechanics in Adolescent Ice Hockey Players". Journal of Athletic Training 51, nr 5 (1.05.2016): 366–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.5.04.
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Context: Addressing safe-play knowledge and player aggression could potentially improve ice hockey sport safety. Objectives: To compare (1) safe-play knowledge and aggression between male and female adolescent ice hockey players and (2) head-impact frequency and severity between players with high and low levels of safe-play knowledge and aggression during practices and games. Design: Cohort study. Setting: On field. Patients or Other Participants: Forty-one male (n = 29) and female (n = 12) adolescent ice hockey players. Intervention(s): Players completed the Safe Play Questionnaire (0 = less knowledge, 7 = most knowledge) and Competitive Aggressiveness and Anger Scale (12 = less aggressive, 60 = most aggressive) at midseason. Aggressive penalty minutes were recorded throughout the season. The Head Impact Telemetry System was used to capture head-impact frequency and severity (linear acceleration [g], rotational acceleration [rad/s2], Head Impact Technology severity profile) at practices and games. Main Outcome Measure(s): One-way analyses of variance were used to compare safe play knowledge and aggression between sexes. Players were categorized as having high or low safe-play knowledge and aggression using a median split. A 2 × 2 mixed-model analysis of variance was used to compare head-impact frequency, and random-intercept general linear models were used to compare head-impact severity between groups (high, low) and event types (practice, game). Results: Boys (5.8 of 7 total; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.3, 6.3) had a trend toward better safe-play knowledge compared with girls (4.9 of 7 total; 95% CI = 3.9, 5.9; F1,36 = 3.40, P = .073). Less aggressive male players sustained significantly lower head rotational accelerations during practices (1512.8 rad/s2, 95% CI = 1397.3, 1637.6 rad/s2) versus games (1754.8 rad/s2, 95% CI = 1623.9, 1896.2 rad/s2) and versus high-aggression players during practices (1773.5 rad/s2, 95% CI = 1607.9, 1956.3 rad/s2; F1,26 = 6.04, P = .021). Conclusions: Coaches and sports medicine professionals should ensure that athletes of all levels, ages, and sexes have full knowledge of safe play and should consider aggression interventions for reducing head-impact severity among aggressive players during practice.
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Riffat, Sumaira, Sahar Zahid, Mushtaq Hussain, Raza Ur Rehman i Masood Anwar Qureshi. "Aggression Assessment and Plasma Serotonin Level amongst Pakistani Youngsters". Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences 16, nr 10 (30.10.2022): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221610321.
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Background: Aggressive behavior is a multifaceted construct involving various physiological modulators and genetic factors with a variable frequency in different populations. Of multiple genetic factors, serotonin is known to have profound role with disagreement exists in relation to its expressional alignment with the intensity of aggression. The existing study is designed to develop alignment of the psychological scale of aggression with the plasma serotonin levels. Methodology: Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaires (BP-AQs) were distributed among male and female students of different universities of Karachi. Among those, 2000 properly filled questionnaires were selected to be scrutinized and scored which led to selection of 80 students each of score lower than 60 (least aggressive individuals) or higher than 100 (most aggressive individuals). Plasma serotonin levels of the 160 individuals were then measured by ELISA. Results: Cumulatively, males tend to have higher BP-AQ score than females (79.14+16.22 vs. 75.28+16.97) and also in physical aggression (23.81+6.44 vs. 21.05+6.17) statistically significant difference of p=0.0011 and p<0.0001, respectively. All scores of different forms of aggression were found positively correlated with each other and with strong statistical significance. Level of serotonin was found significantly higher (p=0.0004) in females (244ng/ml) compared to males (70.39ng/ml). Plasma serotonin levels were negatively correlated with BP-AQ scores especially in females (p=0.0222) and in whole of the assessed subjects (p=0.0069). Practical implication: In order to facilitate a better understanding of aggressive behaviour, this study helps to align a physiological biomarker with psychological tools. Additionally, serotonin can be used as a biomarker to comprehend the physiological underpinnings of aggression, and future studies can be planned that use serotonin or its receptors in relation to aggressive behaviour. And it will positively impact the mental health of any society. Conclusion: The findings in total suggest male holds more aggressive behavior especially physical aggression compared to females. Additionally, the aggression in female is more profoundly associated with the low plasma serotonin level. Keywords: Aggression, Behavior, Hostility, Adolescents, Neurotransmitters, Serotonin,
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Micai, Martina, Maria Kavussanu i Christopher Ring. "Executive Function Is Associated With Antisocial Behavior and Aggression in Athletes". Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 37, nr 5 (październik 2015): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2015-0021.
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Poor executive function has been linked to increased antisocial and aggressive behavior in clinical and nonclinical populations. The present study investigated the relationship between executive and nonexecutive cognitive function and antisocial behavior in sport as well as reactive and proactive aggression. Cognitive function was assessed in young adult male and female athletes using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). Antisocial behavior in sport and aggression were assessed via self-report instruments and were found to be positively correlated. Executive function (but not nonexecutive function) scores were negatively correlated with both self-reported antisocial behavior and aggression in males but not females. Our findings suggest that prefrontal deficits among male athletes could contribute to poor impulse control and difficulty in anticipating the consequences of their antisocial and aggressive behavior.
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Svirin, Evgeniy, Ekaterina Veniaminova, João Pedro Costa-Nunes, Anna Gorlova, Aleksei Umriukhin, Allan V. Kalueff, Andrey Proshin i in. "Predation Stress Causes Excessive Aggression in Female Mice with Partial Genetic Inactivation of Tryptophan Hydroxylase-2: Evidence for Altered Myelination-Related Processes". Cells 11, nr 6 (18.03.2022): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11061036.
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The interaction between brain serotonin (5-HT) deficiency and environmental adversity may predispose females to excessive aggression. Specifically, complete inactivation of the gene encoding tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (Tph2) results in the absence of neuronal 5-HT synthesis and excessive aggressiveness in both male and female null mutant (Tph2−/−) mice. In heterozygous male mice (Tph2+/−), there is a moderate reduction in brain 5-HT levels, and when they are exposed to stress, they exhibit increased aggression. Here, we exposed female Tph2+/− mice to a five-day rat predation stress paradigm and assessed their emotionality and social interaction/aggression-like behaviors. Tph2+/− females exhibited excessive aggression and increased dominant behavior. Stressed mutants displayed altered gene expression of the 5-HT receptors Htr1a and Htr2a, glycogen synthase kinase-3 β (GSK-3β), and c-fos as well as myelination-related transcripts in the prefrontal cortex: myelin basic protein (Mbp), proteolipid protein 1 (Plp1), myelin-associated glycoprotein (Mag), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (Mog). The expression of the plasticity markers synaptophysin (Syp) and cAMP response element binding protein (Creb), but not AMPA receptor subunit A2 (GluA2), were affected by genotype. Moreover, in a separate experiment, naïve female Tph2+/− mice showed signs of enhanced stress resilience in the modified swim test with repeated swimming sessions. Taken together, the combination of a moderate reduction in brain 5-HT with environmental challenges results in behavioral changes in female mice that resemble the aggression-related behavior and resilience seen in stressed male mutants; additionally, the combination is comparable to the phenotype of null mutants lacking neuronal 5-HT. Changes in myelination-associated processes are suspected to underpin the molecular mechanisms leading to aggressive behavior.
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Rätti, Osmo, Rauno V. Alatalo, Janne Kilpimaa i Pirkko Siikamäki. "Does female-female aggression explain male polyterritoriality in the pied flycatcher? A reply to Slagsvold & Dale". Animal Behaviour 50, nr 3 (1995): 850–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(95)80145-6.
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Kulibert, Danica, James B. Moran, Sharayah Preman, Sarah A. Vannier i Ashley E. Thompson. "Sex on the Screen: A Content Analysis of Free Internet Pornography Depicting Mixed-Sex Threesomes from 2012–2020". European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 11, nr 4 (29.11.2021): 1555–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11040110.
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Viewing online pornography is common among US adults, with mixed-sex threesome (MST) videos being one of the top 10 most popular categories of pornography for both men and women. The current content analysis applied sexual script theory to understand the themes present in these mixed-sex threesome videos. Independent coders viewed a total of 50 videos (25 MMF and 25 FFM) at each timepoint (2012, 2015, 2020) and coded for different sexual behaviors and themes in each video. By examining both same-sex (female–female, male–male) and other-sex (female–male) behaviors, as well as themes of aggression and sexual initiation in different videos and across three timepoints, it was determined that other-sex behaviors are more common in MST videos than same-sex behaviors. Same-sex behaviors between two female actors were more common than same-sex behaviors between two male actors. Aggression was a common theme in videos, with male actors being more aggressive on average than female actors. Most of these trends did not change across 8 years, suggesting that the impacts of traditional sexual scripts are pervasive in pornography, even in current online content. Important implications for both researchers and clinical professionals are discussed.
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Brain, Paul F. "Aggression in female mammals: Is it really rare?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, nr 2 (kwiecień 1999): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x9926181x.
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The view that female mammals are more docile appears to arise in part from imposing human values on animal studies. Many reports of sexual dimorphism in physical aggression favouring the male in laboratory rodents appear to select circumstances where that expectation is supported. Other situations that favour the expression of conflict in females have been (until recently) relatively little studied. Although female rodents generally do not show the “ritualised” forms of conflict that characterise male sexual competition, they can use notably damaging strategies (especially if they are of short duration). Such considerations might weigh in the selection of strategies by our own species.
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Templeton, Christopher N., Alejandro A. Ríos-Chelén, Esmeralda Quirós-Guerrero, Nigel I. Mann i Peter J. B. Slater. "Female happy wrens select songs to cooperate with their mates rather than confront intruders". Biology Letters 9, nr 1 (23.02.2013): 20120863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0863.
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Vocal duetting occurs in many taxa, but its function remains much-debated. Like species in which only one sex sings, duetting birds can use their song repertoires to signal aggression by singing song types that match those of territorial intruders. However, when pairs do not share specific combinations of songs (duet codes), individuals must choose to signal aggression by matching the same-sex rival, or commitment by replying appropriately to their mate. Here, we examined the song types used by female happy wrens ( Pheugopedius felix ) forced to make this decision in a playback experiment. We temporarily removed the male from the territory and then played songs from two loudspeakers to simulate an intruding female and the removed mate's response, using song types that the pair possessed but did not naturally combine into duets. Females were aggressive towards the female playback speaker, approaching it and overlapping the female playback songs, but nevertheless replied appropriately to their mate's songs instead of type matching the intruding female. This study indicates that females use song overlapping to signal aggression but use their vocal repertoires to create pair-specific duet codes with their mates, suggesting that duetting functions primarily to demonstrate pair commitment.
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Cain, Kristal E. "Mates of Competitive Females: The Relationships between Female Aggression, Mate Quality, and Parental Care". Advances in Zoology 2014 (30.06.2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/319567.
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Though rarely mate-limited, females in a wide variety of species express traits commonly associated with mate competition in males. Recent research has shown that these competitive traits (ornaments, armaments, and intense aggression) often function in the context of female-female competition for nonsexual reproductive resources and are often positively related to reproductive success. Increased success could occur because competitive females acquire limited ecological resources (nest sites, territories, etc.) or because they pair with high quality males, that is, older, more ornamented, or more parental males. Further, males paired with aggressive/low care females may compensate by increasing their paternal efforts. Here, I examined patterns of social pairing and parental care in free-living dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis), a biparental songbird. I found no detectable relationship between female competitive behavior (aggression) and male quality (age, size, or ornamentation) or male provisioning. Thus, neither of the mate choice hypotheses (females compete for males or males prefer aggressive females) was supported. Instead, these results suggest that females compete for nonsexual resources and mate quality is a secondary consideration. I also found a negative relationship between male and female provisioning rates, suggesting that partners adjust their level of parental effort in response to their partner’s efforts.