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1
Liu, Yun-na, i Zhiyu Liu. "Ecology mechanism of female talents social mobility". Ecofeminism and Climate Change 2, nr 2 (6.05.2021): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/efcc-12-2020-0036.
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Purpose With the development of social economy, the problem of female labor force and talent ecology mechanism has become increasingly prominent. They do not assign jobs according to their abilities, but decide their duties according to their interpersonal relationships. The uneven distribution of human resources makes the difference, the impact of the female talent social mobility tends to solidify and the social strata between the contradictions are deepening. Design/methodology/approach This paper mainly investigates the current situation of female talents social mobility to solve the problem of the social mobility of female talent, and evaluates the main factors that affect female talents social mobility by analyzing the flow of ordinary female labor, enterprise female talents and educational female talents. Findings Society should pay attention to the social mobility of female talent, carry out comprehensive ecology mechanism in time, take different methods to the management of female talents in different industries, remove the obstacles that affect the social mobility of female talents and create a good ecology mechanism of female talent. Originality/value This paper provides corresponding suggestions and countermeasures on the ecology mechanism of female talents social mobility.
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Mishra, Manamaya. "Female Labor Migration: Gender Prospective". Journal of Population and Development 3, nr 1 (10.10.2022): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpd.v3i1.48807.
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This paper is based on level, trends and pattern of female labor migration in Nepal. The changes in the lives of Nepalese women due to the increasing trend foreign labor migration of men. The changes in intra-household power relations and the transformations in women’s lives, due to the male-dominated nature of Nepalese migration, are largely neglected. The aim of this paper to find the level and trend of female labour migration in Nepal and also examine women’s experiences, as they assume the role of household heads, financial managers and single parents, in a society that has historically suppressed their freedom. The analysis is based on secondary data source. Women who take on the role of household head are more likely to gain decision-making power and experience an increase in social participation, while those left under the supervision of other members (usually their in-laws) may suffer from reduced decision-making ability and increased restrictions on their mobility in public spaces. These consequences are highly sensitive to the regional socio-cultural norms as well as women’s caste, class, and individual characteristics. The consequences of female migration increasing trend day by day and their experience provides the valuable information for the developing policy of migration as well as traditional gender inequality and providing women with the resources to manage with the challenges faced during men’s migration.
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Walonen, Michael K. "Agency, Mobility, and Constraint in Neoliberal Fiction of Female Labor". Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory 34, nr 4 (2.10.2023): 261–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10436928.2023.2269034.
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Fosu, Augustin Kwasi. "Explaining Post-1964 Earnings Gains by Black Women: Race or Sex?" Review of Black Political Economy 15, nr 3 (styczeń 1987): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02903991.
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This article examines the earnings position of black females relative to white males for the post-1964 period. It finds that over 70 percent of the 1965–78 growth in black female relative median earnings remains after controlling for previous trends, education, and cyclical and labor supply changes. For full-time, year-round workers, the post-1964 trend independently implies a growth rate about 50 percent higher than that actually observed. Approximately one-half of the gains are attributable to race and the rest to the interaction of race and sex. The study finds no support for the censoring hypothesis that allocates a substantial portion of the growth to labor supply decreases. While it suggests occupational mobility to be nonextraneous in the earnings equation, the author argues that the black female now faces a mobility constraint more formidable than previously.
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Emmi, P. C. "Structural Determinants of Occupational Mobility in a Regional Labor Market". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 19, nr 7 (lipiec 1987): 925–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a190925.
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The purpose of this paper is to identify structural determinants of intraregional occupational mobility. This is done by developing a Markov chain model of job-vacancy transfers, disaggregating that model into its constituent parts, and identifying each part with a unique structural determinant. The disaggregated Markov model yields probabilities of mobility among occupational sectors for specific subgroups of mobile workers. To clarify ideas, a numerical illustration is developed. It is based on US census data and deals with occupational mobility among male and female members of the work force in the State of Utah.
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Torre, Margarita, i Jerry A. Jacobs. "The Gender Mobility Paradox: Gender Segregation and Women’s Mobility Across Gender-Type Boundaries, 1970–2018". Gender & Society 35, nr 6 (28.09.2021): 853–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08912432211046328.
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In this article, we examine trends in women’s mobility among male-dominated, gender-neutral, and female-dominated occupations. Earlier research, largely employing data from the 1970s and early 1980s, showed that along with significant net movement by women into male-dominated fields, there was also substantial attrition from male-dominated occupations. Here, we build on previous research by examining how “gender-type” mobility rates have changed in recent decades. The findings indicate that while still quite high, levels of women’s occupational mobility among female, gender-neutral, and male occupations have decreased considerably over time. We suggest that this is the result of increasing differentiation among women. In particular, many women, especially those in high-status occupations, plan to pursue employment in a male-dominated field, succeed in gaining entry, and tend to remain in these fields more often than their counterparts in previous decades. We interpret these findings as evidence that gender segregation is maintained by an enduring but imperfect system of social control that constrains women’s choices before, during, and after entry into the labor market. The evidence presented here underscores the importance of studying gender-type mobility as a distinct dimension of labor market inequality.
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Kotyrlo, Elena. "Daily labor mobility and the timing of entry into motherhood". Applied Econometrics 70 (2023): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1993-7601-2023-70-55-71.
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The influence of female employment on fertility has been widely studied. However, there is a gap in the knowledge of the effect of daily labor mobility on fertility. The paper presents the study of the direct and indirect effects of commuting on the timing of entry into motherhood by comparison the age‐specific first‐birth rates of female commuters and non‐commuters. The effects appear in simultaneous decision making on childbearing and com‐ muting, and effects of cross‐municipal flows of population and earnings, and fertility norms diffusion on childbearing. Estimation strategy addresses the problem of potential endogeneity of commuting decision. The study uses individual register data from Sweden for women born in 1974 and residing in the Stockholm area following them from 19 to 32 years old. Results demonstrate that commuting women postpone their first birth. Commuters’ first‐birth rates are more sensitive to the changes in relative earnings, fertility norms, and the proportion of commuters in the residing population. Swedish family and labor policies significantly improve reconciliation of family and working life in comparison with many European countries. However, the study demonstrates that the policies do not address commuting costs (in a general meaning) in childbearing decision. The results can be used to explain the link between fertility and daily labor mobility in high‐income countries with a high proportion of women involved in daily labor mobility.
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Akurang-Parry, Kwabena O. "Transformations in the Feminization of Unfree Domestic Labor: A Study of Abaawa or Prepubescent Female Servitude in Modern Ghana". International Labor and Working-Class History 78, nr 1 (2010): 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547910000104.
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AbstractThis article breaks new ground for the study of postslavery gender and social formations in modern Ghana and Africa as a whole: It examines the expansion of involuntary female domestic labor known as abaawa in what is today Ghana. The study traces the transformative institutional processes that shaped the exploitation of involuntary female labor in the precolonial, colonial, and postcolonial periods. Based on a variety of primary sources, including colonial, indigenous African newspapers, Christian missionary accounts, and oral history, the article maps out the paradoxical expansion of involuntary female labor during the age of abolition in the colonial period and the postslavery phase of social and gender formations in the era of the postcolonial state. The pivotal argument is that social and gender formations that emerged as a result of abolition, social change, and economic transformation benefited more males than females. As a result, males used innovative, empowering avenues of social mobility in both the colonial and postcolonial periods. For their part, disempowered females, especially those in backwater enclaves, were consigned to abaawa labor, which has ostensibly been projected as a benign, kinship-based, and apprenticeship-bound institution. In reality, contemporary abaawa has all the exploitative vagaries of slavery and debt-bondage of the pre/colonial epoch.
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Umair, Muhammad, i Lubna Naz. "Gender Pay Gap Among Urban-Urban Migrant Workers: Pakistan's Two-Tier Urban Labor Market". Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 20, nr 2 (8.09.2020): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v20i2.518.
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Urban-urban migration has socio-economic and demographic consequences on the labor markets. It affects job mobility and gender-balance in the urban workplace. This study analyzes the gender wage gap among urban-urban migrant workers in Pakistan. The study used the most recent Labour Force Survey, a nationally representative dataset, to identify the determinants of wages for male and female migrant workers separately. The wages of urban-urban female migrants tend to be 45% lower than their male counterparts. The results indicated disparities in working hours and human capital endowment as some of the contributing factors to the increasing gender wage gap. This research calls for implementing drastic measures, i.e., gender-insensitive capacity building of urban migrant workers, workplace incentives for women, and enhancement of women leadership roles, to reduce gender inequalities in the urban labor market.
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Mukherjee, Arghya Kusum. "Traditional institutions and female labor force participation". International Journal of Social Economics 45, nr 1 (8.01.2018): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-07-2016-0199.
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Purpose In general, the return from participation in MNREGA will be highest for those women whose mobility and social interaction is least impeded by conservative social norms. However, if any intervention enhances knowledge base, or challenges traditional norms of gender, then return from that intervention may be highest for those women impede most by conservative social norms. It may be interpreted as non-monotonic effect of restrictedness across caste and religion. The purpose of this paper is to examine non-monotonicity hypothesis of social restrictedness for the intervention MNREGA. Design/methodology/approach Using primary data from three districts of West Bengal, the paper has tried to see whether there exists any non-monotonic effect of restrictedness on household’s “expenditure on consumption,” “expenditure on temptation good,” “expenditure on women’s health” and “expenditure on children’s education and health” across castes and religion. The sample is relatively homogeneous in terms of socio economic status, but differs in affiliation to castes and religion. Findings As a result of participating the labor force through MNREGA, the contribution of women to household earnings increases, which may potentially increase their bargaining power within the household. The conventional notion is that women who are least fettered by social norms should get maximum benefits of participation in MNREGA. However, the analysis shows that women of upper caste (UC) community have been able to exercise the highest level of agency in allocating household resources compared to the women of scheduled caste community. It substantiates the non-monotonicity of restrictedness of social norms across castes and religions. Agency of Muslim women has not increased significantly compared to the UC women. Research limitations/implications The study suffers from usual limitations of sampling. Originality/value There is hardly any study deciphering MNREGA from the perspective of caste, religion and gender.
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Yu, Yeon Jung, Christopher McCarty i James Holland Jones. "Flexible Labors: The Work Mobility of Female Sex Workers (FSWs) in Post-Socialist China". Human Organization 77, nr 2 (1.06.2018): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/0018-7259-77.2.146.
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This paper examines the flexible labor of Chinese female sex workers (FSWs) by looking at their job mobility. We show the women's flexible job mobility as an active strategy in addition to a direct response to the marketplace. Drawing upon in-depth interview data (n=175) during twenty-six months of ethnographic fieldwork in post-socialist China, we demonstrate the workers' spatial mobility (i.e., holding jobs in multiple locations) and temporal mobility (i.e., changing jobs frequently), which are critical features of the women's lived experiences. Our analysis shows that the women in the sex trade have high job mobility and that their multiple occupations include a wide range of work – from sex work to formal sectors. Their high job mobility stems from inventive negotiation that generates greater profits, increased stability, and reputational advantages. The findings pose three distinct challenges to the way sex work in China has been portrayed: (1) female sex workers can be excluded from the “general population”; (2) female sex workers can be labeled as a member of a particular sex worker category; and (3) the exclusive categorization between “commercial sex work” (e.g., xiaojie or prostitutes) and “transactional sex” (e.g., ernai or “second wife.”) The research demonstrates the strong agency of female sex workers even within adverse structural restraints, which contributes to existing discussions of whether sex work is voluntary or coerced.
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Levenson, Alec R. "The Role of Agricultural and Female Labor Mobility in Taiwan's Industrialization: 1976-91". Review of Development Economics 4, nr 1 (luty 2000): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9361.00081.
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Rufai, Mistura, Adebayo Ogunniyi, Kabir Salman, Motunrayo Oyeyemi i Mutiat Salawu. "Migration, Labor Mobility and Household Poverty in Nigeria: A Gender Analysis". Economies 7, nr 4 (2.10.2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7040101.
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The increase in the geographical mobility of labour as a result of poverty, unemployment and unstable economic conditions, among other factors, especially among professionals, has been associated with a brain drain in Nigeria. Despite the high level of migration and subsequent remittances from migrants, a large proportion of Nigerians still live in poverty. The increased participation of women in migration in the country also brings to the fore the existence of gender-specific migration experiences and how this has in turn affected their households. Based on gender, this study assesses the extent of labour mobility, its determinants and how it influences remittance inflows and household poverty using the logit regression model Propensity Score Matching and Linear Regression with Endogenous Treatment Effect Approach. Results reveal that while more males travelled for employment purposes, more females travelled due to marriage arrangements. More of the migrants that were working after migration had worked before migration and had the highest average amount of remittance sent to households. The study shows that labour mobility increases the amount of remittance sent to households. However, the increase was higher among male migrants than female migrants. More than half of the migrants had poor households; meanwhile, labour mobility was found to reduce the extent of poverty. The study recommended that policies that improve the welfare of labour and reduce the brain drain, unemployment and closures of enterprises in the country should be put in place. Also, effective policies and interventions that promote the use of remittances to achieve maximum reductions in poverty should be pursued.
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Caviglioli, Rita. "Minimal Departures: Narratives of Younger Female Mobility in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Italian Children’s Literature". Quaderni d'italianistica 35, nr 2 (22.07.2015): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/q.i..v35i2.23618.
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Mobility narratives in late nineteenth- and early twentieth- century Italian literature for children reflect the dramatic conditions of vagrancy, abandonment and forced relocation, as well as the situation of child-labor exploitation and child trade through apprenticeship contracts. They also document experiences of mass emigration. In my essay I intend to: i) acknowledge that children’s conditions have been the object of an extensive multi-disciplinary debate in the 1800s and early 1900s; ii) briefly discuss the specifics of Italian children’s literature and the representation of young male mobility; iii) identify some recurring narrative patterns of female (im)mobility; iv) point to three specific narrative plots that relate the mobility of younger female characters to national-identity and national-development issues; v) analyze two of these narratives, Maria Messina’s Cenerella and Olga Visentini’s La zingarella e la principessina, which were written during or in the aftermath of World War I.
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Mandemakers, Luuk, Eva Jaspers i Tanja van der Lippe. "Not leaving your unsatisfactory job: analyzing female, migrant, elderly and lower-educated employees". Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 43, nr 9 (6.02.2024): 18–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-07-2023-0223.
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PurposeEmployees facing challenges in their careers – i.e. female, migrant, elderly and lower-educated employees – might expect job searches to have a low likelihood of success and might therefore more often stay in unsatisfactory positions. The goal of this study is to discover inequalities in job mobility for these employees.Design/methodology/approachWe rely on a large sample of Dutch public sector employees (N = 30,709) and study whether employees with challenges in their careers are hampered in translating job dissatisfaction into job searches. Additionally, we assess whether this is due to their perceptions of labor market alternatives.FindingsFindings show that non-Western migrant, elderly and lower-educated employees are less likely to act on job dissatisfaction than their advantaged counterparts, whereas women are more likely than men to do so. Additionally, we find that although they perceive labor market opportunities as limited, this does not affect their propensity to search for different jobs.Originality/valueThis paper is novel in discovering inequalities in job mobility by analyzing whether employees facing challenges in their careers are less likely to act on job dissatisfaction and therefore more likely to remain in unsatisfactory positions.
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Anderson, Abigail, Sophia Chilczuk, Kaylie Nelson, Roxanne Ruther i Cara Wall-Scheffler. "The Myth of Man the Hunter: Women’s contribution to the hunt across ethnographic contexts". PLOS ONE 18, nr 6 (28.06.2023): e0287101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287101.
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The sexual division of labor among human foraging populations has typically been recognized as involving males as hunters and females as gatherers. Recent archeological research has questioned this paradigm with evidence that females hunted (and went to war) throughout the Homo sapiens lineage, though many of these authors assert the pattern of women hunting may only have occurred in the past. The current project gleans data from across the ethnographic literature to investigate the prevalence of women hunting in foraging societies in more recent times. Evidence from the past one hundred years supports archaeological finds from the Holocene that women from a broad range of cultures intentionally hunt for subsistence. These results aim to shift the male-hunter female-gatherer paradigm to account for the significant role females have in hunting, thus dramatically shifting stereotypes of labor, as well as mobility.
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Kavano Kitahara Matsui, Edine. "Efeitos da danca do ventre sobre a saude genital feminina". Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia Pelvica 1, nr 1 (18.08.2021): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.62115/rbfp.2021.1(1)116-123.
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Background: Pelvic and hip mobility influence female genital health, but there are few studies on this topic. Aims: To investigate the effects of belly dancing on women's health. Method: Electronic search in LILACS, Scielo, Bireme and Pubmed databases between 2001 and 2017. Results: 14 references were selected that contained the key words of which the authors variously proved the benefits of belly dancing, of these, 6 demonstrated the effects dance activities such as decreased menstrual cramps, decreased labor pains, increased muscle strength, improved flexibility, decreased pain in patients with fibromyalgia, improved motor coordination and neuromuscular independence of some specific muscles, among other benefits. Conclusion: Belly dancing has concrete positive effects on female genital health and can be an aid in treatment based on pelvic physiotherapy.
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Shui, Yue, Jia Zhong, Yingjie Yang, Yajie Zeng i Shaoquan Liu. "Employment Transfer of Rural Female Labor and Family Welfare Effect in Mountainous Areas: An Empirical Analysis Based on Panel Data". Land 11, nr 12 (26.11.2022): 2134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11122134.
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Improving the understanding of rural female labor employment transfer and its impact on family welfare is of great significance to the improvement of rural family welfare and the rational transfer of labor forces. However, there are few studies on the effect of rural female transfer and there is a lack of comprehensive quantitative measurement and mechanism analysis of influences of female employment transfer on themselves and their families. Based on the peasant household survey in the mountainous rural areas of Sichuan Province, China, in 2013, 2016, and 2019, results were organized as panel data and divided the employment features into three aspects: employment industry, employment locations and whether the migrant was working or not. The family welfare effects (impact on children and impact on the elderly) of rural female labor transfer for employment were investigated by using the fixed effect and random effect regression models. Some major conclusions could be drawn: (1) age, education degree, employment industry and locations of rural females all had a significant impact on their children’s education degree; (2) age, urbanization rate and industry of rural females had a significant impact on their number of children; (3) age, education degree of females, employment location and urbanization rate had a significant positive influence on the number of elderly in the family: only the age of rural females had a significant negative influence on the health condition of the elderly. This study can enhance our understanding of the relationship between rural women’s employment and family welfare effects, the results can provide a reference for rural women’s rational employment mobility and maximizing of family welfare.
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Shabanov, Roman, Olena Kovalenko, Iryna Shulga, Iryna Dobroskok, Liudmyla Peretyaha i Liubov Basiuk. "The Main Aspects of Ukrainian Teaching Staff Mobility As Integration Process In The Global Labor Market". Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala 11, nr 2 (3.06.2019): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/rrem/130.
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Purpose: To determine the main aspects of Ukrainian teaching staff mobility as integration process in the global society. Material: The survey involved female teachers (n=108) from H. S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University (Kharkiv, Ukraine) and Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi Hryhoryi Skovoroda State Pedagogical University (Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine). The survey contained mains aspects of teaching staff mobility, respondents chose the proposed variants of each issue and explain their choice. Results: It was determined that the most important aspects of Ukrainian teaching staff mobility were expansion of professional contacts, opportunity to gain experience in European universities, development in their professional area, gain the experience in a new professional area, international mobility, professional growth. The less attractive aspects of teaching staff mobility were increase in publication activity, the prospect of working abroad on a rolling basis, internal (regional) mobility, aspiration of permanent self-improvement. Conclusions: The level of professional mobility of Ukrainian teaching staff increase a lot last years due to the external politics of government and integration processes of modern society and it is considered to be the most effective way for professional development and competitive ability on the labor market.
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Mokoagow, Arsilfa Nurjana, O. Esry H. Laoh i Jean F. J. Timban. "MOBILITAS TENAGA KERJA PEREMPUAN DI KELURAHAN TARA-TARA DUA KOTA TOMOHON". AGRI-SOSIOEKONOMI 13, nr 3A (29.12.2017): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.35791/agrsosek.13.3a.2017.18554.
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This study aims to determine the social mobility of female workers in Tara-tara Dua Village, Tomohon City. The research was conducted for 4 months, from February until May 2017. The data collected in this research are primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained from interview to the respondents’ ie female labor based on the prepared list of question. Secondary data obtained by Tara-tara Dua Village Office, Tomohon City. Analysis of data used in this research is Descriptive Analysis, where the data collected will be presented in tabular form. The results show that upward vertical social mobility on the type of housekeeper's job is to be a cake seller, food seller, selling rice, stall owner. When viewed from the previous occupation as rice farmers there is a vertical mobility that upward mobility with the supporting income and the more promising types of jobs as household servants, cooperative employees, stall owners, State Civil Servants (ASN), vegetable traders in the market, village equipment, and rice sellers.
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Bartlett, Will. "The effectiveness of vocational education in promoting equity and occupational mobility amongst young people". Ekonomski anali 54, nr 180 (2009): 7–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka0980007b.
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This paper reviews current knowledge about the impact of vocational education and training on the labor market outcomes for young people in advanced market economies, and asks whether the results can be extrapolated to countries in the Western Balkans and the EU neighborhood. It draws four main policy conclusions. First, in transition countries, specialized vocational education should not be replaced by streaming or tracking within comprehensive school systems or integrated into general education programmes. Abandoning effective vocational schooling may worsen the labor market outcomes for the less able and disadvantaged young people. Inadequate vocational school systems should be strengthened, while ensuring effective pathways to higher levels of education. Second, while apprenticeship systems enable lower ability students and minorities to access the labor market, they may lock women into traditional female occupations. Well-organized and resourced school-based vocational education may be preferred by women who feel they could benefit from them, and may furthermore reduce school drop-out rates. Third, occupational mobility can be improved by effective school-based vocational education. If returns to such education are sufficiently high, they can incentives mobility. While for developed economies there is little difference in rates of return between general and vocational education, in transition economies, returns to vocational education are higher than returns to general education. Fourth, while occupational mobility is needed for countries undergoing structural change, it should be noted that too much mobility can also be harmful to the skill retention, especially for women. Special attention should therefore be given to providing complementary opportunities for retraining and for lifelong learning to all workers, but especially to women, to encourage and support the desired degree of mobility in the labor market.
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Snellman, Hanna, i Lotta Weckström. "The Apple Never Falls Far from the Tree—Or does It? Finnish Female Migrant Transnational Generations on the Swedish Labor Market". Journal of Finnish Studies 20, nr 2 (1.11.2017): 77–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/28315081.20.2.06.
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Abstract Migration from Finland to Sweden has taken place throughout times, yet the Westward migration reached its peak during the 1960s and 1970s: half a million Finns migrated to Sweden, predominately motivated by employment opportunities. This article is about Finnish female labor migrants, their daily experiences in the Swedish labor market, and the experiences of these labor migrants' transnational generations. We studied the education, career choices, and occupational opportunities of both groups and found that little upward mobility can be detected. This, however, does not translate to dissatisfaction in the women we studied; on the contrary, both generations were content with their careers. In our data, the experience of the Finnish language as a burden in a professional setting seems to have carried over to the next generation, as only a few spoke of their bilingualism as a real asset.
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Akkoyun, Deniz Bade, i Zeynep Banu Dalaman. "Exploring the Intersection of Legal Regulations and Feminization of Migration: A Focus on Migrant Women Working in Domestic Services in Türkiye". Migration and Diversity 3, nr 1 (23.02.2024): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/md.v3i1.3175.
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One of the trends that have come to the fore with globalization is the increased visibility of women in migration. As the rate of women’s participation in the labor force through paid work has increased, their mobility from rural to urban areas or from one part of the world to another has also increased. In this process, also known as the feminization of migration, women have become geographically more mobile than ever before in history. With this process, women started to migrate independently from their family members across national borders to work in a variety of jobs, particularly domestic work and sex work. The diversion of domestic work (caring for the sick, children and elderly, cleaning, etc.) to women in poorer countries through the global division of labor has played an important role in this change. This division of labor, which arises from the combination of the gendered character of domestic work and cheap female labor, has necessitated the geographical mobility of poorer women from all over the world. As a result, women have also begun to engage in geographical mobility on a global scale. In addition to these reasons that push women to migrate, developments in destination countries that create demand for migrant women’s labor are also important. Today, almost every part of the world has become a destination point for women migrating for domestic work. Especially after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Türkiye has also become one of these target countries. However, migrant women have faced various problems in Türkiye, both due to deficiencies in existing regulations and political attitudes towards migrants. These women, most of whom work as domestic workers, have been at the center of problems arising from both the migration system and the specific conditions of domestic work. In this study, the problems faced by female migrant domestic workers in Türkiye are discussed within the aforementioned framework. In particular, the main axis of the discussion is how domestic workers are affected by legal regulations in Türkiye. The study interrogates how women’s migration to Türkiye has developed within the existing migration system and examines the migration experience of migrant women working as domestic workers in Türkiye.
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Mueller, Valerie, Emily Schmidt i Dylan Kirkleeng. "Structural Change and Women’s Employment Potential in Myanmar". International Regional Science Review 43, nr 5 (1.06.2020): 450–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160017620925139.
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We use the Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey to evaluate the extent women are included in Myanmar’s dynamic transformation process and the relative barriers that prohibit their inclusion between 2005 and 2010. Women play an active role in the labor force during a period of massive structural change. Their growing importance is substantiated by their increasing placement in manufacturing jobs near and away from home. Despite their increasing labor force participation, women’s engagement in manufacturing is negatively associated with household welfare. This may be a function of a gender pay gap or reflect households’ inability to substitute the labor of women to complete specific tasks related to household production. Future investments in surveys in Myanmar will improve our ability to identify which factors systematically provide an enabling environment for female labor participation, mobility, and improvements in well-being.
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Lavy, Victor, i Alexander Zablotsky. "Women's schooling and fertility under low female labor force participation: Evidence from mobility restrictions in Israel". Journal of Public Economics 124 (kwiecień 2015): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2015.02.009.
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Carney, Larry S., i Charlotte G. O'Kelly. "Barriers and Constraints to the Recruitment and Mobility of Female Managers in the Japanese Labor Force". Human Resource Management 26, nr 2 (1987): 193–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930260206.
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Delabastita, Vincent, i Erik Buyst. "Intergenerational mobility of sons and daughters: evidence from nineteenth-century West Flanders". European Review of Economic History 25, nr 2 (12.01.2021): 300–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erehj/heaa028.
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Abstract Research on the intergenerational inheritance of occupational attainment has been restricted to sons for a long time. This is remarkable, given the ubiquity of historical settings where female labor force participation was high. This study of civil marriage certificates in nineteenth-century West Flanders investigates a comprehensive sample covering the economic activities not only of fathers and sons but also of mothers and daughters. We find that daughters were more mobile than sons. Daughters, however, enjoyed less growth in terms of intergenerational mobility against the background of a slowly industrializing economy.
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Chapagai, M., SB Pant, P. Tulachan i S. Dhungana. "Psychiatric mobility among repatriated Nepalese foreign labor migrants-a hospital based study." Journal of Institute of Medicine Nepal 39, nr 1 (30.04.2017): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.59779/jiomnepal.708.
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Introduction: International migration for employment has burgeoned in Nepal in the recent decade, and now it is an important factor of social transformation across most societies all over the country. Various factor associated with migration and working in a foreign land can affect mental health of migrating individuals. The purpose of the study was to explore psychiatric morbidity among repatriated Nepalese foreign labor migrants who visited psychiatric services at a tertiary level hospital in Kathmandu. Methods: Repatriated Nepalese foreign labor migrants (n=51) having symptoms of mental illness at a foreign country, visiting psychiatric services at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital were enrolled in the study. A self- designed semi structured proforma was devised to obtain the socio- demographic characteristics of the study population and diagnosis was made using International Classification of Disease-10- Diagnostic criteria for research (ICD-10 DCR). Results: The age range of the repatriated population was 21-45 years. Most of the cases were males (n=46) and only five were female. Majority of the subjects were literate but only 27.45% had education level above secondary level. Greater number of respondents worked in the gulf countries (66.66%) followed by Asian countries (25.49%). The most common psychiatric morbidity among repatriated Nepalese foreign labor migrant was depressive disorders (29.41%) followed by Anxiety disorder (25.49%). Conclusion: There is a growing need to enhance our understanding about psychiatry co morbidity among repatriated Nepalese migrant workers so as to promote mental well-being at their working foreign country. A wide range of psychiatry morbidity, predominantly depression and anxiety was found among them which if addressed timely would prevent many migrant workers from returning back prematurely.
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Tracz-Krupa, Katarzyna, Sylwia Przytuła, Vincent Cassar i Frank Bezzina. "Differences in the Approach of Students of Various Sex to International Mobility Programs: European Research Results". Zarządzanie Zasobami Ludzkimi 149, nr 6 (31.12.2022): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.2047.
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The purpose of this paper is to explore gender differences in learning experiences among students participating in international study mobility programs. It was undertaken by university students from several institutions of higher learning around Europe in the context of internationalization and intercultural education, which has become a central tenet among European institutions. The research on gender differences in student approach to international study mobility was carried out among 440 university students from five European universities within the context of the Competent student: Experienced Graduate: International Labor Market Key Competency Workshops project, conducted within the framework of the International Partnership Project on Student Mobility financed by the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange. Taking into account both potential competences that are developed during Short–Term Study Abroad (STSA) programs and the usefulness of specific modes of learning during international study tours, the findings suggest that female students have a higher predisposition towards intercultural experiences on STSA programs.
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Bélanger, Danièle, i Guillaume Haemmerli. "“We no longer fear brides from afar”: Marriage markets and gendered mobilities in rural Vietnam". Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 28, nr 3 (28.08.2019): 245–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196819869060.
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Since the late 1990s, Vietnamese women’s participation in international marriage migration has garnered academic and media attention. In contrast, internal marriage migration, a key driver of overall internal migration flows, has received scant consideration. In this paper, we examine marriage and migration dynamics in four rural communes that have “lost” significant numbers of their single women to international marriage and gained brides through internal migration. Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in 2012 and 2013 in four villages and analysis of local marriage registration data and census data, this article examines internal and international marriage migration. We probed marriage migration vis-a-vis marriage markets, internal labor migration and gendered mobility patterns. The increased diversification of marriage with respect to spousal places of origin indicates a reconfiguration of marital norms and practices and changing social constructions of a desirable wife and daughter-in-law. Results underscore the role of labor migration and interprovincial networks in expanding mate-seeking circles among rural youth and in altering marital norms. Female international marriage migration is one piece of a larger puzzle whereby various forms of mobility are intertwined with changes in the realms of gender, family and marriage.
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Joseph, O’Neil. "Sustenance and Survival". New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 96, nr 3-4 (22.09.2022): 266–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-bja10018.
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Abstract This article explores women’s engagement with food production and distribution in Tobago from 1840 to 1940. Scholars such as Raymond Smith have suggested that freedom in the British West Indies meant “the withdrawal of female labor from plantation work.” In Tobago, while women fled the estates, they did not abandon working the land. In fact, working the land and selling food was critical to the sustenance and survival of women and their families. Among Afro-Tobagonian women, food became a tool of power and empowerment. Through the production and sale of food, Afro-Tobagonian women asserted control over resources, steered the economic empowerment of their families, and crafted identities as autonomous beings. This article, undergirded by archival documents and oral testimonies, refines our understanding of women’s mobility and labor experiences in Tobago, and by extension, the Caribbean.
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Sun, Yujun. "Explore the Family Responsibility and Career Dilemma of Professional Women in Marriage". Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 41, nr 1 (14.03.2024): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/41/20240790.
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This paper investigates the reasons why married women in the banking industry choose occupational mobility by qualitative research method, analyzing the factors that influence womens choices of doing or undoing gender. The investigator interviewed 20 female bank clerks in marriage as the object of the study. All the women have had higher education in the past. In the background of modern labor society and the social identity of gender, professional women in marriage are under the dilemma of their work and family which includes occupational promotion, spouse, childcare, and eldercare. The consideration of family factors such as spouse, children, and the elderly, ultimately leads to the choice of occupational mobility for these married women. Personal career prospects, aspirations for a better future, the need for better educational conditions and opportunities for children, and the need to support parents and in-laws, all influence women's choice to make active or passive career mobility. It is still difficult for women from higher education backgrounds to make free choices after marriage.
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Gandara, Patricia. "Choosing Higher Education: Educationally Ambitious Chicanos and the Path to Social Mobility". education policy analysis archives 2 (16.05.1994): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v2n8.1994.
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This is a study of high academic achievement found in the most unlikely places: among low-income Mexican Americans from homes with little formal education. It examines the backgrounds of 50 persons, male and female from one age cohort, who met most of the predictors for school failure or "dropping out." All came from families in which neither parent completed high school or held a job higher than skilled labor; the average father finished grade four and most were sons and daughters of farmworkers and other unskilled laborers. Most began school with Spanish as their primary language, yet all completed doctoral-level educations from the country's most prestigious institutions. This study investigates the forces that conspire to create such anomalies. Its aim is to suggest how such outcomes might be the product of design rather than accident.
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Gualavisi, Melany, Marieke Kleemans i Rebecca Thornton. "Moving in Academia: Who Moves and What Happens After?" AEA Papers and Proceedings 114 (1.05.2024): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20241117.
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We study labor mobility among academic economists in the United States. Analyzing CV data from over 6,000 economists at Research 1 institutions, we document that female assistant and associate professors are 8 percentage points less likely to move with promotion than their male counterparts. Women are also more likely than men to relocate to lower-ranked institutions. Event study graphs reveal that men working in departments that receive a new faculty member see their publication output increase by more than twice as much as that of women in these departments. Our findings highlight significant gender differences in who moves and what happens after.
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Sajir, Zakaria. "Shifting Shadows of Uncertainty: The Utilitarian Migration and Intersectional Risks Among Moroccan Women Agricultural Workers in Spain During COVID-19". Migration and Diversity 3, nr 2 (28.04.2024): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/md.v3i2.3234.
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This article examines the shift of uncertainty and risk to Moroccan female agricultural workers in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically under the GECCO program. It argues that Spain’s agricultural policies enforce a precarious labor environment for these women, trading their well-being for global market competitiveness. The study delves into recruitment, working, and living conditions, utilizing theories of intersectionality, risk, migratory utilitarianism, and coloniality of power to highlight how the pandemic amplifies risks along existing lines of inequality, altering patterns of gendered mobility and immobility. The paper concludes with a call for a profound reassessment of the European agricultural labor model towards fairness and justice. It pushes for a paradigm shift in migration studies to a critical decolonial view that honors the lived experiences of marginalized migrants. This perspective is essential for dismantling oppressive structures and broadening our understanding of migrant experiences.
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McCants, Anne. "Introduction". Social Science History 33, nr 4 (2009): 459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200011081.
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One of the most vexing social debates of the late twentieth century in the industrialized West has centered on the complex of questions regarding the paid participation of women in the labor force. Which women engage in paid work, and for what reasons? For how many hours in a week, or weeks in a year, do they work for wages? What kind of work is it appropriate for women to do or, as some would ask, are they even capable of performing? How should the compensation for that work be established or evaluated? Joyce Burnette–s book Gender, Work, and Wages in Industrial Revolution Britain is an important contribution to the growing body of scholarship that seeks historical answers to these questions. In this roundtable discussion three historians and two economists respond both to Burnette’s book and to the larger scholarly debates about the nature of women’s work in the past. The themes that have most piqued the interest of these respondents lie primarily along three lines: the problem of evaluating the relative strength of male and female labor, and the importance of strength to wage setting; the struggle to properly define power relationships, either between men and women in the household or workplace or between owners of capital and sellers of labor; and the problem of the thinness or thickness of markets or, more specifically, the problem of limited female mobility.
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Grossman-Thompson, Barbara H. "Disposability and gendered control in labor migration: Limiting women’s mobility through cultural and institutional norms". Organization 26, nr 3 (23.11.2018): 337–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350508418812584.
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In this article, I draw upon interviews with 30 Nepali returned women migrant workers to elucidate how the gendered institutional logics of both the Nepali state and for-profit manpower companies synergistically function to constrain women’s mobility. In particular, I focus on women migrant workers who migrate illegally to Gulf countries to work as domestic laborers, as this constitutes one of the largest channels of women’s labor migration from Nepal. To illuminate the particulars of Nepali women migrant workers’ experiences, I employ two theoretical frameworks, both developed by feminist political economists within the context of feminized workplaces broadly and global factory floors specifically. The first framework presents a logic of female disposability as shaping the feminized workforce of the global South. The second framework presents a logic of gendered control as doing the same. In this article, I show how these dual logics can be applied to women’s foreign labor migration in Nepal, and argue that these logics operate simultaneously through the various institutions that Nepali women navigate during migration. The Nepali case shows how both logics serve ultimately to limit women’s mobility and bolster the authority of institutions and organizations historically controlled by men—for example, the family, the state, transnational corporations—over women migrants. By bringing these two logics to bear on a case of women domestic workers’ migration from the global South, this article offers new insights into the functioning of institutions central to this large-scale, transnational movement of people.
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Golovinov, Alexandr, i Yulia Golovinova. "The Concept of "Women's Rights" and Constitutional Freedom of Labor: Terminology Clarifications and Implementation Problems". Legal Linguistics, nr 22(33) (27.12.2021): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/leglin(2021)2204.
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The publication is aimed at defining the essence of the concept of "women's rights". The article shows that the concept of “women's rights” is widely used in the system of normative legal acts in Russia. The domestic legislator, resolutely opposing gender asymmetry, understands the rights of women as a system of integral and inalienable rights, freedoms and obligations for every woman, girl, adolescent girl, regardless of her age, citizenship, race, ethnic or religious affiliation.
Using hermeneutic tools, an attempt is made to show the content and problems of the implementation of the labor rights of females. The article emphasizes that horizontal segregation develops under the influence of many factors due to the mentality and preference of various types of activities for men and women. Ultimately, women in general end up with lower income jobs.
The authors found that the problems in Russia are the separation of professions into "male" and "female", which entails different wages; the feminization of poverty and unemployment; horizontal professional mobility for women. The increasing number of appeals associated with the violation of the socio-economic rights of women and their making the most of their labor potential become the subject of justice, in particular of constitutional justice in the Russian Federation.
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Shen, Bowen, i Shijie Zhang. "Determinants of Workplace Choice: How Important Is the City’s Ecological Environment in Attracting Jobseekers in China". Sustainability 14, nr 5 (24.02.2022): 2624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052624.
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People’s demands for a better environment have become increasingly strong, and the construction of ecological civilization has risen to the national level of strategic decision making. This paper studies the relationship between city ecological environment and labor mobility decision-making from the micro-individual perspective by matching the latest online resumes micro-big data with the ecological environment index data of 279 cities in China. By estimating a conditional logit model, we find that job seekers are more willing to move to the city with better ecological environment during the job transaction process. The heterogeneity results suggest that the higher the education level and the older the age is, the more sensitive the female are to the city’ ecological environment when switching the workplace. Combined with empirical conclusions, this paper argues that the government in China can open a new way in the competition of labor resources through urban ecological civilization construction and reserve high-quality “fuel” for accelerating economic transformation and achieving high-quality development.
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Paillard-Borg, Stéphanie, i Jessica Holmgren. "Immigration, Women, and Japan—A Leap Ahead and a Step Behind". SAGE Open 6, nr 4 (październik 2016): 215824401667312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244016673129.
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Japan has become a super-aged society, facing demographic challenges resulting in societal and economic consequences. In its political structural reform, the Japanese government presented the urgency to consider the increase in labor mobility that includes the issues of immigration and female employment, both domestic and foreign. The aim of this study was to explore, from a Japanese woman’s perspective, the intertwined issues of immigration. An in-depth interview was performed and analyzed by content analysis with a methodological departure in qualitative journalistic interviewing. The case was a Japanese woman with a unique profile. The results of this study, family permanency and group cohesiveness, can contribute to understand the potential interdependency between the roles, within the Japanese society, of foreign female domestic workers and Japanese women. In conclusion, it appears that the pivotal role of women in the Japanese society and the global feminization of migration challenge Japanese social consistency.
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Elias, Allison L. "“Outside the Pyramid”: Clerical Work, Corporate Affirmative Action, and Working Women’s Barriers to Upward Mobility". Journal of Policy History 30, nr 2 (8.03.2018): 301–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030618000106.
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Abstract:Although women have made tremendous gains at work, a striking degree of sex segregation still exists. For a generation of women who were working in low-paying, administrative support positions during the promising era of Title VII, affirmative action did not offer upward mobility. In the 1970s, as employers and regulators began implementing affirmative action amid the gendered structure of internal labor markets, women who were already in clerical roles remained outside the managerial pipeline. Women in 9to5, the National Association of Working Women, sought to bridge the gap between female-dominated clerical and male-dominated managerial ladders using collective action. Yet business and government did not enforce affirmative action such that the clustering of women in low-paid clerical positions constituted discrimination on the basis of sex. Work experience on the clerical ladder remains inadequate training for positions on the managerial ladder.
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van Beek, Paul, Nelly Kalfs i Ursula Blom. "Gender Differences in Activities and Mobility in the Netherlands, 1975 to 1990". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1607, nr 1 (styczeń 1997): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1607-18.
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As in many other countries, a growing number of women in the Netherlands are entering the labor market. The difference between male and female participation in paid work is decreasing, and more men are taking care of domestic duties. It is expected that these changes will lead to growing numbers of task combiners and to more similar patterns of travel behavior for men and women. The intention of the present research is to investigate these expectations for the situation in the Netherlands. For this goal two groups of time budget data for the period from 1975 to 1990 were analyzed. The focus was on gender differences in trends in time use and mobility. The results indicate that between 1975 and 1990, the distribution of paid work and domestic work by men and women changed, more men and women were performing combinations of obligatory tasks, gender differences in mobility became smaller, and car use, both for men and for women, depended heavily on the workload of an out-of-home paid job.
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Taub, Liat. "The Struggle of Women Workers in the Paving and Construction Industries, 1920-1940: Belonging, Differentiation, and Power-Building". Iyunim Multidisciplinary Studies in Israeli and Modern Jewish Society 41 (10.12.2024): 36–61. https://doi.org/10.51854/bguy-41a172.
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In the 1920s and 1930s, women in the urban Yishuv fought for their inclusion in the paving and construction industries. This was one of the most prominent struggles of women, which pitted them against market forces, conservative attitudes, and the efforts to preserve male dominance that had pushed women to the margins. Their goal was to integrate within the centers of economic activity and social mobility. The successes and failures of this struggle, presented here for the first time, are a significant part of the history of the gender struggle narrative, the paving and construction industries in Israel, and urban labor during the Mandate period. An examination of the five main strategies in the struggle reveals two primary axes. The first operated according to the logic dictated by capitalist market principles, including several classic strategies used by minorities in the labor market. These were based on leveraging the advantages of social and economic inferiority, and efforts focused primarily on integration into the workforce and its governing institutions. The second operated according to the political logic of power-building and was based on an analysis of power structures within the Zionist labor movement, and the replication of separatist methods of operation. The women's labor movement as a whole and each individual female worker on her own navigated their way through the limited space between belonging to the general labor force and gender-based differentiation. In this article, I will show that the processes of integration into the labor movement actually solidified women's marginal status in the labor market, while differentiation processes strengthened their political standing and improved their conditions within it.
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Olsen, Glenn W. "One Heart and One Soul (Acts 4.32 and 34) in Dhuoda's “Manual”". Church History 61, nr 1 (marzec 1992): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3168000.
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For the contemporary historian, whether male, gray-haired and ensconced in the ivory tower of an old-fashioned political or intellectual history, or female, young, and happily dismantling the tower by the seige-machine of social history, Carolingian society is a source of continuing wonderment. For those with a love of order and of the enjoyment of the fruits of their labor, Carolingian society especially in the years just preceding and following Louis the Pious's death in 840, mirrors all the anxieties of a committed band of representatives of high culture surrounded by the rising seas of low culture. For those riding the crests of the sea, Carolingian society speaks of the possibilities open in a society of little structure and much mobility to those of imagination, not tied to the past.
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Apgar, Lauren, i Patricia A. McManus. "Cultural Persistence and Labor Force Participation among Partnered Second-Generation Women in the United States". Social Forces 98, nr 1 (11.10.2018): 211–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy104.
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AbstractWomen who migrate to the United States often face structural and cultural obstacles when joining the workforce. The US-born daughters of these women show considerable upward mobility, yet recent scholarship finds substantial variation in the employment of second-generation women by parental country of origin. This study assesses whether gender traditionalism in the parental country of origin has a persistent effect on the labor force participation of partnered second-generation women in the United States. An analysis of 1995–2015 Current Population Survey data supplemented with parental origin country characteristics finds that gender-traditional behaviors, religions, institutions, and attitudes are each associated with a lower likelihood of female labor force participation (FLFP). We propose that the successful intergenerational transmission of conservative cultural repertoires from the first to the second-generation accounts for these relationships. Conservative religious context is the best overall predictor of lowered second-generation FLFP. However, patriarchal attitudes and institutions in the parental birthplace best account for the participation of women with parental origins in Latin America and the Caribbean, while the effect of religious context is strongest among women with parental origins in Asia and Europe.
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Fusari, Valentina. "Accounting for Textile Industry and Labor Dynamics in Eritrea (1956–1975): Adding Gender to the Equation". Northeast African Studies 22, nr 1 (1.04.2022): 91–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/nortafristud.22.1.0091.
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Abstract In Eritrea, the history of the textile sector has its roots in the local tradition of spinning and weaving, which assigned roles based on gender and ethnicity. The textile supply chain, instead, was anchored in colonial times, when local market and export-oriented factories emerged, hiring women because of the shortage of male workers and because they could be paid less. From then on it provided women with salaried jobs, upskilling their opportunities and raising their awareness. This article is a factory-based case study that intertwines archival, oral, and visual sources. Its aim is to assess how and why, from the mid-1950s to the mid-1970s, the inclusion of women as salaried workers in the S.A. Cotonificio Barattolo & Co. (Asmӓra), one of the main textile factories in East Africa, made it a gender-oriented factoryscape that affected the role of women well beyond the labor arena. It examines the recruitment and training processes, the socialization of women as salaried employees, their spatial and social mobility, their reconciliation between productive and reproductive roles, and both their overt and underground resistances. Barattolo is a valuable case study for highlighting gendered labor dynamics from a female perspective.
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Gómez Rodríguez, Dustin Tahisin, Ehyder Mario Barbosa Pérez i Carlos David Martínez Ramírez. "Colombia's metropolitan areas: engines of economic development and crucial sources of employment opportunities". Revista Multidisciplinaria Voces de América y el Caribe 2, nr 1 (10.03.2025): 352–69. https://doi.org/10.69821/remuvac.v2i1.174.
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The general objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of education returns in the metropolitan areas of Colombia. The aim is to understand the relationship between investment in academic training and the outcomes in terms of income, labor mobility, and professional development of individuals. Additionally, the study seeks to assess the impact of these factors on the competitiveness, innovation, and sustainable development of these urban areas. The methodology employed adopts a quantitative approach. A micro econometric model was implemented using Mincerian equations, utilizing data from the Integrated Household Survey (GEIH) provided by DANE for the period between 2018 and 2022. This analysis focuses on the metropolitan areas of Colombia, with Bogotá as the reference point. As the main conclusion, the data reveal the presence of a gender gap in the metropolitan areas. It is noteworthy that the highest education returns are primarily observed in Bogotá, followed by Medellín and Manizales in the second and third positions, respectively, for both the female and male subsamples. This finding contributes to a deeper understanding of the educational and labor dynamics in these urban areas.
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Asmare, Birtukan Atinkut, Bernhard Freyer i Jim Bingen. "Pesticide Use Practices among Female Headed Households in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia". Sustainability 14, nr 22 (16.11.2022): 15215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215215.
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Drawing on social practice theory (SPT), we extend our understanding of the existing pesticide use practices among female-headed households (FHHs) in the Amhara region of Ethiopia. We used mixed research methods combining household surveys, focus group discussions (FGDs), key informant interviews, and field observations complemented by photography. A binary logistic regression model was used to investigate the factors that influence the adoption of personal protective equipment (PPE) among FHHs. This finding suggests that pesticide use is an activity consisting of purchasing and using practices with several interacting elements such as materials, competences, and meanings. The main meaning or material element for pesticide purchasing are the perceptions of efficacy on pests, diseases, and weeds (65%), cost and availability in smaller quantities (60.7%), and a woman’s available time and mobility (58.9%). Pesticide hazards to human health or the environment seem not to be relevant for most FHHs. Pesticide use practices among FHHs are done in violation of safety recommendations, motivated by not only material elements (labor, income, time, and the provisioning system), but are notably shaped by competences (skills and knowledge), and meanings (norms, values, rules, and shared ideas). As the regression results show, age and retailers information (p < 0.05) are the significant factors that influence PPE adoption among FHHs. We suggest a change of the practices and processes that sustain women’s lives, a foundational shift of the socioeconomic and cultural environment, and promoting new meanings and competences through advisory services or training.
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Hurley, Amy E., Stefan Wally, Sharon L. Segrest, Terri Scandura i Jeffrey A. Sonnenfeld. "An examination of the effects of early and late entry on career attainment". Personnel Review 32, nr 2 (1.04.2003): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00483480310460180.
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Literature on tournament mobility in internal labor markets (ILMs) is reviewed revealing a paucity of studies examining the promotion patterns of late entrants into internal promotion systems. An investigation of 502 managers in a large corporation indicated that late entry into the ILM organization was significantly and positively related to career attainment, supporting the “clean slate effect”. In addition, experience in the corporate office was positively related to managerial career attainment, while being female was negatively related to career attainment. In contrast to the tournament model theory, the number of years to reach middle management was positively related to career success. While no effect for race was found, this may be due to the relatively low representation of minorities in the firm studied. Moderating effects of late entry on gender, race or corporate experience were also not found.
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Dutta Gupta, Sangita, Ajitava Raychaudhuri i Sushil Kr Haldar. "Information technology sector in India and gender inclusivity". Gender in Management: An International Journal 30, nr 2 (13.04.2015): 94–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-04-2013-0046.
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Purpose – This paper aims to address the issue of gender inclusivity in the information technology (IT) sector of India. The main objective of the paper is to find out the factors influencing female participation in the IT industry. It proposes some policy initiatives to support involvement of women in adequate proportion in the workforce. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses a unique set of data from 63 IT companies from three big cities of Delhi-National Capital Region (NCR), Bengaluru and Kolkata. An ordered logit model is applied to find out the determinants of female absorption in the IT industry. ANOVA is used to study the variations between and within the IT industry of female labor force participation. Findings – Result reveals that the percentage and mobility of female employees in an organization does not depend on the turnover or the total number of skilled employees in the organization. It depends on the location. Research limitations/implications – The main limitation of the paper is that many IT companies do not want to reveal data about the percentage of female employees. If more companies could have been included, more accurate results could have been found. Practical implications – The study discusses the aspect of gender inclusivity in the IT sector as well as the impact of higher skill on gender. The paper proposes some policy initiatives which can increase the number of female employees in the IT sector. Originality/value – The study fulfills the need to know about the gender inclusivity aspect of the IT sector in India.