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Yahaya, I., Y. Ndatsu, A. Yunusa, A. I. Musa, A. Uthman, M. Amina, M. Khadijah, H. Abdulkarim i I. Obewa. "Proximate, Electrolyte and Biochemical Profile of Rabbits Fed with Tridax procumbens Residue Meal in Replacement of Vitamins and Minerals in Lapai Niger state Nigeria". Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 27, nr 2 (28.02.2023): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v27i2.24.
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Proximate, electrolyte and biochemical profile of rabbits fed with Tridax residue meal replacing Vitamin and Mineral were evaluated in Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria using standard techniques. The dietary treatments evaluated were 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 0% inclusion level of Tridax. The results obtained did not follow any pattern except Urea, Globulin and Creatinine which had significant (P<0.05) decrease in the serum biochemical profile. The highest value for crude fat was seen in feed3 with value of 11.33±0.30 and the lowest was recorded in the control feed with value of 10.38±0.21. There was no significant difference in crude protein between feeds 1 and 2 with values of 58.13±0.15 and 56.13±0. 15 but feeds feeds3, 4 and the control feed showed significant difference at (P<0.05) The result of Chloride shows no significant differences (P<0.05) in feeds1, 2 and 3, with values of 7.26±0.96, 7.25 ±3.74 and 7.55±4.81 also feeds4 and the control feed shows no significant difference with values of 6.55±2.67 and 6.46 ± 0.96 but there is significant difference between feeds1, 2, 3 and feeds4 and control feed. The prepared feed supplemented with 20 and 40% Tridax is promising compared to others, hence could be used as a supplement in the feed of rabbit which can be consumed in place of red meat. Also the low cholesterol level in the feeds makes it idle for people with cardiovascular related problem. Thus, the cost of production of feed can be reduced using Tridax plant as a substitute for Vitamin and mineral premix. It is recommended that further studies on the optimum level of inclusion of Tridax plant to be established.
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Kyriazakis, I., i G. C. Emmans. "The voluntary feed intake of pigs given feeds based on wheat bran, dried citrus pulp and grass meal, in relation to measurements of feed bulk". British Journal of Nutrition 73, nr 2 (luty 1995): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19950023.
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Two experiments were carried out to investigate the capacities of pigs for bulky feeds. In Expt 1 fifteen pigs were offered, from 12 to 25 kg live weight, ad lib. access to one of five feeds which were made by progressively diluting a high-quality feed with wheat bran. Intake initially increased, and then declined, as the proportion of wheat bran was increased. The pigs became better able to accommodate to the more bulky feeds over time. In Expt 2 thirty-six pigs, initially of 12 kg live weight, were used. The feeds were the same high-quality basal feed as in Expt 1 and three others made almost entirely of either wheat bran, dried grass or dried citrus pulp, respectively. The equal-parts mixtures of each of these three bulky feeds with the basal feed were also made to give three series of feeds each comprising the basal, the mixture and the bulky feed. The three feeds in each series were given ad lib. to twelve pigs in a design of two replicated Latin squares with three time-periods. Within each series, and across periods, the intakes of the feeds that were limiting intake were directly proportional to live weight and so a scaled intake, expressed as g/kg live weight per d, was calculated. Across the six limiting feeds, scaled intakes in the final 5 d of each period, when the pigs were in equilibrium with their feeds, were directly proportional to the reciprocal of the water-holding capacities (WHC) of the feeds, as measured by a centrifugation method. There were large effects of feed changes on intake, in the short term, with previous experience of a bulky feed leading to higher intakes of another bulky feed. The intake of the basal feed was not affected by the feed given previously. It was concluded that: (a) the time of adaptation to bulky feeds needs to be considered when attempting to measure, or predict, the rates of intake on different bulky feeds and, (b) the WHC of the feeds could be an appropriate measurement of‘bulk’responsible for limiting their intake, and could be used to predict the maximum feed intake capacity of pigs on different bulky feeds.
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Afolayan, M., I. I. Dafwang i J. J. Omage. "Performance of Broilers fed On-Farm versus Commercial Feeds". Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 36, nr 1 (1.01.2021): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v36i1.1040.
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This study was conducted in the Animal Science Departmental farm to compare the growth performance of broiler chickens reared on three on-form feeds and three commercial feeds. Broilers were fed the six types of feed during the starter phase between 0-5 weeks of age and during the finisher phase between 5-9weeks. Results showed that although one of the commercial feeds outperformed all other feeds in terms of weight gain and feed efficiency; the overall growth performance on on-farm feeds were comparable to those on commercial feeds even where one of the on-farm feeds contained sub-optimal levels of energy Ilowever, feed cost / kg weight gain was significantly lower for on-farm feeds. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between the on furm diets (T1-T3) and the commercial diets (T4 -T6) in term of feed cost per kg gain. The on farm feeds were relatively cheaper than the commercial feeds. It is concluded from this study that the widespread use of on-farm feeds hy poultry farmers can be justified on the basis of cost effectiveness and profitability considerutions. However the risks associated with this practice should be a matter of concern to all poultry farmers, research and extension personnel. It is therefore recommended that feed quality regulatory agencies should as a matter of urgency find ways by which some nieasure of quality control can be applied to on-farm feeds.
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Jackson, Dorothy A., Stella M. Imong, A. Silprasert, S. Ruckphaopunt, M. W. Woolridge, J. D. Baum i K. Amatayakul. "Circadian variation in fat concentration of breast-milk in a rural northern Thai population". British Journal of Nutrition 59, nr 3 (maj 1988): 349–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19880044.
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1. Twenty-five northern Thai mothers, breast-feeding their infants on demand, were studied in their homes for 24 h. All breast-feeds were test-weighed and pre- and post-feed expressed breast-milk samples (0·5 ml) taken at each feed.2. The fat concentration of milk taken during a feed showed significant circadian variation, with maximum values between 16.00 and 20.00 hours and minimum values between 04.00 and 08.00 hours. Fat concentration at the start and at the end of a feed also varied significantly over 24 h.3. Multiple regression analysis showed that the most important predictor of fat concentration at a feed was the length of time elapsed since the previous feed – the longer this interval, the lower the subsequent fat concentration. Other significant predictors were the fat concentration at the end of the previous feed, and the milk intake at the previous and at the current feed.4. Fat concentration declined between feeds in proportion to the length of time between feeds, but the decline was less between sleep feeds than between waking feeds. This would appear to be a reflection of the lower post-feed fat concentration and higher pre-feed fat concentration of sleep feeds compared with waking feeds, when other variables relating to feeding pattern are taken into account.5. The larger the milk intake at a feed, the greater was the increase in fat concentration from the start to the end of the feed. The change in fat concentration was less in feeds taking place during the sleep period than in daytime feeds.
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Schingoethe, David J. "Byproduct Feeds: Feed Analysis and Interpretation". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 7, nr 2 (lipiec 1991): 577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30787-8.
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Raheem, Asiya Abdul, Barakatun Nisak Mohd Yusof, Lee Zheng Yii, Ali Abdulla Latheef i Noor Airini Ibrahim. "Do South Asian Nutrition Guidelines for Critically Ill Recommend Commercial Feeds or Blended Tube Feeds? – A Narrative Review". Bangladesh Critical Care Journal 8, nr 1 (20.06.2020): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bccj.v8i1.47709.
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In the previous years, blended tube feeds have been replaced by commercialized feeds; however, literature suggests that blended tube feeds are still being used to feed critically ill patients. Aim of this narrative review is to review the South Asian Critical Care Nutrition Guidelines type of feed recommendations. From the eight South Asian Countries, Critical Care Nutrition Guidelines are available only from Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka. Review of these guidelines indicate discrepancies with types of feed when compared to international guidelines such as nutrition guidelines from American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Indian and Sri Lankan Guidelines give way to administer Blended Tube Feeds in critically ill patients. There is no available literature to back their recommendation regarding use of blended tube feeds in critically ill patients. Reasons and evidence for recommendations of blended tube feeds need to be explored, while determining whether theses feeds are valid replacement for commercial enteral feeds.
Bangladesh Crit Care J March 2020; 8(1): 48-52
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N.W. Agbo, T.N.N. Nortey, F. A. Anani, F. K. E. Nunoo, M. Steiner-Asiedu,. "Production and use of farm-made fish feeds by small-scale pond fish farmers in Ghana". Journal of Energy and Natural Resource Management 4, nr 1 (31.03.2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26796/jenrm.v4i1.68.
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The increasing costs of commercial fish feeds have made it imperative for most small-scale pond fish farmers in Ghana to resort to the use of alternative feed types to feed cultured fish. Some fish farmers rotate commercial feeds with farm-made types. This study was carried out to investigate the production and use of farm-made fish feeds by small-scale pond fish farmers in five major pond fish farming Regions (Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Volta and Western) in Ghana. Of the 147 farmers interviewed in all the five regions, 86 farmers used farm-made feeds of which 37 depended solely on farm-made feeds whilst 49 used both commercial and farm-made feeds. Farm-made feeds were produced using locally available ingredients and the most used oneswere groundnut bran (92%), fish meal (90%), wheat bran (74%) and maize (60%). The farmers did not follow appropriate and standardized feed formulation protocol during farm-made fish feed production. Hence, farm-made fish feeds produced by all farmers interviewed were found not to be nutritionally balanced. There is the need for small-scale pond fish farmers in Ghana to be trained in formulation and production of nutritionally balanced and cost-effective fish feeds so as to increase fish production through aquaculture in the country.
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Chang'a, Edwin Peter, Emmanuel Uchenna Ahiwe, Medani Eldow Abdallh, Mohamed Al-Qahtani, Said Mbaga i Paul Ade Iji. "Assessment of the supply and quality of broiler chicken diets from selected feed mills in Tanzania". Applied Veterinary Research 3, nr 1 (30.04.2024): 2024005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31893/avr.2024005.
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A study was conducted to evaluate the supply and nutrient composition of broiler feeds from selected feed millers in the Morogoro, Pwani, and Dar es Salaam regions of Tanzania. Nineteen feed mills were assessed, and a representative from each region was interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Feed samples from each feed mill representing starter, grower, and finisher diets were collected for proximate analysis. The study showed that the average broiler feed production (tonnes/year) per feed mill was approximately 12,000 for Morogoro, 15,400 for Pwani, and 35,000 for Dar es Salaam. Feed production was mainly constrained by inadequate supply and low quality of ingredients, high costs of production equipment, restricted market access, and limited capital investment. The major feed ingredients listed were maize, maize bran, cottonseed cake, sunflower seed meal, soybean meal, and fish meal, while the micro ingredients included blood meal, salt, limestone, dicalcium phosphate, and premixes. Ingredients were mostly sourced from contract suppliers and local markets. The majority of feeds were processed in mash form, while a few were pelleted. There was considerable variation in the nutrient composition of the feeds of different producers. In most of the feeds examined, crude protein (CP), metabolizable energy (ME), and amino acids were below the recommended levels for broiler chickens; fat, Mg, and Na were at the recommended levels; and P, Ca, Mn, Fe, and Zn exceeded the recommended levels. Starter feeds were more costly than grower and finisher feeds, and pelleted feeds were more costly than mash feeds. The feed ingredient prices were high between October and March and lower during the June to July crop harvesting season. In general, commercially processed feeds from different companies showed large variations in nutrient composition; the majority had values below the recommended standards for broiler chickens, while some exceeded and few attained these standards.
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Ogbu, Cosmas Chikezie, Chuka Ezema i John O. Okoye. "Prevalence of Escherichia coli in retail poultry feeds in Southeastern Nigeria". Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine 8, nr 2 (30.04.2023): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/jasvm2023.363.
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Poultry feed manufacturing and distribution are confronted with feed microbial quality challenges arising from disease outbreaks traceable to contaminated feeds. Lack of feed biosecurity measures at sales depots, exposure of feeds for retailing, and unhygienic handling compromise the microbial quality of feeds. Feed could hence become a source of pathogenic microbes to poultry and humans. This study evaluated the prevalence of Escherichia coli in retail poultry feeds in three States of Southeastern Nigeria using a purposive sampling method. A total of 389 feed samples were collected from four feed types (broiler finisher, broiler starter, chick grower, and layer ration) belonging to 11 feed brands (coded A to K) from retail outlets in Umuahia (Abia State), Abakaliki (Ebonyi State) and Enugu (Enugu State) for the study. Escherichia coli was isolated from some of the feed samples following standard laboratory procedures. Samples from Abia were the most bacterial and E. coli positive (87.7 and 74.6%, respectively) while feed brands G and F (100%, respectively) followed by J and A (80.7 and 72.7%, respectively) were the most contaminated. No bacterial contaminant was detected in brand D while layer ration was the most contaminated feed type (76.8%). The source of samples was significantly related to the frequency of bacterial contamination (χ2: 68.473, p < 0.000 for State; and χ2: 92.765, p < 0.000 for feed brand). Feed brand and feed type did not affect E. coli colony count but colony counts were higher than the permissible level for coliforms in feeds, and values reported for feeds in intact bags. In conclusion, exposing feeds for retailing compromises feed microbial quality. Graded bagging of retail quantities would help to preserve the microbial quality of poultry feeds from factory to farm.
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Fleming, Monte. "A 3-D-printed precision sediment feed". Journal of Sedimentary Research 93, nr 8 (31.08.2023): 541–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2021.069.
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Abstract Reproducible and regulated sediment feed rates are necessary for many flume experiments. A sediment feed mechanism capable of precisely providing a wide range of feed rates was developed for this purpose. It was constructed using wood, aluminum, and 3-D-printed components. It is powered by a stepper motor and controlled by an Arduino, and is easily programmable. Commercially available sediment feeds use augers or vibrating trays to move sediment; in contrast, this feed employs the novel design of a slotted wheel. While some commercially available sediment feeds can handle a wider variety of grain sizes, the error of their output (vol/t) tends to be slightly higher than the error of this feed's output, and this feed can deliver sediment over a much wider range of delivery rates. The most notable advantage of this sediment feed is that the cost of materials is only about $300 U.S.
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Omasaki, Simion, Mary Mutuli Mutili i Lydia Kitonga. "Proximate Composition of Some Fish Feed Samples for Small-scale Aquaculture Farmers in Bobasi Sub-County, Kisii County, Kenya". Asian Journal of Biology 20, nr 6 (14.05.2024): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajob/2024/v20i6414.
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A study was carried out to assess the nutritional value of fish feed used by small-scale aquaculture farmers in Bobasi Sub-County, Kisii County, Kenya between January and December 2019. Nine samples of fish feeds were collected randomly from different fish farmers and commercial feed dealers from the study area. These feeds were grouped into two categories: starter feeds and grower feeds. Farmers provided four locally formulated feeds: two starter feeds (C and D) and two grower feeds (H and I) while commercial dealers provided five feeds: two starter feeds (A and B) and three growers feeds (E, F, and G). Proximate analysis of these feeds were then carried out at the Kenya Marine Fisheries and Research Institute, Sangoro station, Kenya to assess their nutritional value. The results indicated that the crude protein (CP) content was in the range of 14.7 - 57.2%, ash 6.6 - 14.1%, lipid 2 - 11.2 %, fibre 0 - 10.3%, moisture 8.7 - 13.5% and nitrogen-free extract content 7.5 - 57.3% in commercial and farmer formulated feeds respectively. The results demonstrated that most commercial feeds had more protein content for fish growth compared to farmers’ locally formulated feeds. They also showed that feeds that had lesser CP levels had more nitrogen-free extract content which would result in reduced growth rates and consequently affect the fish yields.
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Azim, Asad, Ansab A. Haider, Peter Rhee, Ket Verma, Elizabeth Windell, Tahereh Orouji Jokar, Narong Kulvatunyou, Mary Meer, Rifat Latifi i Bellal Joseph. "Early feeds not force feeds". Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 81, nr 3 (wrzesień 2016): 520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ta.0000000000001089.
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Ezekiel, M. O., M. M. Salaudeen, O. M. Esan, I. A. Uzoalu i C. L. Igwe. "Fatty acid composition of fish feeds vended in Lagos state, Nigeria". Journal of Aquatic Sciences 36, nr 2 (13.06.2022): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jas.v36i2.14.
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Fatty acid compositions of the lipids extracted from various fish feeds (Eco-float, Blue-crown, Uncle - frances, Triton, Stretting, Crown, Jik, Shaldac, Solace, Coppens, Vital, Local sinking, Local feed, Aqualis and Local floating) vended in Lagos State were determined. These feeds were designated as Feeds A to O respectively. Feed samples were procured from major fish feed markets and fish farms within Lagos metropolis and transported to the laboratory for analysis. Methylation was carried out after oil extraction to convert the fats to their methyl esters and the fatty acids methyl esters (FAME) were separated by gas chromatography. Fatty acids were analysed using a HP Agilent 5890 system gas chromatograph equipped with SP-2330 and a flame ionization detector (FID). Results revealed that the highest values for polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), saturated fatty acid (SFA) and ∑n-3 unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) were 58.26% in feed F, 38.7% in feed M and 3.59% in feed N respectively while the lowest values for PUFA (19.76%) and SFA (15.53%) were recorded in feeds M and J respectively. The results also showed that, though feed samples were high in monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (55- 22%) and PUFA (58-19%), they were low in n-3 HUFA {eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA, 22:6n-3)} with the values of 0.3-3%. The shortfall in EPA and DHA of these feeds may imply that fish fed these feeds may be nutritionally deficient in these fatty acid compositions. Thus, further manipulation may be needed to improve the value of these feeds in terms of EPA and DHA.
Keywords: Fish feeds, n-3 HUFA, n-6 HUFA, Nutritional quality, aquaculture
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Baran, Murat Sedat, Selçuk Altaçli, Oktay Kaplan i Suphi Deniz. "The Determination of Nutrient Value, Digestibility and Energy Levels of Compound Feeds Used for Ruminant Nutrition by in Vitro Methods". Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, nr 7 (23.07.2017): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i7.832-835.1226.
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There are small number of tables that show digestibility and energy contents of compound feeds produced by feed factory in different regions of Turkey. Thus, in this paper, four different compound feed types (dairy cattle, beef cattle, calf and lamb growing feeds), totalling 78 compound feeds were analysed to determine their feeding value, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) digestibility and energy content (digestible energy (DE), metabolisable energy (ME) and net energy for lactation (NEL). As a result of this study, the crude fiber (CF) levels were higher than standard values in calf and lamb compound feeds and beef cattle compound feeds; however, in the dairy cattle and calf and lamb compound feeds, the crude protein (CP) values were lower than standard values. These findings are considered highly important for the region’s animal feeding. According to our results, the compound feeds for dairy cattle and lamb being used for ruminant nutrition in Diyarbakir Province of Turkey were found to have low nutrient qualities; however, in the calf feed both the metabolisable energy level and nutrient quantities were low.
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Readnour, Robin S., Susan L. Helton-Groce i Sharon S. Dixon. "Determination of Tilmicosin in Swine Feeds by Liquid Chromatography". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 80, nr 6 (1.11.1997): 1161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/80.6.1161.
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Abstract This method determines tilmicosin in feeds over a concentration range of 100 to 600 mg/kg. Tilmicosin is extracted from swine feeds by adding 200 mL of a swine feed extractant (20 + 80, acetonitrile–Millipore water, pH 2.5, with 25 mM dibutylammonium phosphate) to 20 g feed and placing on a shaker table for 1 h. This extractant is filtered and analyzed by liquid chromatography (LC). A gradient LC method is used to separate ilmicosin from the feed matrix in 30 min of run time. The recovery of tilmicosin from fortified feeds ranged from 96.7 to 112%, with the coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 1.4 to 3.9%. The determination of tilmicosin in medicated feeds resulted in an average recovery of 92.7% of labeled claim for pelleted feeds at 200 mg/kg and 99.1% of labeled claim for mash feeds at 400 mg/kg. Determination of tilmicosin in medicated feeds resulted in CVs ranging from 2.6 to 3.8%. The method has shown no interference with 18 other drugs.
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Smolders, E. A. A., A. Steg i V. A. Hindle. "Organic matter digestibility in horses and its prediction." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 38, nr 3B (1.09.1990): 435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v38i3b.16569.
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Organic matter (OM) digestibility of 53 feeds was estimated in horses, sheep and in vitro using rumen fluid. Feeds tested were: roughages (grass hay, fresh grass, wilted grass silage, forage maize and artificially dried roughage), compound feeds and compound feed ingredients including cereals. Technical merits of the chosen procedure for digestibility trials with horses are discussed. Horse digestibility data for forages were consistently lower than sheep data, with a variable fibre level effect. For compound feeds and compound feed ingredients horse digestibility was about comparable to sheep digestibility allowing for considerable differences between feeds. In vitro digestibility gave a reliable estimation of OM digestibility in horses for the different group of feeds. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Onyegeme-Okerenta, B. M., B. C. Amadi i M. O. Wegwu. "Use of Livestock and Plant Agro-Waste in the Production of Organic Feed and Its Effect on the Physiology of Albino Wistar Rats". Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 25, nr 3 (26.04.2021): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i3.1.
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The need to consider agricultural wastes as resources for organic feed formulation has been of interest to researchers. This study was aimed at investigating the use of some livestock and plant agro-wastes in the production of organic feed and its effect on the physiology of albino Wistar rats. A total of 30 weaning rats were separated into six (6) different groups with 5 rats per group. Groups 1, 2, and 3 were fed with known commercial feed -Vital, Top and Hybrid feeds respectively, Group 4 was fed with corn only, while Groups 5 and 6 were fed with indigenous formulated feed FF1 and FF2 respectively - derived from some local livestock and agro-waste. Phytochemical constituents and proximate composition of the various feeds were carried out. The animals were fed for 7 weeks during which anthropometric measurement and data were collected. Blood samples were collected via venipuncture after seven weeks for biochemical and haematology analysis. The result of the proximate analysis of the formulated feeds showed protein values of 30.00±3.00 (FF1) and 22.00±1.00 (FF2) as against 18%, 21% and 22% for Vital, Top and Hybrid feeds respectively. The haematology indices showed that the various feeds improved erythropoietic functions. Similarly, the Biochemical functions of the commercial feeds and Formulated diets can support growth and maintain homeostasis. Conclusively, this study has demonstrated an added advantage in the use of agro-wastes and their biotransformation into a cost-effective replacement for commercial feeds.
Keywords: Commercial feeds, Formulated feeds, Wistar rats, Corn
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Mahfudz, Luthfi D. "Ampas Tahu Fermentasi Sebagai Bahan Pakan Ayam Pedaging". Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 21, nr 1 (21.04.2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/carakatani.v21i1.20578.
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Research about the use of tofu by product as feeds in broiler have been done used 60 broiler, Arbor Acres strain 1 week age which 120,08 ± 15,58 g of body weight. Tofu by product as one of component in feeds, fermented by yeast contain <em>Rhyzopus Oligosporus </em>and <em>R. Oryzae.</em> Feeds compiled with isoprotein and iso energy. In first period, protein content in feeds are 22% and 2.900 kkal/kg of metabolic energy, while in last period protein content are 20% and 3.000 kkal/kg of metabolic energy. Treatment in this research defined as the level of fermented tofu by product in feeds. The treatment are T0, T1, T2 and T3 that containing 0%, 10%, 15% and 20% of fermented tofu by product. Parameter observed are feeds consumption, daily gain, feed coversion ratio, final weight and carcas percentage. Result from this research showed that feed consumption, daily gain, final weight and carcas percentage are increase significantly in line with the increasing of fermented tofu by product level, but carcas percentage was not significant. Meanwhile feed convertion significantly better in feeds contain fermented tofu by product. Conclusion taken from this research are fermented tofu by product increasing feeds quality and promoting growth of broiler.
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Danbappa, Aisha Ali Rabiu, Kamalu Abdullahi Alhassan i M. Manjur Shah. "Isolation and identification of microbial contaminants associated with commercial poultry feeds". Journal of Applied and Advanced Research 3, nr 5 (4.10.2018): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2018.v3i5.231.
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Poultry feeds are food materials used in raising poultry birds. Poultry is the second most widely eaten meat in the world, accounting for about 38% of the world meat. The diseases of poultry is like the disease of other animals. They may be caused by pathogenic organisms, nutritional deficiency and from wound. This study was designed and carried out to determine the load and species of fungi and bacteria contaminating poultry feeds. A total of 6 samples were collected from different feed types and source of feeds inside poultry farm and markets feeds. The isolates were identified according to their cultural, microscopic and biochemical properties to the following gram negative bacteria include Escherichia coli and Proteus spp and gram positive bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp. The fungi includes Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp, Fusarium spp, Rhizopus spp, Mucor spp, and Cladosporium spp. It is concluded that poultry feeds, especially those inside farms are harbouring potential pathogenic bacteria and fungi loads that are far above the acceptable levels, thus constituting a public health hazard and necessitate the application of the standard measures for production of feeds by manufacturers and health authorities. Therefore, the study recommends that hygienic production of poultry feed is a public health issue, proper treatment of feed ingredients and application of hygienic measures such as HACCP, starting from harvesting of feed ingredients to the storage, processing of feeds, packaging, transporting and eventual marketing of the bagged feeds is need of the hour.
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Thiex, Nancy. "Feeds". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 82, nr 2 (1.03.1999): 451–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.2.451.
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Padmore, Joel M. "Feeds". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 73, nr 1 (1.01.1990): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/73.1.141.
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Padmore, Joel M. "Feeds". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, nr 1 (1.01.1991): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.1.165.
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Windham, W. Robert. "Feeds". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 80, nr 1 (1.01.1997): 185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/80.1.185.
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Thiex, Nancy J. "Feeds". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 81, nr 1 (1.01.1998): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/81.1.207.
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Jones, Clyde E. "Feeds". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 69, nr 2 (1.03.1986): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/69.2.279a.
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Jones, Clyde. "Feeds". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 70, nr 2 (1.03.1987): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/70.2.311.
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Padmore, Joel M. "Feeds". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 71, nr 1 (1.01.1988): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/71.1.107.
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Padmore, Joel M. "Feeds". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 72, nr 1 (1.01.1989): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/72.1.107.
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Bollido, ME. "Growth performance, piglets size and profitability of native pigs fed with kitchen leftover, Madre de aqua (Trichantera gigantea) and taro (Colocasia esculenta) in contrast with commercial feeds". African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 24, nr 04 (27.04.2024): 26024–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.129.24385.
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Hog raisers of today consider feeds to be the most expensive component in hog enterprise. Thus, the study of the Comparative Effects of low-cost indigenous Feeds and Commercial Feeds on the Growth and Profitability of Native Pigs. Effects of indigenous feeds and commercial feeds on the growth and profitability of native pigs. This study was carried out to determine the effect of indigenous feeds and commercial feeds on the growth and profitability of native pigs. A total of 12 heads of piglets were distributed into 4 treatments with 3 replications. Results revealed that feeding native pigs with different mixtures of indigenous and commercial feeds has a significant effect on the initial weight; however, based on the results, it was T4 (100% commercial feeds) that showed a numerically heavier initial weight among all treatments fed with a different mixture of indigenous feeds, while in terms of weight gain, results showed that T1 was given 50% taro and 50% leftovers compared quantitatively to T4 fed 100% commercial feeds. Comparable differences were observed from T1-T3, where an average of 2,253.08 kg of feed per head was consumed. In other words, pigs consumed the maximum amount of feed given with a minimal feed leftover up to an average of 1.43 kg. Results revealed that feeds consumed by native pigs were numerically higher in T1- taro (50%) kitchen leftover (50%) followed by T3, T2 (80% Taro & 20% Kitchen leftover), while T4 with commercial feeds consumed 1,258.80 kg. In T3, 80% taro and 20% kitchen leftover, gave an average number of 8 piglets, followed by T2 with 7 piglets, T1 with 6 piglets, and T4 with 5 piglets, while in average weight, T4 has 0.8400 kg, T2 with 0.8267 kg, T3 with 0.6700 kg and T1 with 0.5667 kg, respectively. T3 have the highest profit of 11,707.60 pesos with Return on Investment (ROI) of 95.24%, followed by T2 with profit of 7,351.60 pesos and 53.86% ROI, T1 with 5,710.60 pesos and 46.47% ROI, and T4 with -43,180.40 pesos and ROI of -25.78%. Key words: commercial feeds, indigenous feeds, kitchen Leftover, native pigs, piglet size, profitability, taro
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Mohammed, S. S. D., S. Al-hassan, J. R. Wartu i A. A. Abdul Rahman. "Occurrence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella species in Some Livestock (Poultry) Feeds in Mando, Kaduna, Nigeria". Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 15, nr 2 (1.06.2021): 1016–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.15.2.60.
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The study aimed at assessing the proximate composition, isolation, characterization of some Enterobacteriaceae from two (2) brands of poultry feeds marketed in Mando, Kaduna, Nigeria. A total of sixteen (16) samples of two (2) different poultry feeds (starter and finisher) from four (4) poultry farms in mando were collected and subjected to proximate and microbiological analysis. The proximate analysis was carried out using standard techniques and procedures. All the feed samples were cultured on separate media which include Eosin methylene blue (EMB), nutrient Agar (NA) and Salmonella-Shigella Agar (SSA) media using standard procedures. The antibiogram of the selected antibiotics was evaluated against the test isolates. The result of proximate analysis of the starter and finisher feeds indicated that the Dry matter of starter feed had the highest percentage composition of 95.02% and crude fiber of the finisher feed had the lowest composition of 3.78%. The highest number of bacterial load was recorded to be 10.0×104 CFU/g for the feed sample A (starter feed) and 12.0x104CFU/g was recorded for the feed sample B (finisher feed) which had the highest number of bacterial load recorded among the two (2) different poultry feeds analyzed. The bacteria isolates were identified as Salmonella species and Escherichia coli. Total viable count (TVC) of Salmonella species and E. coli in the feed samples (starter and finisher) ranges from 3.0×104CFU/g to 12.0×104CFU/g. Both organisms (Salmonella species, E. coli) were found as 37.5% and 25% of the analyzed feeds (Broiler starter and broiler finisher) samples, respectively. There was no level of significant (p>0.05) difference between the level of contamination of Salmonella species and E. coli in the two different feeds analyzed, as p=0.06 and p=0.13 for Salmonella species, and E. coli respectively. Sample A and B (Starter and Finisher) feeds had the highest number of Salmonella species occurrence with six ( 6) positive samples while E. coli was recorded in four (4) samples of A and B (Starter and Finisher) feeds. The result of the antibiogram indicated that ciprofloxacin (30 µg), Gentamycin (30µg), Perfloxacin (30µg) and Tarvid (30µg) was effective against Salmonella species and Escherichia coli. The significant of spread of the species of the Enterobacteriaceae in livestock feeds requires the need for effective quality assurance and control, good hygiene practices in production and proper handling of the poultry feeds.
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Rahman, MM, MS Islam, MZ Alam i M. Ashrafuzzaman. "An investigation into the microbial infestation of poultry feeds". Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 13, nr 1 (14.07.2016): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v13i1.28722.
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The Experiments were carried out during the period of July 2001 to December 2002. Infestation of poultry feeds by fungi and aflatoxins content in feeds were determined. Ten feed samples were collected from ten different farms located in three different areas of Bangladesh. Five different fungal species belonging four genera were detected which were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium spp, Rhizopus stolonifer and Penicillium spp. Among them Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger were found in all the feed samples and the rest were occasionally found. Effect of storage and moisture content of feeds were studied for determining the influence on occurrence of fungal flora in feeds. Higher the storing period of feed along with higher moisture content resulted superior incidences of fungal population in stored feeds. Studied on storage practice with 4 duration of F1 sample revealed that the presence of aflatoxins were 30.52ppb, 33.36ppb, 37.32ppb and 48.35ppb of 5, 10, 15 and 20 days after production of feeds, respectively.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 13(1): 79-86, June 2015
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Faria, André Gomes, Alexandre José de Oliveira, Géssica Corrêa, Édina de Fátima Aguiar, Luciana Rosa Alves Rufino, Nhayandra Christina Dias e. Silva i Nelma de Mello Silva Oliveira. "Quality profile of catfoods". Research, Society and Development 10, nr 1 (31.01.2021): e54710112239. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i1.12239.
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There is a series of feeds aimed at cats in the pet market, amongst which extruded feeds stand out, because their manufacturing process goes through thermal treatment. Such process is the main factor for the reduction of microbial contamination, as well as the action of the water in the feed. This is responsible for controlling degradation by bacteria and fungi after the manufacturing process. After opening the packages, there are several ways and factors that lead to contamination in feed. This study aimed at assessing cat feeds for their microbioligical and brotmathological content. For this, we analyzed different kinds of cat feed in the original package and traded in bulk, with different types of classification as to their quality. The assessments consisted in finding if the nutrients of the feeds were within the minimum levels required by the Manual Pet Food Brazil (2014). Analyses were performed to determine the presence of Salmonellae spp., Eschirichia coli, coliforms at 35ºC e 45ºC, Aspergillus spp e Penicillium spp; and also, for the existence of aflatoxin in the feeds. The microbiological results showed that the feeds traded unpackaged in the city of Alfenas Minas Gerais obtained results with higher levels of contamination in relation to those traded in their original packaging. This showed that the feeds exposed to the environment may compromise their microbiological quality and endanger the pets’ health. These results prove the need of greater restrictions to the trading of feeds in bulk, so that the degradation of the product is reduced, thus preserving the quality of the feed and the safety of the cats.
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Munguti, Jonathan, Hannington Odame, James Kirimi, Kevin Obiero, Erick Ogello i David Liti. "Fish feeds and feed management practices in the Kenyan aquaculture sector: Challenges and opportunities". Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 24, nr 1 (2.01.2021): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/aehm.024.01.12.
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Abstract Feeds and feed management practices are key to the development of the aquaculture sector. To achieve high levels of aquaculture production, fish farmers need nutritionally adequate and cost-effective feeds, which are coupled with good feed management practices. Access to high quality and cost-effective feeds is one of the prerequisites to successful fish farming. This paper reviews the current status of the Kenyan fish feed industry and feed management practices. The review includes constraints and opportunities in fish feeds from a farmer’s perspective. The review shows that the fish feed industry has been boosted by the development of fish feed standards, which has ensured access to high-quality fish feeds by all farmers. Feed management practices considerably impact on the economic performance in fish production. Thus, adopting appropriate feed management technologies and feeding strategies is instrumental in maximizing aquaculture productivity. Some of the major challenges faced by fish farmers in the feed sector including limited access to finance, lack of appropriate technical innovations, limited knowledge in feed formulation and processing and poor feed handling and storage are discussed. These challenges pose limitation in investment opportunities for a viable and sustainable fish feed processing and manufacturing to meet the rising demand occasioned by increased demand for fish food in Kenya. There is a huge potential to develop public-private partnerships with farmer groups to improve access to training and information dissemination on feeds availability and quality. Training fish farmers on feed formulation using locally available feed ingredients provide an opportunity to reduce feed costs, increase feeding efficiency and improve profitability. This paper reviews the current status of the Kenyan fish feed industry and feed management practices including constraints and opportunities from a farmer’s perspective.
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Bektursunova, M. J., S. T. Zhiyenbayeva, V. I. Sidorova i N. I. Yanvareva. "Development of production technology for extruded starter compound feedsfor juvenile fish". Journal of Almaty Technological University, nr 4 (23.12.2021): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.48184/2304-568x-2021-4-10-16.
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The article presents the results of developing recipes for domestic extruded starter compound feeds for zander, tilapia and Clary catfish. Technological modes of their production, as well as physical-chemical, mechanical and technological indicators of the developed compound feeds are established. The developed compound feeds are well-loose grains of dark and light brown colors, with sizes from 0,2 to 2,0 mm. Indicators of water resistance were at least 2,5 hours, crumbling no more than 1,5 %, swelling of granules 10-15 minutes, volume mass below 1000 kg/m3. The data obtained show that the developed feed meets the regulatory requirements for starting fish feeds. The introduction of the developed technology for the production of starter compound feeds at domestic enterprises of the feed industry will reduce the dependence of industrial fish farms on the import of compound feeds and thereby increase the profitability of the industry.
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Toppo, Narayon, Md Masud Rana, Md Mamunur Rahman i Md Sazzad Hossain. "Study on proximate composition and nutritional quality of some farm made fish feed collected from Muktagacha, Trishal and Phulpur upazila in Mymensingh district". Asian-Australasian Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology 2, nr 1 (30.04.2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aajbb.v2i1.64040.
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An experiment was conducted to evaluate the feed quality of farm made feed from three upazila of Mymensingh district for four months from July to October, 2015. Fish feed samples were collected from various farms at Muktagacha, Phulpur and Trishal upazila of Mymensingh district. Total 30 feed samples were analyzed to determine the proximate composition and quality of farm made feed. Only one feed sample (F- 27) contains less than 12% moisture found in Trishal upazila. Maximum moisture value (24.53%) was found in feed sample F-13 in Phulpur upazila which indicated that this feed is poor quality compared to others. These may due to lack of maintenance at processing and may be due to improper storage system. Only four feeds were found having more than 25% protein. The analyzed crude protein contents of fish feed varied from 10.85 to 27.30%. The highest protein content was observed in feed (F-20) (27.30%) and the lowest was found in 10.85% in feed (F-22). The mean crude lipid values of the analyzed fish feeds varied from 5.79 to 22.95%. Highest lipid content was observed in 22.95% in feed (F-19). The analyzed mean ash content of fish feeds varied from 8.41 to 20.99%. The fiber content was observed within 4.35-8.20%. Ash content of feed (F-22) was found higher (20.99%) than other feeds. The analyzed nitrogen free extract (soluble carbohydrate) content of farm made fish feeds varied from 18.62 to 43.25%. The highest nitrogen free extract containing feed (F-25) having 43.25% NFE. The findings of this study demonstrated that low quality feeds and ingredients were supplied to the fish farmers by majority of feed traders and the farms with few exceptions were bound to use those ingredients due to their manufacture constraints.
Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2017, 2 (1), 1-8
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Jahari, Muhamad Amin, Muhamad Akhmal Hakim Roslan, Shuhaimi Mustafa, Norhani Abdullah i Zulkifli Idrus. "Enhancing Broilers Performance Fed Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE) Feeds Fortified with Supplements". Journal of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology 8, nr 2 (31.12.2020): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/jobimb.v8i2.557.
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Poultry production in Malaysia is heavily dependent on imported feed ingredients. There is a need to utilize local feed ingredients such as palm kernel expeller (PKE) to sustain poultry industry through physical treatments and so that it suitable to be incorporated into the feeds. Hence this study evaluates on the effects of control (0% PKE), untreated PKE (UPKE) , extruded PKE (EPKE), less-shell PKE (LSPKE) and extruded less-shell PKE (ELSPKE) at 10%, 20% and 30% inclusion rates in finisher diets (d 21-42) showed that growth performance of broilers (Cobb 500) fed 10% PKE, 20% LSPKE and ELSPKE, were comparable to control birds. At 30% PKE inclusion, broilers performance was significantly (P<0.05) reduced. Birds fed PKE diets, irrespective of treatments and inclusion levels had lower LDL and total cholesterol, and similar villi height and crypt depth compared to control. At 30% PKE inclusion level, although energy metabolism was enhanced, as indicated by the up-regulation of hexokinase I and phosphofructokinase, but broilers growth performance did not improve. The feeding trial showed that broilers fed 25% or 30% LSPKE (grower feed, d 16-24), followed by 20% LSPKE (finisher feed, d 25-35) containing feed supplements 0.02% commercial enzymes and 0.30% humic acid), had comparable FI, BWG and FCR to broilers fed commercial feeds. Broilers fed 25% or 30% UPKE (grower feed, d 16-24) followed by 20% UPKE (finisher feed, d 25-35) showed significantly higher (P<0.05) FCR compared to birds fed commercial feeds. The cost of feeds for production of birds fed LSPKE feeds (2.27-2.29 RM/kg liveweight), was lower than those fed commercial feeds (2.36 RM/kg liveweight). The study showed that physical treatments enhanced the nutritive value of PKE and feeds containing 25-30% and 20% LSPKE as grower and finisher rations, respectively, could attain broilers growth performance comparable to broilers fed commercial feeds.
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Buragohain, Rajat, i Kalidas Upadhyaya. "Economic Feeding of Pigs in Mizoram: A Field Study for Assessment of Nutritional Constraints and Identifying the Useful Local Feed Resources for Economic Feeding". International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 13, nr 4 (30.04.2022): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/1.2022.2470.
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The study was conducted in the Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Aizawl, Mizoram during 2018-19. The objective of the research was to assess the nutritional constraints of feeding pigs in Mizoram and to put forward some solutions by identifying and utilizing local feed resources for economic feeding. Numbers of unconventional feeds were used for feeding pigs in Mizoram and fourteen among them were identified to be commonly used in day-to-day preparation of home-made cooked feed, which was the composite feed given to all categories of pigs. Constraints of the existing feeding practice were identified as high cost of conventional feeds, low dry matter intake causing deficient energy consumption, poor digestibility of nutrients when home-made cooked feed was fed, high tannin content of unconventional feeds. Except crude protein, apparent digestibility of dry matter, ether extract, crude fibre, nitrogen free extract and organic matter were low under the existing feeding practice. Based on nutrient contents, unconventional local feeds were categorized as protein and energy rich for substitution of conventional ingredients in ration formulation. Few rations with unconventional feeds substituting conventional ones suggested for grower and finisher pigs. Complete feed block of conventional and unconventional feeds was found acceptable to pigs. The study indicated the possibility of economic feeding of pigs by utilizing the local feeds keeping in view their nutritive and anti-nutritive contents and taking into consideration the constraints associated with nutrient intakes under the existing feeding management.
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Mhya, Daniel Hassan, i Abdulrashid Mohammed. "Effect of Consuming Different Varieties of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea) Seeds on Glycaemia and Lipid Profile of Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Rats". Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, nr 5-S (15.10.2021): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i5-s.5011.
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Background: Bambara groundnut seed is reported to possess high fibre and good nutritional content, and is locally used as a daily dietary therapy by diabetic patients in northern Nigeria. The plant seeds are of different varieties and whether the antidiabetic effect may vary with the varieties is largely unknown. This has prompted the current study to investigate effect of consuming different varieties of Bambara groundnut seeds on glycaemia and lipid profile of diabetic and non-diabetic rats.
Materials and Methods: Bambara groundnut seed’s varieties were processed into flour and use in formulating feeds which were given to diabetic and non-diabetic rats as follows; group A (ALK01 feed), group B (ALK02 feed), group C (ALK03 feed), group D (ALK04 feed), group E (Basal feed), and group F (Normal animal’s feed) for 28 days during which blood glucose and weights were measured weekly while lipid profile was assayed at the end of the study.
Results: The result of the study showed continuous increase in glycemic levels for diabetic rats fed basal and normal feeds compared to those fed plant seed formulated feeds. While, glycemic levels for non-diabetic rats fed plant seed formulated feeds, normal or basal feeds remain within normal range. The lipid components of diabetic rats fed basal and normal feeds were elevated and are significantly different (P<.05) from those fed plant seed formulated feeds.
Conclusion: The study concluded that consumption of different varieties of Bambara groundnut seed could ameliorate hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia by a variety dependent manner.
Keywords: Bambara groundnut, seed varieties, effect, glycaemia, lipid profile, rats
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Budak, Duygu, i Kazım Bilgeçli. "Moisture Optimization and Energy Saving Effects of Combined Organic Acid and Surfactant Inclusion in Pelleted Feed Production". Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 12, nr 2 (25.02.2024): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v12i2.208-213.6481.
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The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of inclusion of an organic acid and surfactant (OS) combination on moisture optimization and energy sparing in the production of pelleted compound feeds for dairy and beef cattle. The trial was carried out in two independent private commercial feed factories (factories A and B) producing cattle feed in pellet form. Each factory produced 21 tons of commercial cattle feed (7 batches; 3 tons per batch); factory A, a dairy feed containing 2620 kcal/kg metabolizable energy (ME) with 18.90% crude protein (CP); and factory B, a fattening feed containing 2550 kcal/kg ME with 13.00% CP. Batches for the treatment groups were prepared by adding 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kg/ton of OS (Fylax flow) respectively to these basal feeds in the mixer. The moisture retention capacity during pelleting process of all three OS supplemented feeds increased in comparison to the basal feed, whilst moisture content of the finished feeds and energy consumed for production decreased significantly. It was observed that increasing the OS supplementation to 1.5 kg could further increase the moisture retention capacity and moisture content in pellet production compared to the feeds supplemented with 0.5 and 1.0 kg OS, due to the lower power rating of the equipment. It has thus been concluded that adding 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kg of OS to commercial compound feeds for dairy resulted in a profitable production with good moisture optimization and energy savings during pelleting.
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Chowdhury, A., A. Iqbal, M. G. Uddin i M. Uddin. "Study on Isolation and Identification of Salmonella and Escherichia coli from Different Poultry Feeds of Savar Region of Dhaka, Bangladesh". Journal of Scientific Research 3, nr 2 (28.04.2011): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v3i2.7128.
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The study was conducted aiming at the isolation and identification of Salmonella and Escherichia coli (E. coli) from different brands of poultry feeds sold in Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Seven different poultry feeds were subjected to microbiological analysis. All these samples were analyzed by culturing in different media such as nutrient broth (NB), nutrient Agar (NA), SS Agar (Salmonella-Shigella Agar), BGA (brilliant-green Agar), Mac Conkey, DHL and EMB (eosin methylene blue) media. Total bacterial colonies of all the samples were counted separately on the nutrient Agar media. Hence, bacteria were counted as 9.5×105 in the feed sample C (Layer) which was found to be the highest in number among the poultry feeds. Total viable count (TVC) of Salmonella and E. coli in the feed samples were as 0 to 6.75×104 and 0 to 3.05×104 respectively. Both organisms were found in 71.43% and 57.14% of the analyzed feed samples, respectively. The highest number of Salmonella was found in sample C (Layer) feeds and that of E. coli was found in sample B (Grower) feeds. The widespread occurrence of Salmonella and E. coli in poultry feeds reinforces the need for effective control measures, hygiene in processing and handling of feeds. Keywords: Salmonella; Escherichia coli; Poultry feeds; Total viable count; Contamination; Hygiene. © 2011 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. doi:10.3329/jsr.v3i2.7128 J. Sci. Res. 3 (2), 403-411 (2011)
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Flis, Marianna, Wiesław Sobotka i Cezary Purwin. "Effect of feed structure on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and gastrointestinal tract of pigs – A Review". Annals of Animal Science 14, nr 4 (1.10.2014): 757–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2014-0055.
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AbstractThe objective of this manuscript has been to analyse published data on the effect of feed structure (coarse/fine, meal/pelleted) on some parameters of the nutritional value of feed, performance of pigs and their gastrointestinal tract. The papers reporting mean geometric particle size or distribution of particles on sieves for the feeds used, were mainly considered. The literature data have indicated that finely ground feeds have a higher ileal digestibility of crude protein and amino acids and higher faecal digestibility of nutrients. They also contain more digestible and metabolisable energy than coarser ground feeds. Reduction of feed particle size has a stronger impact on the gain/feed ratio increase than on the daily gain of pigs. However, coarser feed structure and roller milling are efficient in maintaining the health of stomach. Lactic bacteria, stomach pH, short chain fatty acids in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), as well as the volume and character of mucins positively responded to coarser and to non-pelleted feeds. Less intensively ground feeds, especially before pelleting, are also better at protecting the GIT of pigs against microbial infection by Salmonella enterica. Based on the references, some recommendations of grinding intensity have also been included.
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Asha, M. K., K. Ajithkumar, A. S. Savitha, S. T. Yenjerappa i M. Laxmikanth. "Frequency distribution of mycotoxigenic fungal contamination in maize based dairy and poultry feeds". JOURNAL OF ECO-FRIENDLY AGRICULTURE 18, nr 2 (2023): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/jefa.2023.18.02.24.
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Contamination of dairy and poultry feeds with mycotoxigenic fungi is a major threat to animal and human health. In Karnataka there is rather little information about the natural occurrence of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in feed stuffs. This study was conducted to determine the incidence of mycotoxigenic fungi especially Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp. in maize based dairy and poultry feeds. A total of 48 feed samples consisting 24 each of dairy feeds and poultry feeds were collected in major dairy and poultry farming districts of Karnataka. The feed samples were collected in a moisture free bag with proper labelling and the collected feed samples were inoculated to the Petri dishes containing potato dextrose agar to determine the mycoflora present in the feed. Majorly five fungi genera were isolated and identified as, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Rhizopus and Trichoderma, with their isolation frequencies of 20.83, 14.58, 10.41, 12.5 and 10.41 per cent, respectively. Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp. were most frequently associated with feeds among the leading mycotoxigenic fungi. Hence the present study reveals the significance of mycotoxins production in veterinary and public health as well as attending its economic losses.
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Solomon, J. R., i I. A. Abawale. "Response of the african catfish Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822 to diets of comercially and locally formulated fish feed in relation to cost benefits". Tropical Freshwater Biology 26, nr 1 (15.03.2018): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tfb.v26i1.7.
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The growth performance of catfish Clarias gariepinus using imported feeds and locally made feeds of the same crude protein were compared. C. gariepinus (mean weight 12.8g) juvenile were reared in cages for a period of 12 weeks on different feed. Two imported feeds (skretting and copens) were purchased and two local feeds (corresponding to treatment) were compounded to contain the same level of crude protein. Locally ingredients used are maize, fish meal, groundnut cake, soya bean meal, bone meal, lysine, methionine, premix, vegetable oil, salt but varying fish meal and soya bean meal as follows, treatment 1- (11.38% to 7.5%), treatment 2-(7.5% to 11.38%) respectively. The pelleted feeds were fed at the rate of 5% of the fish biomass. The growth response was assessed in terms of daily weight gain, relative weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, mortality and survival rate. The results showed that the two local feeds promoted positive growth, implying that the use of different levels fish meal and soya bean meal (11.38% and 7.5%) favoured culture of juvenile C. gariepinus.Key Words, Clarias gariepinus, diet, fish feed, formulation, growth
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Chaudhry, Abdul Shakoor, i Ruba A. I. Mohamed. "Using fistulated sheep to compare in sacco and in vitro rumen degradation of selected feeds". Animal Production Science 51, nr 11 (2011): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an10273.
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Despite its beneficial role in almost all feed evaluation systems, the in sacco method is inconsistent and labour intensive in estimating the degradation of ruminant feeds. This study compared a rumen fluid-based in vitro method with the in sacco method to estimate degradation of 12 feeds comprising six concentrates and six grasses representing three fields during two seasons of winter and spring. Three feed groups (n = 4) were formed by using two grasses (one per season) and two concentrates. These feeds were incubated alongside blanks, in duplicate, for various hours either in sacco in three fistulated sheep or in vitro by using rumen fluid from the same sheep over three periods using two separate 3 × 3 Latin square designs. The in sacco and in vitro data were statistically compared for the effects of sheep, feed group and period on degradation at each incubation time within each method. The degradation data were fitted exponentially to derive water soluble (a), insoluble (b) and degradation rate (c) constants to estimate effective degradability at rumen outflow rate of 0.02 (P0.02) for each feed in each method. These values were statistically compared for variations within and between feed types for each method. The sheep, group and period did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) for feed degradation at most incubation times within any of these two methods. The in vitro method was able to mimic the in sacco degradation of feeds, although the absolute in vitro values were always lower than the in sacco values. The higher in sacco degradation for almost all feeds were partly attributed to the much greater losses of these feeds during their washing with water at 0 h. The in vitro method did identify significant differences (P < 0.05) in dry matter or crude protein degradations between and within different concentrates and grasses in parallel to the in sacco method. The ranking of feeds was comparable for these methods. The in vitro method can be used in parallel to the in sacco method to estimate degradation of various feeds. However, there is a need for coordinated studies to improve the prediction ability of the in vitro method for its adoption to routinely estimate the degradation of ruminant feeds.
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Bitao, Irish Wilson M., i Oliva M. Gaffud. "Performance of Philippine Native Pig Fed with Ensiled Pongapong". European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 2, nr 3 (1.05.2024): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2024.2(3).12.
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Native animals are regarded as an essential component of most agricultural production systems in rural settings. Amorphophallus campanulatus can be used as food and animal feed, however its application is limited due to its high oxalate concentration and low crude protein level. Fermentation with oxalolytic bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis, which produces the oxalate decarboxylase enzyme, has been utilized to boost the nutritional value of pongapong. This study aims to determine the growth performance of native pig fed with fermented pongapong as feed supplement. Specifically, to determine the effect of fermented/ensiled pongapong on the body weight-gain in weight, growth increment, feed conversion efficiency and feed conversion ratio on Philippine native pigs; determine the best level of silage pongapong to growth of Philippine Native pigs; determine the nutrient composition of fermented Amorphophalus campanulatus; and determine the economics of fermented pongapong as feed supplement for native pigs in one production cycle. The Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was utilized in the study. The treatments were follows:T1=Formulated feeds ,T2=75% Formulated feeds + 25% silage AC ,T3=50% Formulated feeds 50% silage AC, T4=25% Formulated feeds + 75% silage AC, T5= Pure ensiled AC. Based on the analysis of variance shows insignificant among the treatments as to the initial weight, feed conversion efficiency and growth rate. Also, there are significant differences in the body weight, gain weight and feed conversion ration while it shows highly significant feed consumption throughout the duration of the study. Thus, 75% formulated feeds and 25% fermented pongapong and 50% Formulated feeds + 50% fermented pongapong results to best growth. It demonstrates that feeding native pigs with formulated feed including fermented pongapong was employed as an alternative diet that is potentially cost effective and useful in native pig production in the province. This information could help growers reduce feed costs.
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Rakhimov, O. D., Y. Kh Manzarov, Sh L. Azizov, Sh Sh Turdiev i Z. E. Chorshanbiyev. "Small universal unit for preparing, transporting and distributing liquid feed in small pig farms". BIO Web of Conferences 71 (2023): 01056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20237101056.
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The article focuses on the advantage of liquid mixed feeds in the use of mixed feeds for small farms and farms. The analysis of the scientific research works devoted to the problems of transportation and distribution of liquid mixed feed using pipelines showed that the physical and mechanical and rheological properties of such feeds have not been fully studied, and special feed pumps designed for the transfer of liquid mixed feeds with high viscosity have not been created. The article describes the structure and principle of operation of the small-sized liquid mixed feed preparation, transfer and distribution unit created by the authors. All equipment included in the unit has been modernized considering the peculiarities of small farms. Based on the results of the study, the necessary conclusions were drawn.
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Tahir, Warda, Mark Monahan, Jon Dorling, Oliver Hewer, Ursula Bowler, Louise Linsell, Christopher Partlett i in. "Economic evaluation alongside the Speed of Increasing milk Feeds Trial (SIFT)". Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition 105, nr 6 (2.04.2020): 587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-318346.
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ObjectiveTo evaluate the cost-effectiveness of two rates of enteral feed advancement (18 vs 30 mL/kg/day) in very preterm and very low birth weight infants.DesignWithin-trial economic evaluation alongside a multicentre, two-arm parallel group, randomised controlled trial (Speed of Increasing milk Feeds Trial).Setting55 UK neonatal units from May 2013 to June 2015.PatientsInfants born <32 weeks’ gestation or <1500 g, receiving less than 30 mL/kg/day of milk at trial enrolment. Infants with a known severe congenital anomaly, no realistic chance of survival, or unlikely to be traceable for follow-up, were ineligible.InterventionsWhen clinicians were ready to start advancing feed volumes, infants were randomised to receive daily increments in feed volume of 30 mL/kg (intervention) or 18 mL/kg (control).Main outcome measureCost per additional survivor without moderate to severe neurodevelopmental disability at 24 months of age corrected for prematurity.ResultsAverage costs per infant were slightly higher for faster feeds compared with slower feeds (mean difference £267, 95% CI −6928 to 8117). Fewer infants achieved the principal outcome of survival without moderate to severe neurodevelopmental disability at 24 months in the faster feeds arm (802/1224 vs 848/1246). The stochastic cost-effectiveness analysis showed a likelihood of worse outcomes for faster feeds compared with slower feeds.ConclusionsThe stochastic cost-effectiveness analysis shows faster feeds are broadly equivalent on cost grounds. However, in terms of outcomes at 24 months age (corrected for prematurity), faster feeds are harmful. Faster feeds should not be recommended on either cost or effectiveness grounds to achieve the primary outcome.
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Erohina, Anna, Vera Bychkova, Olga Bolotova, Vladislav Svetlov i Anton Levshin. "The potential of grain sorghum as a component of compound feeds for broiler chickens". АгроЭкоИнфо 4, nr 58 (10.08.2023): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.51419/202134411.
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The search for solutions to reduce the cost of feed while maintaining nutritional value has been an urgent task for many years. On the basis of the FSBI RosNIISK "Rossorgo", studies are being conducted to assess the possibility of replacing traditional cereal crops with alternative ones in compound feeds. We have developed experimental formulations of compound feeds for broiler chickens, with the inclusion of grain sorghum, an assessment of the nutritional value of the feed and the fractional composition of protein. The peculiarities of the biochemical composition in compound feeds depending on the botanical composition are revealed. It was determined that the most optimal combination of all nutritional characteristics, as well as high quality indicators of crude protein, were found in experimental compound feeds, which contain 35% of grain sorghum. Keywords: FEED PRODUCTION, COMPOUND FEED, GRAIN SORGHUM, CRUDE PROTEIN, FRACTIONAL COMPOSITION OF PROTEIN, LATHYRUS SATIVUS L.
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Garcia-Launay, Florence, Léonie Dusart, Sandrine Espagnol, Sarah Laisse-Redoux, Didier Gaudré, Bertrand Méda i Aurélie Wilfart. "Multiobjective formulation is an effective method to reduce environmental impacts of livestock feeds". British Journal of Nutrition 120, nr 11 (31.10.2018): 1298–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114518002672.
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AbstractEnvironmental and economic performances of livestock production are related largely to the production of complete feeds provided on commercial farms. Formulating feeds based on environmental and economic criteria appears a suitable approach to address the current challenges of animal production. We developed a multiobjective (MO) method of formulating feed which considers both the cost and environmental impacts (estimated via life cycle assessment) of the feed mix. In the first step, least-cost formulation provides a baseline for feed cost and potential impacts per kg of feed. In the second, the minimised MO function includes normalised values of feed cost and impacts climate change, P demand, non-renewable energy demand and land occupation. An additional factor weights the relative influence of economic and environmental objectives. The potential of the method was evaluated using two scenarios of feed formulation for pig, broiler and young bulls. Compared to baseline feeds, MO-formulated feeds had lower environmental impacts in both scenarios studied (−2 to −48 %), except for land occupation of broiler feeds, and a moderately higher cost (1–7 %). The ultimate potential for this method to mitigate environmental impacts is probably lower than this, as animal supply chains may compete for the same low-impact feed ingredients. The method developed complements other strategies, and optimising the entire animal production system should be explored in the future to substantially decrease the associated impacts.
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Igwemmar, N. C., S. A. Kolawole, A. O. Omoniyi, D. M. Bwai, A. A. Fagbohun i O. E. Falayi. "Proximate Composition and Metabolizable Energy of Some Commercial Poultry Feeds Available in Abuja, Nigeria". Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 26, nr 10 (31.10.2022): 1675–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v26i10.9.
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Poultry feeds are prepared to contain all the nutrients in their right proportions necessary for good health, proper growth and egg production of the chicken. This study was undertaken to determine the proximate composition and variations of nutrient in some commercial poultry feeds sold in Abuja, Nigeria. Seven poultry feed brands in their various ratios were subjected to proximate analysis using standard methods. The results of the analysis revealed that the poultry feeds had proximate composition ranging from 6.58 ± 0.02 - 10.88 ± 0.19 % moisture content, 6.03 ± 0.16 - 14.78 ± 0.73 % ash content, 9.98 ± 0.81 - 20.05 ± 0.08 % crude lipid, 3.57 ± 0.11 - 14.77 ± 0.14 % crude fiber, 16.55 ± 0.07 % - 34.01 ± 0.09 % crude protein, 26.28 ± 1.80 % - 48.21 ± 2.07 % carbohydrate and 2971.48 ± 65.44 - 3686.18 ± 29.08 Kcal/kg metabolizable energy. Generally, there were differences in the proximate composition of the poultry feed brands analyzed, however, the poultry feeds have optimum nutrients in their feeds which meet most of the requirements recommended by SON and NRC. The moisture contents in all the feeds were within the recommended value of not more than 12 % while the mean values obtained in crude lipid were all higher than the maximum recommended requirements in poultry feeds.