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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Feedback Rate”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Feedback Rate"

Feldl, Nicole, Bruce T. Anderson i Simona Bordoni. "Atmospheric Eddies Mediate Lapse Rate Feedback and Arctic Amplification". Journal of Climate 30, nr 22 (listopad 2017): 9213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0706.1.

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Projections of amplified climate change in the Arctic are attributed to positive feedbacks associated with the retreat of sea ice and changes in the lapse rate of the polar atmosphere. Here, a set of idealized aquaplanet experiments are performed to understand the coupling between high-latitude feedbacks, polar amplification, and the large-scale atmospheric circulation. Results are compared to CMIP5. Simulated climate responses are characterized by a wide range of polar amplification (from none to nearly 15-K warming, relative to the low latitudes) under CO2 quadrupling. Notably, the high-latitude lapse rate feedback varies in sign among the experiments. The aquaplanet simulation with the greatest polar amplification, representing a transition from perennial to ice-free conditions, exhibits a marked decrease in dry static energy flux by transient eddies. Partly compensating for the reduced poleward energy flux is a contraction of the Ferrel cell and an increase in latent energy flux. Enhanced eddy energy flux is consistent with the upper-tropospheric warming that occurs in all experiments and provides a remote influence on the polar lapse rate feedback. The main conclusions are that (i) given a large, localized change in meridional surface temperature gradient, the midlatitude circulation exhibits strong compensation between changes in dry and latent energy fluxes, and (ii) atmospheric eddies mediate the nonlinear interaction between surface albedo and lapse rate feedbacks, rendering the high-latitude lapse rate feedback less positive than it would be otherwise. Consequently, the variability of the circulation response, and particularly the partitioning of energy fluxes, offers insights into understanding the magnitude of polar amplification.

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Graversen, Rune G., Peter L. Langen i Thorsten Mauritsen. "Polar Amplification in CCSM4: Contributions from the Lapse Rate and Surface Albedo Feedbacks". Journal of Climate 27, nr 12 (5.06.2014): 4433–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00551.1.

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Abstract A vertically nonuniform warming of the troposphere yields a lapse rate feedback by altering the infrared irradiance to space relative to that of a vertically uniform tropospheric warming. The lapse rate feedback is negative at low latitudes, as a result of moist convective processes, and positive at high latitudes, due to stable stratification conditions that effectively trap warming near the surface. It is shown that this feedback pattern leads to polar amplification of the temperature response induced by a radiative forcing. The results are obtained by suppressing the lapse rate feedback in the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4). The lapse rate feedback accounts for 15% of the Arctic amplification and 20% of the amplification in the Antarctic region. The fraction of the amplification that can be attributed to the surface albedo feedback, associated with melting of snow and ice, is 40% in the Arctic and 65% in Antarctica. It is further found that the surface albedo and lapse rate feedbacks interact considerably at high latitudes to the extent that they cannot be considered independent feedback mechanisms at the global scale.

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Dabbagh, A. D., i D. J. Love. "Feedback rate-capacity loss tradeoff for limited feedback MIMO systems". IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 52, nr 5 (maj 2006): 2190–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2006.872864.

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Vahid, Alireza, Changho Suh i A. Salman Avestimehr. "Interference Channels With Rate-Limited Feedback". IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 58, nr 5 (maj 2012): 2788–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2011.2181938.

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Bose, N. K., i C. Charoenlarpnopparut. "Minimax controller design using rate feedback". Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing 18, nr 1 (styczeń 1999): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01206542.

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Ferraro, A. J., F. H. Lambert, M. Collins i G. M. Miles. "Physical Mechanisms of Tropical Climate Feedbacks Investigated Using Temperature and Moisture Trends*". Journal of Climate 28, nr 22 (15.11.2015): 8968–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0253.1.

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Abstract Tropical climate feedback mechanisms are assessed using satellite-observed and model-simulated trends in tropical tropospheric temperature from the MSU/AMSU instruments and upper-tropospheric humidity from the HIRS instruments. Despite discrepancies in the rates of tropospheric warming between observations and models, both are consistent with constant relative humidity over the period 1979–2008. Because uncertainties in satellite-observed tropical-mean trends preclude a constraint on tropical-mean trends in models regional features of the feedbacks are also explored. The regional pattern of the lapse rate feedback is primarily determined by the regional pattern of surface temperature changes, as tropical atmospheric warming is relatively horizontally uniform. The regional pattern of the water vapor feedback is influenced by the regional pattern of precipitation changes, with variations of 1–2 W m−2 K−1 across the tropics (compared to a tropical-mean feedback magnitude of 3.3–4 W m−2 K−1). Thus the geographical patterns of water vapor and lapse rate feedbacks are not correlated, but when the feedbacks are calculated in precipitation percentiles rather than in geographical space they are anticorrelated, with strong positive water vapor feedback associated with strong negative lapse rate feedback. The regional structure of the feedbacks is not related to the strength of the tropical-mean feedback in a subset of the climate models from the CMIP5 archive. Nevertheless the approach constitutes a useful process-based test of climate models and has the potential to be extended to constrain regional climate projections.

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ZHU, P., L. TANG, Y. WANG i X. YOU. "Impact of Feedback Error on Transmit Beamforming with Finite Rate Feedback". IEICE Transactions on Communications E90-B, nr 9 (1.09.2007): 2600–2604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ietcom/e90-b.9.2600.

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Taylor, Patrick C., Robert G. Ellingson i Ming Cai. "Geographical Distribution of Climate Feedbacks in the NCAR CCSM3.0". Journal of Climate 24, nr 11 (1.06.2011): 2737–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3788.1.

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Abstract This study performs offline, partial radiative perturbation calculations to determine the geographical distributions of climate feedbacks contributing to the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative energy budget. These radiative perturbations are diagnosed using monthly mean model output from the NCAR Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3.0) forced with the Special Report Emissions Scenario (SRES) A1B emission scenario. The Monte Carlo Independent Column Approximation (MCICA) technique with a maximum–random overlap rule is used to sample monthly mean cloud frequency profiles to perform the radiative transfer calculations. It is shown that the MCICA technique provides a good estimate of all feedback sensitivity parameters. The radiative perturbation results are used to investigate the spatial variability of model feedbacks showing that the shortwave cloud and lapse rate feedbacks exhibit the most and second most spatial variability, respectively. It has been shown that the model surface temperature response is highly correlated with the change in the TOA net flux, and that the latter is largely determined by the total feedback spatial pattern rather than the external forcing. It is shown by representing the change in the TOA net flux as a linear combination of individual feedback radiative perturbations that the lapse rate explains the most spatial variance of the surface temperature response. Feedback spatial patterns are correlated with the model response and other feedback spatial patterns to investigate these relationships. The results indicate that the model convective response is strongly correlated with cloud and water vapor feedbacks, but the lapse rate feedback geographic distribution is strongly correlated with the climatological distribution of convection. The implication for the water vapor–lapse rate anticorrelation is discussed.

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Andrews, Timothy, i Mark J. Webb. "The Dependence of Global Cloud and Lapse Rate Feedbacks on the Spatial Structure of Tropical Pacific Warming". Journal of Climate 31, nr 2 (styczeń 2018): 641–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0087.1.

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An atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) is forced with patterns of observed sea surface temperature (SST) change and those output from atmosphere–ocean GCM (AOGCM) climate change simulations to demonstrate a strong dependence of climate feedback on the spatial structure of surface temperature change. Cloud and lapse rate feedbacks are found to vary the most, depending strongly on the pattern of tropical Pacific SST change. When warming is focused in the southeast tropical Pacific—a region of climatological subsidence and extensive marine low cloud cover—warming reduces the lower-tropospheric stability (LTS) and low cloud cover but is largely trapped under an inversion and hence has little remote effect. The net result is a relatively weak negative lapse rate feedback and a large positive cloud feedback. In contrast, when warming is weak in the southeast tropical Pacific and enhanced in the west tropical Pacific—a strong convective region—warming is efficiently transported throughout the free troposphere. The increased atmospheric stability results in a strong negative lapse rate feedback and increases the LTS in low cloud regions, resulting in a low cloud feedback of weak magnitude. These mechanisms help explain why climate feedback and sensitivity change on multidecadal time scales in AOGCM abrupt4xCO2 simulations and are different from those seen in AGCM experiments forced with observed historical SST changes. From the physical understanding developed here, one should expect unusually negative radiative feedbacks and low effective climate sensitivities to be diagnosed from real-world variations in radiative fluxes and temperature over decades in which the eastern Pacific has lacked warming.

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Soden, Brian J., i Isaac M. Held. "An Assessment of Climate Feedbacks in Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Models". Journal of Climate 19, nr 14 (15.07.2006): 3354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3799.1.

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Abstract The climate feedbacks in coupled ocean–atmosphere models are compared using a coordinated set of twenty-first-century climate change experiments. Water vapor is found to provide the largest positive feedback in all models and its strength is consistent with that expected from constant relative humidity changes in the water vapor mixing ratio. The feedbacks from clouds and surface albedo are also found to be positive in all models, while the only stabilizing (negative) feedback comes from the temperature response. Large intermodel differences in the lapse rate feedback are observed and shown to be associated with differing regional patterns of surface warming. Consistent with previous studies, it is found that the vertical changes in temperature and water vapor are tightly coupled in all models and, importantly, demonstrate that intermodel differences in the sum of lapse rate and water vapor feedbacks are small. In contrast, intermodel differences in cloud feedback are found to provide the largest source of uncertainty in current predictions of climate sensitivity.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Feedback Rate"

Solanes, Galbis Juan Ernesto. "MULTI-RATE VISUAL FEEDBACK ROBOT CONTROL". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/57951.

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[EN] This thesis deals with two characteristic problems in visual feedback robot control: 1) sensor latency; 2) providing suitable trajectories for the robot and for the measurement in the image. All the approaches presented in this work are analyzed and implemented on a 6 DOF industrial robot manipulator or/and a wheeled robot. Focusing on the sensor latency problem, this thesis proposes the use of dual-rate high order holds within the control loop of robots. In this sense, the main contributions are: - Dual-rate high order holds based on primitive functions for robot control (Chapter 3): analysis of the system performance with and without the use of this multi-rate technique from non-conventional control. In addition, as consequence of the use of dual-rate holds, this work obtains and validates multi-rate controllers, especially dual-rate PIDs. - Asynchronous dual-rate high order holds based on primitive functions with time delay compensation (Chapter 3): generalization of asynchronous dual-rate high order holds incorporating an input signal time delay compensation component, improving thus the inter-sampling estimations computed by the hold. It is provided an analysis of the properties of such dual-rate holds with time delay compensation, comparing them with estimations obtained by the equivalent dual-rate holds without this compensation, as well as their implementation and validation within the control loop of a 6 DOF industrial robot manipulator. - Multi-rate nonlinear high order holds (Chapter 4): generalization of the concept of dual-rate high order holds with nonlinear estimation models, which include information about the plant to be controlled, the controller(s) and sensor(s) used, obtained from machine learning techniques. Thus, in order to obtain such a nonlinear hold, it is described a methodology non dependent of the machine technique used, although validated using artificial neural networks. Finally, an analysis of the properties of these new holds is carried out, comparing them with their equivalents based on primitive functions, as well as their implementation and validation within the control loop of an industrial robot manipulator and a wheeled robot. With respect to the problem of providing suitable trajectories for the robot and for the measurement in the image, this thesis presents the novel reference features filtering control strategy and its generalization from a multi-rate point of view. The main contributions in this regard are: - Reference features filtering control strategy (Chapter 5): a new control strategy is proposed to enlarge significantly the solution task reachability of robot visual feedback control. The main idea is to use optimal trajectories proposed by a non-linear EKF predictor-smoother (ERTS), based on Rauch-Tung-Striebel (RTS) algorithm, as new feature references for an underlying visual feedback controller. In this work it is provided both the description of the implementation algorithm and its implementation and validation utilizing an industrial robot manipulator. - Dual-rate Reference features filtering control strategy (Chapter 5): a generalization of the reference features filtering approach from a multi-rate point of view, and a dual Kalman-smoother step based on the relation of the sensor and controller frequencies of the reference filtering control strategy is provided, reducing the computational cost of the former algorithm, as well as addressing the problem of the sensor latency. The implementation algorithms, as well as its analysis, are described.
[ES] La presente tesis propone soluciones para dos problemas característicos de los sistemas robóticos cuyo bucle de control se cierra únicamente empleando sensores de visión artificial: 1) la latencia del sensor; 2) la obtención de trayectorias factibles tanto para el robot así como para las medidas obtenidas en la imagen. Todos los métodos propuestos en este trabajo son analizados, validados e implementados utilizando brazo robot industrial de 6 grados de libertad y/o en un robot con ruedas. Atendiendo al problema de la latencia del sensor, esta tesis propone el uso de retenedores bi-frequencia de orden alto dentro de los lazos de control de robots. En este aspecto las principales contribuciones son: -Retenedores bi-frecuencia de orden alto basados en funciones primitivas dentro de lazos de control de robots (Capítulo 3): análisis del comportamiento del sistema con y sin el uso de esta técnica de control no convencional. Además, como consecuencia del empleo de los retenedores, obtención y validación de controladores multi-frequencia, concretamente de PIDs bi-frecuencia. -Retenedores bi-frecuencia asíncronos de orden alto basados en funciones primitivas con compensación de retardos (Capítulo 3): generalización de los retenedores bi-frecuencia asíncronos de orden alto incluyendo una componente de compensación del retardo en la señal de entrada, mejorando así las estimaciones inter-muestreo calculadas por el retenedor. Se proporciona un análisis de las propiedades de los retenedores con compensación del retardo, comparándolas con las obtenidas por sus predecesores sin compensación, así como su implementación y validación en un brazo robot de 6 grados de libertad. -Retenedores multi-frecuencia no lineales de orden alto (Capítulo 4): generalización del concepto de retenedor bi-frecuencia de orden alto con modelos de estimación no lineales, los cuales incluyen información tanto de la planta a controlar, como del controlador(es) y sensor(es) empleado(s), obtenida a partir de técnicas de aprendizaje. Así pues, para obtener dicho retenedor no lineal, se describe una metodología independiente de la herramienta de aprendizaje utilizada, aunque validada con el uso de redes neuronales artificiales. Finalmente se realiza un análisis de las propiedades de estos nuevos retenedores, comparándolos con sus predecesores basados en funciones primitivas, así como su implementación y validación en un brazo robot de 6 grados de libertad y en un robot móvil con ruedas. Por lo que respecta al problema de generación de trayectorias factibles para el robot y para la medida en la imagen, esta tesis propone la nueva estrategia de control basada en el filtrado de la referencia y su generalización desde el punto de vista multi-frecuencial. -Estrategia de control basada en el filtrado de la referencia (Capítulo 5): una nueva estrategia de control se propone para ampliar significativamente el espacio de soluciones de los sistemas robóticos realimentados con sensores de visión artificial. La principal idea es utilizar las trayectorias óptimas obtenidas por una trayectoria predicha por un filtro de Kalman seguido de un suavizado basado en el algoritmo Rauch-Tung-Striebel (RTS) como nuevas referencias para un controlador dado. En este trabajo se proporciona tanto la descripción del algoritmo como su implementación y validación empleando un brazo robótico industrial. -Estrategia de control bi-frecuencia basada en el filtrado de la referencia (Capítulo 5): generalización de la estrategia de control basada en filtrado de la referencia desde un punto de vista multi-frecuencial, con un filtro de Kalman multi-frecuencia y un Kalman-smoother dual basado en la relación existente entre las frecuencias del sensor y del controlador, reduciendo así el coste computacional del algoritmo y, al mismo tiempo, dando solución al problema de la latencia del sensor. La validación se realiza utilizando un barzo robot industria asi
[CAT] La present tesis proposa solucions per a dos problemes característics dels sistemes robòtics el els que el bucle de control es tanca únicament utilitzant sensors de visió artificial: 1) la latència del sensor; 2) l'obtenció de trajectòries factibles tant per al robot com per les mesures en la imatge. Tots els mètodes proposats en aquest treball son analitzats, validats e implementats utilitzant un braç robot industrial de 6 graus de llibertat i/o un robot amb rodes. Atenent al problema de la latència del sensor, esta tesis proposa l'ús de retenidors bi-freqüència d'ordre alt a dins del llaços de control de robots. Al respecte, les principals contribucions son: - Retenidors bi-freqüència d'ordre alt basats en funcions primitives a dintre dels llaços de control de robots (Capítol 3): anàlisis del comportament del sistema amb i sense l'ús d'aquesta tècnica de control no convencional. A més a més, com a conseqüència de l'ús dels retenidors, obtenció i validació de controladors multi-freqüència, concretament de PIDs bi-freqüència. - Retenidors bi-freqüència asíncrons d'ordre alt basats en funcions primitives amb compensació de retards (Capítol 3): generalització dels retenidors bi-freqüència asíncrons d'ordre alt inclouen una component de compensació del retràs en la senyal d'entrada al retenidor, millorant així les estimacions inter-mostreig calculades per el retenidor. Es proporciona un anàlisis de les propietats dels retenidors amb compensació del retràs, comparant-les amb les obtingudes per el seus predecessors sense la compensació, així com la seua implementació i validació en un braç robot industrial de 6 graus de llibertat. - Retenidors multi-freqüència no-lineals d'ordre alt (Capítol 4): generalització del concepte de retenidor bi-freqüència d'ordre alt amb models d'estimació no lineals, incloent informació tant de la planta a controlar, com del controlador(s) i sensor(s) utilitzat(s), obtenint-la a partir de tècniques d'aprenentatge. Així doncs, per obtindre el retenidor no lineal, es descriu una metodologia independent de la ferramenta d'aprenentatge utilitzada, però validada amb l'ús de rets neuronals artificials. Finalment es realitza un anàlisis de les propietats d'aquestos nous retenidors, comparant-los amb els seus predecessors basats amb funcions primitives, així com la seua implementació i validació amb un braç robot de 6 graus de llibertat i amb un robot mòbil de rodes. Per el que respecta al problema de generació de trajectòries factibles per al robot i per la mesura en la imatge, aquesta tesis proposa la nova estratègia de control basada amb el filtrat de la referència i la seua generalització des de el punt de vista multi-freqüència. - Estratègia de control basada amb el filtrat de la referència (Capítol 5): una nova estratègia de control es proposada per ampliar significativament l'espai de solucions dels sistemes robòtics realimentats amb sensors de visió artificial. La principal idea es la d'utilitzar les trajectòries optimes obtingudes per una trajectòria predita per un filtre de Kalman seguit d'un suavitzat basat en l'algoritme Rauch-Tung-Striebel (RTS) com noves referències per a un control donat. En aquest treball es proporciona tant la descripció del algoritme així com la seua implementació i validació utilitzant un braç robòtic industrial de 6 graus de llibertat. - Estratègia de control bi-freqüència basada en el filtrat (Capítol 5): generalització de l'estratègia de control basada am filtrat de la referència des de un punt de vista multi freqüència, amb un filtre de Kalman multi freqüència i un Kalman-Smoother dual basat amb la relació existent entre les freqüències del sensor i del controlador, reduint així el cost computacional de l'algoritme i, al mateix temps, donant solució al problema de la latència del sensor. L'algoritme d'implementació d'aquesta tècnica, així com la seua validaci
Solanes Galbis, JE. (2015). MULTI-RATE VISUAL FEEDBACK ROBOT CONTROL [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/57951
TESIS

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Roh, June Chul. "Multiple-antenna communication systems with finite rate feedback /". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3167845.

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Goodie, Jeffrey L. "Transfer of heart rate feedback training to reduce heart rate response to laboratory tasks". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2118.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 123 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-66).

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Farajian, Patrick. "Dynamic input rate control in queues with feedback delay". Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26386.

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The signal propagation delays in a high speed, wide area telecommunication network can be orders of magnitude larger than a message transmission time. This implies that the response times associated with dynamic congestion management strategies can be long relative to the characteristic times of the queue-length processes being controlled, and that such strategies may be of limited use in controlling message loss in high speed settings. We examine the interplay between signal propagation delays and efficiency of feedback-based congestion controls in the case of a very simple network model consisting of a single multiplexor serving a remote source population. We establish, using simulations of two simple approaches described in the literature, that loss performance can be very sensitive to propagation delay, and that response times can be diminished, for given propagation delays, by applying a rate-based, or cyclic, service strategy at the multiplexor output line in place or First-In, First-Out. We develop an optimization framework for the control problem, enabling the use of Markov Decision Programming to calculate the form and performance of feedback-based controllers which are optimal in terms of the trade-off achieved between forced losses at the network boundary and congestion-induced losses in the network interior. Observing that performance can be made insensitive to signal propagation delays by means of appropriate buffer dimensioning, we develop an asymptotic analysis of the buffer requirements, applicable in the limit of large values of the delay/bandwidth product.

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Walker, Vennessa L. "Effects of rate of feedback and reinforcement on novel responding". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5954.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2008.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 75 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 37-42).

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Lassell, Deborah Deanna. "Heart rate monitor feedback and children's levels of physical activity /". view abstract or download file of text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1283960311&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (D. Ed.)--University of Oregon, 2006.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-116). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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Dai, Wei. "Communications with finite rate feedback and quantization on Grassmann manifolds". Connect to online resource, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3273722.

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Syed, Shah Nemath Farhan. "IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERACTIVE REMOTE PHYSIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND FEEDBACK TRAINING SYSTEM". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1164666232.

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Torrellas, Socastro Marc. "Transmission strategies for interfering networks with finite rate and outdated channel feedback". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/392617.

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The emergence of very capable mobile terminals, e.g. smartphones or tablets, has dramatically increased the demand of wireless data traffic in recent years. Current growth forecasts elucidate that wireless communication standards will not be able to afford future traffic demands, thus many research efforts have been oriented towards increasing the efficiency of wireless networks. MIMO technologies, entailing the use of multiple antennas, stand as one of the candidates. This solution allows increasing not only the reliability and robustness (diversity gain), but also the efficiency of the communication (multiplexing gain or degrees of freedom (DoF)). The DoF describe the slope of channel capacity at very high signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) regime, and for the point-to-point (P2P) channel are equal to the minimum between the number of antennas at the transmitter and the receiver. Consequently, the throughput may be scaled in a promising way. However, the DoF behavior in case of having interference is still an open problem in general. This thesis studies the DoF of interference networks. The most trivial way of tackling this problem is by means of orthogonalization, either in time, frequency or space. However, it does not allow that the scaling of DoF with the number of users. For example, if transmissions are orthogonalized in time each user is served only a fraction of time inversely proportional to the number of users. Likewise, if transmissions are orthogonalized in space, transmitters must be equipped with a large number of antennas, which is costly and not practical. For dimensionally-limited systems, the interference alignment (IA) principle proposes that instead of forcing the design to null the interference terms at the receivers, make the receiver observe them overlapped. This way the number of dimensions occupied by interference is reduced, thus allowing the allocation of more desired signals, thus symbols per user, and also relaxing the constraint on the number of required antennas. Following IA allows that "each user achieves half the cake independently of the number of users", where the cake represents the DoF of the P2P channel. At first, full channel state information was assumed to be available at the transmitter side (full CSIT), i.e. the information is acquired instantaneously, and with perfect quality. The first part of this thesis studies this case and completes the DoF characterization of the 3-user MIMO interference channel for some antenna configurations when channel coefficients are assumed constant. In practice, CSIT should be obtained from channel feedback, thus incurring delays and errors. In this context, and especially intended to scenarios with high mobility, IA concepts were extended to networks where only outdated information of the channels is available, a framework known as delayed CSIT where the channel feedback delay may be larger than the channel coherence time. This form of IA is denoted as retrospective interference alignment, since the transmission is carried out in multiple phases, and signals may be aligned along space and the different phases. The second part of the thesis deepens into the DoF of two network topologies with delayed CSIT, for which linear precoding strategies are proposed. Moreover, it is shown that the proposed strategies are better than state-of-the-art in terms of DoF-delay trade-off, which is relevant as most strategies based on delayed CSIT entail long communication delays. The concluding part of the thesis analyses how one of schemes proposed in the second part performs in terms of DoF with delayed CSIT with errors, and net DoF. This last metric describes the DoF as a function of the coherence time, and taking into account all issues related to channel acquisition at both the transmitter and receiver side: consumption of resources for channel training, for feedback transmission, and feedback waits.
La aparición de terminales móviles cada vez más potentes, e.g. smartphones o tablets, ha incrementado dramáticamente la demanda de tráfico de datos en redes inalámbricas en los últimos años. Las previsiones de crecimiento ya avisan que los estándares de comunicación actuales no serán capaces de sostener las demandas de tráfico en un futuro, por lo que se está investigando como aumentar la eficiencia de las redes inalámbricas. La tecnología MIMO, es decir, el uso de múltiples antenas, destaca como uno de los candidatos, permitiendo no sólo aumentar la fiabilidad y robustez (ganancia de diversidad), sino también la eficiencia de la comunicación (ganancia de multiplexado o grados de libertad (DoF)). Los DoF describen la pendiente de la capacidad del canal a muy alta relación señal a ruido (SNR), y para el canal punto a punto (P2P) son igual al mínimo entre el número de antenas en transmisión y recepción. Así pues, el rendimiento de la comunicación inalámbrica se escala de forma muy prometedora. Esta tesis aporta contribuciones en el conocimiento de los DoF para comunicaciones con interferencia (debido a que se sirven múltiples usuarios), cuyo comportamiento es aún un problema por resolver. La forma más trivial de abordar este problema es ortogonalizando las transmisiones, ya sea en tiempo, frecuencia o espacio. Sin embargo, no permite que los DoF escalen con el número de usuarios. Por ejemplo, si se ortogonaliza en tiempo, cada usuario se sirve sólo una fracción de tiempo inversamente proporcional a la cantidad de usuarios. Asimismo, si se ortogonaliza en espacio, se requerirán muchas antenas transmisoras, lo cual es costoso y poco práctico. La técnica de alineación de interferencia (IA) propone que en lugar de diseñar la transmisión para anular la interferencia en los receptores, estos observen todos los términos solapados. Esto permite reducir el espacio ocupado por interferencia, ensanchar el espacio de señales deseadas, pudiendo enviar más símbolos por usuario, y reducir el número de antenas requeridas. Así, IA permitió demostrar que los DoF escalan para el canal interferente con terminales equipado con una sola antena. Al principio, se suponía que los transmisores disponían de toda la información del estado del canal instantáneamente, y con calidad perfecta (CSIT completo). La primera parte de la tesis estudia este caso, y completa la caracterización de los DoF del canal interferente MIMO de 3 usuarios para ciertas configuraciones de antenas, cuando los coeficientes del canal son constantes en tiempo. En la práctica, el CSIT se debe obtener mediante reportes del canal, lo que conlleva retrasos y errores. En este contexto, y sobre todo dirigido a escenarios con alta movilidad, los conceptos de IA se extendieron al caso donde sólo está disponible información obsoleta del canal (delayed CSIT), e.g. cuando el retardo de los reportes es mayor el tiempo de coherencia del canal. Esta forma de IA se denota como retrospective IA, ya que la transmisión se lleva a cabo en múltiples fases, y las señales pueden ser alineadas a lo largo del espacio y las diferentes fases. La segunda parte de la tesis estudia los DoF de dos topologías de red con delayed CSIT, proponiendo estrategias de transmisión. Además, se demuestra que las estrategias propuestas superan el estado del arte en términos del compromiso DoF-retardo, lo que es relevante ya que la mayoría de las estrategias basadas en delayed CSIT requieren muchos usos de canal. Finalmente, la última parte de la tesis describe cómo uno de los esquemas propuestos en la segunda parte trabaja con errores, y en términos de net DOF. Este último indicador describe los DoF en función del tiempo de coherencia, y teniendo en cuenta todas las cuestiones relacionadas con la adquisición del canal, tanto en el transmisor como en el receptor: el consumo de los recursos para estimar el canal en recepción , para la transmisión de los reportes de canal, y las esperas hasta obtener los reportes.

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Sigman, A. "The roles of attention in hypnotic and feedback control of heart rate". Thesis, University of East London, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376106.

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Książki na temat "Feedback Rate"

Ryan, Eoin. Estimate feedback equalization of high bit rate digital subscriber lines. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1996.

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Sigman, Aric. The role of attention in hypnotic and feedback control of heart rate. London: NECP, 1987.

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J, Ostroff Aaron, i United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Branch., red. Total energy-rate feedback for automatic glide-slope tracking during wind-shear penetration. Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1985.

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S, Cowings Patricia, i United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. The effects of autogenic-feedback training on motion sickness severity and heart rate variability in astronauts. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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Adão, Bernardino. Monetary policy with single instrument feedback rules. [Chicago, Ill.]: Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, 2004.

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L, Dickinson Terry, i Air Force Human Resources Laboratory., red. Work performance ratings: Cognitive modeling and feedback principles in rater accuracy training. Brooks Air Force Base, Tex: Air Force Systems Command, Air Force Human Resources Laboratory, 1990.

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Velsor, Ellen Van. Choosing 360: A guide to evaluating multi-rater feedback instruments for management development. Greensboro, N.C: Center for Creative Leadership, 1997.

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W, Fleenor John, red. Feedback to managers: A review and comparison of multi-rater instruments for management development. Wyd. 3. Greensboro, N.C: Center for Creative leadership, 1998.

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Jörg, Baberowski, Kaelble Hartmut i Schriewer Jürgen, red. Selbstbilder und Fremdbilder: Repräsentation sozialer Ordnungen im Wandel. Frankfurt/Main: Campus, 2008.

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Total energy-rate feedback for automatic glide-slope tracking during wind-shear penetration. Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1985.

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Części książek na temat "Feedback Rate"

Ando, Toshio. "Feedback Control and Imaging Rate". W High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy in Biology, 29–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64785-1_3.

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Quinn, T. Alexander, Rebecca A. Bayliss i Peter Kohl. "Mechano-Electric Feedback in the Heart: Effects on Heart Rate and Rhythm". W Heart Rate and Rhythm, 133–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17575-6_7.

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Vilaplana, Miguel A., Oliver Mason, Douglas J. Leith i William E. Leithead. "Control of Yaw Rate and Sideslip in 4-Wheel Steering Cars with Actuator Constraints". W Switching and Learning in Feedback Systems, 201–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30560-6_9.

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Ayav, Tolga, i Giancarlo Ferrari-Trecate. "Optimal Control for Real-Time Feedback Rate-Monotonic Schedulers". W Computer and Information Sciences - ISCIS 2005, 894–903. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11569596_91.

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Kawan, Christoph. "Data Rate of Nonlinear Control Systems and Feedback Entropy". W Encyclopedia of Systems and Control, 259–64. London: Springer London, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5058-9_150.

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Kawan, Christoph. "Data Rate of Nonlinear Control Systems and Feedback Entropy". W Encyclopedia of Systems and Control, 1–8. London: Springer London, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5102-9_150-1.

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Kawan, Christoph. "Data Rate of Nonlinear Control Systems and Feedback Entropy". W Encyclopedia of Systems and Control, 517–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44184-5_150.

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Benvenuto, Nevio, Ermanna Conte, Stefano Tomasin i Matteo Trivellato. "Low-Rate Predictive Feedback for the OFDM MIMO Broadcast Channel". W Wireless Communications 2007 CNIT Thyrrenian Symposium, 65–77. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73825-3_6.

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Grüne, Lars. "Stabilization by sampled and discrete feedback with positive sampling rate". W Stability and Stabilization of Nonlinear Systems, 165–82. London: Springer London, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-577-1_9.

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Bandyopadhyay, Bijnan, Fulwani Deepak i Kyung-Soo Kim. "Lyapunov-Based Sliding Mode Control with Multi-Rate Output Feedback". W Sliding Mode Control Using Novel Sliding Surfaces, 115–29. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03448-0_7.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Feedback Rate"

Dabbagh, A. D., i D. J. Love. "Feedback rate versus capacity loss in limited feedback MIMO systems". W GLOBECOM '05. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2005. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/glocom.2005.1578274.

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Grosjean, Leefke, Ragnar Thobaben, Lars K. Rasmussen i Mikael Skoglund. "Variable-Rate Anytime Transmission with Feedback". W 2016 IEEE 84th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vtcfall.2016.7881963.

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Ardetsanizadeh, Ehsan, Massimo Franceschetti, Tara Javidi i Young-Han Kim. "Wiretap channel with rate-limited feedback". W 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory - ISIT. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2008.4594956.

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Liu, Shuiyin, Yi Hong i Emanuele Viterbo. "Wiretap channel with finite-rate feedback". W 2015 22nd International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ict.2015.7124692.

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Liang Li i Alex B. Gershman. "Downlink opportunistic schedulingwith low-rate channel state feedback: Error rate analysis and optimization of the feedback parameters". W 2008 IEEE 9th Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/spawc.2008.4641629.

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Zhu, Pengcheng, Yan Wang, Xiaohu You i Lan Tang. "Robust feedback scheme for precoding systems based on finite-rate feedback". W Signal Processing (WCSP 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcsp.2010.5633906.

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Ding, Weihang, i Mohammad Shikh-Bahaei. "Optimized Asymmetric Feedback Detection for Rate-adaptive HARQ with Unreliable Feedback". W 2021 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcnc49053.2021.9417573.

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Huang, Kaibin, Robert W. Heath i Jeffrey G. Andrews. "SDMA with a Sum Feedback Rate Constraint". W 2007 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2007.366482.

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Chau Yuen, Sumei Sun i Mel Meau Shin Ho. "Beamforming matrix quantization with variable feedback rate". W 2008 IEEE 19th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2008.4699541.

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Ogawa, Kyohei, Toshiki Takeuchi, Kunihiro Nishimura, Tomohiro Tanikawa i Michitaka Hirose. "Utterance Rate Feedback for Enhancing Mealtime Communication". W 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia (ISM). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ism.2011.67.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Feedback Rate"

Darghouth, Naïm R., Ryan Wiser, Galen Barbose i Andrew Mills. Net Metering and Market Feedback Loops: Exploring the Impact of Retail Rate Design on Distributed PV Deployment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), styczeń 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1234539.

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Schultz, Timothy, Michael Zhou, Jodi Gray, Jackie Roseleur, Richard Clark, Dylan Mordaunt i Peter Hibbert. Patient characteristics and interventions associated with complaints and medico-legal claims. The Sax Institute, listopad 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/lioq6047.

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There is anecdotal evidence that the rate of complaints and claims against doctors is rising, yet little is known about (Q1) which types of patients are more likely to make a complaint or claim, nor about (Q2) what interventions are effective in reducing rates of complaints and claims and increasing patient satisfaction. This Evidence Check aimed to answer those two questions. The evidence base for both of the questions was of low quality, with only five studies having a comparison group. Twenty-five studies addressed Question 1. The only patient characteristic to have a consistent effect on rates of complaints and claims was having a mental, behavioural or developmental disorder. Other patient characteristics, including those related to their therapeutic context, had inconsistent or weak relationships with rates of complaints and claims. Twenty studies addressed Question 2 (including one which addressed both questions). There were consistently reduced rates of complaints and claims following implementation of risk management programs and also implementation of communication and resolution programs. Peer feedback programs consistently improved doctors’ response to complaints and subsequent performance. However, the results found here should be interpreted with caution, as the risk of bias inherent in the study designs makes them more likely to erroneously demonstrate an effect.

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Roye, Thorsten. Unsettled Technology Areas in Deterministic Assembly Approaches for Industry 4.0. SAE International, sierpień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021018.

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Increased production rates and cost reduction are affecting manufacturing in all sectors of the mobility industry. One enabling methodology that could achieve these goals in the burgeoning “Industry 4.0” environment is the deterministic assembly (DA) approach. The DA approach is defined as an optimized assembly process; it always forms the same final structure and has a strong link to design-for-assembly and design-for-automation methodologies. It also looks at the whole supply chain, enabling drastic savings at the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) level by reducing recurring costs and lead time. Within Industry 4.0, DA will be required mainly for the aerospace and the space industry, but serves as an interesting approach for other industries assembling large and/or complex components. In its entirety, the DA approach connects an entire supply chain—from part manufacturing at an elementary level to an OEM’s final assembly line level. Addressing the whole process of aircraft design and manufacturing is necessary to develop further collaboration models between OEMs and the supply chain, including addressing the most pressing technology challenges. Since all parts aggregate at the OEM level, the OEM—as an integrator of all these single parts—needs special end-to-end methodologies to drastically decrease cost and lead time. This holistic approach can be considered in part design as well (in the design-for-automation and design-for-assembly philosophy). This allows for quicker assembly at the OEM level, such as “part-to-part” or “hole-to-hole” approaches, versus traditional, classical assembly methods like manual measurement or measurement-assisted assembly. In addition, it can increase flexibility regarding rate changes in production (such as those due to pandemic- or climate-related environmental challenges). The standardization and harmonization of these areas would help all industries and designers to have a deterministic approach with an end-to-end concept. Simulations can easily compare possible production and assembly steps with different impacts on local and global tolerances. Global measurement feedback needs high-accuracy turnkey solutions, which are very costly and inflexible. The goal of standardization would be to use Industry 4.0 feedback and features, as well as to define several building blocks of the DA approach as a one-way assembly (also known as one-up assembly, or “OUA”), false one-way assembly, “Jig-as-Master,” etc., up to the hole-to-hole assembly approach. The evolution of these assembly principles and the link to simulation approaches are undefined and unsolved domains; they are discussed in this report. They must be discussed in greater depth with aims of (first) clarifying the scope of the industry-wide alignment needs and (second) prioritizing the issues requiring standardization. NOTE: SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE™ Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.

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Mai Phuong, Nguyen, Hanna North, Duong Minh Tuan i Nguyen Manh Cuong. Assessment of women’s benefits and constraints in participating in agroforestry exemplar landscapes. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21015.pdf.

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Participating in the exemplar landscapes of the Developing and Promoting Market-Based Agroforestry and Forest Rehabilitation Options for Northwest Vietnam project has had positive impacts on ethnic women, such as increasing their networks and decision-making and public speaking skills. However, the rate of female farmers accessing and using project extension material or participating in project nurseries and applying agroforestry techniques was limited. This requires understanding of the real needs and interests grounded in the socio-cultural contexts of the ethnic groups living in the Northern Mountain Region in Viet Nam, who have unique social and cultural norms and values. The case studies show that agricultural activities are highly gendered: men and women play specific roles and have different, particular constraints and interests. Women are highly constrained by gender norms, access to resources, decision-making power and a prevailing positive-feedback loop of time poverty, especially in the Hmong community. A holistic, timesaving approach to addressing women’s daily activities could reduce the effects of time poverty and increase project participation. As women were highly willing to share project information, the project’s impacts would be more successful with increased participation by women through utilizing informal channels of communication and knowledge dissemination. Extension material designed for ethnic women should have less text and more visuals. Access to information is a critical constraint that perpetuates the norm that men are decision-makers, thereby, enhancing their perceived ownership, whereas women have limited access to information and so leave final decisions to men, especially in Hmong families. Older Hmong women have a Vietnamese (Kinh) language barrier, which further prevents them from accessing the project’s material. Further research into an adaptive framework that can be applied in a variety of contexts is recommended. This framework should prioritize time-saving activities for women and include material highlighting key considerations to maintain accountability among the project’s support staff.

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Cesare, Steven J., i Terry L. Dickinson. The Effects of Rater Training and Practice and Feedback on the Accuracy of Behavioral Observation and Performance Ratings. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, czerwiec 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada303762.

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Gattoni i Olsen. PR-179-10211-R01 Advanced Control Techniques and Sensors for Gas Engines with NSCR. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), lipiec 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010987.

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High exhaust emissions reduction efficiencies from a spark ignited (SI) internal combustion engine utilizing an NSCR catalyst system requires complex fuel control strategies. The allowable equivalence ratio operating range is very narrow where NSCR systems achieve high exhaust emissions reduction efficiencies of multiple species. Current fuel control technologies utilizing lambda sensor feedback are reported to be unable to sustain these demands for extended operation periods and when transients are introduced. Lambda sensor accuracy is the critical issue with current fuel controllers. The goal of this project was to develop a minimization control algorithm utilizing a Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) sensor installed downstream of the NSCR catalyst system for feedback air/fuel ratio control. When the engine is operated lean, NOx is produced and the NOx sensor responds accordingly. When the engine is operated rich, the NSCR catalyst system produces Ammonia. The NOx sensor has a cross sensitivity to Ammonia and responds as though it has been exposed to NOx. This behavior provides an opportunity for a unique control strategy that allows lambda sensor calibration to be ignored. Testing was performed on a 100kW rated Cummins-Onan generator set that was reconfigured to operate utilizing an electronic gas carburetor (EGC2) with lambda sensor feedback and high reduction efficiency NSCR catalyst system. The control algorithm was programmed utilizing a Labview interface that communicated with the electronic gas carburetor where the fuel trim adjustment was physically made. Improvement under steady state operation was observed. The system was also evaluated during load and fuel composition transients.

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Fowler. L51754 Field Application of Electronic Gas Admission with Cylinder Pressure Feedback for LB Engines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), czerwiec 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010363.

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�The purpose of this project was to evaluate the performance of electronic fuel gas admission valves and effects of continuous automatic cylinder balancing of large bore natural gas engines under actual field conditions. These goals have already been met under laboratory conditions at the Colorado State University Engines and Energy Conversion Laboratory in Fort Collins. The specific project objectives were to:1. Extend the feasibility of electronic fuel gas admission valves where gas valve timing and duration are varied to optimize fuel control and charge mixing from the laboratory environment to actual field applications. 2. Extend the feasibility of closed loop control using in-cylinder pressure sensors to achieve continuous, automatic power cylinder balancing from the laboratory environment to actual field applications. 3. Repeat the benefits of automatic continuous cylinder balancing shown in the laboratory testing under actual field conditions (i.e. fuel savings, improved cylinder misfire rates, improved emissions levels). In order to accomplish these objectives, the Woodward Governor Company AutoBalance TM 5000 control system was installed and tested at four host sites. Although the specific test plan differed slightly for the four host sites, the focus of the test program was consistent. The primary objective was to evaluate the effects of engine balance and the performance of the control system by testing a matrix of varying engine loads and speeds. Load and speed are the two primary control parameters affecting engine balance. Other tests were conducted to determine the effects of the electronic gas admission valve (EGAV) configuration (i.e. start of admission, end of admission, and duration).

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Shalatska, Hanna, Olena Zotova-Sadylo, Olexandr Makarenko i Larysa Dzevytska. Implementation of E-assessment in Higher Education. [б. в.], listopad 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4466.

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The purpose of the study is to develop the methodical recommendations for test-designers to cope with challenges of organizing on-line assessment process. In order to achieve this goal we have to reveal the strengths and weaknesses of e-assessment activities based on analysis of the universities practice. To find out students’ attitude to the issue of the study we have drawn up the questionnaire. The survey results confirm that e-assessment is rated as priority activity by learners thanks to individual approach to teaching/learning process, easily accessible and fast feedback, as well as interactive methods of implementation. Reviewing practical experience of Kryvyi Rih National University (KNU) and Donetsk Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine (DLI) and summarizing statistical data of the survey we have developed methodical support for designing e-assessment activities which involves: to determine intended recipients and the purpose of testing; select appropriate instruments and e-platform; specify forms of feedback; clarify the tasks; provide knowledge base for operating e-tests etc. Despite plenty of studies in this domain the test-designers and test-takers face to typical difficulties while operating e-assessment, and there is lack of research providing methodical practicalities in this field. To address learners’ and lecturers’ needs we have developed the methodical recommendations, which might be used in the drafting of e-assessment tests for students of different specialisms.

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Olsen. PR-179-07200-R01 Evaluation of NOx Sensors for Control of Aftertreatment Devices. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), czerwiec 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010985.

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Emissions reduction through exhaust aftertreatment is becoming more common. It is likely to play an important role in meeting new emissions regulations in the future. Currently, the predominate aftertreatment technology for NOX reduction in lean burn natural gas engines appears to be selective catalytic reduction (SCR). In SCR, a reducing agent is injected into the exhaust upstream of a catalyst. Supplying the optimal quantity of reagent is critical to effective application of SCR. If too little reagent is supplied then the NOx reduction efficiency may be too low. If too much reagent is provided then the ammonia slip may be too high. Control of reagent injection is an area where improvements could be made. In many current SCR systems, the rate of reagent injection is determined by engine loading. The relationship between engine loading and engine out NOX emission is determined during SCR system commissioning, and assumed to remain constant. Ideally, NOX emissions would be measured and used as feedback to the SCR system. It may also be advantageous to employ transient reagent injection based on time dependent variations in NOX mass flow in the exhaust. This would be possible with a fast response NOx sensor. Close loop engine control is an area of increasing importance. As regulatory emissions levels are reduced, compliance margins generally decrease. Precise control of air/fuel ratio and ignition timing become more critical. Cylinder-to-cylinder control of air/fuel ratio, ignition timing, and IMEP are also important. Advanced sensors are an enabling technology for more precise engine control. Ion sensing is an example of a technology that potentially can improve cylinder balancing and ignition timing. Cylinder-to-cylinder air/fuel ratio can be accomplished in several different ways. One approach would be to install individual sensors in the exhaust manifold, one for each cylinder. Ceramic based sensors (O2 and NOx) may be reliable enough at exhaust port temperatures. They are typically used in the exhaust of 4-stroke cycle engines, which have higher exhaust temperatures than 2-stroke cycle engines. Ceramic based NOx sensors have been under development for use, primarily, in Lean NOx Traps (LNTs). This technology is expected to be used on over-the-road Diesel truck engines in 2010. Therefore, the research effort has momentum. This provides an opportunity to capitalize on the efforts of another industry. In this project a NOx sensor will be evaluated using the SCR slipstream system on the GMV-4TF. The basic tasks are: 1. Identify commercial NOx sensors and procure most promising sensor 2. Design and modification of SCR slipstream system to accept sensors 3. Installation of sensors, sensor electronics, and data logging hardware and software 4. Sensor evaluation during SCR slipstream testing.

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Peterson, Warren. PR-663-20208-Z02 CO2e Economic Analysis Tool. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), listopad 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012191.

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The CO2e Economic Analysis Tool (CEAT) is a spreadsheet-based application for comparing project alternatives that are sensitive to GHG emission rates, emission levies, or other financial parameters. The tool is applicable to hydrocarbon transportation systems, with an emphasis on natural gas transmission. CEAT provides a comparative forecast of benefits and expenses (including levies) from initial cash flow to arrival at the forecast horizon. Along with financial forecasting functions, the tool estimates the emissions associated with a wide range of hydrocarbon fluids (gas and liquid), electricity, thermal energy, and upstream transportation. The forecast model provides a flexible configuration of CAPEX and O and M expenses and a customizable levy structure. This updated version of the tool includes enhancements based on feedback from the first edition such as greater control of fuel use patterns. It also includes pre-designed, easily customizable analysis templates for situations that are likely to be repeated often in the field. The tool is Excel-based and requires version 16 or newer. This download includes a copy of the report and a copy of the Excel-based Check Mate software (aka Checkmate). The spreadsheet and the associated report are licensed to single users as noted in the end-user license agreement that is contained in the zip file.

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