Artykuły w czasopismach: „FEED WATER HEATING”

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Kinkaid, Thos W. "FEED-WATER HEATING". Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 4, nr 3 (18.03.2009): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1892.tb00942.x.

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Rogers, T. J. "FEED-WATER HEATING". Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 29, nr 2 (18.03.2009): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1917.tb00114.x.

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Dinger, H. C. "MARINE FEED-WATER HEATING". Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 26, nr 1 (18.03.2009): 129–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1914.tb04739.x.

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ANDREWS, JAMES. "A NEW ASPECT OF FEED WATER HEATING". Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 43, nr 4 (18.03.2009): 644–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1931.tb03784.x.

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Grzesiak, Szymon, i Andrzej Adamkiewicz. "Application of a Two-Stage Steam Jet Injector Unit for Latent Heat Recovery of a Marine Steam Turbine Propulsion Plant". Applied Sciences 11, nr 12 (14.06.2021): 5511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125511.

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The paper presents the results of the numerical research of the steam jet injector applications for the regenerative feed water heating systems of marine steam turbine propulsion plants. The analysis shows that the use of a single injector for a single heat exchanger results in a relative increase in the thermal efficiency of the plant by 0.6–0.9%. The analysis also indicates the legitimacy of the usage of multistage feed water heating systems, which would enable the operating parameters optimization of the injectors. The obtained steam pressure up to the value of 1.8 barA allows for the heating of the feed water up to 110 °C. For higher degrees of feed water heating in the heat exchangers, it is necessary to supply heating steam of higher pressure. Therefore, the usage of two-stage steam jet injector units was considered advisable for the analyses.

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Kaibara, Yasuyuki. "Feed Water Heating Using Circulating Cooling Water of the Condensing Turbine." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 52, nr 11 (1998): 1534–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.52.1534.

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Daniel Ogbonna John Aja, Malachy Nwaeze Ezenwaeze i Sylvester Onuegbunam Nweze. "Sub-chronic toxicity study of palm kernel oil and soya oil in albino Wister rats". International Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences Archive 3, nr 2 (30.04.2022): 009–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.53771/ijbpsa.2022.3.2.0030.

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Background: Vegetable oils are commonly used food additives. Aim: To characterize and observe the toxic effect of sub chronic consumption of heated and unheated Palm Kernel oil (PKO) and Soya Oil (S0) after heating at 180 ℃ and at room temperature in albino Wistar rats. Methodology: The physicochemical properties were analyzed, sixty rats were divided into five groups of twelve rats and their baseline weight recorded. Group 1 (controls), received water and feed only, while 10mls of each oil was added (add libitum) to 100 grams of feed in each test group for six weeks and twelve weeks. Group 2 received feed, water and unheated PKO and Group 3 received feed, water and heated PKO. Group 4 were given feed, water and unheated SO while group 5 had feed, water and heated SO. The lipid profile and blood glucose were measured at six weeks exposure while the renal function and liver function were determined at twelve weeks exposure. Result: Heating the oils at 180 ℃ for 15 minutes caused a decrease in relative density, peroxide values, and iodine values in both the PKO and SBO and increased acid values and free fatty acids in both with no effect in the refractive index. Biochemical result showed that both heated and the unheated oil samples significantly increased the LDL levels, HPKO and UHSO caused increase in total cholesterol levels, UHPKO significantly decreased the TAG, HPKO significantly increased the ALT, HPKO significantly decreased the urea level and HSO increased the BG significantly. Conclusion: Heating alters the physicochemical properties of the oils thereby decreasing their qualities, while the oils also demonstrated evidence of hyperlipidemia.

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Mitrović, Dejan, Marko Ignjatović, Branislav Stojanović, Jelena Janevski i Jovan Škundrić. "ENERGY ANALYSIS OF REPOWERING STEAM POWER PLANTS BY FEED WATER HEATING". Facta Universitatis, Series: Mechanical Engineering 20, nr 1 (8.04.2022): 053. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fume200218017m.

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Modern society and economic development are completely dependent on various forms of energy while the ever-increasing demand for energy, in combination with significant environmental topics, has resulted in state-of-the-art ideas and solutions for fulfilling these often-contradictory goals, i.e. increasing efficiency or environmental protection and economic goal. The efficiency of the existing operating units for electricity production based on the usage of low-quality coal does not go hand in hand with the requirements of this new concept.One of the most efficient ways to reduce specific energy consumption is using Combined Heat and Power plants. In comparison to classical, separate heat and power plants, the advantage for CHP plants comes from their high efficiency. The result of higher efficiency is lower primary energy consumption and lower environmental pollution due to low values of CO2 emissions.Several revitalization configurations can be applied in order to fit the existing thermal power plants into combined cycles. The idea is to install, at the existing location, one gas turbine to increase the overall efficiency. This paper analyzes the potential of a combined gas-steam facility in the situation where the gas facility is used for heating feed water, which enters the heat recovery steam generator.A comparison of energy efficiency for various operating regimes, with and without heat production, is performed for this option.

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IWAKI, Chikako, Michitsugu MORI, Tadashi NARABAYASHI, Syuichi OHMORI i Yutaka ASANUMA. "3529 Endurance test of steam injector for feed-water heating system". Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2005.3 (2005): 215–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2005.3.0_215.

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Alam, Ahsan, Mubashir Ali Siddiqui i Naveed ur Rehman. "Solar feed water heating feasibility for a conventional steam power plant". Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 31, nr 7 (lipiec 2017): 3573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-017-0644-9.

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Orlov, M. E., M. M. Zamaleev, A. V. Kuz’min i V. I. Sharapov. "On the feasibility and possibility of heating water for district heating systems through the use of heat of the main condensate after cogeneration turbines". Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 11, nr 2 (23.07.2018): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2018-11-2-117-125.

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The possibilities of increasing the efficiency of cogeneration turbines of CHP plants through the use of low-potential heat carriers for water heating in district heat supply systems and increasing the generation of CHP electricity are considered. The existing technologies of heating the makeup water of the district heating system upstream water treatment apparatuses do not always provide the required heating temperature and do not have the sufficient energy efficiency. The technologies of using the main condensate of the exhaust steam in the turbine to heat the feed water in additional heaters included in the system of regeneration of cogeneration turbines are developed. The use of these technologies contributes to increasing the flow rate and reducing the enthalpy of the steam of regenerative outlets of the turbine used to heat this condensate, and, therefore, increases the combined heat and power generation. In order to determine the industrial applicability of the proposed solutions, experimental studies of the regeneration systems of turbo-units under the conditions of Ulyanovsk СHPPs-1 have been carried out. Multiparameter data arrays on operation of turbine condensate-feed path have been collected, and regression equations have been obtained to calculate the main condensate flow temperatures depending on various factors. On the basis of experimental data there have been calculated the minimum and maximum flow rates of feed water that can be heated to the desired temperature in the surface heaters included in the regeneration system of the turbines, the flow graphs of the heated feed water are constructed depending on the temperature of the main condensate after the turbines. The fields of application of the proposed technological solutions in operating heat supply systems are defined. The evaluation of energy efficiency is carried out using the method of specific generation of CHP electricity and conventional fuel economy at the implementation of the proposed solutions is calculated.

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Hull-Cantillo, Marianne, Mark Lay i Peter Kovalsky. "Anaerobic Digestion of Dairy Effluent in New Zealand, Time to Revisit the Idea?" Energies 16, nr 6 (20.03.2023): 2859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062859.

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The anaerobic digestion of New Zealand low-input dairy farms has previously been evaluated for energy production, but farming systems have recently become more intensive with increased feed supplementation and feed replacement; therefore, we are studying how these changes affect the overall energy production for water heating. A combination of literature review, surveys, chemical analyses, biomethane potential analysis, and modeling were used for this study. On a case study farm with a solid separator, it was found that 558 MJ/day and 176–861 MJ/day could be produced with the solid and liquid portions of effluent, respectively. There is enough biogas to satisfy the dairy farm’s water heating requirements with a tankless water heater.

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Zhang, Haiying. "Energy saving optimization of thermal power co-generation automation system in power plant". Thermal Science 27, nr 2 Part A (2023): 1249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci2302249z.

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In order to establish a new optimal load distribution between CHP units and wind turbines and realize a new type of energy-saving dispatching, the authors proposed a dispatching system based on smart grid. The author proposed that the heat pump with electric drive air conditioning should share part of the heating load of the hot water radiator, accordingly, the supply of heating water is reduced, increase heating power load. This directly leads to the increase of the total power load in the grid and the decrease of the total heating and hot water load, changing the proportion of thermal power load. Based on the new heating water and power load constraints, a mathematical model of optimal scheduling is established, the energy-saving dispatching of cogeneration units and wind turbines is realized. The simulation results show that using the new energy-saving scheduling method, 342.4 MWh of fuel can be saved per hour, and the energy saving benefit is about 8.83%. If the calorific value of standard coal is 29271 kJ/kg, this means that the fuel consumption savings per hour is about 42.14 ton standard coal. The calculation results show that the higher the value is, the more economically feasible the feed-in price of wind power is. In conclusion based on the current electricity price and heating heat price, in order to ensure that the economic benefits of each participant are not changed, the feed-in price of wind power is discussed, and the economic feasibility of the method is proved.

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Aminov, R. Z., i A. N. Bairamov. "Estimation of the efficiency of combining a npp with a hydrogen facility under conditions of safe use of hydrogen in a steam turbine cycle". Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 23, nr 2 (21.05.2021): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2021-23-2-56-69.

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THE PURPOSE. System efficiency and competitiveness assess of a new scheme for combining a nuclear power plant with a hydrogen complex based on additional heating of feed water and superheating of live steam in front of the high-pressure cylinder of a steam turbine. METHODS. Basic laws of thermodynamics were applied when developing and substantiating a new scheme for combining a nuclear power plants (NPP) with a hydrogen facility; theoretical regularities were applied of heat engineering; basic regularity were applied of fatigue wear of power equipment and assessment of its working resourse; basic regularities were applied for the assessment of operating costs and net present value (NPV). RESULTS. A new scheme is presented of the combination of a nuclear power plant with a hydrogen facility and a description of its operating principle on the example of a two-circuit nuclear power plant with a VVER-1000 reactor and a C-1000-60 / 1500 turbine. The data are presented on an increase in the productivity of steam generators at nuclear power plants with additional heating of feed water in the range of 235-250 ° C from its nominal value of 230 ° C. The temperature was estimated of live steam superheat depending on the temperature of the additional heating of the feed water. The results are presented of the calculation of the generated peak power by the power unit and the efficiency of conversion of the night off-peak power of the NPP into peak power, as well as the efficiency of the power unit of the NPP depending on the temperature of additional heating of the feed water. Main regularities are given for taking into account the fatigue wear of the main equipment of the hydrogen facility, including the rotor of the NPP turbine in the conditions of the stress-cyclic operation. The results are presented of assessing the cost of peak electricity NPP in combination with a hydrogen facility in comparison with a pumped storage power plant (PSPP) both for the current period and for the future until 2035. CONCLUSION. Hydrogen facility efficiency and competitiveness depends significantly on the intensity of the use of the main equipment in the conditions of the intense-cyclic operation. The hydrogen facility will competitiveness noticeably increase in comparison with the PSPP in the future. Efficiency of the NPP power unit and NPV is highest when the feed water is heated to 235 ° C and superheating of live steam in front of the high-pressure cylinder of the C-1000-60/1500 turbine up to 470°C.The hydrogen facility competes with the PSPP with her specific capital investment at the level of 660 USD / kW, provided that the boosting capabilities of the turbine are used with live steam overheating at 300 ° C and additional heating of feed water to 235°C on the current period. The PSPP does not compete with the hydrogen facility both for the current period and in the future with her specific capital investment of $ 1,500 / kW and above.

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Anikina, Irina, i Konstantin Kalmykov. "Use of heat pumps in CHP with cross-connections in a context of waste heat deficit". Energy Systems 5, nr 1 (25.11.2020): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/es.2020.1.016.

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The article presents the enlarged calculation and analysis of typical solutions of cogeneration plant`s heat network of CHP with cross-connections using the first phase of Avtovo CHP in Saint Petersburg as an example. As a way of CHP-15 cogeneration plant scheme optimization use of vapor compression heat pumps has been chosen and also lithium bromide absorption heat pumps to decrease the heat load of boilers in the deaeration plant. As a source of low-grade heat, a return heating water has been considered, and as a consumer – feed water of heating network.

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Horlock, J. H. "Approximate Analyses of Feed and District Heating Cycles for Steam Combined Heat and Power Plant". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Power and Process Engineering 201, nr 3 (sierpień 1987): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1987_201_024_02.

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An assumption for turbine expansion lines originally made by Salisbury and Haywood (that the difference between local steam enthalpy and the enthalpy of saturated water at the same pressure is constant throughout the expansion) is used in approximate analyses of steam combined heat and power plant. Thermal efficiencies and energy utilization factors are derived for a number of cycles with steam extraction for feed heating and for district heating. Calculations of these two parameters are presented for relatively low pressure cycles.

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Maulizar, Alvi, Masykur Masykur i Joli Supardi. "ANALISIS pH, TDS, TOTAL HARDNESS, ALKALINITY, DAN SILICA PADA BOILER FEET WATER DI PT. SOCFINDO PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT DI SEUNAGAN". Jurnal Mekanova: Mekanikal, Inovasi dan Teknologi 8, nr 1 (22.06.2022): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jmkn.v8i1.5630.

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The basic need of living things that is very important and cannot be separated is water. Various industrial activities require water for processing activities such as the palm oil industry, the palm oil industry is required to use water with good conditions such as proper chemical treatment. The power plant at PT. Socfindo Seunagan, requires water for steam needs from the boiler. Boiler is a closed place to produce steam from heating water. The boiler system, among others, consists of 3 parts, namely the water line system and steam system, fuel system and boiler system. Part of the steam system requires a lot of water to be adjusted automatically so that the steam in the system is met. The boiler feed water used must be able to meet the requirements as a source of steam and can prevent the formation of corrosion in the pipes. Therefore researchers are trying to maintain the stability of boiler feed water by maintaining pH, therefore it is necessary to analyze pH, TDS, Total hardness, Alkalinity, and SILICA in boiler feed water.

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Boussou, Charles Koffi, Gustave Nguessan Aliko, Nicole Ahou Yoboué, Félix Koffi Konan, Mamadou Ouattara i Germain Gourène. "Effect of Replacement of Fish Meal by Soybean Meal on Growth of Oreochromis niloticus (Linné, 1758) Juvenile under High Temperature Treatment for Masculinization". International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 5, nr 1 (25.03.2017): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v5i1.16982.

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Two experiments were conducted consecutively in triplicates to evaluate and compare the impact of different feeds on survival rate and growth performances of Oreochromis niloticus larvae during both the heat treatment for thermal masculinization and the subsequent juvenile stage. A commercial feed containing fishmeal with 32.38% crude protein (CFA) and an experimental feed with 25.48% crude protein (EFB) where fish-meal was entirely replaced by soybean meal were tested. In the first experiment, larvae of about 4 days post-hatch were reared for 21 days at a temperature of 36°C and the second has consisted in testing at ambient temperature the performances of these feeds on the previous fry for 70-72 days. Fish were fed four times a day ad libitum.Results showed that there were no significant differences between growth performances (survival rate, final body weight, daily weight gain and specific growth rate) of larvae bred in hot water and nourished with feed containing fishmeal (CFA) or feed containing soybean (EFB) as protein source. However, better results were obtained with control batches bred at ambient temperature and fed with feed CFA or EFB. Post-larval rearing of previously heated fry showed that feed containing fishmeal has similar growth performances as feed containing soybean. Then, soybean meal can replace successfully fish-meal in diet of larvae during heating treatment for masculinization and also for the post-larval rearing of fry. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(1): 30-36

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Tu, Ya Nan, Nan Xiang Sun i Yang Yang. "Study on Using Coking Wastewater to Prepare Low-Rank CWS and its Rheology Changes at Different Temperatures". Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (sierpień 2013): 2845–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2845.

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Regarded as an effective treatment to many kinds of industry wastewater, CWS technology is introduced to treat coking-wastewater, to simplify treating procedure. A low rank coal from Ximeng (in China) was prepared to slurry with clean water and three kind of wastewater at different treating depth. The results indicated that: (1) the coking-wastewater performed a slightly better effect than the clean water for preparing CWS; (2) the apparent viscosity decreases rapidly by heating the slurry, but increases when the temperature reaches to a unique value. The value is 40°C for cleaning-workshop feed CWS, 30°C for membrane filter feed CWS, and 50°C for membrane filter underflow.

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Du, Hai, Yan Bin Qu i Shu Kang Cheng. "A Novel Dynamic Electromagnetic Heating-Magnetizing Device Used for Reverse Osmosis System". Advanced Materials Research 562-564 (sierpień 2012): 913–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.562-564.913.

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A novel, environmental friendly dynamic rotating electromagnetic heating-magnetizing device is proposed, which can heat up and magnetize the low temperature feed water of reverse osmosis system. The device converts input mechanical energy into heat energy completely. The structure and operation mechanism are discussed in detail, and the mathematical model of loss is established based on fundamental electromagnetic field theory. At last, the effects of water magnetization treated by the device are introduced, which inhibits scaling on the reverse osmosis membrane surface and slows down the corrosion of metal surface.

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Rasheed, Rawand M., Evan A. Thomas, Paul Gardner, Tanya Rogers, Rafael Verduzco i Mark M. Weislogel. "Omni-Gravity Nanophotonic Heating and Leidenfrost-Driven Water Recovery System". Gravitational and Space Research 8, nr 1 (14.07.2020): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2020-0004.

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AbstractRecycling systems aboard spacecraft are currently limited to approximately 80% water recovery from urine. To address challenges associated with odors, contamination, and microgravity fluid flow phenomena, current systems use toxic pretreatment chemicals, filters, and rotary separators. Herein, a semipassive and potentially contaminant- and biofouling-free approach to spacecraft urine processing is developed by combining passive liquid–gas separation, nanophotonic pasteurization, and noncontact Leidenfrost droplet distillation. The system aims to achieve >98% water recovery from wastewater streams in zero, Lunar, Martian, and terrestrial gravitational environments. The surfaces of the phase separator are coated with carbon black nanoparticles that are irradiated by infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) producing hyperlocal heating and pasteurization during urine collection, separation, and storage. For the prescribed flow rate and timeline, the urine is then introduced into a heated 8.5-m-long helical hemicircular aluminum track. The low pitch and the high temperature of the track combine to establish weakly gravity-driven noncontact Leidenfrost droplet distillation conditions. In our technology demonstrations, salt-free distillate and concentrated brine are successfully recovered from saltwater feed stocks. We estimate equivalent system mass metrics for the approach, which compare favorably to the current water recovery system aboard the International Space Station.

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Ahmed, Faizan, Mohd Sharizal Abdul Aziz, Mohd Remy Rozainy Mohd Arif Zainol, Khor Chu Yee, Feroz Shaik, Dewi Suriyani Che Halin, Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh i Marwan Kheimi. "Design, Modelling and Optimization of a Novel Concentrated Solar Powered (CSP) Flash Desalination System Involving Direct Heating and Pressure Modulation Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)". Sustainability 14, nr 18 (15.09.2022): 11558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811558.

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The main problem with existing desalination technologies is that they consume high input energy to generate fresh water. Secondly, this energy demand is usually met by conventional sources of energy such as fossil fuels. With limited conventional energy reserves predicted for the future, the focus is on the utilization of renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind, and geothermal energy for powering desalination systems. Such a transformation would make the desalination systems more energy efficient, sustainable, and economical. In this paper, a novel concentrated solar powered (CSP) flash desalination system with direct heating and pressure modulation is presented. A lab-scale prototype was designed, manufactured, and tested for feed water collected from the Arabian Sea and in climatic conditions of Al-Khobar city in Saudi Arabia. The effect of three process parameters, namely, feed water temperature (30–40 °C), feed water flow rate (0.003–0.006 kg/s), and vacuum pressure (0.1–0.3 bar) on distillate production, was investigated. System modelling and optimization were done using Design Expert software and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The central composite design technique was employed for the optimization of process parameters. The adequacy of the developed distillate production model was verified by ANOVA. The optimum values of feed water temperature, flow rate, and vacuum pressure are reported to be 40 °C, 0.005 kg/s, and 0.1 bar, respectively, resulting in distillate production of 0.001 kg/s.

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Harrison, R. Wes, i Pramod R. Sambidi. "A Conjoint Analysis of the U.S. Broiler Complex Location Decision". Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 36, nr 3 (grudzień 2004): 639–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800026924.

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A national survey of broiler industry executives is conducted to analyze site-specific factors related to the broiler-complex location problem. Conjoint analysis is used to analyze the broiler complex location decision. Feed costs, community attitude toward the broiler industry, availability of geographically concentrated growers, unemployment rates, and wage rates were found to be the top five factors affecting broiler company location decisions. The quality of roads between feed mill and growers; electricity, heating, water, and sewage costs; and the number of potential growers in the region were also found to be important.

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Zhu, Guomin, Jinyu Huang, Ziwei Wan, Haitao Ling i Qiyan Xu. "Cow Dung Gasification Process for Hydrogen Production Using Water Vapor as Gasification Agent". Processes 10, nr 7 (24.06.2022): 1257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10071257.

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In recent years, with the development of hydrogen energy economy, there is an increasing demand for hydrogen in the market, and hydrogen production through biomass will provide an important way to supply clean, environmentally friendly and highly efficient hydrogen. In this study, cow dung was selected as the biomass source, and the efficiency of the biomass to hydrogen reaction was explored by coupling high temperature pyrolysis and water vapor gasification. The experimental conditions of gasification temperature, water mass fraction, heating rate and feed temperature were systematically studied and optimized to determine the optimal conditions for in situ hydrogen production by gasification of cow dung. The relationship of each factor to the yield of hydrogen production by gasification of cow dung semi-coke was investigated in order to elucidate the mechanism of the hydrogen production. The experiment determined the optimal operating parameters of in situ gasification: gasification temperature 1173 K, water mass fraction 80%, heating rate 10 K/min and feed temperature 673 K. The semi-coke treatment separated high temperature pyrolysis and water vapor gasification, and reduced the influence on gasification of volatile substances such as tar extracted from pyrolysis. The increase of semi-coke preparation temperature increases the content of coke, reduces the volatile matter and improves the yield of hydrogen; the small size of semi-coke particles and large specific surface area are beneficial to the gasification reaction.

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Laila, Lia. "Perancangan Alat Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) Monitoring pada Air Boiler berbasis Mikrokontroler di Pabrik Kelapa Sawit Naga Sakti". JOURNAL OF APPLIED SCIENCE (JAPPS) 3, nr 2 (1.09.2021): 048–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36870/japps.v3i2.259.

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Steam is a utility that have an essential function in palm oil production. Steam is mainly used in steam turbine to move the generator to produce electricity. Steam also has a lot of other functions such as heating cold oil in storage tank, heating coil in kernel drying, etc. Steam is produced in a machine called boiler. Boiler require a treated feed water as an input. To maintain boiler performance and lifetime, one need to control the TDS (Total Dissolved Solid) in boiler feed water in a range of 2100 2500 ppm. TDS is a parameter that shows the solid concentration which dissolved in the water. TDS has to be checked every hour to maintain its concentration controlled. In a practical use, TDS monitoring is a simple process but take a lot of time to proceed. Water from the sampling pipe collected in a bottle then cooled until room temperature. TDS from cooled boiler water then measured with a device called TDS meter. To control TDS value in the standard condition, the measurement time need to be reduced. Therefore, a faster method to measure TDS in boiler water is needed. An easier and faster measurement using a system which consisted of sensor, microcontroller, LCD display is one of the idea to reduce unneccessary measuring time. The development and experiment of this TDS monitoring device is situated in Nagasakti Palm Oil Mill, Riau Province, Indonesia.

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Osborne, V. R., R. R. Hacker i B. W. McBride. "Effects of heated drinking water on the production responses of lactating Holstein and Jersey cows". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 82, nr 3 (1.09.2002): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a01-055.

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An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of heating the drinking water of lactating dairy cows in different ambient environments on the feed and water intake and milk yield and composition and hydration status of Jersey and Holstein cows. Eighteen cows were randomly assigned to either an ambient (7–15°C), or a continuously heated (30–33°C), drinking water treatment in a switchback design. The experiment was replicated four times [spring (24.4°C), summer (21.1°C), autumn (11.8°C), and winter (12.6°C)] in a tie-stall facility. Free water intake was 3.40–5.95% greater (P < 0.05) each time the heated versus ambient drinking water was supplied across all trials. Both breeds responded similarly. Feed intake was increased 4.47% (P < 0.001) when cattle were offered the heated water during the summer experiment. Milk yield was greater (P < 0.01) for the spring and summer (P < 0.05) experiments when cattle were consuming the ambient water treatment. Water treatment had no effect on milk components or hydration status. Cows consumed 40% of their daily water intake within 2 h of each milking and feeding time. The results of this experiment demonstrate that cows drank more warm water when offered, but the increase in free water intake did not influence milk yield. Key words: Drinking water temperature, milk yield, feed and water intake, dairy cattle

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Zhang, Xian Qiu, Jing Feng Xu, Ming Xia Du i Yong Zhang. "Boiler-Water Treatment by Reverse Osmosis Employing Solar Energy". Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (październik 2011): 1021–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.1021.

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A boiler-water treatment device main composed of solar energy heater and reverse osmosis was designed Experiments on permeation flow and water quality as functions of temperature caused by solar energy were conducted. The experimental results showed that when the operation pressure was kept at 0.9MPa, permeation flow could increase 35.5%, from 6.5L/min to 8.8L/min if the feed water temperature increased from 18°C to 38°C by solar energy; and the produced water could totally meet Chinese water quality standard for middle or low pressure steam-boiler. On the other hand, if the permeation flow was kept at 8 L/min, the operation pressure would drop by 32.2%, from 1.18MPa to 0.78MPa. Based on these experimental results, economic and environmental analysis on a case of 10m3/h boiler-water treatment device by reverse osmosis employing solar energy were conducted, the results shows great significance for energy saving and environmental pollutants cut. All this showed this new RO system with pre-heating the feed water by solar energy could be widely applied in boiler-water treatment.

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Schwantes, Rebecca, Jakob Seger, Lorenz Bauer, Daniel Winter, Tobias Hogen, Joachim Koschikowski i Sven-Uwe Geißen. "Characterization and Assessment of a Novel Plate and Frame MD Module for Single Pass Wastewater Concentration–FEED Gap Air Gap Membrane Distillation". Membranes 9, nr 9 (6.09.2019): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes9090118.

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Membrane distillation (MD) is an up and coming technology for concentration and separation on the verge of reaching commercialization. One of the remaining boundaries is the lack of available full-scale MD modules and systems suitable to meet the requirements of potential industrial applications. In this work a new type of feed gap air gap MD (FGAGMD) plate and frame module is introduced, designed and characterized with tap water and NaCl–H2O solution. The main feature of the new channel configuration is the separation of the heating and cooling channel from the feed channel, enabling a very high recovery ratio in a single pass. Key performance indicators (KPIs) such as flux, gained output ratio (GOR), recovery ratio and thermal efficiency are used to analyze the performance of the novel module concept within this work. A recovery rate of 93% was reached with tap water and between 32–53% with salt solutions ranging between 117 and 214 g NaCl/kg solution with this particular prototype module. Other than recovery ratio, the KPIs of the FGAGMD are similar to those of an air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) channel configuration. From the experimental results, furthermore, a new MD KPI was defined as the ratio of heating and cooling flow to feed flow. This RF ratio can be used for optimization of the module design and efficiency.

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Liu, Xiao Hua, Guo Jian Cao, Sheng Qiang Shen i Guang Bin Zhao. "Performance Analysis of Parallel Feed LT-MED Desalination System with Thermal Vapor Compressor". Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (październik 2011): 3058–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.3058.

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This paper presents a theoretical analysis on parallel feed LT-MED desalination system with thermal vapor compressor which is helpful to the design and operation of such kind of seawater desalination plant. The mathematical model of a parallel feed LT-MED desalination system with thermal vapor compressor (TVC) is developed on the basis of the mass and energy conservation equations. In the model, the temperature loss is considered caused by the boiling point elevation (BPE) of seawater and the steam flow resistance is also included caused by flowing through tube bundle demisters and pipelines between adjacent evaporators. The property parameters of seawater are taken as the functions of temperature and concentration. A computer program is drawn up to solve the mathematical model. The calculation is based on the system with rated water production 3000 t/d. Taking actual operation into account, the influence of heating steam temperature of the first effect and entrained steam position of TVC on system performance are analyzed. The results show that when other relative parameters are fixed, the gained output ratio (GOR) and the total area of evaporators change slightly with the increasing of the heating steam temperature of first effect under the calculation condition of this paper. The results also demonstrate that there exist suitable entrained steam positions of TVC for the cost of water.

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Yang, Gang, Xiao Yang i Ya Nan Tu. "Research on the Rheological Property of Low-Rank Bitumite Coking Wastewater Slurry". Applied Mechanics and Materials 316-317 (kwiecień 2013): 264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.316-317.264.

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Coking wastewater's components are complex, leading to treatment difficulties. Preparing the wastewater to slurries with low-rank bitumite can not only transform the high pollution components to simple and easy-treated inorganic molecules, but also utilize the heat it creates, and at the meanwhile expand the low-rank bitumite's application scope. Three coking wastewater samples of different treating depth, from a coking plant in Tangshan, were prepared slurries with a low-rank bitumite from a mine in Shanxi, and the slurries' rheological and temperature-depended properties were also tested. The results indicated that: preparing slurries with the feed of clean-room can optimize the flow-ability of which is with clean water; the viscosities reduce when heating the slurries, until the temperature increase over a unique value; the change pattern of the viscosity is depended on the properties of the interstitial water, water film and dispersant molecules by heating the slurries.

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Kurniawan, Aditya, Bambang Sugiarto i Andri Perdana. "Design of a Simple Pyrolysis Reactor for Plastic Waste Conversion into Liquid Fuel using Biomass as Heating Source". Eksergi 17, nr 1 (3.04.2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31315/e.v17i1.3080.

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A design that emphasizes simplicity and cost-effectiveness is applied to the plastic pyrolysis reaction system to produce liquid fuel. The reactor is fabricated from the waste refrigerant tank. The energy source for pyrolysis is generated by the combustion of biomass pellets. Forced convection by an electric blower is utilized to enhance the combustion efficiency and thus increase the heating rate with the overall average temperature at 412 °C. The coiled pipe is employed as a condenser system with water as its cooling media. The quantity of liquid product is measured for a different mass of PET-type plastic waste feed, with a maximum value of 17.7% w/w of feed mass is obtained. The physical characteristic of the liquid product is then analyzed using standard methods. It is found that its characteristics have approached the specification of commercial liquid fuel in the domestic market, with a liquid specific gravity of 0.776 and a heating value of 46 MJ/kg.

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Ahmadi, Gholamreza, Davood Toghraie i Omid Ali Akbari. "Solar parallel feed water heating repowering of a steam power plant: A case study in Iran". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 77 (wrzesień 2017): 474–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.019.

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Shettigondahalli Ekanthalu, Vicky, Satyanarayana Narra, Jan Sprafke i Michael Nelles. "Influence of Acids and Alkali as Additives on Hydrothermally Treating Sewage Sludge: Effect on Phosphorus Recovery, Yield, and Energy Value of Hydrochar". Processes 9, nr 4 (31.03.2021): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9040618.

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The high moisture content present in sewage sludge hinders the use of sewage sludge in incineration or energy application. This limitation of moisture present in sewage sludge can be obviated by using the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process. In sewage sludge management, the HTC process requires less energy compared to other conventional thermo–chemical management processes. The HTC process produces energy-rich hydrochar products and simultaneously enables phosphorus recovery. This study investigates the influence of organic acids, inorganic acid, and alkali as additives on phosphorus transformation, yield, proximate analysis and the heating value of subsequently produced hydrochar. The analysis includes various process temperatures (200 °C, 220 °C, and 240 °C) in the presence of deionized water, acids (0.1 M and 0.25 M; H2SO4, HCOOH, CH3COOH), and alkali (0.1 M and 0.25 M; NaOH) solutions as feed water. The results show that phosphorus leaching into the process-water, hydrochar yield, proximate analysis, and the heating value of produced hydrochar is pH- and temperature-dependent, and particularly significant in the presence of H2SO4. In contrast, utilization of H2SO4 and NaOH as an additive has a negative influence on the heating value of produced hydrochar.

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Glushchenko, O., i I. Sapytsky. "STUDY OF WATER ECONOMIZERS OF STEAM BOILERS AND DEVELOPMENT OF MEASURES FOR EXTENDING THEIR OPERATION". Collection of scholarly papers of Dniprovsk State Technical University (Technical Sciences) 2, nr 37 (23.04.2021): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31319/2519-2884.37.2020.12.

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The operation of the economizer of the P-50 boiler unit, as well as the conditions of its operation have been studied. The economizer is one of the main components of the boiler unit. It works in very difficult conditions. The quality of the feed water supplied to the drum depends on the operation of the economizer. The thermal calculation of steam boiler type P-50 using different values of feed water temperatures at the inlet to the economizer and different coefficients of excess air in the furnace, identified and analyzed factors that negatively affect the operation of the water economizer to conduct a detailed analysis and development of recommendations to improve the operation of the steam boiler as a whole and separately economizing heating surfaces. As a result of the calculations, the dependences of the heat perception of the economizer on the temperature of the feed water at the inlet to the economizer and the dependence of the excess air on the total volume of combustion products are obtained. The paper considers in detail the possible causes of failure of economizers and factors that have a negative impact on the condition of the metal pipes; proposed recommendations that will increase the service life of economizers until the next repair campaign.

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Shuvalov, Anatoliy, i Alexey Mashkov. "ENERGY-SAVING FEED BOILER FOR FARMS". SCIENCE IN THE CENTRAL RUSSIA, nr 3 (30.06.2022): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35887/2305-2538-2022-3-55-59.

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The question of the need to introduce in technological processes gas-using devices of various purposes and designs arises during the period of large-scale gasification of the village The most energy-intensive process is fodder steaming and cooking in personal subsidiary farms and other peasant farms. Gas-using digesters of various capacities and designs are beginning to be used for these purposes in recent years. Their common disadvantage is the lack of power regulation. The results of studies of the energy supply system of a gas-using digester, which provides smooth regulation of gas flow in dynamic mode in the process of heating the contents of the digester to a boil, are given in the article. Sketch drawings were developed and a working sample of the steam-water chamber, which is used in the digester, was created in the process of performing research. A working experimental sample of a digester with an automated power supply system has been created. The rated power of the boiler power supply system is determined on the basis of a developed private methodology for experimental studies. The gas consumption of the gas burner device, the change in the temperature of the product in the brewing tank were studied. The savings in gas consumption with proportional power control are determined.

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Amori, Dr Karima Esmail, i Randa Rashid Sari. "An Investigation of Hybrid Solar-Steam Power Plant: A case study in Iraq". Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 10, nr 4 (21.12.2020): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v10i4.378.

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In this work integrating Al-Zubaydia (Kut-Iraq) thermal power plant with solar thermal system is studied for heating feed water by solar energy to reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gases emission. A closed type Parabolic Trough Solar Collector (PTSC) is designed, constructed, instrumented, and tested. Its thermal characteristics are reported under Iraq climate conditions for the period extended from June, to September 2017. The collector heat gain, efficiency, absorber temperature and heat exchanger effectiveness (considered as feed water heater) were presented for absorber side flow rates of (0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) lpm of water or oil), and shell side water flow rates of (0.4, 0.5, 0.6lpm). Results show that the maximum obtained thermal efficiency of parabolic trough solar collector was 83.33% for oil working fluid. The maximum obtained oil outlet temperature was 106 oC at solar noon for (0.15) lpm. Theoretical results showed that the fuel save mode needs collector area of (32842 m2), while that needed for power boosting is (102569 m2) for the same thermal cycle efficiency. The fuel save mode reported a reduction in greenhouse emission.

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Retnani, Yuli, Lidy Herawati, Weny Widiarti i Eka Indahwati. "Uji Sifat Fisik dan Palatabilitas Biskuit Limbah Tanaman Jagung sebagai Substitusi Sumber Serat untuk Domba (The Physical Characteristic and Palatability of Corn Plant Waste Biscuit as Fiber Substitution for Sheep)". Buletin Peternakan 33, nr 3 (21.02.2012): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v33i3.112.

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Corn plant waste is one of alternative feed source that has big potential to make various low cost and useful feed product. One of technologies that can be applied to make feed biscuit is pressing technology. Biscuit feed is made by heating and pressing of forage usually it to become, thin, and flat. The objectives of this experiment were to determine physical characteristics and palatability of corn plant waste in the biscuit form for fiber substitution. The experimental design used was Completely Randomized Design with 6 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment were : R1 (100% field grass), R2 (50% field grass+50% corn leaf), R3 (100% corn leaf), R4 (50% field grass+50% corn husk), R5 (50% corn leaf+50% corn husk) and R6 (100% corn husk). The data were subjected to ANOVA and Contrast Orthogonal Test. The observed variables were water activity, moisture, water absorption, density, and palatability. The results indicated that the treatments had highly significant effect (P<0.01) on water content. The water content of biscuits in R2 (11.06±0.10), R1 (11.23±0.60), and R6 (11.39±0.71) were lower than in biscuits R4 (11.73±0.17), R5 (11.80±0.09,) and R3 (12.85±0.37). The average of water content of all treatments was 11.68±0.34%. The treatments also significantly affected (P<0.05) water absorption of biscuit feed in which water absorption on R4 (514.48±19.95), R5 (504.27±5.59) and R1 (492.34±40.90) were higher than R6 (452.31±42.63), R3 (438.00±15.69) and R2 (383.49±31.97) with overall averages of 464.15±26.12%. Water activity, density, and palatability were not significantly different. It could be concluded that palatability of corn plant waste biscuit was the same with field grass biscuit on sheep.(Key words: Biscuit of corn plant waste, Physical characteristic, Palatability, Sheep)

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Perednya, V. I., V. I. Khrutsky, A. A. Romanovich i A. V. Kitun. "Studying the processing of leguminous components into easily digestible feed for calves". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Agrarian Series 57, nr 1 (15.02.2019): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1817-7204-2019-57-1-85-92.

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The basic feed for calves during pre-weaning period is whole milk. In order to reduce consumption of whole milk in the leading Western countries, whole milk replacers are used. Attempts to produce local whole milk replacers have not yet found wide distribution due to the high consumption of dry milk and lack of production of hydrogenated fat with additives of vitamins and microelements in Belarus. In recent years, production process of local milk replacers has been started to develop. An innovative technology has been developed for production of whole milk replacers based on local grains, legumes and oil crops, taking the idea of processing them into easily digestible liquid feeds based on moisture-and-heat treatment of grain components using cavitation energy. A special hydrodynamic plant was designed, allowing to obtain a homogeneous mass right of the grain forage, which does not decompose into fractions, highly palatable and easily digested by animals. The allowable processing temperature of leguminous crops was determined to be 80 °C maximum. In order to reduce processing time of the water-and-grain mixture and increase process productivity, a hypothesis was put forward related to use of electromagnetic field for heating the mixture moving in pipeline. Studies have confirmed the efficiency of the electromagnetic field. Moisture-and-heat treatment of grain forage by cavitation using induction heating allows, in a short period of time and at a low temperature, to get easily digestible feed and preserve essential amino acids and vitamins. The developed innovative technology and equipment allows to reduce consumption of whole milk by 15-20% when growing calves during pre-weaning period.

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Pratiwi, Meiti, Godlief F. Neonufa, Tirto Prakoso i Tatang H. Soerawidjaja. "The Synthesis of Magnesium Soaps as Feed for Biohydrocarbon Production". MATEC Web of Conferences 156 (2018): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815603001.

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In previous study, by heating magnesium basic soaps from palm stearine will decarboxylated and produced biohydrocarbon. The frequent method to produced metal soaps from triglyceride in laboratory scale is metathesis. This process is less favored because this method would produced large amounts of salt waste and hard to develop into bigger scale. This study investigated the process and characterization of magnesium soaps from coconut oil and magnesium hydroxide via direct reaction method at 185 °C for 3 and 6 hours. The resulting soaps were washed with water and methanol, then dried. This process yield more than 80%-w metal soaps, acid values lower than 6 mg KOH/g and pH 9.2. Based on Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA) and SEM results, the initial decomposition temperature of these metal soaps were at 300 °C and have amorphous surface morphology. From decarboxylation test of magnesium basic soaps indicate great potency as feed for biohydrocarbon production.

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Prishchepova, S. A., I. A. Sultanguzin, A. Sh Alimgazin, I. V. Evseenko, A. V. Fedyukhin, A. I. Bartenev i Yu V. Yavorovsky. "The use of low-temperature secondary energy resources using heat transformers in non-ferrous metallurgy". Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 13, nr 2 (31.07.2020): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2020-13-2-97-104.

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The concepts of developing efficient and reliable schemes for the use of waste heat of low-potential energy resources in heat transformers (HT) are considered. Examples of using HT in several non-ferrous metallurgy plants in Russia and Kazakhstan are given: the production of nickel, zinc and ferroalloys. In the case of nickel production, two schemes are proposed for consideration: for summer and winter modes. The main object of study is a nickel production scheme using a lithium bromide absorption chiller (AbCh). Recycled water is the main source of utilized low-grade waste heat for AbCh. The cold obtained in AbCh is necessary for the technological process. The basic parameters were calculated under various extreme conditions, the energy effect of the modernization of the circuit was estimated, and equipment was selected. Studies have shown the feasibility of introducing AbCh into circuits with a large amount of waste heat. Low-grade heat utilization of nickel production using heat pump unit (HPU) in winter allows to obtain heat energy for heating water from the heating network and raw water for feeding the boiler house of a thermal power plant.Another example of HT use is a heat pump unit (HPU) in the production of zinc and ferroalloys. HPU is designed to heat feed water before chemical water purification and at the same time “cool down” the circulating water, which is then used on a series of electrolysis, replacing purchased artesian water. In winter, the heat produced at HPU is used for heating, ventilation and hot water supply, which allows to dispense with the services of a third-party thermal power plant.

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Kozhabayeva, S. А., i N. T. Sartanova. "Poultry subcomplex of Kazakhstan: production of turkey meat". Problems of AgriMarket 3 (30.09.2021): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.46666/2021-3.2708-9991.11.

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The goal-is to analyze the state of development of poultry farming in Kazakhstan, identify the range of main problems and propose mechanisms for their solution. Methods - economic and mathematical modeling, economic and statistical, dialectical. Results - the advantages of turkey meat production over other types of poultry industry were revealed. The indicators of the poultry sector, as well as the production of feed in the leading regions of the republic in dynamics from 2019 to 2021 are given. An important advantage in obtaining turkey meat is a large meat yield from one carcass compared to other poultry, this indicates a high economic efficiency. The authors note that in the poultry subcomplex, meat direction has an advantage over the egg one, since poultry meat can be sold from all its varieties. The necessity of rational use of the fodder base in the production of turkey meat has been determined. Methods of using feed, namely wet, dry and combined processing, are considered, their structure is shown. So, for example, mixes are subjected to wet processing, that is, ground cereals, grains, concentrated supplements with protein content by adding water, whey, milk, juicy feed, broth and vitamins. Dry feed consists of complete feed in granules or ground form, enriched with essential minerals and vitamins. It has been determined that the use of innovative technologies for obtaining turkey meat, such as a floor system of growing and heating of a gas type, can reduce heating tariffs compared to a conventional system, reduce energy costs by more than 20%. Conclusions. Development of the poultry sector is socially beneficial and the most promising direction in ensuring food security of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Recommendations have been developed for improving the feed base, reimbursing part (30%) of financial costs associated with purchase of machinery and special equipment, the construction of modular production structures for meat and egg farms, preferential subsidies for investment activities of poultry enterprises, as well as the formation of stabilization funds for feed grain.

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Mibarki, Nawel, Zakaria Triki, Abd-Elmouneïm Belhadj, Hichem Tahraoui, Meriem Zamouche, Mohammed Kebir, Abdeltif Amrane, Jie Zhang i Lotfi Mouni. "An Effective Standalone Solar Air Gap Membrane Distillation Plant for Saline Water Desalination: Mathematical Model, Optimization". Water 15, nr 6 (15.03.2023): 1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15061141.

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Several drinking water production techniques are being established to respond immediately to the growing needs of the population. The system of air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) is the best attractive option for the process of water desalination. This thermal process is characterized by its potential to provide drinking water at low energy costs when combined with solar energy. In this paper, the AGMD brackish water desalination unit potentialities coupled with solar energy were investigated. Ghardaïa of the south region has been considered as the field of our study. Mathematical modeling is investigated by employing MATLAB software to develop the prediction of the permeate flux related to the phenomena of heat and mass transfer. Herein, flat plate solar collectors (SFPC) were exploited as a source for heating saline water through free solar energy conversion. The further model validation of a flat solar collector made it possible for following the instantaneous evolution of the collector outlet temperature depending on the feed water temperature and the flow rate. Furthermore, it is interesting to note that the results prove the possibility to produce water by the solar AGMD process with a maximum permeate flux of 8 kg·m−2·h−1 achieved at 68 °C, a feed temperature. Moreover, gained output ratio (GOR) of the unit of thermal solar desalination was estimated to be about 4.6, which decreases with increasing hot water flow and temperature.

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Ali, Sajid, Fahad Al-Amri i Farooq Saeed. "Numerical and Experimental Performance Evaluation of a Photovoltaic Thermal Integrated Membrane Desalination System". Energies 15, nr 19 (10.10.2022): 7417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197417.

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Membrane desalination (MD) is preferred over other desalination techniques since it requires a lower temperature gradient. Its performance can be further enhanced by preheating the intake of saline water. In this context, a novel solar-assisted air gap membrane desalination (AGMD) system was hypothesized. The motivation was derived from the fact that the use of solar energy to provide power and a pre-heating source for the intake of saline water can offer a sustainable alternative that can further enhance the acceptance of MD systems. Since solar panels suffer from a loss of efficiency as they heat up during operation, a solar-assisted air gap membrane desalination (AGMD) system can help to improve the overall system performance by (1) providing the necessary pumping power to operate the system and (2) improving solar panel performance by exchanging heat using water that is (3) used to pre-heat the saline water necessary for increased performance of the AGMD system. To verify the hypothesis, a solar-assisted AGMD system for freshwater production was theoretically designed, fabricated locally, and then tested experimentally. The effect of the process operating parameters and the ambient conditions on the overall performance of the proposed solar-assisted AGMD desalination unit is presented in detail, both theoretically and experimentally. The results indicated a direct correlation between the permeate flux, saline hot feed temperature, and hot feed flow rate. In addition, an inverse relationship between the cold feed temperature, cold feed flow rate, and the air gap thickness of the module was also observed and reported, thus, validating the hypothesis that a solar-assisted air gap membrane desalination (AGMD) system can help to boost performance.

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Adibhatla, Sairam, i S. C. Kaushik. "Exergy and thermoeconomic analyses of 500 MWe sub critical thermal power plant with solar aided feed water heating". Applied Thermal Engineering 123 (sierpień 2017): 340–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.05.099.

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Evdokimov, S. I., i T. E. Gerasimenko. "Rationale for efficiency of flotation in the conditions of wetting film heating". Izvestiya Vuzov. Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya (Universities' Proceedings Non-Ferrous Metallurgy), nr 5 (19.10.2022): 4–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2022-5-4-18.

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When studying the aggregative stability of dispersed systems by sediment volumetry, nanobubbles are formed due to water structure imperfections in the contact area, and the coalescence of nanobubbles results in a hydrophobic attraction force. Changes in the aggregative stability of aqueous dispersions of particles can be explained as follows: water molecules with a high potential of interaction with medium molecules are difficult to flow into the interfacial gap between particle surfaces, and the outflow of water molecules with a high intensity of interaction with a solid surface is impaired. Excessive osmotic pressure between hydrophilic surfaces causes their hydrophilic repulsion, and excessive osmotic pressure of the surrounding water (reduced osmotic pressure between surfaces) causes hydrophobic attraction of the surfaces. To change the result of flotation, it is sufficient to bring the heat flow to a thin liquid layer of nanoscale thickness with the action of forces of structural origin localized inside, which determine the stability of wetting films. To increase the temperature in the interfacial gap between theparticle and the bubble due to the heat of water vapor condensation, it is proposed to use a mixture of air with hot water vapor as a gas during flotation. The developed flotation method was tested in the flotation of gold-bearing ores. The rational vapor consumption determined based on the factorial experiment results is 10.7·10–3 kg/(s·m2) at a xanthate consumption of 1.74 g/t. The rougher flotation operation used a jet method of flotation circuit design, which provides for the combination of the initial feed and the rough concentrate. In comparison with ore flotation according to the factory scheme, the yield of concentrate sent for hydrometallurgical processing is 23.4 rel.% less while maintaining the gold recovery level achieved.

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Al Bkoor Alrawashdeh, Khalideh, Kamel K. Al-Zboon i Zakaria Al Qodah. "Modeling and Investigation of Multistage Flash-Mixing Brine in Aqaba City, Jordan". Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems 8, nr 6 (22.12.2021): 905–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/mmep.080609.

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Desalination processes are considered an essential solution to meet the water scarcity in Jordan. Among the desalination techniques, the multistage flash (MSF) desalination technique has a significant contribution to water budget in many regions around the world. In this paper, MSF with a mixing brine desalination plant was proposed in Aqaba city of Jordan. The plant will consume 5 MW power to produce about 74 Kg/s of freshwater. Different designs are studied to determine the most appropriate design. Also, the effect of feed sea water flow rate, heating steam flow rate and number of stages on the plant performance were evaluated. The optimum layout consists of 24 stages with 3.6 m width, 2.6 m length, and with a recycled brine flow rate of about 651 Kg/s. The expected plant performance is 9.6.

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Khudor, Dr Dhamyaa Saad, Dr Ghanim Kadhim Abdulsada i Moumin Mahdi Issa. "Experimental Study of Concentrated Solar Power on Heat Feed Water Heaters in Steam Power Plants in Iraq". Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 11, nr 1 (7.05.2021): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v11i1.436.

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For generating power, solar energy is counted a good exporter. Iraq is located in a hot zonewith latitude from 32 degree N to 36 degree N. In Iraq, the average solar radiation is about 7kilowatt hours / day.In this work, central receiving tower was used to obtain steam using the available solar energyin summer and winter. To heat the feed water heater of South Baghdad Electrical Steam PowerPlant, steam utilization for this purpose. In the project, manufacturing the central receivertower, which is consisting of 150 mirrors fixed upon 75 manual tracking heliostats arranged forutilization the solar radiation concentrated on the central receiving tank (CRT). Pipes systemswere used for hot water or steam exits from receiver. In this study, the central receiver tank(0.5m*1m) was filled with 157 liter of water. The experimental work was run for one yearfrom June 2015 – May 2016. The outlet temperature of water from central tower receiver wassteam for (July and August 2015) and hot water with high temperature for other months of theyear. The results obtained from our system, solar shares for heating the feed water heater ofSouth Baghdad Electrical Steam Power Plant up to 1.86 % and an annual average of 1.03%.Temperature, power concentration factor and system efficient are greatly influenced by thenumber of heliostats used. A sample of calculations is used to evaluate the mathematical dataof hot water and steam temperatures obtained from this study. These values are approximatewith experimental data when compared together.

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Little, Helen A., Nagendra G. Tanikella, Matthew J. Reich, Matthew J. Fiedler, Samantha L. Snabes i Joshua M. Pearce. "Towards Distributed Recycling with Additive Manufacturing of PET Flake Feedstocks". Materials 13, nr 19 (25.09.2020): 4273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194273.

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This study explores the potential to reach a circular economy for post-consumer Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (rPET) packaging and bottles by using it as a Distributed Recycling for Additive Manufacturing (DRAM) feedstock. Specifically, for the first time, rPET water bottle flake is processed using only an open source toolchain with Fused Particle Fabrication (FPF) or Fused Granular Fabrication (FGF) processing rather than first converting it to filament. In this study, first the impact of granulation, sifting, and heating (and their sequential combination) is quantified on the shape and size distribution of the rPET flakes. Then 3D printing tests were performed on the rPET flake with two different feed systems: an external feeder and feed tube augmented with a motorized auger screw, and an extruder-mounted hopper that enables direct 3D printing. Two Gigabot X machines were used, each with the different feed systems, and one without and the latter with extended part cooling. 3D print settings were optimized based on thermal characterization, and both systems were shown to 3D print rPET directly from shredded water bottles. Mechanical testing showed the importance of isolating rPET from moisture and that geometry was important for uniform extrusion. The mechanical strength of 3D-printed parts with FPF and inconsistent flow is lower than optimized fused filament, but adequate for a wide range of applications. Future work is needed to improve consistency and enable water bottles to be used as a widespread DRAM feedstock.

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Rizki, Muhammad, i Romy Romy. "Energy Analysis of Steam Cycle Efficiency with Feed Water Heater Modification (Case Study: PT. Pertamina EP Asset 1 Field Lirik)". Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace -science and engineering- (JOMAse) 65, nr 3 (30.11.2021): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36842/jomase.v65i3.253.

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The increasing energy efficiency program will decrease the consumption of energy. If these improvements are carried out together, it will certainly ensure energy reliability for a sustainable and better future. The aim of this paper was to investigate the possibility of increasing efficiency in the crude oil heating system at PT. Pertamina EP Asset 1 Lirik Field. The research method was done by modification the steam cycle using the close and open Feed Water Heater (FWH). As result, the efficiency of steam cycle of close FWH increased 2.53% and 2.78% for open FWH. While the efficiency of the steam cycle in the initial conditions was 36.74%.

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Pu, Yan, Trevor Treasure, Ronalds Gonzalez, Richard Venditti i Hasan Jameel. "Autohydrolysis pretreatment of mixed hardwoods to extract value prior to combustion". BioResources 6, nr 4 (10.10.2011): 4840–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.4.4856-4870.

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Biomass pretreatment by autohydrolysis uses hot-water to extract soluble components from wood prior to converting the woody residuals into paper, wood products, or fuel, etc. Mixed hardwood chips were autohydrolyzed in hot-water at 150, 160, 170, and 180 ºC, for 1 and 2 h. The tradeoff between fermentable sugar yield and caloric value of the residual solids was studied for a process that will be referred to as “value prior to combustion”. The extracted liquid was treated with dilute sulfuric acid to break down sugar oligomers into fermentable monomers. Material balances were performed around autohydrolysis to evaluate the role of temperature and residence time on sugar production and residual solid heating value. The composition (sugars and byproducts) of the extracted liquid was determined. As the autohydrolysis temperature increased, the material balance became less precise, presumably due to more volatile byproducts being formed that were not quantified. More hemicelluloses were extracted from the wood by the hot water extraction process under higher temperature and longer residence time, but a greater degree of sugar degradation was also observed. After hot-water extraction the heating value of the solid residues was higher than the original wood. The total energy content of the residual solid after extraction ranged from 74 to 95% of the original energy content of the feed.

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