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Bentley-Smith, Elizabeth A. "Public support for the arts : the suburban counties profiles project /". Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2002. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1860/390.
Pełny tekst źródłaRussell, James C. "The administration of public support for the arts in Pennsylvania and the response of third sector music organizations to changes in funding from the Pennsylvania Council on the Arts". Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 1993. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.
Pełny tekst źródłaRoss, Jane Elizabeth. "Regional Victorian arts festivals : from community arts to an industry based model /". Connect to thesis, 1999. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000957.
Pełny tekst źródłaRedd, Tina. "The struggle for administrative and artistic control of the Federal Theatre Negro units /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10222.
Pełny tekst źródłaPribil, Stephanie. "Biting the hand that feeds you : the connections between art, state and marketplace in Australia, 1973-1993 /". Title page and introduction only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arp9448.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaGibson, Lisanne, i L. Gibson@mailbox gu edu au. "Art and Citizenship- Governmental Intersections". Griffith University. School of Film, Media and Cultural Studies, 1999. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030226.085219.
Pełny tekst źródłaGibson, Lisanne. "Art and Citizenship- Governmental Intersections". Thesis, Griffith University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367010.
Pełny tekst źródłaThesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Film, Media and Cultural Studies
Arts, Education and Law
Full Text
Heath, Karen Patricia. "Conservatives and the politics of art, 1950-88". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d62a078b-4009-40a8-8765-1a4f5e0fbcbc.
Pełny tekst źródłaGarrow, Eve Elizabeth. "Receipt of, reliance on, and growth of government revenue among nonprofit human service organizations what organizational factors determine the distribution of government funds? /". Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1716387061&sid=21&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Pełny tekst źródłaScheving, Thorsteinsson Astridur. "State aid to airlines". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ64301.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaWaiwaiole, Evelyn Nelson. "The political formation of a hybrid financial aid program in Texas and its impact on access /". Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008462.
Pełny tekst źródłaCavener, Kim R. "Federal Education Laws and the Fine Arts". Thesis, Lindenwood University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3605243.
Pełny tekst źródłaDue to federal laws requiring standardized testing of only a select few of the core subjects, many students have been divested of fine arts instruction (Chen, 2008; Garcia, 2010; Jacobsen & Rothstein, 2009; Maxwell, 2008; Suzuki, 2009). Moreover, school officials have reduced funding allocated to non-tested content areas as one means of balancing district budgets in a poor economy (Chen, 2008; Garcia, 2010). This mixed method study examined music educators' and curriculum directors' perceptions of how federal education laws have affected public school fine arts. Analysis of data from interviews of six music educators and six curriculum directors were conducted concurrently with the distribution of a Likert online survey. The interview and survey methodologies provided descriptive data of educators' perceptions regarding the consideration of fine arts as a core subject in policy and practice, the role of public school fine arts in the education of the whole child, the overall value of the fine arts in light of brain research, and the controversy surrounding the standardized assessment of the fine arts. The findings of the study revealed that even though all curriculum directors and music educators agreed the fine arts should be included in a child's holistic education, music educators possessed stronger beliefs regarding the fine arts being considered a core subject, Curriculum directors indicated their districts valued the fine arts as a public relations tool and as a means to boost achievement in other subjects, while music educators in the same district spoke of feeling devalued, indicating a disconnect in communication between administrators and staff. Finally, though many educators oppose the standardized testing of the fine arts, the assessments would provide valuable data.
Gregory, Steven R. "The distribution of federal grants in Appalachia the effects of race /". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1449.
Pełny tekst źródłaTitle from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 49 p. : ill., maps (some col.) Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-49).
DRISSI, Mounia. "Students’ aid policies: a comparative mixed-method study of two federal cases". Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/91065.
Pełny tekst źródłaGorgosz, Jon Edward. "A Consequence of Crisis: A Historical Policy Analysis Examining the Relationship between Economic and Military Crises and the Development and Effects of Early Federal Policy in Higher Education during the Twentieth century, 1934 to 1963". OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1540.
Pełny tekst źródłaFerraz, Eduardo Vieira da Cunha. "Analysis of student aid investment management in the Federal Institute of Cearà Campus Jaguaribe". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=12487.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe National Student Assistance Plan (PNAES) provides government subsidies to Federal Institutions of Higher Education (IFES) in order to combat situations of avoidance, retention and low academic performance. Trying to evaluate investment results, this study sought to examine the management of resources for student aid in combating truancy at the top level, testing the following hypotheses: a) the increase in the volume of student aid funds to minimize the phenomenon of evasion; b) the receipt of aid reduces the probability of dropping the subsidized student. From a methodology of dialectical approach, an exploratory field research in Jaguaribe campus of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the State of Cearà (IFCE) where documentary sources on evasion and investment aid were raised between years was performed 2011 and 2014, on which statistical correlation analysis and comparison of means were performed. Considering the limitations of the research, the test results indicated the effectiveness of the receipt of aid in the decision to keep the student in the course, leading to the conclusion that investment in aid has an important administrative role in combating student dropout. From the results of the analysis, we propose a method for managing investments in aid from the use of strategic indicators (BSC).
O Plano Nacional de AssistÃncia Estudantil (PNAES) fornece subsÃdios governamentais a InstituiÃÃes Federais de Ensino Superior (IFES) no intuito de combater situaÃÃes de evasÃo, retenÃÃo e baixo desempenho acadÃmico. Buscando avaliar resultados do investimento, esta pesquisa se propÃs a analisar a gestÃo dos recursos destinados a auxÃlios estudantis no combate à evasÃo escolar no nÃvel superior, testando as seguintes hipÃteses: a) o aumento do volume de verbas destinadas a auxÃlios estudantis minimiza o fenÃmeno da evasÃo; b) o recebimento de auxÃlio reduz a probabilidade de evasÃo do aluno subsidiado. A partir de uma metodologia de abordagem dialÃtica, foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo exploratÃria no Campus Jaguaribe do Instituto Federal de EducaÃÃo, CiÃncia e Tecnologia do Estado do Cearà (IFCE), onde foram levantadas fontes documentais sobre evasÃo e investimentos em auxÃlios entre os anos de 2011 e 2014, sobre as quais foram realizadas anÃlises de correlaÃÃo estatÃstica e comparaÃÃo de mÃdias. Considerados os limites da pesquisa, o resultado das anÃlises indicou a eficÃcia do recebimento do auxÃlio na decisÃo do estudante de se manter no curso, levando à conclusÃo de que o investimento em auxÃlio tem um papel administrativamente importante no combate à evasÃo discente. A partir do resultado das anÃlises, foi proposto um mÃtodo de gestÃo para investimentos em auxÃlios a partir do uso de indicadores estratÃgicos (BSC).
Furtado, Michael Leonard. "Funding Australian Catholic schools for the common good in new times : policy contexts, policy participants and theoretical perspectives /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16295.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaAndison, R. Mark. "Community futures : an evaluation of a top-down approach to community economic development". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29894.
Pełny tekst źródłaApplied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
Penner, Amanda M. "Humanitarian aid and military assistance : a strategic intervention". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1475.
Pełny tekst źródłaBachelors
Sciences
Political Science
Good, James B. "An analysis of the impact of grant involvement on perceptions of terrorism preparedness improvement in Texas /". View online, 2006. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/112/.
Pełny tekst źródłaWeaver, Joshua A. 1978. "A wearable health monitor to aid Parkinson disease treatment". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17598.
Pełny tekst źródłaIncludes bibliographical references (leaf 31).
by Joshua A. Weaver.
S.M.
Stempeck, Matt (Matt Kelly). "Participatory aid marketplace : designing online channels for digital humanitarians". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/82434.
Pełny tekst źródłaCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 215-236).
Recent years have seen an increase in natural and man-made crises. Information and communication technologies are enabling citizens to contribute creative solutions and participate in crisis response in myriad new ways, but coordination of participatory aid projects remains an unsolved challenge. I present a wide-ranging case library of creative participatory aid responses and a framework to support investigation of this space. I then co-design a Marketplace platform with leading Volunteer & Technical Communities to aggregate participatory aid projects, connect skilled volunteers with relevant ways to help, and prevent fragmentation of efforts. The result is a prototype to support the growth of participatory aid, and a case library to improve understanding of the space. As the networked public takes a more active role in its recovery from crisis, this work will help guide the way forward with specific designs and general guidelines.
by Matt Stempeck.
S.M.
Collins, Katherine Rachel Hermsen Joan M. "Examining the provision of child care subsidies across Missouri counties the relationship between local dynamics and CCDF subsidy supply /". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6077.
Pełny tekst źródłaFernandes, Nídia Gizélli de Oliveira. "A política de assistência estudantil e o Programa Nacional de Assistência Estudantil: o caso da Universidade Federal de Itajubá". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/48/48134/tde-12112012-143546/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis paper takes part in the field of the social and educational policies of high education, and seeks to analyze the student aid policy and its materialization (scope and effectiveness) at the Federal University of Itajubá UNIFEI, before and after the National Student Aid Program PNAES. To do so, an investigation surrounding the student aid program from the Federal University of Itajubá is outlined, used as the research field. It is believed that this policy is capable of promoting some reduction in social inequality from the guarantee of maintaining students in federal public higher education. In order to support this study, it was sought to base the discussion on the historicity of higher education and Brazilian universities. The resistance endured during this process, the incentives, and the ideologies that permeated at some moments until culminating in policies to encourage access and remain in the higher education system, primarily those recorded in the decades between 1990 and 2010, are presented within this study. Student aid is also discussed from a conceptual standpoint, comparing it to the social assistance concept, as during the research process misconceptions were found within these terms. In an attempt to grasp student aid, it was sought to understand the historical process for which the National Student Aid Program - PNAES came to be consolidated. It can be stated, through research, that PNAES is the result of a long process of student and social movements struggles. In order for this study to be conducted, it was sought to investigate the research field, using survey data on student aid, interviews with managers, and student questionnaires. All of the data collected implicated rich material that shall be presented throughout the present study.
Gormbley, Edward Z. "The hope and lifetime learning credits: the political sociology of federal financial aid for undergraduate education". Thesis, Boston University, 2000. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/32868.
Pełny tekst źródłaPLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
2031-01-01
Williams, Randi S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "PopBots : leveraging social robots to aid preschool children's artificial intelligence education". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122894.
Pełny tekst źródła"June 2018." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 97-104).
Today's children are growing up with artificial intelligence (AI) devices such as voice personal assistants, home robots, and internet connected "smart" toys. In previous research, we have seen that children lack understanding of how modern Al devices work, making it difficult for them to engage in reflective and constructive interactions with the Al-enabled technology (Druga, Williams, Breazeal, & Resnick, 2017). This thesis explores how young children explore and create with Al, and how such activities influence children's perceptions of Al and their attitudes about themselves as engineers. First, I discuss the design of PopBots -- the first hands-on toolkit developed for children ages 4-6 to explore and learn about Al. The social robot serves as both a programmable artifact as well as a window into understanding the machine learning algorithms. Accompanying this toolkit, I also developed a novel, developmentally-appropriate Preschool-Oriented Programming (POP) curriculum. The PopBots curriculum expands existing computational thinking curriculums by using creative learning activities to teach children three core Al concepts: rule-based systems, generative Al, and supervised machine learning. Next, I evaluated the PopBots toolkit and curriculum with 80 pre-K and Kindergarten aged children from local schools. I found that young children can understand most of the Al concepts presented in the toolkit, but sometimes developmental factors like grade and Theory of Mind skills made a difference. After completing the PopBots curriculum, children developed an understanding of robots as "learning" machines. They also gained confidence in their ability to build their own robots. Overall, this work provided a highly engaging opportunity for children to explore robotics, Al and programming -- and ultimately see Al-based technology as something they can play a role in not just using but also creating.
by Randi Williams.
S.M.
S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences
Kizzort, Megan. "Federal Funding and the Rise of University Tuition Costs". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1554.
Pełny tekst źródłaB.A.
Bachelors
Business Administration
Economics
Schoppert, Stephanie Emma. "Neopatrimonialism and foreign aid in Africa : the cases of Kenya and Zimbabwe". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1325.
Pełny tekst źródłaBachelors
Sciences
Political Science
Beckermann, Kay Marie. "Tonight It’s Government Funded: A Rhetorical Analysis of Manufactured Social Controversy and Government Funding of the Arts". Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27191.
Pełny tekst źródłaBeckermann, Kay Marie. "Tonight It?s Government Funded: A Rhetorical Analysis of Manufactured Social Controversy and Government Funding of the Arts". Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27191.
Pełny tekst źródłaProudfit, Ann Hartle. "A National Longitudinal Study of the Influence of Federal Student Aid on Time to Associate-Degree Attainment". University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1396480366.
Pełny tekst źródłaGuptill, Sandi London Carleton University Dissertation Geography. "The provision of transportation services to isolated communities with emphasis on the development of systems on the Labrador Coast". Ottawa, 1988.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaChow, Wah-tat Kenneth. "A review of the subvention mode of social services in Hong Kong". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23294784.
Pełny tekst źródłaChan, Kam-lan Debby. "A study of public-private partnerships and financing strategies in Hong Kong's education system". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23294772.
Pełny tekst źródłaDempsey, Dennis F. "The impact of the E-Rate program in one school district: Did a federal government program influence the adoption of an innovation at the local level?" Thesis, Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank) Connect to title online (ProQuest), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/9154.
Pełny tekst źródłaTypescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 179-183). Also available online in Scholars' Bank; and in ProQuest, free to University of Oregon users.
Allmand, Olivia. "International Aid, Domestic Conflict, and Sudan's Crisis: A Qualitative Study of Sudan's Conflict". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1199.
Pełny tekst źródłaBachelors
Arts and Sciences
Political Science
Ali, Ray. "An analysis of the degree of transformational leadership exhibited by administrators of 1862 and 1890 Cooperative Extension Programs in states with both systems as a predictor for the attainment of state match in Federal fiscal year 2004". Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2005. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=564.
Pełny tekst źródłaRepique, Jeanelle Kathleen. "The Emergency Immigrant Education Act of 1984| Past, Present, and Future of Federal Aid for Recent Immigration Education". Thesis, University of Redlands, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3637627.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Emergency Immigrant Education Act of 1984 (EIEA) was passed by the 98th U.S. Congress to provide funds to states to "meet the costs of providing immigrant children supplementary educational services" (Emergency Immigrant Education Act of 1984, Title VI, Sec. 607). This study analyzes the culture, values, and political context in which the Emergency Immigrant Education Act of 1984 was developed, passed, and amended through its most recent reauthorization. EIEA is the only federal legislation that specifically targets new immigrant students. However, EIEA has been largely overlooked by education policy analysts, because new immigrant students are rarely considered as different from limited English proficient (LEP) students. The study employs historical document and content analysis, applying Kingdon's (2011) theoretical framework of agenda-setting and Manna's (2006) concept of borrowing strength to explain EIEA's path to the agenda. In addition, it applies McDonnell and Elmore's (1987) policy framework to EIEA to understand how policymakers sought to realize EIEA's goals, as well as that of Wirt, Mitchell, and Marshall (1988) to identify the cultural and political values revealed in the rhetoric of the legislation. In tracing EIEA's 30-year route, I describe how the nature of the legislation changed from a primarily capacity-building policy to more of an inducement. In addition, the study revealed a change in an egalitarian culture to one that emphasizes quality.
Unger, Paul V. "A national follow-up study of doctoral graduates who participated in the Vocational Education Leadership Development Program under the Education Professions Development Act Part F, Section 552, (1970-1981) /". The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487268021745916.
Pełny tekst źródłaCook, Amy L. "The effectiveness of a targeted Title I pre-kindergarten program". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5576.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on June 2, 2009) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
Millner, Timothy L. "Formulating a plan for economic diversification in defense dependent communities : establishing a model for stability, growth and development /". Springfield, Va. : Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA403329.
Pełny tekst źródłaLewis, Dorothy. "Federal public policy and bilingual education". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1088.
Pełny tekst źródłaLott, Jennifer. "A Mechanized Horseback Riding Simulator as an Aid to Physical Therapy". Scholar Commons, 2006. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3752.
Pełny tekst źródłaScanlan, Kalie Breanne. "The National Endowment for the Arts: An Advocacy for Federally Funding the Arts". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1490046498787158.
Pełny tekst źródłaHeung, Wing-keung Edward. "Social welfare services in Hong Kong : towards a new managerialism /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23294620.
Pełny tekst źródłaArmato, Jessica A. "Welfare reform at the state level a study of state waivers during the first three years of the Clinton administration and other developments /". Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 2000. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.
Pełny tekst źródłaSource: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2928. Typescript. Abstract precedes thesis as preliminary leaves. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-70).
Terry, Bryan J. Padavil George. "Relationships between race, sex, and academic performance of federal work-study employees". Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9960427.
Pełny tekst źródłaTitle from title page screen, viewed July 31, 2006. Dissertation Committee: George Padavil (chair), Ramesh B. Chaudhari, William J. Pearch, Victor J. Boschini. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-110) and abstract. Also available in print.
Sabol, Mark Allen. "Federal policy instruments in Even Start Family Literacy Programs : using state level perspectives to understand policy /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7523.
Pełny tekst źródłaOnyebuchi, Iroezindu Michael. "Prevalence of HIV-related opportunistic diseases amongst HAART patients at the Federal Medical Centre in Owerri, Nigeria". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5200.
Pełny tekst źródłaBackground: The hallmark of HIV infection is immunosuppression which predisposes to unusual infections and malignancies generally known as opportunistic diseases (ODs). Globally, ODs are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Since the advent of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), a significant decline in AIDS progression and ODs has been observed globally. However, most of the evidence suggesting sustained decline in AIDS progression and ODs has come from high-income settings with relatively less burden of ODs in the pre-HAART era. The findings of studies in high-income settings may not be generalizable to resource-limited settings. Lack of information regarding the burden of ODs in HAART-experienced populations in Nigeria and the risk factors for their occurrence has made it difficult to fully assess the sustained efficacy of HAART in the country. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for HIV-related opportunistic diseases amongst HAART patients at the Federal Medical Centre (FMC) in Owerri, Nigeria. Study design and setting: A quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study was conducted with 354 adult HIV-infected patients 15 years and above, who were on HAART for a minimum of 12 weeks at the HIV clinic of the FMC, Owerri, South-east Nigeria. Patients currently manifesting an OD whose onset ante-dated the commencement of HAART were excluded. The participants were recruited by simple random sampling. Data collection: Using a structured questionnaire, data was collected by clinicians through interviews, physical and laboratory examinations for patients that provided informed consent and met the study criteria. The questionnaire captured patient’s socio-demographic information and other relevant clinical/laboratory data. Data Analysis: The data was analysed using Epi info version 3.5.1 and Open Epi Version 2.2.1. Descriptive statistics for HIV-related ODs were carried out using percentages and frequencies tables for categorical variables and means (SD) or medians (IQR) for numerical variables. In univariate analysis, the Chi-square test was used to determine significance of association between OD and socio-demographic and clinical variables while the Student "t"-test was used to compare group means. Logistic regression model (multivariate analysis) was used to determine the independent risk factors for the occurrence of ODs using parameters that had a p-value of <0.25 on univariate analysis. All reported p-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the participants was 41.1 ± 10.0 years; and females were in the majority (65.8%). Over 40% of them were rural dwellers, 50.4% belonged to the lower socioeconomic class, and 55% had a monthly household income less than 20,000 Naira. Fifty percent (50%) of them had advanced immunosuppression at first presentation. The median duration of HAART (3 years) paralleled the median duration of HIV diagnosis (3.4 years) and HAART adherence rate was 78%. The overall prevalence of ODs was found to be 22.4%. Among the 76 patients diagnosed with ODs, the leading conditions were candidiasis (38.2%), TB (34.2%), dermatitis (25%), chronic diarrhoea (6.6%) and sepsis (6.6%). The independent risk factors for the occurrence of ODs were household income less than 20,000 Naira (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.4, 95% CI 1.1-5.1), HIV duration of less than 3 years (AOR= 2.1, 95% CI 1.1- 4.2), advanced WHO clinical stage at baseline (AOR= 8.1, 95% CI 4.0-16.4), baseline haemoglobin less than 10 g/dl (AOR= 2.9, 95% CI 1.3-56.1), current CD4 cell count less than 200 cells/μl (AOR= 3.0, 95% CI 1.14-6.2), and HAART non-adherence (AOR= 5.4, 95% CI 2.6-11.2). Past history of TB was found to be a strong predictor of TB (AOR= 5.3, 95% CI 1.4-20.2). Conclusions: Opportunistic diseases are common in patients receiving HAART in Nigeria and candidiasis and TB remain the leading conditions. Late presentation and HAART non-adherence are among the strongest risk factors for ODs in patients receiving HAART. Others include duration of HIV diagnosis less than 3 years, presence of anaemia at the time of first presentation and having a low CD4 cell count while on HAART. Beyond these clinical risk factors, poverty increases the risk of developing an OD during HAART and may emerge a strong determinant of HIV-related ODs in developing countries. Recommendations: A high index of suspicion for ODs remains necessary in HAART patients. Health education on HIV screening and early presentation should be intensified. PLHIV who are anaemic before commencement of HAART, those with low CD4 cell count despite HAART use, and low-income earners should become target groups for a more aggressive evaluation for ODs. Prophylaxis for TB and fungal infections in the absence of active disease should be widely implemented in developing countries. HAART adherence should be intensified.
Potter, Madeleine R. "Humanitarian Aid in Question: The Case of Rice Imports to Haiti". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/225.
Pełny tekst źródła