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Botly, Leigh Cortland Perry. Cholinergic influences on the encoding, but not retrieval, of crossmodal sensory feature binding in rats. 2005.
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Jeshion, Robin. Slurs, Dehumanization, and the Expression of Contempt. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758655.003.0005.
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A theory of slurring terms must explain how and why uses of slurs function to dehumanize. On extant expressivist views, speakers express contempt for targets on account of being in the group. This chapter argues that explaining how slurs dehumanize requires more than encoding the speaker’s contempt toward the target and group. It requires appreciating the intricate moral-psychological structure of contempt, in particular that contempt, as a moral emotion, involves taking those properties that are the basis for regarding the target contemptuously as fundamental to the targets’ identity as a person. This feature of contempt is reflected in slurs’ semantics. Understanding contempt is also needed to defend expressivism from important objections.
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Völgyi, Béla, Garrett T. Kenyon, David W. Marshak i Botir Sagdullaev, red. Encoding Visual Features by Parallel Ganglion Cell Initiated Pathways in the Healthy, Diseased and Artificial Retina. Frontiers Media SA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88963-105-6.
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Bjorkman, Bronwyn M., i Daniel Currie Hall, red. Contrast and Representations in Syntax. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817925.001.0001.
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Syntactic contrasts, the systems of grammatical oppositions that exist within individual languages, are typically formally encoded in terms of features. The nature of syntactic contrast is tied to a fundamental question in generative syntactic theory: What is universal in syntax (and in language more generally), and what is variable? This volume explores the dual role of features, on the one hand defining a set of paradigmatic contrasts, and other the other hand acting as the building blocks of syntactic structures and the drivers of syntactic operations. In both roles, features are increasingly seen as the locus of parametric variation. The identification of parameters with features has opened up new possibilities for exploring connections between the morphological system of a language and its syntax, and suggests a new role for featural contrast in syntactic theory. The papers collected here represent a diversity of topics, perspectives, and concerns, but are united by an interest in morphosyntactic representations, and in the formal encoding of syntactic contrasts.
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Kuhlmann, Beatrice G., i Ute J. Bayen. Metacognitive Aspects of Source Monitoring. Redaktorzy John Dunlosky i Sarah (Uma) K. Tauber. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336746.013.8.
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Source monitoring involves attributing remembered information to a source, such as determining who told you something. Source-monitoring is a highly inferential process, involving the evaluation of memory for contextual features but also drawing onto more general knowledge and beliefs (Johnson, Hashtroudi, and Lindsay, 1993). After an introduction to the typical laboratory paradigm of source monitoring and the measurement of the cognitive states involved through multinomial modeling, we review research on metacognitive influences on this inferential source-monitoring process. We also consider means of metacognitive control over source encoding through encoding strategies. Moving on to metacognitive monitoring processes, we review research on predictions of later source memory (judgments of source) and on the monitoring of source-attribution accuracy at test. The chapter concludes with questions for future research.
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Mitchell, Karen J. The Cognitive Neuroscience of Source Monitoring. Redaktorzy John Dunlosky i Sarah (Uma) K. Tauber. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336746.013.2.
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Source monitoring is a metamemory function that includes processes for encoding and organizing the content of memories, and processes that selectively revive, cumulate, and evaluate that content in the service of making attributions about the origin of the information (e.g., perception vs imagination). Neuroimaging techniques, especially functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), are encouraging rapid developments in understanding the neural mechanisms supporting source monitoring. This chapter reviews current findings, placing them in historical context. It highlights key issues of particular relevance, including: neural reinstatement—the match between brain activity at encoding and later remembering; the role of lateral parietal cortex in cumulating multiple features and attending to information during remembering; functional specificity of the prefrontal cortex with respect to cognitive control; and identifying functional networks that support source monitoring. Suggestions are made for clarifying the big picture and increasing the specificity of our understanding of source monitoring and its neural architecture.
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Gilad-Gutnick, Sharon, i Pawan Sinha. The Presidential Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0090.
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The effectiveness of the presidential illusion underscores the important point that by excluding external facial features, such as the head and hair shape, we lose critical information about the way faces are represented in real life. This chapter considers the question of whether whole-head processing is a general principle that can be extended to all face processes or if it specifically reflects the nature of facial encoding used by the visual system for the identification of individuals. For example, would supplementing the internal features of one face with those of another affect the perception of other common facial attributes, such as gender, race, or age? The eyes, nose, and mouth are believed to be the primary purveyors of facial identity. The presidential illusion challenges this dogma and suggests that external head features (the hair and jawline) are also crucial constituents of facial representation and strongly influence identity judgments.
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Ünal, Ercenur, i Anna Papafragou. The relation between language and mental state reasoning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789710.003.0008.
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This chapter discusses how children’s conceptual representations of the mind make contact with language. It focuses on two domains: the understanding of the conditions that lead to knowledge, and the ability to attribute knowledge to oneself and others. Specifically, it asks whether language provides the representational resources necessary for representing mental states and whether cross-linguistic differences in encoding of mental states influence sensitivity to the features that distinguish the conditions that allow people to gain knowledge. Empirical findings in these domains strongly suggest that language scaffolds the development of these cognitive abilities without altering the underlying conceptual representations of mental states.
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Bailey, Matthew A. An overview of tubular function. Redaktor Robert Unwin. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0020.
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This chapter provides an overview of transport processes, describing both the membrane proteins that effect transepithelial solute flux and the systems that allow integrated regulation of electrolyte transport. The emphasis is on the physiological mechanisms but links to human diseases are made in order to illuminate fundamental principles of control. The key transport proteins and encoding genes are listed. First, the major transport pathways and regulatory features for each nephron segment are described. The focus here is on the transepithelial flux of sodium, potassium, and water. In the second part, other important aspects of renal homeostasis, including urine concentration and acid–base balance, are summarized.
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Nordlinger, Rachel. The Languages of the Daly River Region (Northern Australia). Redaktorzy Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun i Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.44.
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This chapter surveys the polysynthetic characteristics of the languages of the Daly River region of Australia’s Northern Territory. Although they are not all closely related, these languages share many typological features typical of polysynthesis, including the encoding of core arguments in the verbal word; noun incorporation; applicatives; and complex templatic verbal morphology. In addition the Daly languages exhibit complex verbal predicates composed of two discontinuous stems, one functioning broadly to classify the event type and the other providing more specific lexical semantics. These properties are surveyed across a range of Daly languages, considering both their similarities and their differences, and the implications they have for a cross-linguistic typology of polysynthesis.
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Sheehan, Michelle. Parameterizing Ergativity: An Inherent Case Approach. Redaktorzy Jessica Coon, Diane Massam i Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.3.
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This chapter posits a parameter hierarchy to capture micro-parametric variation in ergative (or rather non-accusative) alignment, building on the proposal that ergative is an inherent case, assigned by little vs. Initial parameters determine the distribution of this inherent case across instances of little v in a given language, sensitive to various thematic features, and subsequent dependent parameters determine further properties of ergative-assigning vs such as the presence of a movement trigger and the suppression of structural Case features. This gives rise to a number of distinct ergative types depending on the distribution of ergative case, the presence/absence of syntactic ergativity, and the source of absolutive case in transitive contexts. The resultant parameter hierarchy serves to restrict the space of variation, modeling a number of proposed implicational universals in this domain, and provides a potential solution to the subset problem in acquisition by encoding a notion of relative markedness.
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Mole, Christopher. Attention. Redaktorzy Eric Margolis, Richard Samuels i Stephen P. Stich. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0009.
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The article focuses on Broadbent's approach to the explanation of attention. Broadbent shows that one's information-processing resources have sufficient capacity to encode the simple physical properties of all the stimuli that one is presented with, but have only a limited capacity for the encoding of the semantic properties of those stimuli. The resulting model depicts perceptual processing as proceeding in two stages. The first stage entails that a large capacity sensory system processes the physical features of all stimuli in parallel. A subset of the representations generated by the large capacity system are selected to be passed on to a second perceptual system, which has a smaller processing capacity, and which has the job of processing the stimuli's semantic properties. Broadbent's theory would explain that pre-bottleneck processing is responsible for the detection of simple physical features, and also for own-name detection. The phenomenology of one's shifting awareness in conditions of binocular rivalry is naturally described as the manifestation of a competition, and perhaps of a biased competition.
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Garbo, Francesca Di, i Yvonne Agbetsoamedo. Non-canonical gender in African languages. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795438.003.0008.
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This chapter investigates interactions between gender and number, and between gender and evaluative morphology in eighty-four African languages. It argues that interactions of gender with other grammatical domains (e.g. number) and/or with domains of derivational morphology (e.g. diminutive/augmentative) represent instances of non-canonical gender. This is based on two assumptions: (1) canonical morphosyntactic features should be maximally independent from each other, and (2) canonical gender should be an inherent lexical property of nouns, not manipulable for semantic or pragmatic purposes. The gender systems of the sampled languages appear to be frequently non-canonical because they are prone to interact with the morphosyntactic encoding of number distinctions and with the formation of diminutive and augmentative nouns. The chapter further outlines some suggestions as to how interactions between gender and other domains of nominal morphology may contribute to assess asymmetries between gender and other functional domains, as well as the complexity of gender systems.
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Syrris, Petros, i Alexandros Protonotarios. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: genetics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0359.
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Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a disorder of the heart muscle which is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. It is believed to be familial in over 50% of cases. A recessive mode of inheritance has also been reported in syndromic cases with cardiocutaneous features. The classic form of the disorder is considered to be ‘a disease of the desmosome’ as pathogenic variants have been identified in five genes encoding key desmosomal proteins: plakoglobin, desmoplakin, plakophilin-2, desmoglein-2, and desmocollin-2. Mutations in these genes account for 30–50% of ARVC cases. A further eight non-desmosomal genes have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disorder but only account for rare cases. Studies of patients with ARVC-associated gene mutations have revealed marked genetic heterogeneity and very limited genotype–phenotype correlation. Disease expression often varies significantly amongst individuals carrying the same mutation. It has been proposed that the presence of more than one sequence variant is required to determine overt clinical disease and patients with multiple variants have a more severe phenotype compared to single variant carriers. Identification of a potentially pathogenic variant comprises a major criterion in the diagnosis of ARVC but informative integration of genetic testing into clinical practice remains challenging. Gene testing should be used to identify asymptomatic family members at risk and only aids diagnosis in cases of high suspicion for ARVC, along with other evident features of the disease already present. However, genetic findings should be used with caution in clinical practice and their interpretation must be performed in expert centres.
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Arregui, Ana, María Luisa Rivero i Andrés Salanova, red. Modality Across Syntactic Categories. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198718208.001.0001.
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This volume explores the extremely rich diversity found under the “modal umbrella” in natural language. Offering a cross-linguistic perspective on the encoding of modal meanings that draws on novel data from an extensive set of languages, the book supports a view according to which modality infuses a much more extensive number of syntactic categories and levels of syntactic structure than has traditionally been thought. The volume distinguishes between “low modality,” which concerns modal interpretations that associate with the verbal and nominal cartographies in syntax, “middle modality” or modal interpretation associated to the syntactic cartography internal to the clause, and “high modality” that relates to the cartography known as the left periphery. By offering enticing combinations of cross-linguistic discussions of the more studied sources of modality together with novel or unexpected sources of modality, the volume presents specific case studies that show how meanings associated with low, middle, and high modality crystallize across a large variety of languages. The chapters on low modality explore modal meanings in structures that lack the complexity of full clauses, including conditional readings in noun phrases and modal features in lexical verbs. The chapters on middle modality examine the effects of tense and aspect on constructions with counterfactual readings, and on those that contain canonical modal verbs. The chapters on high modality are dedicated to constructions with imperative, evidential, and epistemic readings, examining, and at times challenging, traditional perspectives that syntactically associate these interpretations with the left periphery of the clause.