Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Fairness issues

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Fairness issues”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Fairness issues"

Lee, Yun-Jin. "Issues and Suggestions on Fairness in Korean Language Education". Sookmyung Research Institute of Humanities 13 (28.02.2023): 253–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37123/th.2023.13.253.

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The purpose of this study is to look at how the keyword “fairness,” which is constantly attracting attention in society as a whole and academia, relates to the field of Korean language education. To this end, meaningful major issues were derived based on the analysis of previous studies dealing with ‘fairness’ in the field of Korean language education and its adjacent fields. In addition, the content and direction were suggested to be addressed in subsequent discussions. As a result, issues related to fairness in Korean language education could be roughly divided into ‘textbooks and fairness’, ‘evaluation and fairness’, and ‘language data (AI) and fairness’. Through this, it was revealed that: (1) Korean language education should be developed, used, and evaluated without bias (2) it is important to secure fairness in language evaluation implementation and evaluation tools (3) the issue of fairness should be considered when language data (AI) is used in Korean education in various ways. This paper is significant in that it is the first discussion to examine the issue of fairness in Korean language education overall. In the future, systematically establishing the concept of fairness in Korean language education is necessary, subdivide the criteria for judging fairness, and discuss in-depth the relationship between practical implementation and fairness, considering cultural diversity.

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McFadden, S. M. "Understanding Certification: Issues in Fairness". American Journal of Occupational Therapy 39, nr 9 (1.09.1985): 567–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.39.9.567.

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Camilli, Gregory. "Ongoing issues in test fairness". Educational Research and Evaluation 19, nr 2-3 (kwiecień 2013): 104–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13803611.2013.767602.

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Krakovsky, Marina. "Formalizing fairness". Communications of the ACM 65, nr 8 (sierpień 2022): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3542815.

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Asada, Yukiko, Robin Urquhart, Marion Brown, Grace Warner, Mary McNally i Andrea Murphy. "Troutville: Where People Discuss Fairness Issues". Canadian Journal of Bioethics 3, nr 1 (2020): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1068765ar.

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Liansheng Tan, Cao Yuan i M. Zukerman. "FAST TCP: fairness and queuing issues". IEEE Communications Letters 9, nr 8 (sierpień 2005): 762–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2005.1496608.

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Douligeris, Christos, i Lakshmana N. Kumar. "Fairness issues in the networking environment". Computer Communications 18, nr 4 (kwiecień 1995): 288–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-3664(95)93446-b.

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Kim, Jeffrey. "Fairness in Korean Society". Technium Social Sciences Journal 11 (6.09.2020): 482–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v11i1.1627.

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This study aims to evaluate the recent "Fairness" related issues in South Korea in the perspectives of the Millennials. In contrast to the X generation, the Millennials are living through the hardest period of Korea with the difficulty of accumulating wealth, high unemployment, and tough social mobility. The challenges in the country led more millennials to lean on a fairer society and to support the current administration, the Moon Administration. However, "Fairness" issues are arising continuously and the response to those issues vary, depending on the typical factors. By analyzing three recent issues-Cho Kuk Incident, ICN Incident, and the Yonsei Incident- the paper analyzes the selective rage of the Millennials. The level of rage is tied to the social, political status of the figure and the direct connection to employment. The policymakers and the X generations emphasize the importance of a fair society while they are not willing to give up their shares of the pie. To avoid slowing down in social and economic development, Korea should find a practical solution or else the Millennials will be living through the toughest generation of Korea.

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Abedi, Jamal. "Part Three: Issues of Fairness and Consequences". Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 107, nr 14 (listopad 2005): 175–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146810510701415.

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Brown, Andrew G., i Robert M. Stern. "Issues of Fairness in International Trade Agreements". Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research 1, nr 1 (marzec 2007): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097380100600100101.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Fairness issues"

Wright, Sarah Robin. "A mixed methods study of medical school admissions : issues of fairness and student performance". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.580338.

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Selecting medical students is a challenge for UK universities: there are more applicants than places, limited selection tools upon which to base decisions, and concerns over fair access. In attempt to alleviate such problems, the United Kingdom Clinical Aptitude Test (UKCAT) was introduced in 2006 to 26 medical schools. This study employed mixed methods to explore issues of fairness and student performance using a sequential explanatory design, Regression analyses were performed first, leading to further research questions addressed through the interpretation of semi-structured interviews with students. The regression analyses served two main purposes: first, to explore the relationship between background factors and admissions scores (including UKCAT), and second, to determine whether background factors and admissions scores were predictive of first and second year medical school examination performance. Privately educated students had significantly higher personal statement scores than state educated students, although personal statements were not predictive of examination performance. Interview scores were unaffected by previous school type and did not predict examination performance. UKCAT scores were not predicted by school type; however, UKCAT was consistently a significant predictor of examination performance. Despite the predictive ability of the UKCAT, much of the variance in examination scores remained unexplained. Interviews investigated admissions performance differences and factors affecting examination performance. When compared to state educated students, privately educated students described higher levels of economic, social and cultural capital, which facilitated the medical school application process. Factors affecting examination performance were unique to individual students; highlighting the difficulties inherent in predicting performance. While medical schools endeavour to create fair and transparent admissions policies, students who have access to economic, social and cultural capital are unintentionally favoured by traditional selection methods. The results of this study indicate that the UKCAT is the least biased and most useful selection tool used at Newcastle University.

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Nickell, Erin Burrell. "An Examination of Issues Related to Professional Skepticism in Auditing". Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5354.

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The third general standard of fieldwork requires auditors to maintain a skeptical mindset with regards to the collection and critical assessment of audit evidence. While professional skepticism is frequently referenced by professional standards, a lack of precision in defining the concept presumably leads to variation in how skepticism is exercised in practice. Drawing on theories from the fields of psychology, economics and organizational justice, this dissertation considers different perspectives of what constitutes sufficient professional skepticism and examines how those perspectives differ between audit practitioners and regulators. First, I consider competing perspectives of professional skepticism – neutral versus presumptive doubt – and whether asking auditors to adopt alternative perspectives of skepticism may have implications for audit efficiency and effectiveness. While, too little skepticism may endanger audit effectiveness and lead to audit failure or enforcement action, too much skepticism may arguably lead to unnecessary costs and inefficiency. Second, I consider whether the nature of the auditor-client relationship threatens an auditor's ability to maintain an attitude of professional skepticism. For example, theoretical perspectives from the fields of psychology and economics suggest that auditors may, consciously or unconsciously, be less skeptical of clients with whom they have developed close, positive working relationships or financial dependencies. More specifically, I consider whether skeptical behavior is impeded by management who display low-risk attitudes towards fraud or by client's who are considered to be highly important to the profitability of the local office. Finally, I examine how professional skepticism is defined from a regulator's perspective. When a public company is accused of fraudulent financial reporting, regulators may determine that the audit performed on the fraudulent financial statements was deficient. Prior research has suggested that in such cases, insufficient skepticism is often a leading cause of alleged audit failure. Within a fairness theory framework, this study examines enforcement actions against auditors between 1999 and 2009, and identifies certain factors that are associated with a citation for a lack of professional skepticism. Overall, results suggest that regulators approach the issue by determining whether auditors should have been more skeptical. Factors found to affect this determination include whether the auditor was perceived as having been aware of an elevated risk of fraud or whether the client was accused of having provided the auditor with false or misleading information during the course of their investigation.
ID: 031001546; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Adviser: Greg Trompeter.; Title from PDF title page (viewed August 22, 2013).; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-75).
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Business Administration
Business Administration; Accounting

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Nguyen, Nhan-Tam [Verfasser], Jörg [Gutachter] Rothe i Edith [Gutachter] Elkind. "Fair and Square: Issues of Fairness and Computation in Partition Problems / Nhan-Tam Nguyen ; Gutachter: Jörg Rothe, Edith Elkind". Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1151698342/34.

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Matthews-López, Joy L. "Best Practices and Technical Issues in Cross-Lingual, Cross-Cultural Assessments: An Evaluation of a Test Adaptation". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1082054025.

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Ord, Alan. "What are the main issues involved in a child's sense of what is or is not fair? : an investigation into Year 6 pupils' perceptions of fairness in a small primary school". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391405.

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Gaber, Tarek. "Support consumers' rights in DRM : a secure and fair solution to digital license reselling over the Internet". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/support-consumers-rights-in-drm-a-secure-and-fair-solution-to-digital-license-reselling-over-the-internet(6b653587-36d3-4074-8578-5eaacdb68004).html.

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Consumers of digital contents are empowered with numerous technologies allowing them to produce perfect copies of these contents and distribute them around the world with little or no cost. To prevent illegal copying and distribution, a technology called Digital Rights Management (DRM) is developed. With this technology, consumers are allowed to access digital contents only if they have purchased the corresponding licenses from license issuers. The problem, however, is that those consumers are not allowed to resell their own licenses- a restriction that goes against the first-sale doctrine. Enabling a consumer to buy a digital license directly from another consumer and allowing the two consumers to fairly exchange the license for a payment are still an open issue in DRM research area. This thesis investigates existing security solutions for achieving digital license reselling and analyses their strengths and weaknesses. The thesis then proposes a novel Reselling Deal Signing (RDS) protocol to achieve fairness in a license reselling. The idea of the protocol is to integrate the features of the concurrent signature scheme with functionalities of a License Issuer (LI). The security properties of this protocol is informally analysed and then formally verified using ATL logic and the model checker MOCHA. To assess its performance, a prototype of the RDS protocol has been developed and a comparison with related protocols has been conducted. The thesis also introduces two novel digital tokens a Reselling Permission (RP) token and a Multiple Reselling Permission (MRP) token. The RP and MRP tokens are used to show whether a given license is single and multiple resalable, respectively. Moreover, the thesis proposes two novel methods supporting fair and secure digital license reselling. The first method is the Reselling Deal (RD) method which allows a license to be resold once. This method makes use of the existing distribution infrastructure, RP, License Revocation List (LRL), and three protocols: RDS protocol RD Activation (RDA) protocol, and RD Completion (RDC) protocol. The second method is a Multiple License Reselling (MLR) method enabling one license to be resold N times by N consumers. The thesis presents two variants of the MLR method: RRP-MR (Repeated RP-based Multi-Reselling) and HC-MR (Hash Chain-based Multi-Reselling). The RRP-MR method is designed such that a buyer can choose to either continue or stop a multi-reselling of a license. Like the RD method, the RRP-MR method makes use of RP, LI, LRL, and the RDS, RDA, and RDC protocols to achieve fair and secure reselling. The HC-MR method allows multiple resellings while keeping the overhead on LI at a minimum level and enable a buyer to check how many times a license can be further resold. To do so, the HC-MR utilises MRP and the hash chain cryptographic primitive along with LRL, LI and the RDS, RDA and RDC protocols. The analysis and the evaluation of these three methods have been conducted. While supporting the license reselling, the two methods are designed to prevent a reseller from (1) continuing using a resold license, (2) reselling a non-resalable license, and (3) reselling one license a unauthorised number of times. In addition, they enable content owners of resold contents to trace a buyer who has violated any of the usage rights of a license bought from a reseller. Moreover, the methods enable a buyer to verify whether a license he is about to buy is legitimate for re-sale. Furthermore, the two methods support market power where a reseller can maximise his profit and a buyer can minimise his cost in a reselling process. In comparison with related works, our solution does not make use of any trusted hardware device, thus it is more cost-effective, while satisfying the interests of both resellers and buyers, and protecting the content owner's rights.

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Lee, Chun-Hsien, i 李俊賢. "TCP Fairness issues for Wireless LAN". Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67316388236365399856.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
資訊工程研究所
89
In recent years, a wide variety of mobile computing devices emerge, including portables and personal digital assistants. We should provide an adequate wireless communication protocol. In this paper we investigate the fairness of TCP and MAC layer in a wireless multiple station networks. The wireless communication we use is IEEE 802.11. [1] The basic scheme for IEEE 802.11 is CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access and Collision Avoidance). Experiment Environment is AD HOC. Because there is no base station in AD HOC network, all station doesn’t know information of other station. So the channel allocation is not fair. We propose a refinement to IEEE 802.11 to make channel allocation fair.

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Narang, Shivika. "Algorithms for Achieving Fairness and Efficiency in Matching Problems". Thesis, 2023. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/6140.

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Matching problems arise in numerous practical settings. Fairness and efficiency are two desirable properties in most such real world scenarios. This dissertation work presents new approaches and models for capturing and solving fairness issues in different practical settings and develops algorithms to identify fair and/or efficient matchings. The thesis is organised into two logical parts: one-sided preferences and two-sided preferences. Part 1: One-Sided Preferences Fair and Efficient Delivery Motivated by the classical delivery problem, we introduce a novel model of fair division where delivery tasks must be fairly distributed among a set of agents. The delivery tasks are placed on the vertices of a given acyclic graph. The cost incurred by the agents is determined by the distance they travel from the hub where they start to service their assigned tasks. We study the existence of fair and efficient allocations of tasks to agents. We choose the fairness notions: EF1 and MMS and efficiency notions: Pareto optimality and Social optimality. We find that while all these notions can be satisfied independently, the only combination of fairness and efficiency that can always be guaranteed is MMS and PO. For the remaining combinations, we provide characterisations of the space of instances for which they can be achieved. We find that most of the relevant problems are NP-Hard. We provide an XP-algorithm which finds the different combinations of fairness and efficiency whenever they exist. Repeated Matchings We propose a novel repeated matching model where the valuations of agents may change with how often they have received an item in the past. We study achieving fairness and efficiency separately as well as in conjunctions in this setting. We find that optimizing for social welfare is NP-Hard for general valuations and tractable when the valuations are monotone with time. We also prove that maximizing for social welfare over the space of EF1 repeated matchings is NP-Hard. Further, we provide algorithms and non-existence results for EF1 and EFX repeated matchings in different settings. Part 2: Two Sided Preferences Fairness and Stability in Many-to-One Matchings We seek to optimize a fairness measure over the space of stable many-to-one matchings, motivated by a college admissions setting. With leximin optimality as the fairness notion, we first show the intractability of this problem. We identify a minimal set of assumptions that makes this problem solvable in polynomial time. This requires that the agents on either side have the same ordinal rankings over the agents on the other side and that these must be strict. We show that on relaxing to weak rankings, the problem becomes APX-Hard. When we remove the ranking assumption but maintain strict preferences, the problem is NP-Hard. Additionally, we show that the leximin optimal stable matching can be efficiently computed in the special case of two colleges. Incentive Compatibility in Stable Fractional Matchings We investigate the existence of incentive compatible mechanisms that find stable fractional matchings. We show, for general settings, that no incentive compatible mechanism can be stable. We characterise the space of instances that have a unique stable fractional matching. We prove for this set of instances that any stable matching mechanism will be incentive compatible
Tata Consultancy Services

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Knamiller, C., i Liz Sharp. "Issues of trust, fairness and efficacy: a qualitative study of information provision for newly metered households in England". 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4780.

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no
There is widespread agreement among agencies governing UK water management that more extensive domestic water metering combined with additional measures will deliver a more efficient domestic water usage. This paper argues that qualitative research is needed to select and hone additional measures. According to theory, cooperation to reduce water use is more likely if people: a) believe in the necessity to reduce use; b) feel costs are fairly shared; and c) believe their actions can affect the situation. The case study of Lydd, Kent, is presented. Lydd is the first location in which compulsory water metering has been imposed in the UK. Qualitative information was collected to inform the communication strategies being implemented by the water supply company. The investigation found that none of the three factors predicted by theory were completely present. The paper concludes by providing some recommendations for improving the water company's communications strategy for encouraging a reduction in domestic water use. The key role of qualitative information in assisting in the targeting and design of water demand management programmes is highlighted.

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Chiao-Hsiang, Wang, i 王嬌香. "A Study the Viewpoints of Fairness and Justice on Compensation Issues that Occurs When A Land is Expropriated for Public Development". Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95547287162791452709.

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碩士
大葉大學
工業關係研究所
89
Because of our fast-developing economy, government establishes all kinds of public construction actively in recent years. However, some of the needed lands are private. Our policy for these lands is expropriating compulsorily. Recently, because of various acquiring ways and compensating standards, the landowners protest against land expropriation, and make the constructions delay. Because the land acquisition of public infrastructure and compensate institution closely connect with landowners’ property and rights, this research tried to find out the hidden problems. Based on the property, working and survival rights protected by the constitution, the author studied the compensate system — the basis, compensate standards and negotiation system. In addition, we also discussed the feasibility of involving organizations into public constructions instead of leading by government. Based on the viewpoints of experts, focus discussions and mail surveys, the author got many opinions, and proposed suggestions. Through the research, we hope we can find out another way for helping government to build a complete and reasonable system for the land compulsory expropriation. Finally, help government to push all kinds of public constructions smoothly.

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Książki na temat "Fairness issues"

Tony, Spinks, red. The equal opportunities guide: How to deal with everyday issues of unfairness. London: Kogan Page, 1994.

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Congress, Trades Union. Fairness at work and inter-union relations: An issues note. London: Trades Union Congress, 1999.

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Schafran, Lynn Hecht. Promoting gender fairness through judicial education: A guide to the issues and resources. Washington, D.C: Women Judges' Fund for Justice, 1989.

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Battery, National Research Council (U S. ). Committee on the General Aptitude Test. Fairness in employment testing: Validity generalization, minority issues, and the General Aptitude Test Battery. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1989.

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Institute of Policy Studies (Colombo, Sri Lanka), red. Private hospital health care delivery in Sri Lanka: Some issues on equity, fairness, and regulation. Colombo: Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka, 2013.

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Edward, Clements Phillip, i Spinks Tony, red. The equal opportunities handbook: How to deal with everyday issues of unfairness. Wyd. 3. London: Kogan Page, 2000.

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Tony, Spinks, i Clements Phillip Edward, red. The equal opportunities handbook: How to deal with everyday issues of unfairness. Wyd. 4. London: Kogan Page, 2006.

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The Bowl Championship Series: Money and other issues of fairness for publicly financed universities : hearing before the Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade, and Consumer Protection of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, May 1, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2012.

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S, Gottfredson Linda, i Sharf James C, red. Fairness in employment testing: A special issue of the Journal of Vocational Behavior. San Diego: Academic Press, 1988.

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Karami, Hossein. Fairness Issues in Educational Assessment. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315626765.

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Części książek na temat "Fairness issues"

Allan, Helen. "Justice and fairness". W Ethics, Law and Professional Issues, 109–24. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-36369-4_7.

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Reilly, Richard R., i Michael A. Warech. "The Validity and Fairness of Alternatives to Cognitive Tests". W Policy Issues in Employment Testing, 131–224. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2202-3_4.

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Bouabdallah, Nizar, Andre-Luc Beylot i Guy Pujolle. "Fairness Issues in Bus-Based Optical Access Networks". W Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 914–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24693-0_75.

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Pavlidou, Veronika, Jahna Otterbacher i Styliani Kleanthous. "Fairness Issues in Algorithmic Digital Marketing: Marketers’ Perceptions". W Information Systems, 319–38. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30694-5_24.

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Kesselman, Jonathan R. "2. Compliance, Enforcement, and Administrative Factors in Improving Tax Fairness". W Issues in the Taxation of Individuals, redaktor Allan Maslove, 62–84. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781487579760-004.

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Zhang, Xiaofang. "Environment and Economy After COVID-19: Focusing on Global Warming Issues". W Social Fairness in a Post-Pandemic World, 41–59. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9654-2_3.

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Keats, Daphne M., i Fang Fu-Xi. "The Development of Concepts of Fairness in Rewards in Chinese and Australian Children". W Key Issues in Cross-Cultural Psychology, 276–87. London: Garland Science, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003077442-26.

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Kazemi, Ali, i Daniel Eek. "Promoting Cooperation in Social Dilemmas via Fairness Norms and Group Goals". W New Issues and Paradigms in Research on Social Dilemmas, 72–92. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72596-3_6.

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Midden, Cees J. H. "Direct Participation in Macro-Issues: A Multiple Group Approach An Analysis and Critique of the Dutch National Debate on Energy Policy, Fairness, Competence, and Beyond". W Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation, 305–20. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0131-8_18.

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Zahurul Haque, M. "International Crimes Tribunal (ICT) (Bangladesh): The Issues of Fairness and Transparency". W Shifting Horizons of Public International Law, 237–68. New Delhi: Springer India, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3724-2_11.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Fairness issues"

Egi, Norbert, Adam Greenhalgh, Mark Handley, Mickael Hoerdt, Felipe Huici i Laurent Mathy. "Fairness issues in software virtual routers". W the ACM workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1397718.1397726.

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Yu, Se-young, Nevil Brownlee i Aniket Mahanti. "Performance and Fairness Issues in Big Data Transfers". W the 2014 CoNEXT. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2680821.2680824.

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Wang, Yong, Feng Wang, Dan Wang, Zhenghu Gong i Jiangchuan Liu. "Revisit the fairness issues in flight landing scheduling". W 2012 15th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems - (ITSC 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2012.6338637.

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Shamileva, R. К. "Current Issues Of Regional Politics In Implementation Of Fairness Model". W SCTCGM 2018 - Social and Cultural Transformations in the Context of Modern Globalism. Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.03.02.182.

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Kim, Sung-Yeon, i Jang-Won Lee. "Study of System Throughput and Fairness Issues in Cooperative Transmissions". W 2011 First ACIS/JNU International Conference on Computers, Networks, Systems and Industrial Engineering (CNSI). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cnsi.2011.73.

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Li, Tianlin, Zhiming Li, Anran Li, Mengnan Du, Aishan Liu, Qing Guo, Guozhu Meng i Yang Liu. "Fairness via Group Contribution Matching". W Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-23}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/49.

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Fairness issues in Deep Learning models have recently received increasing attention due to their significant societal impact. Although methods for mitigating unfairness are constantly proposed, little research has been conducted to understand how discrimination and bias develop during the standard training process. In this study, we propose analyzing the contribution of each subgroup (i.e., a group of data with the same sensitive attribute) in the training process to understand the cause of such bias development process. We propose a gradient-based metric to assess training subgroup contribution disparity, showing that unequal contributions from different subgroups are one source of such unfairness. One way to balance the contribution of each subgroup is through oversampling, which ensures that an equal number of samples are drawn from each subgroup during each training iteration. However, we have found that even with a balanced number of samples, the contribution of each group remains unequal, resulting in unfairness under the oversampling strategy. To address the above issues, we propose an easy but effective group contribution matching (GCM) method to match the contribution of each subgroup. Our experiments show that our GCM effectively improves fairness and outperforms other methods significantly.

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DEEKSHITULU, M. V. S., SUKUMAR NANDI i ATANU ROY CHOWDHURY. "MAC LAYER FAIRNESS ISSUES IN MULTI-HOP WIRELESS AD HOC NETWORKS". W Proceedings of the 3rd Asian Applied Computing Conference. PUBLISHED BY IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS AND DISTRIBUTED BY WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING CO., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9781860948534_0035.

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Pandremmenou, Katerina, Lisimachos P. Kondi i Konstantinos E. Parsopoulos. "Fairness issues in resource allocation schemes for wireless visual sensor networks". W IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging, redaktorzy Amir Said, Onur G. Guleryuz i Robert L. Stevenson. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2004605.

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Cinkler, Tibor, Peter Hegyi, Geza Geleji i Janos Szigeti. "Fairness Issues of AMLTE: Adaptive Multi-Layer Traffic Engineering with Grooming". W 2007 International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icton.2007.4296031.

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Badilla, Pablo, Felipe Bravo-Marquez i Jorge Pérez. "WEFE: The Word Embeddings Fairness Evaluation Framework". W Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/60.

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Word embeddings are known to exhibit stereotypical biases towards gender, race, religion, among other criteria. Severa fairness metrics have been proposed in order to automatically quantify these biases. Although all metrics have a similar objective, the relationship between them is by no means clear. Two issues that prevent a clean comparison is that they operate with different inputs, and that their outputs are incompatible with each other. In this paper we propose WEFE, the word embeddings fairness evaluation framework, to encapsulate, evaluate and compare fairness metrics. Our framework needs a list of pre-trained embeddings and a set of fairness criteria, and it is based on checking correlations between fairness rankings induced by these criteria. We conduct a case study showing that rankings produced by existing fairness methods tend to correlate when measuring gender bias. This correlation is considerably less for other biases like race or religion. We also compare the fairness rankings with an embedding benchmark showing that there is no clear correlation between fairness and good performance in downstream tasks.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Fairness issues"

Elnour Abdelkarim, Zeinab. Assessing Sudan's Electoral Legal Framework. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, maj 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2022.18.

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Assessing Sudanʼs Electoral Legal Framework provides an in-depth insight and analysis of Sudanʼs current legal framework for elections. It measures Sudanʼs legal electoral framework against a common international understanding of the principles, norms and obligations that define credible and democratic elections. The objective of this analysis is not to criticize or pass judgement on the countryʼs existing electoral processes; instead, it offers an unbiased assessment of how Sudanʼs existing electoral laws and country context create an enabling or disabling environment for free and fair elections. It provides comprehensive and constructive recommendations to strengthen existing legislation and improve fairness, uniformity, reliability, consistency and professionalism in Sudanʼs future elections. This Report also assesses the status of core democratic principles and freedoms that provide the foundation for credible elections and highlights any restrictions on these fundamental rights and liberties that could interfere with the countryʼs upcoming elections or delay its political transition. It calls upon the transitional government to protect citizensʼ rights and liberties and prevent abuses that may influence public trust, fairness, and openness of electoral and other transitional processes. Lastly, this Report discusses political, socio-economic, and legal issues impacting Sudanʼs roadmap to democratic transition before the October 2021 military coup.

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Tapia, Carlos, Nora Sanchez Gassen i Anna Lundgren. In all fairness: perceptions of climate policies and the green transition in the Nordic Region. Nordregio, maj 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/r2023:5.1403-2503.

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The survey presented in this report reveals that Nordic citizens are concerned about climate change. Many people are willing to increase efforts to fight climate change, even if this entails a personal contribution in terms of higher taxes or behavioural change. The survey shows that different social groups perceive the impacts of climate change and climate mitigation policies in different ways. In general, attitudes towards climate policies and perceptions regarding their fairness are conditioned by socio-demographic factors such as gender, age, employment status, type of housing and transport behaviour. General attitudes towards climate change and climate policies The first part of this report explores general attitudes towards climate change and climate policies. This section shows that seven in ten (71%) respondents think that climate change is a serious or very serious problem, particularly among the youngest age group (18-29 years). Three in four (74%) interviewed persons in this group share this view. Those with a university degree are more concerned about climate change (83%) than those with primary or secondary education (57% and 62%, respectively). Approximately half (48-51%) of respondents in all age groups agree that more financial resources should be invested in preventing climate change, even if this would imply an increase in taxes. The survey results show that women in the Nordic Region are more concerned about climate change than men (79% compared to 64%). It also reveals that people living in urban areas are more worried about climate change (82%) than those who live in towns and suburbs (68%) or in rural areas (62%). Urban dwellers are also more positive about investing more resources in preventing climate change (59%) than those who live in rural areas (39%) and in towns and suburbs (46%). More than half of the respondents (52%) agree that taking further action on climate change would be beneficial for the economy. Students, unemployed and retired people are more likely to agree with this view (55%, 57% and 55%, respectively) than those currently in employment, including the self-employed (50%). Those employed in carbon-intensive sectors are less positive about the expected economic impact of climate policies than those who work in other economic sectors (41% compared to 55%). They are also more concerned about the risk of job losses during the transition to a low-carbon economy than those employed in sectors with lower carbon intensity (37% compared to 24%). Concerns about this issue are also higher among those who live in rural areas (31%) or towns and suburbs (30%) compared to those who live in cities (22%). Present and future effects of climate change mitigation policies on individuals and households The central part of the survey explores perceptions regarding the present and future impacts of climate policies. Such challenges are perceived differently depending on specific sociodemographic conditions. Nearly one fourth (23%) of respondents state that high energy costs mean they are struggling to keep their homes at a comfortable temperature. Those living in houses report being more impacted (27%) than those living in apartments (18%), and those using fossil fuels to heat their homes are most affected (44%). The risk of energy poverty is also higher among non-EU immigrants to the Nordic Region. Those who say they are struggling to keep their homes at a comfortable temperature range from 23% among Nordic-born citizens to 37% among non-EU immigrants. Nearly three in ten respondents (28%) have modified their transportation behaviour during the last year due to high fuel costs. This proportion is substantially greater among those living in towns and suburbs (32%) compared to those who live in rural areas (29%) or cities (23%). The majority of the Nordic population (52%) states that current climate policies have a neutral effect on their household economies. However, 28% of respondents say they are negatively impacted by climate policies in economic terms. Men report being negatively affected more frequently than women (33% vs 22%, respectively). People who live in houses are more likely to claim they are being negatively impacted than people who live in apartments (31% and 23%, respectively). Nearly half (45%) of the respondents in the Nordic Region agree that climate initiatives will improve health and well-being, and half of the respondents (50%) think that climate change initiatives will lead to more sustainable lifestyles in their area. However, half (51%) of the Nordic population expect to see increases in prices and the cost of living as a consequence of climate policies, and those who believe that climate policies will create jobs and improve working conditions in the areas where they live (31% and 24%, respectively) are outnumbered by those who believe the opposite (35% and 34%, respectively). Fairness of climate policies The last section of the report looks at how the Nordic people perceive the fairness of climate policies in distributional terms. In the survey, the respondents were asked to judge to what extent they agree or disagree that everyone in their country or territory is equally affected by initiatives to fight climate change regardless of personal earnings, gender, age, country of origin and where they live – cities or rural areas. The results show that the Nordic people believe climate change initiatives affect citizens in different ways depending on their demographic, socioeconomic and territorial backgrounds. More than half of the respondents (56%) disagree that everyone is equally affected by initiatives to fight climate change regardless of earnings. Only 22% agree with this statement. Younger age groups are more pessimistic than older age groups on this point (66% in the 18-29 age group compared to 41% in the 65+ group). Almost half of respondents (48%) agree that climate policies are fair from a gender perspective, while 25% disagree with this statement and 23% are neutral. Roughly one in three (30%) respondents in the Nordic Region agree that people are equally affected by climate change initiatives regardless of age, 41% disagree with this statement and 25% are neutral. More than one third (35%) of the Nordic population agree that everyone is equally affected by initiatives to fight climate change regardless of the country of origin, while 34% of them disagree. More than half of respondents (56%) think that the impact of climate initiatives differs between rural and urban areas, while only 22% think that all areas are equally affected. Respondents who live in cities are more likely to respond that climate policy impacts differ between rural and urban areas (60%) than respondents who live in rural areas (55%) and towns and suburbs (53%). One third (33%) of respondents in the survey think that the Sámi population is affected by climate change initiatives to the same extent as the rest of the population. In Greenland, a majority of the population (62%) agrees that the indigenous population in Greenland is equally affected by measures to combat climate change. The results from this survey conducted in the autumn of 2022, show that the population in the Nordic Region perceive the impacts of climate mitigation policies in different ways. These results can raise awareness and stimulate debate about the implementation of climate mitigation policies for a just green transition.

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Byrne, Maisie-Rose. Playing Politics with Periods: Why the Abolition of the ‘Tampon Tax’ is Spreading Across the World. Institute of Development Studies, maj 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2023.025.

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From pet food to sunscreen, proposals to cut value-added tax (VAT) on a range of products and services are ever increasing. One of the best-known and far-reaching campaigns of this type has been the fight to abolish VAT on feminine hygiene products. More popularly known as the ‘tampon tax’, this issue has united campaigners from across to globe, contributing to policymakers in up to 25 countries removing or reducing taxes on menstrual products since Kenya’s landmark decision in 2004. Framed through a simple and evocative lens of fairness and equality, the campaign to end the ‘tampon tax’ has caught the attention of the public, press and policymakers alike, catapulting the oft-taboo issue of menstrual health to the top of the political agenda. Whilst social, economic, and menstrual health contexts vary per adopting country, the core message of the political announcements has stayed the same: abolishing the ‘tampon tax’ will address gender equality by resulting in more accessible and affordable menstrual products for women and girls.

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