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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Fairlop Fair"
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Basu Roy Chowdhury, Somnath, i Snigdha Chaturvedi. "Sustaining Fairness via Incremental Learning". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, nr 6 (26.06.2023): 6797–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i6.25833.
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Machine learning systems are often deployed for making critical decisions like credit lending, hiring, etc. While making decisions, such systems often encode the user's demographic information (like gender, age) in their intermediate representations. This can lead to decisions that are biased towards specific demographics. Prior work has focused on debiasing intermediate representations to ensure fair decisions. However, these approaches fail to remain fair with changes in the task or demographic distribution. To ensure fairness in the wild, it is important for a system to adapt to such changes as it accesses new data in an incremental fashion. In this work, we propose to address this issue by introducing the problem of learning fair representations in an incremental learning setting. To this end, we present Fairness-aware Incremental Representation Learning (FaIRL), a representation learning system that can sustain fairness while incrementally learning new tasks. FaIRL is able to achieve fairness and learn new tasks by controlling the rate-distortion function of the learned representations. Our empirical evaluations show that FaIRL is able to make fair decisions while achieving high performance on the target task, outperforming several baselines.
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Li, Yanying, Xiuling Wang, Yue Ning i Hui Wang. "FairLP: Towards Fair Link Prediction on Social Network Graphs". Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 16 (31.05.2022): 628–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v16i1.19321.
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Link prediction has been widely applied in social network analysis. Despite its importance, link prediction algorithms can be biased by disfavoring the links between individuals in particular demographic groups. In this paper, we study one particular type of bias, namely, the bias in predicting inter-group links (i.e., links across different demographic groups). First, we formalize the definition of bias in link prediction by providing quantitative measurements of accuracy disparity, which measures the difference in prediction accuracy of inter-group and intra-group links. Second, we unveil the existence of bias in six existing state-of-the-art link prediction algorithms through extensive empirical studies over real world datasets. Third, we identify the imbalanced density across intra-group and inter-group links in training graphs as one of the underlying causes of bias in link prediction. Based on the identified cause, fourth, we design a pre-processing bias mitigation method named FairLP to modify the training graph, aiming to balance the distribution of intra-group and inter-group links while preserving the network characteristics of the graph. FairLP is model-agnostic and thus is compatible with any existing link prediction algorithm. Our experimental results on real-world social network graphs demonstrate that FairLP achieves better trade-off between fairness and prediction accuracy than the existing fairness-enhancing link prediction methods.
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Swain, Phillip A. "Procedurally fair? Fairly procedural?: … ethics, fairness and welfare practice". Children Australia 24, nr 3 (1999): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s103507720000924x.
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This paper examines the principles of procedural fairness and their application to welfare practice. The paper considers whether social workers ought to measure the adequacy of their practice, not just against those requirements ususally set out in the professional Codes of Ethics, but also against the procedural fairness expectations of decision-making more usually the province of courts and like bodies. The paper concludes that these expectations are not only in keeping with the Code of Ethics, but that competent practice demands no less of practitioners.
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Sweeney, James A. "Scrutiny: Alconbury and the Right to a Fairly Fair Hearing". European Public Law 8, Issue 1 (1.03.2002): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/395961.
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Murphy, Andrew, i Ben Jenner‐Leuthart. "Fairly sold? Adding value with fair trade coffee in cafes". Journal of Consumer Marketing 28, nr 7 (listopad 2011): 508–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/07363761111181491.
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Kunz. "The Fair Rubber Association: where fairly traded rubber hits the road". Journal of Fair Trade 2, nr 2 (2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.13169/jfairtrade.2.2.0013.
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Xu, Xiaolin, Song Wu, Hai Jin i Chuxiong Yan. "Fairly Sharing the Network for Multitier Applications in Clouds". International Journal of Web Services Research 12, nr 4 (październik 2015): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwsr.2015100103.
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A significant trend caused by cloud computing is to aggregate applications for sharing resources. Thus, it is necessary to provide fair resources and performance among applications, especially for the network, which is provided in the best-effort manner in current clouds. Although many studies have made efforts for provisioning fair bandwidth, they are not sufficient for network fairness. In fact, for interactive applications, response time is more sensitive than bandwidth, and users expect a fair response time not just bandwidth. In this study, the authors want to investigate whether the traditional methods of sharing bandwidth can help the fairness of response time. They show that: (1) bandwidth has little relationship to response time, and adjusting bandwidth hardly affects response time in most cases. Thus, the traditional methods cannot help the fairness of response time much; and (2) the fairness between components is different from the one between transactions, and many prior studies only consider the former while ignoring the latter. Thus, the authors cannot help much for multitier applications consisting of multiple transactions either. As a result, they construct a model with two metrics to evaluate the fairness status of the network sharing, while considering the applications' characteristics on both the response time and throughput. Based on the model, they also propose a mechanism to improve the fairness status. The evaluation results show that the authors' mechanism improves the fairness status by 26.5%–52.8%, and avoids performance degradation compared to some practical mechanisms.
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Han, Jiatong, i Warut Suksompong. "Fast & Fair: A Collaborative Platform for Fair Division Applications". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 38, nr 21 (24.03.2024): 23796–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v38i21.30568.
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Fair division, the study of how to fairly allocate resources among agents, has received substantial interest in the areas of artificial intelligence and multiagent systems. While there is an extensive theoretical literature on fair division by now, the developed algorithms are still mostly confined to research papers and inaccessible to the public. We attempt to bridge this gap by developing Fast & Fair, an open-source web application that hosts a number of fair allocation algorithms with user-friendly interfaces and explainable outcomes. In contrast to existing implementations, Fast & Fair is a collaborative platform that is open to community contributions and thereby facilitates the deployment of additional algorithms.
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Li, Shu, Jiong Yu, Xusheng Du, Yi Lu i Rui Qiu. "Fair Outlier Detection Based on Adversarial Representation Learning". Symmetry 14, nr 2 (9.02.2022): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14020347.
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Outlier detection aims to identify rare, minority objects in a dataset that are significantly different from the majority. When a minority group (defined by sensitive attributes, such as gender, race, age, etc.) does not represent the target group for outlier detection, outlier detection methods are likely to propagate statistical biases in the data and generate unfair results. Our work focuses on studying the fairness of outlier detection. We characterize the properties of fair outlier detection and propose an appropriate outlier detection method that combines adversarial representation learning and the LOF algorithm (AFLOF). Unlike the FairLOF method that adds fairness constraints to the LOF algorithm, AFLOF uses adversarial networks to learn the optimal representation of the original data while hiding the sensitive attribute in the data. We introduce a dynamic weighting module that assigns lower weight values to data objects with higher local outlier factors to eliminate the influence of outliers on representation learning. Lastly, we conduct comparative experiments on six publicly available datasets. The results demonstrate that compared to the density-based LOF method and the recently proposed FairLOF method, our proposed AFLOF method has a significant advantage in both the outlier detection performance and fairness.
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Pickering, Jonathan, Frank Jotzo i Peter J. Wood. "Sharing the Global Climate Finance Effort Fairly with Limited Coordination". Global Environmental Politics 15, nr 4 (listopad 2015): 39–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00325.
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Mobilizing climate finance for developing countries is crucial for achieving a fair and effective global climate regime. To date, developed countries retain wide discretion over their national contributions. We explore how different degrees of international coordination may influence the fairness of the global financing effort, and we present quantitative scenarios, for both the metrics used to distribute the collective effort among countries contributing funding, and the number of contributing countries. We find that an intermediate degree of coordination—combining nationally determined financing pledges with a robust international review mechanism—may reduce distortions in relative efforts as well as shortfalls in overall funding, while reflecting reasonable differences over what constitutes a fair share. A broader group of contributors may do little to improve adequacy or equity unless it can converge on credible measures of responsibility and capacity. Our analysis highlights the importance of building common understandings about effort sharing.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Fairlop Fair"
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Shields, Kirsteen. "Between justice and law : exploring avenues and obstacles to an international obligation to trade fairly". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2013. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8684.
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This thesis is concerned with whether international law is capable of evolving to adequately address the adverse impact of international trade practices on the billions of people living in poverty in the world today. To this end, it explores international law’s capacity to integrate ethical obligations into international trade through the hypothetical construction of an ‘international obligation to trade fairly’. Obligations of fairness in international law are defined as necessitating the construction of an obligation to not restrict processes of democracy and distributive justice between individuals and the state. The application of this obligation on international trade is considered necessary in light of global economic interdependence, which has diminished the capacity of the state. An examination of the extent to which such a norm already exists is undertaken before considering the internal and external limitations to the universalization of such a norm. The central obstacles concerning the proposed obligation are identified as relating to the subject of the obligation and the normative force of the obligation. It is argued that due to the ideology and, inter-relatedly, the structure of international law, these obstacles cannot be readily overcome without radical reform.
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Holzer, Felicitas Sofia. "Treating host communities fairly in international health research". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUL015.
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Le fait que de puissants laboratoires pharmaceutiques multinationaux et des institutions de financement de la recherche issues de pays riches mènent des études cliniques dans des pays à revenus faibles ou intermédiaires, ayant des systèmes de santé insuffisamment développés, soulève inévitablement et légitimement la crainte que les communautés, dont sont issues les populations sur lesquelles sont menées les études cliniques, ne soient pas traitées de façon équitable. Et le plus souvent, on entend par « traitement inéquitable des communautés d’accueil » une répartition inéquitable des bénéfices et des charges découlant du projet de recherche, entre les chercheurs et leurs sponsors étrangers d’une part, et les communautés d'accueil d’autre part. Deux modèles normatifs importants dominent à ce sujet le discours en éthique de la recherche : l'un affirme que les tests des médicaments ou plus généralement des interventions biomédicales dans les pays à revenus faibles ou intermédiaires doivent fournir une réponse appropriée et raisonnablement disponible aux besoins de santé des communautés-hôtes ; l'autre modèle met en avance l’exigence de négociations équitables entre les parties prenantes pour la répartition des bénéfices de la recherche. Notre thèse remet en question les principales revendications de ces deux modèles prédominants, en s'appuyant sur des arguments issus de l'éthique de la recherche en santé humaine et des débats en philosophie politique, en particulier dans les théories de la justice globale et de la justice distributive, ainsi que dans les théories du « fair-play ». Notre thèse vise à trouver un fondement conceptuel à l'affirmation selon lequel les communautés d'accueil, et pas seulement les personnes sur lesquels les tests sont conduits, devraient retirer un bénéfice équitable de la recherche internationale ; un point qui est encore peu mis en lumière dans la production académique. Notre thèse cherche en outre à tenir compte des problèmes liés aux injustices structurelles ainsi que des procédures et mécanismes alternatifs dans le but de sauvegarder des bénéfices équitables. En refusant une perspective cosmopolite, nous soutenons que les obligations de répartition équitable des bénéfices doivent être interprétées comme des exigences morales qui naissent d’une coopération équitable entre différentes parties. Sur cette base, nous nous employons à montrer pourquoi les communautés d'accueil doivent être considérées comme des parties prenantes ayant droit à des bénéfices équitablesThe fact that powerful multinational pharmaceutical companies and research funding institutions in high-income countries sponsor drug testing in low and middle-income countries against a backdrop of insufficiently developed health and welfare systems easily raises concerns that communities that host clinical trials are treated unfairly. “Treating host communities unfairly” is usually associated with an unfair distribution of benefits and burdens that arise from research between the presumably more powerful researchers and sponsors from abroad and host communities that are in the possession of less negotiation power. Two central normative models characterize the dominant discourse in research ethics; one states that drug or medical intervention testing in low and middle-income countries must result in medicines that address local health needs and furthermore, must be reasonably made available; the other model makes fair negotiations the central concern of benefit-sharing. This thesis challenges the major claims of both predominant models relying on arguments from the discipline of health research ethics and established debates in political philosophy, and especially global and distributive justice, as well as the fair play literature. My thesis is concerned with finding a conceptual foundation for the claim that host communities should be accrued fair benefits; a conceptual point that is still underdeveloped in the literature. My thesis furthermore seeks to account for concerns related to structural (in-)justice and also for alternative procedures and mechanisms with the goal of safeguarding fair benefits. Refusing to adopt a cosmopolitan perspective, I construe obligations of fair benefit-sharing as moral requirements that arise from fair cooperation among distinct stakeholders. Based on this, I present a justification for why host communities should be established as stakeholders that have a claim to fair benefits, and further spell out the content of such claim
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Ménard, Yves Christian. "La discrimination en milieu de travail et le devoir juridique de représentation syndicale : une analyse socio-juridique". Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5412.
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Ce mémoire est une analyse socio-juridique de la discrimination en milieu de travail et de son impact sur le devoir juridique de représentation syndicale, ou plus précisément, sur la responsabilité syndicale en contexte de diversité. Partant d’une première approche sociométrique du phénomène, suivie d’une deuxième davantage socio-juridique, le constat est à l’effet que la discrimination en milieu de travail a des répercussions jusque dans les milieux syndiqués,où les flux d’immigration semblent, à plusieurs égards, bousculer l’ordre établi.
La revue de littérature permet de dégager deux grands axes de recherche : un premier concernant les forums : dans l’état actuel du droit, ce sont les Tribunaux des droits de la personne qui élaborent les normes applicables au devoir juridique de représentation syndicale dans les cas allégués de discrimination au travail, les Commissions des relations de travail s’adaptant mais lentement, sinon avec réticence, à la nouvelle donne ; le deuxième concernant spécifiquement la partie syndicale : cette dernière pondère l’effet des normes applicables en matière de discrimination au travail tant en fonction de ses propres intérêts stratégiques, que de l’attente des membres, que des préjugés et stéréotypes présents dans le milieu de travail. L’analyse globale porte sur 689 décisions en provenance de quatre Commissions des relations de travail — Québec, Fédéral, Ontario et Colombie-Britannique — et ainsi que des quatre Tribunaux des droits de la personne correspondants, sur une période de dix ans, allant du 1er janvier 2000 au 31 décembre 2009.
Quant aux forums, la conclusion est à l’effet qu’au cours de la période étudiée, aucune institution n’a de préséance sur l’autre en ce qui a trait aux motifs illicites de discrimination. Les deux se complétent sans presque se chevaucher, et chacune à leur manière, contribuent fortement à faire progresser les droits de la personne. Par contre, les Commissions des relations de travail ont préséance quant au harcèlement, tandis que les Tribunaux des droits de la personne sont prépondérants face aux mesures d’accommodement. Quant à la partie syndicale, si elle a toujours agi, pour des raisons historiques, en fonction de ses intérêts stratégiques, de l’attente des membres, et des préjugés et stéréotypes présents sur les lieux de travail. Mais, ce qui change au fil du temps, c’est tout ce qui entoure le devoir juridique de représentation syndicale, c’est-à-dire tout le climat général d’application, ainsi que tout le contexte d’analyse et d’évaluation des situations.
Quel est donc l’impact de la discrimination en milieu de travail sur le devoir juridique de représentation syndicale ? Dans la mesure où le contexte d’analyse et d’évaluation des situations est la lecture que font les agents, du climat général d’application, et des changements qu’ils y apportent en fonction de leurs propres intérêts stratégiques, du point de vue syndical, cet impact est triple : d’abord, devant chaque cas d’espèce, (1) l’acteur syndical doit désormais jongler avec beaucoup plus de facteurs qu’auparavant ; deuxièmement, (2) envers les salariés de l’unité de négociation, la marge de manoeuvre est beaucoup plus restreinte en contexte de lutte contre la discrimination ; enfin, et c’est le point le plus important, (3) l’économie générale des droits de la personne a pour effet d’introduire une hiérarchie dans les normes applicables, ce qui oblige l’acteur syndical à s’adapter, de façon constante, à un climat général d’application sans cesse changeant, auquel tous les agents contribuent, y compris lui-même.This project is a socio-juridical study of the discrimination in the workplace, and its impact on the juridical duty of fair union representation, or more precisely, about the union responsability in a context of diversity. Beginning with a sociometric approach, completed with another one more socio-juridical, discrimination in the workplace is deemed to have a lot of repercussions even in unionized environments where immigration seems to shake up the established order. The literature survey exposes two main axis of interrogations : the first is related to the forums : in the actual state of the law, it is the Human Rights Tribunals that show the way in terms of the standards applicable to the juridical duty of fair union representation in alleged cases of discrimination, the Labour Relations Commissions abiding, but slowly, or else with reluctance, to the new deal ; the second is related specifically to the Union : it balances out the effect of the new standards in accordance with their own strategical interests, as well as to the member expectations, and in view of the prejudices and stereotypes presents in the workplace. The global analysis is based on 689 decisions from four Labour Relations Commissions — Quebec, Federal, Ontario and British-Columbia — along with their corresponding Human Rights Tribunals, within a period of ten years, extending from January 1st, 2000 to December 31st, 2009. With respect to the forums, the findings are that, for the above-mentionned period, none of the institution prevails over the other, in connection with the prohibited grounds of discrimination, the two contributing, as they see fit, to the extensive developpement of the human rights in the workplace, without clashes, nor overlaping. With respect to harassment, the Commissions prevail, and on the accommodation side, the Tribunals do. As to the union party specifically, the findings are that it has always acted, for historical reasons, in accordance with their own strategical interests, the member expectations, and the prejudices and stereotypes present in the workplace, but what has changed — from yesterday to this day — is the general application climate surrounding the juridical duty of fair union representation, as well as the analytical context in the evaluation of situations. Therefore, what is the impact of the discrimination in the workplace on the juridical duty of fair union representation ? Taking into account that the analytical context in the evaluation of situations is how the different agents construe the general application climate, along with all the changes they contribute therein in conjonction with their own strategical interests, then, at the union party level, there is three major impacts : first, (1) the union party has to fiddle around with more factors than ever before ; second, (2) with respect to the employees of a barginning unit, the room for manoeuver is much more restricted in all cases involving discrimination; and finally, this is the mere point, (3) the general economy of the human rights legislations has the effect of introducing a hierarchy to the applicable standards, hence forcing the union party, on a continuous basis, to adapt itself accordingly to the ever changing general application climate to which every agent contributes, including itself.
Książki na temat "Fairlop Fair"
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Codell, Esmé Raji. Fairly fairy tales. New York: Aladdin, 2011.
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Atanu, Roy, red. Wingless: A fairly weird fairy tale. New Delhi: IndiaInk, 2003.
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Clayton, James Lee. Fairly fractured fairy tales for discerning adults and precocious children. Lakeland, Fla: Puttrow Books, 1998.
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Scieszka, Jon. The Stinky Cheese Man and Other Fairly Stupid Tales. New York (NY): Penguin Publishing Group (est. 1935), 1992.
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Scieszka, Jon. The Stinky Cheese Man and Other Fairly Stupid Tales. New York, N.Y., U.S.A: Viking, 1992.
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Trading, Great Britain Office of Fair. Trading malpractice: A report by the Director General of Fair Trading following consideration of proposals for a general duty to trade fairly. (London): Office of Fair Trading, 1990.
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Great Britain. Office of Fair Trading., red. Trading malpractices: A report by the Director General of Fair Trading following consideration of proposals for a general duty to trade fairly. [London]: Office of Fair Trading, 1989.
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Mayer, Rosemary. 'Fairly Green' Fall Fair. Lulu Press, Inc., 2015.
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Codell, Esmé Raji, i Elisa Chavarri. Fairly Fairy Tales. Simon & Schuster, Limited, 2011.
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Heard, Kate Poels; Tom. Fairly Scary Fairy. Maverick Arts Publishing, 2023.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Fairlop Fair"
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González, Esteban, Alejandro Benítez i Daniel Garijo. "FAIROs: Towards FAIR Assessment in Research Objects". W Linking Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries, 68–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16802-4_6.
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de Vries, Annick, Gijsbert Werner, Elsenoor Wijlhuizen, Victor Toom, Mark Bovens i Suzanne Hulscher. "Distributing Climate Costs Fairly". W Research for Policy, 1–13. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59427-4_1.
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AbstractIn this book, the Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy (WRR) considers climate policies in the light of distributive justice. We ask how a society can distribute the costs of climate policy in a way that is fair, and we offer recommendations on how to embed distributive justice in climate policies. This first chapter introduces the problem, defines major concepts and presents the outline of the book.
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Hausmann, Daniel, Nir Piterman, Irmak Sağlam i Anne-Kathrin Schmuck. "Fair $$\omega $$-Regular Games". W Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 13–33. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57228-9_2.
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AbstractWe consider two-player games over finite graphs in which both players are restricted by fairness constraints on their moves. Given a two player game graph $$G=(V,E)$$ G = ( V , E ) and a set of fair moves $$E_f\subseteq E$$ E f ⊆ E a player is said to play fair in G if they choose an edge $$e\in E_f$$ e ∈ E f infinitely often whenever the source node of e is visited infinitely often. Otherwise, they play unfair. We equip such games with two $$\omega $$ ω -regular winning conditions $$\alpha $$ α and $$\beta $$ β deciding the winner of mutually fair and mutually unfair plays, respectively. Whenever one player plays fair and the other plays unfair, the fairly playing player wins the game. The resulting games are called fair$$\alpha /\beta $$ α / β games.We formalize fair $$\alpha /\beta $$ α / β games and show that they are determined. For fair parity/parity games, i.e., fair $$\alpha /\beta $$ α / β games where $$\alpha $$ α and $$\beta $$ β are given each by a parity condition over G, we provide a polynomial reduction to (normal) parity games via a gadget construction inspired by the reduction of stochastic parity games to parity games. We further give a direct symbolic fixpoint algorithm to solve fair parity/parity games. On a conceptual level, we illustrate the translation between the gadget-based reduction and the direct symbolic algorithm which uncovers the underlying similarities of solution algorithms for fair and stochastic parity games, as well as for the recently considered class of fair games in which only one player is restricted by fair moves.
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Le Quy, Tai, Gunnar Friege i Eirini Ntoutsi. "Multi-fair Capacitated Students-Topics Grouping Problem". W Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 507–19. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33374-3_40.
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AbstractGroup work is a prevalent activity in educational settings, where students are often divided into topic-specific groups based on their preferences. The grouping should reflect students’ aspirations as much as possible. Usually, the resulting groups should also be balanced in terms of protected attributes like gender, as studies suggest that students may learn better in mixed-gender groups. Moreover, to allow a fair workload across the groups, the cardinalities of the different groups should be balanced. In this paper, we introduce a multi-fair capacitated (MFC) grouping problem that fairly partitions students into non-overlapping groups while ensuring balanced group cardinalities (with a lower and an upper bound), and maximizing the diversity of members regarding the protected attribute. To obtain the MFC grouping, we propose three approaches: a greedy heuristic approach, a knapsack-based approach using vanilla maximal knapsack formulation, and an MFC knapsack approach based on group fairness knapsack formulation. Experimental results on a real dataset and a semi-synthetic dataset show that our proposed methods can satisfy students’ preferences and deliver balanced and diverse groups regarding cardinality and the protected attribute, respectively.
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Daniels, Norman, i James E. Sabin. "The Legitimacy Problem and Fair Process". W Setting Limits Fairly, 25–41. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149364.003.0003.
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Thackeray, William Makepeace. "Chapter LVI". W Vanity Fair. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780198727712.003.0058.
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* Georgy Osborne was now fairly established in his grandfather’s mansion inRussell Square : occupant of his father’s room in the house, and heir-apparent of all the splendours there. The good looks, gallant bearing, and gentlemanlike appearance of the boy won the grandsire’s heart...
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"Part Five: Defining the Tax Unit Fairly". W Fair Taxation in a Changing World, 257–78. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781487573751-009.
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Parr, Tom, i Andrew Williams. "Fair Insurance". W Oxford Studies in Political Philosophy Volume 8, 69–102. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192856906.003.0003.
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What level and kind of protection against relative misfortune should our community provide, and how should it distribute the costs of provision amongst its members? According to the answer this chapter explores, the willingness of fairly situated individuals to pay for protection against the risk of misfortune plays an essential, though limited, role in answering these questions. The authors call this approach fair insurance. The chapter’s aim is to identify the appeal of this position compared to its rivals and to outline an amended variant of the most familiar version of the view. It then explains how that variant survives several influential objections that some have thought decisive. It concludes by showing that the fair insurance approach can contribute to recent debates about how best to develop a contractualist account of distributive decision-making in the face of risk.
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Kessler-Harris, Alice. "What’s Fair?" W In Pursuit of Equity, 239–89. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195038354.003.0007.
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Abstract American political mythology boasts a fairly well known story about the inclusion of sex as a protected category in the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Title VII of that act forbids discrimination in employment on the grounds of race, creed, color, or national origin as well as sex. It is the only provision of the original act to incorporate the word sex. Popular lore holds that sex was added to this title of the bill as something of a joke.1 And in fact there is significant evidence that Howard Smith, chair of the powerful House Rules Committee, a Virginia Democrat, and an ardent segregationist, believed that adding sex would discourage some members of the Congress from voting for civil rights for African Americans. Smith “really wanted to kill the civil rights bill,” recalled Assistant Secretary of Labor Esther Peterson.2 Adding sex would focus attention on what he believed was a ridiculous effort to alter long-standing habits of mind with regard to racial beliefs.
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Gale, William G. "Solving the Debt Problem Fairly". W Fiscal Therapy, 85–102. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190645410.003.0006.
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Who should pay higher taxes and receive fewer benefits? What’s fair? As explored in Chapter 5, debt, taxes, and spending redistribute resources within and across generations. Addressing the debt problem would help future generations – the nation’s children and grandchildren. It is no longer clear that each generation will be better off than the one before it. This makes it all the more important that each generation controls the debt it leaves to the next generation. The United States used to have high income inequality and significant economic mobility: people who worked hard could ascend the income ladder. In recent years, though, the gap between rich and poor has grown dramatically while rates of mobility haven’t improved. Policymakers should narrow inequalityin ways that are productive and fair, investing more in education, healthcare, nutrition, neighborhoods, and employment programs, and judiciously raising taxes on high-income households.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Fairlop Fair"
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Sari, Sercan, Onur Demir i Gurhan Kucuk. "FairSDP: Fair and Secure Dynamic Cache Partitioning". W 2019 4th International Conference on Computer Science and Engineering (UBMK). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ubmk.2019.8907000.
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Hossain, Safwan, Andjela Mladenovic i Nisarg Shah. "Designing Fairly Fair Classifiers Via Economic Fairness Notions". W WWW '20: The Web Conference 2020. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3366423.3380228.
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Hosseini, Hadi, Aghaheybat Mammadov i Tomasz Wąs. "Fairly Allocating Goods and (Terrible) Chores". W Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-23}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/305.
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We study the fair allocation of mixture of indivisible goods and chores under lexicographic preferences---a subdomain of additive preferences. A prominent fairness notion for allocating indivisible items is envy-freeness up to any item (EFX). Yet, its existence and computation has remained a notable open problem. By identifying a class of instances with "terrible chores", we show that determining the existence of an EFX allocation is NP-complete. This result immediately implies the intractability of EFX under additive preferences. Nonetheless, we propose a natural subclass of lexicographic preferences for which an EFX and Pareto optimal (PO) allocation is guaranteed to exist and can be computed efficiently for any mixed instance. Focusing on two weaker fairness notions, we investigate finding EF1 and Pareto optimal allocations for special instances with terrible chores, and show that MMS and PO allocations can be computed efficiently for any mixed instance with lexicographic preferences.
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Walsh, Toby. "Fair Division: The Computer Scientist’s Perspective". W Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/691.
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I survey recent progress on a classic and challenging problem in social choice: the fair division of indivisible items. I discuss how a computational perspective has provided interesting insights into and understanding of how to divide items fairly and efficiently. This has involved bringing to bear tools such as those used in knowledge representation, computational complexity, approximation methods, game theory, online analysis and communication complexity.
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Taleb, T., N. Kato i Y. Nemoto. "A recursive, explicit and fair method to efficiently and fairly adjust TCP windows in satellite networks". W 2004 IEEE International Conference on Communications (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37577). IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icc.2004.1313353.
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Biswas, Arpita, i Siddharth Barman. "Fair Division Under Cardinality Constraints". W Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/13.
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We consider the problem of fairly allocating indivisible goods, among agents, under cardinality constraints and additive valuations. In this setting, we are given a partition of the entire set of goods---i.e., the goods are categorized---and a limit is specified on the number of goods that can be allocated from each category to any agent. The objective here is to find a fair allocation in which the subset of goods assigned to any agent satisfies the given cardinality constraints. This problem naturally captures a number of resource-allocation applications, and is a generalization of the well-studied unconstrained fair division problem. The two central notions of fairness, in the context of fair division of indivisible goods, are envy freeness up to one good (EF1) and the (approximate) maximin share guarantee (MMS). We show that the existence and algorithmic guarantees established for these solution concepts in the unconstrained setting can essentially be achieved under cardinality constraints. Furthermore, focusing on the case wherein all the agents have the same additive valuation, we establish that EF1 allocations exist even under matroid constraints.
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Hosseini, Hadi, Shivika Narang i Tomasz Wąs. "Fair Distribution of Delivery Orders". W Thirty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-24}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2024/313.
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We initiate the study of fair distribution of delivery tasks among a set of agents wherein delivery jobs are placed along the vertices of a graph. Our goal is to fairly distribute delivery costs (modeled as a submodular function) among a fixed set of agents while satisfying some desirable notions of economic efficiency. We adopt well-established fairness concepts—such as envy-freeness up to one item (EF1) and minimax share (MMS)—to our setting and show that fairness is often incompatible with the efficiency notion of social optimality. Yet, we characterize instances that admit fair and socially optimal solutions by exploiting graph structures. We further show that achieving fairness along with Pareto optimality is computationally intractable. Nonetheless, we design an XP algorithm (parameterized by the number of agents) for finding MMS and Pareto optimal solutions on every tree instance, and show that the same algorithm can be modified to find efficient solutions along with EF1, when such solutions exist. We complement these results by theoretically and experimentally analyzing the price of fairness.
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Bei, Xiaohui, Guangda Huzhang i Warut Suksompong. "Truthful Fair Division without Free Disposal". W Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/9.
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We study the problem of fairly dividing a heterogeneous resource, commonly known as cake cutting and chore division, in the presence of strategic agents. While a number of results in this setting have been established in previous works, they rely crucially on the free disposal assumption, meaning that the mechanism is allowed to throw away part of the resource at no cost. In the present work, we remove this assumption and focus on mechanisms that always allocate the entire resource. We exhibit a truthful envy-free mechanism for cake cutting and chore division for two agents with piecewise uniform valuations, and we complement our result by showing that such a mechanism does not exist when certain additional assumptions are made. Moreover, we give truthful mechanisms for multiple agents with restricted classes of valuations.
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Igarashi, Ayumi, Yasushi Kawase, Warut Suksompong i Hanna Sumita. "Fair Division with Two-Sided Preferences". W Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-23}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/307.
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We study a fair division setting in which a number of players are to be fairly distributed among a set of teams. In our model, not only do the teams have preferences over the players as in the canonical fair division setting, but the players also have preferences over the teams. We focus on guaranteeing envy-freeness up to one player (EF1) for the teams together with a stability condition for both sides. We show that an allocation satisfying EF1, swap stability, and individual stability always exists and can be computed in polynomial time, even when teams may have positive or negative values for players. Similarly, a balanced and swap stable allocation that satisfies a relaxation of EF1 can be computed efficiently. When teams have nonnegative values for players, we prove that an EF1 and Pareto optimal allocation exists and, if the valuations are binary, can be found in polynomial time. We also examine the compatibility between EF1 and justified envy-freeness.
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Segal-Halevi, Erel, i Warut Suksompong. "Democratic Fair Allocation of Indivisible Goods". W Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/67.
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We study the problem of fairly allocating indivisible goods to groups of agents. Agents in the same group share the same set of goods even though they may have different preferences. Previous work has focused on unanimous fairness, in which all agents in each group must agree that their group's share is fair. Under this strict requirement, fair allocations exist only for small groups. We introduce the concept of democratic fairness, which aims to satisfy a certain fraction of the agents in each group. This concept is better suited to large groups such as cities or countries. We present protocols for democratic fair allocation among two or more arbitrarily large groups of agents with monotonic, additive, or binary valuations. Our protocols approximate both envy-freeness and maximin-share fairness. As an example, for two groups of agents with additive valuations, our protocol yields an allocation that is envy-free up to one good and gives at least half of the maximin share to at least half of the agents in each group.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Fairlop Fair"
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Wylde, Emily. Value For Money of Social Assistance in FCAS: Considerations, Evidence, and Research Priorities. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), luty 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2022.022.
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Value for Money (VfM) is an essential tool for balancing difficult policy and programme decisions and the trade-offs between the ‘5 Es’ of economy, efficiency, effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and equity. While many of the conceptual approaches to VfM and methods for estimation are similar in regular development programming for social protection and humanitarian cash and food assistance, these literatures have so far evolved in fairly distinct silos. There has been relatively little work so far to bring the two strands together. In fragile and conflict-affected settings, the gaps are especially great. A lack of cost and basic programme implementation data hinders understanding of economy and efficiency, while gaps in robust evidence on outcomes and impacts further impede an analysis of effectiveness and, crucially, the trade-offs between the ‘5Es’. The research agenda presented here emphasises the need to build the evidence base on both costs and benefits, and to use it more intentionally for better adaptive management of programmes and policy support.
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Wylde, Emily. Value for Money of Social Assistance in Fragile Contexts: Considerations, Evidence, and Research Priorities. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), marzec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2022.009.
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Value for Money (VfM) is an essential tool for balancing difficult policy and programme decisions. While many of the conceptual approaches to VfM and methods for estimation are similar between regular development programming for social protection and humanitarian cash and food assistance, so far these literatures have evolved in fairly distinct silos. There is relatively little work that brings the two strands together. This thematic review provides a conceptual framework for understanding VfM of social assistance in fragile and conflict-affected situations (FCAS). It draws out what is particular to these contexts and identifies key areas for focus. It then reviews the existing literature to identify gaps and point to priorities for further research.
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De Wit, Paul. Securing Land Tenure for Prosperity of the Planet and its Peoples. Rights and Resources Initiative, luty 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/ogcw7082.
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Indigenous Peoples, Afro-descendant Peoples, and local communities produce up to 70 percent of the world’s food with lower climate change and environmental impact than agribusinesses, but many remain under the poverty threshold. They are the de facto owners and managers of massive carbon stocks in forested and non–forested ecosystems, but markets fail to fairly reward this. This is all achieved with these communities having legal rights over only 20 percent of their land and receiving only 1.7 percent of global climate finance for self–determined investment and nature conservation. Clarifying their rights and establishing solid tenure security and capital to invest in exercising those rights are a must. The need for Indigenous Peoples, Afro-descendant Peoples, and local communities to acquire secure tenure over land and resources to achieve conservation and production goals is twofold. First, these groups need to establish a tenure safety network over their claimed lands and resources to prevent unintended consequences, like spillovers and leakages from other global responses to climate change, environmental rehabilitation, and food systems transformation. Second, they want secure tenure as part of a more enabling environment to fully unlock the potential of delivering their own solutions to current systems, threats, and opportunities.
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Tronstad, Lusha. Aquatic invertebrate monitoring at Agate Fossil Beds National Monument: 2019 data report. National Park Service, kwiecień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrds-2293128.
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Monitoring ecosystems is vital to understanding trends over time and key to detecting change so that managers can address perturbations. Freshwater streams are the lifeblood of the surrounding landscape, and their health is a measure of the overall watershed integrity. Streams are the culmination of upland processes and inputs. Degradation on the landscape as well as changes to the stream itself can be detected using biota living in these ecosystems. Aquatic invertebrates are excellent indicators of ecosystem quality because they are relatively long-lived, sessile, diverse, abundant and their tolerance to perturbation differs. Aquatic invertebrates were monitored at three sites along the Niobrara River at Agate Fossil Beds National Monument in 2019 completing 23 years of data using Hester-Dendy and Hess samplers. Hess samplers are artificial multi-plate samplers suspended in the water column to allow invertebrates to colonize and Hess samples collect invertebrates in a known area on natural substrate and vegetation. We identified 45 invertebrate taxa from four phyla (Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Nematoda) using both samplers in the Niobrara River (Appendix A and B). Hester-Dendy samplers collected 4 taxa not found in Hess samples and Hess samples collected 17 taxa not collected with Hester-Dendy samplers. Hess samples captured more (91%) than Hester-Dendy samples (62%). Crustacea, Diptera and Ephemeroptera were the most abundant groups of invertebrates collected in the Niobrara River. The proportion of Insecta, Annelida, Trichoptera and Diptera differed between Hester-Dendy and Hess samples (p < 0.05). EPT richness, proportion EPT taxa and Hilsenhoff’s Biotic Index (HBI) (p < 0.0001) differed between sampler types, but taxa richness, taxa diversity and evenness (p > 0.29) did not. We collected the highest density of invertebrates at the Agate Middle site. Agate Spring Ranch had the lowest taxa richness and HBI, and the highest proportion of EPT taxa. HBI at the sites ranged from 4.0 to 6.3 (very good to fair from Hilsenhoff 1987) using the Hester-Dendy and 5.2 to 6.9 (good to fairly poor from Hilsenhoff 1987) using the Hess sampler.
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Dodd, Hope, David Bowles, John Cribbs, Jeffrey Williams, Cameron Cheri i Tani Hubbard. Aquatic community monitoring at Herbert Hoover National Historic Site, 2008?2017. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2303263.
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Land use changes that degrade water quality and stream habitat can negatively impact aquatic communities. Monitoring trends in aquatic community composition and habitat conditions is a robust way to assess stream integrity and health. Herbert Hoover National Historic Site (NHS) is in eastern Iowa where dominant land use consists of row-crop and grassland agriculture. A portion of an unnamed tributary of the West Branch of Wapsinonoc Creek, known as Hoover Creek, flows through the park. In 2008, the Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network (Heartland Network) of the National Park Service (NPS) began monitoring aquatic communities (fish and invertebrates), physical habitat, and water quality at Hoover Creek within the park. This report summarizes four years of data to assess the baseline conditions of Hoover Creek within Herbert Hoover NHS. Aquatic invertebrate taxa richness ranged from 21 to 32 among all years monitored. Three of these taxa are sensitive to poor water quality and habitat conditions. The invertebrate community was dominated by true flies in the Chironomidae family, Oligochaete worms, and mayflies in the Baetidae family. These taxa are all tolerant of poor water quality and habitat conditions. However, in 2011, the sensitive caddisfly Ceratopsyche was also abundant. Mean Hilsenhoff Biotic Index values indicated the invertebrate community fluctuated over time, ranging from fairly poor in 2017 to good condition in 2011. Ten fish species were collected at Hoover Creek across the four years sampled with seven of those species found in all years. All fish species collected were either moderately tolerant or tolerant to poor habitat and water quality conditions; the community was dominated by johnny darter (Etheostoma nigrum), creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus), and blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus). Based on the Index of Biotic Integrity developed for Iowa streams, the fish community ranged from fair condition in 2008, 2014, and 2017 to good condition in 2011. Hoover Creek was found to have predominately fine to medium gravel substrate with high embeddedness, and banks were steep and tall and consisted of fine silt substrate. With the exception of turbidity after a rain event in 2008, water quality parameters were within state standards. The four years of stream biota data coupled with habitat data should form a good baseline for assessing changes or trends in the aquatic community and overall stream health of Hoover Creek.
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Bingham, Sonia, Craig Young i Tanni Hubbard. Sentinel wetlands in Cuyahoga Valley National Park: II. Condition trends for wetlands of management concern, 2008?2018. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301705.
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Twenty important management areas (wetlands of management concern) and reference wetlands compose the sentinel wetlands at Cuyahoga Valley National Park. These wetlands are monitored more intensively than other wetlands in the program. This is the second report in a two-part series, designed to summarize the results from intensive vegetation surveys completed at sentinel wetlands from 2008 to 2018. The first report (Bingham and Young 2023) characterized the conditions in each wetland and provided baseline reference information for other reports and site-specific projects. In this report, we examine results from five selected metrics more closely within and across three natural wetlands of management concern groups (restoration wetlands, mitigation wetlands, and rare habitat wetlands) using the reference wetlands as overall benchmarks. We used the Ohio Rapid Assessment Method (ORAM) to evaluate habitat in the sentinel wetlands. In addition, a total of 37 long-term sample plots were established within these wetlands to monitor biological conditions over time using vegetation as an indicator. Multiple plots were located in larger wetland complexes to capture spatial differences in condition. Vegetation was intensively surveyed within the plots using the Vegetation Index of Biotic Integrity (VIBI), where all plant species are identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible (genus or species). The sample plots were surveyed twice, and the five evaluation metrics included the VIBI score, Floristic Quality Assessment Index (FQAI), percent sensitive plant species, percent invasive graminoids, and species richness. For the analysis, VIBI plot locations were rank ordered based on their 2018 scores, the range and average for each metric was examined across the wetlands of management concern groups and plotted against reference wetlands for comparison, and the two survey years (pre-2015 and 2018) were plotted against each other for substantial changes from the established baseline. Across the sample plot locations, VIBI scores ranged from a low of 7 (Stanford Run SF1) to a high of 91 (Columbia Run 554). The top scoring plots were at four reference wetlands (Stumpy Basin 526, Virginia Kendall Lake 241K, Columbia Run 554, and Boston Mills 683) and one rare habitat wetland (Beaver Marsh BM3). All of these plots fell within an excellent condition range in one or both survey years. They each have unique habitats with some specialized plant species. The majority (24) of the sentinel wetlands plots ranked within the poor or fair ranges. These include the three mitigation wetlands: Brookside 968, Rockside RS2, and Krejci, as well as all plots within the Pleasant Valley and Stanford Run wetlands. Most of the large wetlands had dramatic condition differences within their boundaries? effected by pollution sources, land-use modifications, and/or invasive species in some areas more than others. We documented these wide condition ranges at Fawn Pond, Virginia Kendall Lake, Beaver Marsh and Stumpy Basin, but the most pronounced within-wetland differences were at Virginia Kendall Lake, which had a 58-point difference between the highest and lowest scoring plot. Fawn Pond is in good condition at most plots and scored very high in comparison to other wetlands within the riverine mainstem hydrogeomorphic class. The average and range of most metric scores were notably different across the four different wetlands groups. Average values at rare habitat wetlands plots were similar to reference plots for VIBI and FQAI scores, percent invasive graminoids, and percent sensitive metrics. Krejci KR1 and Fawn Pond FP3 had unusually high percent cover of sensitive species (31.0% and 27.9%, respectively) for the mitigation and restoration groupings. However, average overall metric scores across the restoration and mitigation wetlands were generally very low, with Stanford Run being the lowest scoring restoration wetland and Brookside being the lowest scoring mitigation wetland. With restoration efforts completed, the expectation is that mitigation wetlands should be performing much higher. Two of the three mitigation wetlands sites are not meeting the mitigation benchmarks that were created for them by the US Army Corp of Engineers and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. Contractor reports state that the wetlands met the criteria within the first five years of establishment. However, upon release from monitoring and maintenance, invasive species have gradually re-established, which has led to condition deterioration over time, and lower metric scores. VIBI scores stayed the same or improved (only slightly in many cases) in the majority of plots (67.6%) between survey years. The Krecji mitigation wetlands had the largest improvement in VIBI scoring. Scores at six plots decreased by at least 10 points from the baseline survey. Two of the park?s most beloved wetlands, Beaver Marsh (at one location) and the Stumpy Basin reference plot, had the two most notable declines in VIBI scores. In 2018, 11 plots (29.7%) had greater than 25% invasive graminoid cover (e.g. cattail, common reed grass, reed canary grass) and 18 plots (48.7%) experienced an increase in invasive graminoid cover between survey years. A marked increase (>10% cover) in invasive graminoids was documented at eight locations (Rockside 1079RS2, Beaver Marsh BM5, Fawn Pond FP3 and FP4, Brookside 968, Stumpy Basin SB1, and two other Pleasant Valley plots: 1049 and 969). These trends are likely to continue, and biological conditions are expected to deteriorate at these wetlands in response. Regardless of invasive species increases, many of the wetlands showed remarkable resilience over the last decade with fairly stable VIBI categories.
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The space between: Analysis of gender and ethnicity pay gaps in UK-based organisations active in global health. Global Health 50/50, listopad 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56649/zhpp4836.
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Inequalities in opportunities, power and privilege are evident in our working lives. Historical structures shape opportunities in the career pipelines of different groups of people, including access to education, recruitment and promotion, occupational segregation and the so-called ‘motherhood penalty’. Often these dynamics result in certain groups, particularly men and traditionally privileged ethnic groups, occupying higher status and better paid positions, than other groups – resulting in what are called ‘pay gaps’. Increasing transparency on pay gaps helps to ensure that employers are being fair in providing equitable (fair) opportunities and reducing inequalities across the workforce it also holds them accountable for closing the gap. In the UK, reporting the gender pay gap has been mandatory since 2017 for organisations with more than 250 employees. The law has driven an unprecedented level of transparency on the gender pay gap in the UK and provided valuable information to employers and employees on inequality inside their organisations. To date, however, reporting the ethnicity pay gap remains voluntary. Global Health 50/50 (GH5050) tracks and publicises the policies and practices of nearly 200 organisations active in global health for their commitments to gender equality. This Report takes a deep dive into the reporting of gender and ethnicity pay gap data of 43 organisations in the GH5050 sample which have a presence in the UK. This Report focuses specifically on UK-based organisations given the general lack of pay gap reporting worldwide. The Report finds that, between 2017 and 2022, some progress was made in closing the gap – from 12.7% to 10.9% for median pay gap, and from 14.3% to 10.8% for mean pay gap. A quarter of organisations, however, saw an increase in their gender pay gap by a median 3.6 percentage points. In the absence of mandatory reporting, we found that only 13 organisations voluntarily reported their ethnicity pay gaps in 2022, mostly reporting binary gaps between white and ethnic minority employees. While binary reporting in isolation is generally not recommended, it may be needed to protect salary information of ethnic minority employees when numbers of employees are small. Among this (limited) data, we found a median gap of 3.7% and a mean gap of 6.9% favouring white employees. This Report finds that there has been some positive change since mandatory gender pay gap reporting was introduced in 2017. Yet slow and uneven progress indicates a clear need for continued advocacy to ensure pay gap transparency and to close the gender pay gap. This advocacy should include the expansion of mandatory pay gap reporting to include ethnicity; and for very large organisations, an intersectional approach to the data (combining gender and ethnicity, for example) will provide even more nuance and understanding of where action is needed. Even in the absence of legislative requirements, employers in global health, which are often working to advance social justice and gender equality, should act as models for career equality including by publicly reporting pay gap data. This data can inform target-setting and the development of policies to reduce the gap, such as including multiple women in shortlists for recruitment and promotion, and transparency in pay negotiations. Closing the unjust space between women’s and men’s pay is an urgent priority and would ensure that women are equally and fairly paid for their contributions to organisations and to society. Increasing transparency of the pay gaps will rely on more countries passing legislation, as a critical component of comprehensive frameworks for diversity, inclusion and equality in the workplace.