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Aleksandrov, Martin, i Toby Walsh. "Online Fair Division: A Survey". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, nr 09 (3.04.2020): 13557–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i09.7081.
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We survey a burgeoning and promising new research area that considers the online nature of many practical fair division problems. We identify wide variety of such online fair division problems, as well as discuss new mechanisms and normative properties that apply to this online setting. The online nature of such fair division problems provides both opportunities and challenges such as the possibility to develop new online mechanisms as well as the difficulty of dealing with an uncertain future.
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Herreiner, Dorothea K., i Clemens D. Puppe. "Envy Freeness in Experimental Fair Division Problems". Theory and Decision 67, nr 1 (18.07.2007): 65–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11238-007-9069-8.
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Dall'Aglio, Marco, i Theodore P. Hill. "Maximin share and minimax envy in fair-division problems". Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 281, nr 1 (maj 2003): 346–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-247x(03)00107-0.
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Sagara, Nobusumi. "A characterization of α-maximin solutions of fair division problems". Mathematical Social Sciences 55, nr 3 (maj 2008): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2007.09.007.
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Moulin, H. "Fair division under joint ownership: Recent results and open problems". Social Choice and Welfare 7, nr 2 (kwiecień 1990): 149–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01560582.
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Vetschera, Rudolf. "A general branch-and-bound algorithm for fair division problems". Computers & Operations Research 37, nr 12 (grudzień 2010): 2121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2010.03.001.
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Arunachaleswaran, Eshwar Ram, Siddharth Barman i Nidhi Rathi. "Fair Division with a Secretive Agent". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (17.07.2019): 1732–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33011732.
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We study classic fair-division problems in a partial information setting. This paper respectively addresses fair division of rent, cake, and indivisible goods among agents with cardinal preferences. We will show that, for all of these settings and under appropriate valuations, a fair (or an approximately fair) division among n agents can be efficiently computed using only the valuations of n − 1 agents. The nth (secretive) agent can make an arbitrary selection after the division has been proposed and, irrespective of her choice, the computed division will admit an overall fair allocation.For the rent-division setting we prove that well-behaved utilities of n − 1 agents suffice to find a rent division among n rooms such that, for every possible room selection of the secretive agent, there exists an allocation (of the remaining n − 1 rooms among the n − 1 agents) which ensures overall envy freeness (fairness). We complement this existential result by developing a polynomial-time algorithm for the case of quasilinear utilities. In this partial information setting, we also develop efficient algorithms to compute allocations that are envy-free up to one good (EF1) and ε-approximate envy free. These two notions of fairness are applicable in the context of indivisible goods and divisible goods (cake cutting), respectively.One of the main technical contributions of this paper is the development of novel connections between different fairdivision paradigms, e.g., we use our existential results for envy-free rent-division to develop an efficient EF1 algorithm.
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Goetz, Albert. "Cost Allocation: An Application of Fair Division". Mathematics Teacher 93, nr 7 (październik 2000): 600–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.93.7.0600.
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Although the subject of cost allocation has been extensively discussed in the literature of political economics, it has been generally neglected in mathematical literature. However, cost allocation affords a practical extension of fair-division techniques–one that is readily accessible to secondary school students and that gives them a simple yet powerful application of mathematics to real-world problem solving. A study of the concepts and the mathematics involved in cost allocation is most appropriate in a discrete mathematics course or a modeling course, but a case can be made for including this topic in other courses, as well. This article presents a typical cost-allocation problem with possible solutions and includes suggestions for presenting similar problems in the classroom. The basics of the problem follow closely from Young (1994).
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Bei, Xiaohui, Ayumi Igarashi, Xinhang Lu i Warut Suksompong. "The Price of Connectivity in Fair Division". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, nr 6 (18.05.2021): 5151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i6.16651.
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We study the allocation of indivisible goods that form an undirected graph and quantify the loss of fairness when we impose a constraint that each agent must receive a connected subgraph. Our focus is on the well-studied fairness notion of maximin share fairness. We introduce the price of connectivity to capture the largest gap between the graph-specific and the unconstrained maximin share, and derive bounds on this quantity which are tight for large classes of graphs in the case of two agents and for paths and stars in the general case. For instance, with two agents we show that for biconnected graphs it is possible to obtain at least 3/4 of the maximin share with connected allocations, while for the remaining graphs the guarantee is at most 1/2. Our work demonstrates several applications of graph-theoretic tools and concepts to fair division problems.
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Dror, Amitay, Michal Feldman i Erel Segal-Halevi. "On Fair Division under Heterogeneous Matroid Constraints". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, nr 6 (18.05.2021): 5312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i6.16670.
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We study fair allocation of indivisible goods among additive agents with feasibility constraints. In these settings, every agent is restricted to get a bundle among a specified set of feasible bundles. Such scenarios have been of great interest to the AI community due to their applicability to real-world problems. Following some impossibility results, we restrict attention to matroid feasibility constraints that capture natural scenarios, such as the allocation of shifts to medical doctors, and the allocation of conference papers to referees. We focus on the common fairness notion of envy-freeness up to one good (EF1). Previous algorithms for finding EF1 allocations are either restricted to agents with identical feasibility constraints, or allow free disposal of items. An open problem is the existence of EF1 complete allocations among heterogeneous agents, where the heterogeneity is both in the agents' feasibility constraints and in their valuations. In this work, we make progress on this problem by providing positive and negative results for different matroid and valuation types. Among other results, we devise poly-time algorithms for finding EF1 allocations in the following settings: (i) n agents with heterogeneous partition matroids and heterogeneous binary valuations, (ii) 2 agents with heterogeneous partition matroids and heterogeneous valuations, and (iii) at most 3 agents with heterogeneous binary valuations and identical base-orderable matroids.
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Haake, Claus-Jochen, Matthias G. Raith i Francis Edward Su. "Bidding for envy-freeness: A procedural approach to n-player fair-division problems". Social Choice and Welfare 19, nr 4 (1.10.2002): 723–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003550100149.
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Dagan, Nir, i Oscar Volij. "Bilateral comparisons and consistent fair division rules in the context of bankruptcy problems". International Journal of Game Theory 26, nr 1 (marzec 1997): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01262509.
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Moulin, Hervé. "Interpreting Common Ownership". Recherches économiques de Louvain 56, nr 3-4 (1990): 303–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s077045180004392x.
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SummaryThe paper surveys, without proofs, recent axiomatic results on the utilization of common property resources, by this author and some others. Problems discussed include the division of unproduced commodities (the traditional fair division problem), and the cooperative production of a private or public good.Axioms contrast No Envy with two monotonicity properties, respectively when the population owning the resources in common increases, and when these resources themselves grow.
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Vanderschraaf, Peter. "LEARNING BARGAINING CONVENTIONS". Social Philosophy and Policy 35, nr 1 (2018): 237–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052518000110.
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Abstract:I examine from a conventionalist perspective the Nash bargaining problem that philosophers use as a tool for analyzing fair division. From this perspective, the solutions to bargaining problems are conventions that can emerge from inductive learning and focal point effects. I contrast the conventionalist approach to analyzing the bargaining problem with the better-known rational choice approach, which I criticize for having overly demanding epistemic presuppositions and for producing disappointing results. I apply a simple model of inductive learning to specific bargaining problems to show that agents can learn from repeated experience to follow a variety of bargaining conventions in a given problem. I conclude that such agents can come to regard two such conventions as focal for the bargaining problem, one that assigns claimants equal shares of a good and another egalitarian solution of equal payoff gains, and that the egalitarian solution tends to prevail when these two solutions differ. I conclude further that the above analysis lends support for admitting interpersonal utility comparisons into the analysis of fair division problems, and also suggests a focal point explanation of the wide acceptance of the Aristotelian proportionality principle of distributive justice.
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MOULIN, HERVÉ. "COST SHARING IN NETWORKS: SOME OPEN QUESTIONS". International Game Theory Review 15, nr 02 (czerwiec 2013): 1340001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021919891340001x.
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The fertile application of cooperative game techniques to cost sharing problems on networks has so far concentrated on the Stand Alone core test of fairness and/or stability, and ignored many combinatorial optimization problems where this core can be empty. I submit there is much room for an axiomatic discussion of fair division in the latter problems, where Stand Alone objections are not implementable. But the computational complexity of optimal solutions is still a very severe obstacle to this approach.
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Wahyu, Kamirsyah, Taha Ertugrul Kuzu, Sri Subarinah, Dwi Ratnasari i Sofyan Mahfudy. "PARTITIVE FRACTION DIVISION: REVEALING AND PROMOTING PRIMARY STUDENTS’ UNDERSTANDING". Journal on Mathematics Education 11, nr 2 (17.04.2020): 237–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22342/jme.11.2.11062.237-258.
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Students show deficient understanding on fraction division and supporting that understanding remains a challenge for mathematics educators. This article aims to describe primary students’ understanding of partitive fraction division (PFD) and explore ways to support their understanding through the use of sequenced fractions and context-related graphical representations. In a design-research study, forty-four primary students were involved in three cycles of teaching experiments. Students’ works, transcript of recorded classroom discussion, and field notes were retrospectively analyzed to examine the hypothetical learning trajectories. There are three main findings drawn from the teaching experiments. Firstly, context of the tasks, the context-related graphical representations, and the sequence of fractions used do support students’ understanding of PFD. Secondly, the understanding of non-unit rate problems did not support the students’ understanding of unit rate problems. Lastly, the students were incapable of determining symbolic representations from unit rate problems and linking the problems to fraction division problems. The last two results imply to rethink unit rate as part of a partitive division with fractions. Drawing upon the findings, four alternative ways are offered to support students’ understanding of PFD, i.e., the lesson could be starting from partitive whole number division to develop the notion of fair-sharing, strengthening the concept of unit in fraction and partitioning, choosing specific contexts with more relation to the graphical representations, and sequencing the fractions used, from a simple to advanced form.
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Hüsseinov, F. "-maxmin solutions to fair division problems and the structure of the set of Pareto utility profiles". Mathematical Social Sciences 57, nr 2 (marzec 2009): 279–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2008.11.003.
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Mukhtar, Muhammad Nushron Ali, Agung Setiawan i Djoko Adi Walujo. "Applied of Balanced Scorecard (BSC) Approach with Determination and Weighting of Key Performance Indicator (KPI) for Employee Performance Measurement". Tibuana 4, nr 02 (31.07.2021): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/tibuana.4.02.4029.131-139.
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The many types of production of goods in a company spearhead the progress of this company in industrial competition in Indonesia, the variety of types of products and large production capacity makes this company need a large number of employees to balance the variety and production capacity. This large number of employees creates its own problems, one of the problems is employee performance appraisal, employee performance appraisal in this company is only centered on the highest supervisor's consideration in one section. From that problem, the researcher wants to solve the problem using the Balanced Score Card (BSC) method by using the determination and weighting of Key Performance Indicators (KPI). The final result of the research conducted at PT Alam Jaya Primanusa in May 2018 the results of the following employee achievement grades and categories: Average material value: 76.65 Fair category, Operator's average value: 85.51 Good category, Average value - Selector section average: 89.79 Good category, Packer section average value: 94.98 Good category, Values in each of these sections become the basis for calculations for all injection division production, so conclusions are drawn for the final value and achievement category of all injection division production the value of 83.37 in the Fair category.
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Nguyen, Trung Thanh, i Le Dang Nguyen. "An Experimental Study of Fast Greedy Algorithms for Fair Allocation Problems". Research and Development on Information and Communication Technology 2022, nr 2 (30.09.2022): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32913/mic-ict-research.v2022.n2.1032.
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This paper is concerned with two salient allocationproblems in fair division of indivisible goods, aiming atmaximizing egalitarian and Nash product social welfare.These problems are computationally NP-hard, meaning thatachieving polynomial time algorithms is impossible, unlessP = NP. Approximation algorithms, which return near-optimalsolution with a theoretical guarantee, have been widely usedfor tackling the problems. However, most of them are often ofhigh computational complexity or not easy to implement. It istherefore of great interest to explore fast greedy methods thatcan quickly produce a good solution. This paper presents anempirical study of the performance of several such methods.Interestingly, the obtained results show that fair allocationproblems can be practically approximated by greedy algorithms.Keywords: Fair allocation, exact algorithm, greedy algorithm,mixed-integer linear program, NP-hard.I. INTRODUCTIONIn this paper, we study the fair allocation problem, whichhas shown its growing interest during last decades, with awide range of real-world applications [1]. In short, this is acombinatorial optimization problem which asks to allocate???? discrete items amongst a set of ???? agents (or players)so as to meet a certain notion of fairness. It is assumedthat every item is “indivisible” and “non-sharable”, thatis, i) it cannot be broken in pieces before allocating toagents, and ii) it cannot be shared by two or more agents.For example, laptops and cell-phones are indivisible itemswhich agents might not want to share with others. Anallocation of items to agents is simply a partition of thewhole set of items into ???? disjoint subsets. There are up to???????? such partitions, making the solution space large enoughso that an exhaustive search for an optimal solution isimpossible.It now remains to define what a fair allocation is, aconcept that is of independent interest in the field ofEconomic and Social Choice Theory [2, 3]. In general, thereare many different ways of defining fairness, depending onparticular applications. The most common way is to eitheruse a so-called Collective Utility Function (CUF), which isa function for aggregating individual agents’ utilities in afair manner, or to follow an orthogonal method relying ondetermining the fair share of agents. Since we are focusingon the first method in this paper, we refer the reader tothe paper [4] and the references therein for more details ofthe second method. Suppose that every agent evaluates thevalue of items through a utility function, which maps eachsubset of items to a numerical value representing the utilityof the agent for the subset. Then, one can define a maxmin fair allocation to be the one that maximizes the
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Xie, Huaxing. "Leadership Dilemma of Group Leaders in Private Enterprises and Solutions". Modern Management Forum 4, nr 4 (10.12.2020): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.18686/mmf.v4i4.2778.
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<p>The outstanding problems existing in the leadership of group leaders in private enterprises mainly include: insufficient attention to the improvement of team leaders’ leadership, deviation of role orientation, weak team building consciousness, unreasonable division of labor, inadequate implementation of work, and poor training effect. To solve the dilemma, we should make concerted efforts from the following four aspects: accurate selection, open, fair and fair selection of team leaders; scientific employment to stimulate the work initiative of team leaders; training and educating people to improve the management ability of team leaders; sincere retention of personnel, the establishment of a scientific incentive mechanism to promote the growth of team leaders.</p>
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Fauzi, Taufiqurrahman, i Mohammad Ruslan. "Tinjauan Al-Qur’an Terhadap Kesetaraan Gender Dalam Pembagian Warisan". El-Furqania : Jurnal Ushuluddin dan Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman 8, nr 02 (22.08.2022): 22–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54625/elfurqania.v8i02.5911.
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Problems among the people never stop at one time. Although these problems have been raised by the salaf scholars. As was the case a few years ago, there was a lot of discussion about the difference in inheritance provisions of 2:1 for boys and girls which were considered unfair by feminists. Starting from this problem, the author took the initiative to thoroughly discuss how according to the Qur'an, and whether the 2:1 division can be said to be fair. To answer this issue, the researchers used a qualitative approach with content analysis data analysis techniques. From the results of this study indicate that: The distribution of inheritance as determined by the Qur'an in Surah al-Nisa' Verse 11, for boys and girls includes an unequal distribution because the division of inheritance listed in Surah al-Nisa ' In verse 11, the boy gets a 2:1 share or in other words the boy gets a share that is double that of the girl. Justice Division 2: 1 due to several things including the burden of the son is greater and the son is obliged to provide for his wealth to his family.
Keywords: al-Qur'an, equality, gender, inheritance
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Lukichev, P. M. "NEW INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOR AND RUSSIA's POSITION IN IT". Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Economics and Law 32, nr 5 (5.10.2022): 817–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9593-2022-32-5-817-828.
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The COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent politicization of the solution of economic problems have created a new economic reality. This article is devoted to the consideration of the possibilities and problems of the formation of a new international division of labor. The scientific and practical works of Russian and foreign scientists in the field of the international division of labor and global trade were used as the methodological basis of the study. The division in the analysis into the short term and the long term is necessary to study the sequence of steps in the formation of a new international division of labor. The author identifies the following manifestations of the new international division of labor: the crisis of "supply chains", the deformation of the global and national labor markets, the politicization of the solution of economic issues at the international level, the significant lag of economic theory from real business processes, the impact of climate change on the formation of a new international division of labor and the transition from a "free trade" policy to a "fair trade" policy. The "supply chain" crisis has shown that the order of supply in international trade, based on the "just in time" system, could not withstand the external shock, causing shortages and inflation. The deformation of labor markets is manifested in COVID-motivated automation, in the "migration trap", in the increased polarization of employment. The countries of the “golden billion”, having been defeated in competition in the global market, are striving for a political solution to economic problems. The EU is trying to play the game of European super monopoly and super monopsony. The possibility of a political solution to the problems of global economic competition is based on the fact that changes in the real economy that have taken place in recent decades have not adequately changed the international financial sphere. Regardless of the current geopolitical situation, in the long term, the expansion of the use of new technologies and artificial intelligence creates the basis for the international division of labor of the next level. To maintain and potentially improve its place in the international division of labor of the Russian Federation, a consistent transition from the “inertial” to the “innovative” path of development is necessary.
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Vishnevsky, A. A. "Public Interest Accounting as a Criterion for the Fairness of Contractual Terms (on the example of the problems of banking transactions)". Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), nr 1 (24.03.2023): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2023.101.1.032-041.
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The article (considering as an example the banking transactions, mostly bank deposit) provides for necessity to take into consideration the public interest while considering the terms and conditions of the contract as fair or unfair. According to the author, the fairness of the terms and conditions of the contract cannot be assessed just when taking into consideration of the interests of one of the parties vis-a-vis the other party to the contract — as far as the banking transaction of a dual nature, both civil law contract and banking product, the fairness is to be considered in the light of the interests of the banking system as a whole, as far as banking transaction cannot exist without such a system, therefore the contract term cannot be considered as fair if it provides for the best protection if the consumer interests but ignores the interest of the banking system. In turn, the interests of the banking system are public by its nature, and the article touches upon the fundamentals of counteractions of the private and public interests stressing the necessity to reconsider the traditional approach to the “division” between the public and private law.
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., Harisah, i Kutsiyatur Rahmah. "Konsep al-‘Adl dalam Harta Gono Gini Perspektif Masyarakat Sampang Madura". Syaikhuna: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pranata Islam 10, nr 2 (29.10.2019): 247–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36835/syaikhuna.v10i2.3725.
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Textually in the Qur’an and the Hadith there is no explanation regarding the distribution of property gono-gini. The distribution of assets is born from the habits of the people, which they think is right and fair. So that every place of distribution is not always the same. Similarly, the Madurese community. Based on this, there are two problems that become the study in this study, namely: the distribution of gono-gini assets in Madura and justice in gono-gini assets according to the Madurese people by using qualitative methods with the type of field research. This data was obtained by interview, observation and documentation. This research proves that the distribution of gono-gini assets in the Madurese community is carried out by: first, division involving two families. Second, it involves religious leaders. Third, by involving the village head. Fourth, involving the court. Whereas justice according to the Madura community does not have to be the same. However, if the assets are sufficient to meet their needs, then that is considered fair.
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Škerbić, Matija Mato. "How did William J. Morgan shape the ethics of sport?" Kinesiology 53, nr 2 (2021): 326–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.53.2.16.
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In this paper, I will argue that William J. Morgan had a decisive role and influence in the shaping of contours and field divisions of the ethics of sport, which is a sub-discipline of the philosophy of sport. In the first part, I will use six Morgan’s edited anthologies in philosophy (1979, 1987, 1995) and ethics of sport (2001, 2007, 2017) to show that in them, Morgan develops and uses a fourfold division of the fields of the ethics of sport – (1) competition and fair play, (2) human enhancements, (3) gender issues, and (4) social issues. I will also argue that these four fields of Morgan’s division have become largely accepted within the discipline as a sort of standard. To provide the rationale for the claim, I will take seven different editions of the ethics of sport, which were most considered and accepted in the field (Parry & McNamee; R. Simon; J. Boxill; McNamee; Simon, Torres & Hager). I will show that in them basically the same field division has been used, while the few detected differences are just placing more emphasis on specific topics or issues from Morgan’s earlier fourfold division. Moreover, I will use different articles on the topic from sports-philosophical literature to support my claims even further. Also, I will make a claim that the origin of Morgan’s division, as well as its strength, derives from the discipline itself or the course of the development that discipline has taken from the beginning. In the end of this part, I will deal with possible anticipated objections. In the final part, I will provide a critical overview of the Morgan’s division, point out detected problems and provide possible solutions.
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Bai, Zhiquan, Tongtong Wang, Piming Ma, Yanbo Ma i Kyungsup Kwak. "Fair Resource Allocation with QoS Guarantee in Secure Multiuser TDMA Networks". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (11.07.2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1489659.
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We investigate a secure multiuser time division multiple access (TDMA) system with statistical delay quality of service (QoS) guarantee in terms of secure effective capacity. An optimal resource allocation policy is proposed to minimize the β-fair cost function of the average user power under the individual QoS constraint, which also balances the energy efficiency and fairness among the users. First, convex optimization problems associated with the resource allocation policy are formulated. Then, a subgradient iteration algorithm based on the Lagrangian duality theory and the dual decomposition theory is employed to approach the global optimal solutions. Furthermore, considering the practical channel conditions, we develop a stochastic subgradient iteration algorithm which is capable of dynamically learning the intended wireless channels and acquiring the global optimal solution. It is shown that the proposed optimal resource allocation policy depends on the delay QoS requirement and the channel conditions. The optimal policy can save more power and achieve the balance of the energy efficiency and the fairness compared with the other resource allocation policies.
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Zhao, Xiaoshuai, Xiaoyong Zhang i Yingjuan Li. "A Hierarchical Resource Allocation Scheme Based on Nash Bargaining Game in VANET". Information 10, nr 6 (4.06.2019): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10060196.
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Due to the selfishness of vehicles and the scarcity of spectrum resources, how to realize fair and effective spectrum resources allocation has become one of the primary tasks in VANET. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical resource allocation scheme based on Nash bargaining game. Firstly, we analyze the spectrum resource allocation problem between different Road Side Units (RSUs), which obtain resources from the central cloud. Thereafter, considering the difference of vehicular users (VUEs), we construct the matching degree index between VUEs and RSUs. Then, we deal with the spectrum resource allocation problem between VUEs and RSUs. To reduce computational overhead, we transform the original problem into two sub-problems: power allocation and slot allocation, according to the time division multiplexing mechanism. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can fairly and effectively allocate resources in VANET according to VUEs’ demand.
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Sudrajat, Tedi, Agus Raharjo, Rahadi Wasi Bintoro i Yusuf Saefudin. "Harmonization of regulation in water territorial management becoming a fair economic benefit distribution towards regional autonomy". E3S Web of Conferences 47 (2018): 06004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184706004.
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The extent of Indonesian territorial waters along with its natural wealth inside brings economic benefit, yet on the other side it invites problems. Especially with the existence of regional autonomy, the competition to obtain the economic benefit causes fiercer competition between regions. The competition causes the division emergence of marine areas which implicates towards the fate of fishermen. This relates to their catchment area, imposition of income tax, and technical restriction on fishing. This research used normative approach by emphasizing the comparative study of water territorial arrangement in various regions. Based on the research, in autonomy region which has marine water, they regulate the object very detail and there are some which exploit their area. The detailed and thorough regulation with its practice sometimes cause the territorial waters dispute among the regions. It causes a confusion for the government or fishermen in obtaining the economic benefit of their own water. Hence, in level of regulation, it needs a legal harmonization between autonomy regions in utilization of water territorial. In practical level it often needs coordination to create fair economic benefit for the stakeholders.
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Chevaleyre, Yann, Ulle Endriss, Jérôme Lang i Nicolas Maudet. "Preference Handling in Combinatorial Domains: From AI to Social Choice". AI Magazine 29, nr 4 (28.12.2008): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v29i4.2201.
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In both individual and collective decision making, the space of alternatives from which the agent (or the group of agents) has to choose often has a combinatorial (or multi-attribute) structure. We give an introduction to preference handling in combinatorial domains in the context of collective decision making, and show that the considerable body of work on preference representation and elicitation that AI researchers have been working on for several years is particularly relevant. After giving an overview of languages for compact representation of preferences, we discuss problems in voting in combinatorial domains, and then focus on multiagent resource allocation and fair division. These issues belong to a larger field, known as computational social choice, that brings together ideas from AI and social choice theory, to investigate mechanisms for collective decision making from a computational point of view. We conclude by briefly describing some of the other research topics studied in computational social choice.
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IYER, KARTHIK, i MICHAEL N. HUHNS. "A PROCEDURE FOR THE ALLOCATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL RESOURCES IN A MULTIAGENT SYSTEM". International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 18, nr 03n04 (wrzesień 2009): 381–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218843009002051.
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This paper presents a constructive solution to the classic problem of land division. It is the first solution that enables the allocation of higher-dimensional resources without degenerating them first into a series of one-dimensional resource allocation problems. We base our allocation procedure on the topology of overlaps among the regions of interest of different agents. Our result is an algorithm suitable for computer implementation, unlike earlier ones that were only existential in nature. It uses the notion of degree of partial overlap to create a sufficiency condition for the existence of a solution, and proposes a procedure to find the overlaps in such a case. The proposed solution is fair, strategy-proof, non-existential, and does not explicitly need the resource to be measurable. The agents do not have to reveal their private utility functions. We extend our earlier result for one-dimensional resource allocation to this two-dimensional one and explain the distinctive issues involved.
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Kamara, Dana, Katherine Walton i Andrea N. Witwer. "Socioemotional and Autism Spectrum Disorder Screening for Toddlers in Early Intervention: Agreement Among Measures". Journal of Early Intervention 42, nr 4 (16.10.2019): 359–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1053815119880607.
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Identification of problems with socioemotional functioning is an important task in early childhood, particularly for children in early intervention (EI). However, socioemotional concerns raised by families may be under-identified in practice. In accordance with Division for Early Childhood (DEC) recommended practices, Part C providers could benefit from additional guidance on socioemotional screening and assessment, including additional research on available tools. Therefore, we examined agreement among three commonly used measures of socioemotional functioning in an EI sample ( N = 50). Overall, the measures did not have adequate agreement. We found substantial agreement between the Ages and Stages Questionnaires: Social-Emotional (ASQ:SE, first edition) and the Brief Infant Toddler Social-Emotional Assessment (BITSEA), moderate agreement between the ASQ:SE and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and fair agreement between the BITSEA and CBCL. We also examined their potential to screen for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by examining agreement with the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised with Follow-up (M-CHAT-R/F). The BITSEA had substantial agreement with the M-CHAT-R/F, providing initial support for its use as an ASD screener. These findings are preliminary and further study in larger, more diverse samples would be beneficial. Evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of these tools is also needed.
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Solarek, Katarzyna. "Consultations with the hares – problem of public participation in the spatial planning process at the Warsaw suburban zone". Challenges of Modern Technology 8, nr 3 (30.09.2017): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.2645.
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The inclusion of various stakeholders in the cities transformation process is currently one of the most important and the most difficult aspects of spatial planning. Planning practice, however, shows that there is much to be done to ensure that the participation is fair, just and useful for making optimal spatial decisions. The article draws attention to the fact that the organization of public participation process in planning procedures requires appropriate selection of participants and adequate methods. Inclusion of the local community in spatial planning, based only on the fulfillment of their demands, expressed in the comments to the draft documents, does not lead to rational solutions in spatial planning. Expectations of different parties to participation processes are often divergent. Particularly controversial is social participation in the planning of agricultural land conversion, changing the status of farmland from agricultural to residential, in the suburban zones. It is difficult to select participants and land owners are not interested in any proposals that would improve the spatial structure of the transformed areas (for example in the process of land consolidation and division). These problems will be presented on the example of public consultations conducted by the author in the planning procedures for the communes of Jabłonna and Wólka Mlądzka in Otwock, located in the agglomeration of Warsaw.
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., Budiman. "PERANCANGAN DAN IMPLEMENTASI APLIKASI BANTU TICKETING STUDI KASUS IT USER SUPPORT PT. XYZ". In Search 18, nr 1 (18.04.2019): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37278/insearch.v18i1.134.
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The utilization of information technology is increasingly growing, company or organization alreadytransformed using information technology support the business processes of each. The higher the use ofinformation technology, the more vulnerable a company experiencing problems in utilizing informationtechnology devices, with the existence of the problem then it needs power IT User Support. XYZ Companyis a company that has a computerized system in the running of all activities. XYZ Company can havebranches, where each branch offices can communicate through computer networks between branch officesor headquarters. In case of damage or disruption to your computer or the network in each branch officewill be easier for the IT User Support to follow up on the corresponding section in the Division ofinformation technology. Application Help Ticketing for IT User Support aiming at improving service andperformance of the IT User Support in dealing with trouble shooting. The importance of the IT User Supportis making the alignment on the workload that fair and balanced, while it also as a tool for assessment ateach technician. With the design and implementation of these systems can alleviate the performance ofUser Support, IT can be noted the performance of the IT User Support, and view graphs of the developmentof the performance of the IT User Support.
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Nwauche, ES. "A return to the manifest justice principle: a critical examination of the "reasonable suspicion/apprehension of bias" and "real possibility of bias" tests for judicial bias in South Africa and England". Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 7, nr 2 (10.07.2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2004/v7i2a2848.
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The impartiality of judges often expressed in the Latin maxim nemo iudex in propria causa interpreted to mean that no man should be a judge in his own cause together with the right of fair hearing make up the right to natural justice. This principle is recognized by a number of provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Section 165 (4) provides that the organs of state shall through legislative and other measures assist and protect the courts to ensure their independence, impartiality, dignity, accessibility and effectiveness. Furthermore, section 34 of the same Constitution provides that everyone has the right to have any dispute resolved by the application of law by a court or, where appropriate another independent and impartial tribunal or forum. Article 6(1) of the European Convention of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950 as incorporated in the Human Rights Act 1988, applicable in England since 2000 provides that: "In the determination of his civil rights and obligations … everyone is entitled to a fair hearing … by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law." The independence of courts and impartiality of judges are closely related in that they operate to sustain public confidence in the administration of justice.This article advocates a return to the use of the manifest justice principle enshrined as the proper contextfor the application of the tests of "reasonable apprehension of bias" adopted by South African courtsand "real possibility of bias" adopted by English courtsin the consideration of allegation of apparent bias. This paper argues that the tests are differentand that while the English test is a move of English courts from the real danger/likelihoodtest in consonance with an overwhelming global jurisprudence the South African test is a move away from this global jurisprudence and arguably back to the real danger/likelihood test. This paper also argues that the reasonable apprehension test as applied by the minority in SACCAWU v Irvin & Johnson Ltd (Seafoods Division Fish Processing)is a more acceptable interpretation of the reasonable apprehension test than the test laid down in President of the Republic of South Africa v South Africa Rugby Football Union (2) and its interpretation by the majority in SACCAWU v Irvin & Johnson Ltd (Seafoods Division Fish Processing). More importantly there is an examination of cases where the tests have been applied which hopefully shows that there are considerable problems and inconsistency in their application and argue that the manifest justice principle provides the proper context for the tests to be properly applied.
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Gunawan, Gianti, Yus Nugraha, Marina Sulastiana i Diana Harding. "Work Load Analysis on State-Owned Companies in The Health Sector in Bandung-Indonesia". GATR Journal of Management and Marketing Review 3, nr 2 (29.04.2018): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/jmmr.2018.3.2(4).
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Objective - This study conducts a workload analysis on state-owned companies in the health sector in Bandung-Indonesia. The study focuses on a company established on 6 August 1890, which is a manufacturer of vaccines and antisera, and is now developing into a life science company. The objective of Polio eradication by 2020 demands competitiveness and a change in organizational culture in order to increase organizational profits. There are two possible solutions to this phenomenon. From a technical perspective, the company has decided to undertake market expansion. From a psychological perspective, the company needs to change the attitude of its employees to effectively meet the competition. This situation raises problems for the human resources division of the company. First, it increases employee health problems such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure and lower back pain, which increases health costs. Methodology/Technique - Based on the phenomena of excessive workload and the problems posed, this study aims to examine empirical data regarding the workload of the company. The workload analysis in this study is conducted in October 2016 using several methods such as discussions, interviews, questionnaires, and observation. The validation of the data is achieved using a triangulation methodology. Findings – The result show that, when comparing the fair amount workload index with the total number of employees in the company, there is a difference of 11.61%. The six directorates have 75-85% for effectiveness and 79-87% for efficiency. This shows that work load is not a contributing factor to the phenomena's described above in this company. Novelty - The research sheds light on the increasing need for counselling in companies. One of the leading reasons for this is employee work loads and the increase in some employees working overtime. These factors may lead to other problems such as family issues, low job satisfaction, discipline, and absenteeism. Type of Paper - Empirical. Keywords: Bandung; Health Sector; Indonesia; State-Owned Company; Workload Analysis. JEL Classification: J80, J81, J89.
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Da Silva, Marina M. B. L. "The challenges of an engagement between the African Union and the UN Security Council". New Contree 75 (30.07.2016): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v75i0.149.
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Since the 1960s and during the initial decades of the United Nations (UN) Africa has always had great representation inside the General Assembly. Besides the numerical advantage of Africa, the ties between the continent and the UN grew to be very specific and assumed multidimensional aspects due to the various issues related to the constant conflicts and social crises inside African territories. However, this engagement presents several complex aspects, including international, regional, and local issues. The engagement of Africa with the UN Security Council is based on two main pillars: conflict resolution and the claim of representation in a reformed Council. The problems related to these pillars are summarized in three broad categories considered problematic for this interaction: capacity, regional integration, and the political relation between the African Union (AU) Peace and Security Council and the UN Security Council. The colonial background of the African continent left deep scars for its countries. Currently, Africa is the continent with the second biggest economic inequality in the world, besides the fact that its countries are hardly able to mobilize their forces to control domestic issues. Therefore, the capacity for collaboration and cooperation with UN forces is much reduced. At the same time, the continent was never united completely under a consensus and real integration, despite the existence of the AU – the former Organization of African Unity (OAU). African countries have been divided between two opposites: the need for integration and the defence of sovereignty. This division harmed even the African claims for fair representation inside the UNSC. This work intends to develop a discussion on how these problems must be overcome for successful engagement between the African continent and the UN Security Council.
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Kumar, Anand, Sudhan Majhi, Guan Gui, Hsiao-Chun Wu i Chau Yuen. "A Survey of Blind Modulation Classification Techniques for OFDM Signals". Sensors 22, nr 3 (28.01.2022): 1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22031020.
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Blind modulation classification (MC) is an integral part of designing an adaptive or intelligent transceiver for future wireless communications. Blind MC has several applications in the adaptive and automated systems of sixth generation (6G) communications to improve spectral efficiency and power efficiency, and reduce latency. It will become a integral part of intelligent software-defined radios (SDR) for future communication. In this paper, we provide various MC techniques for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals in a systematic way. We focus on the most widely used statistical and machine learning (ML) models and emphasize their advantages and limitations. The statistical-based blind MC includes likelihood-based (LB), maximum a posteriori (MAP) and feature-based methods (FB). The ML-based automated MC includes k-nearest neighbors (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), decision trees (DTs), convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), and long short-term memory (LSTM) based MC methods. This survey will help the reader to understand the main characteristics of each technique, their advantages and disadvantages. We have also simulated some primary methods, i.e., statistical- and ML-based algorithms, under various constraints, which allows a fair comparison among different methodologies. The overall system performance in terms bit error rate (BER) in the presence of MC is also provided. We also provide a survey of some practical experiment works carried out through National Instrument hardware over an indoor propagation environment. In the end, open problems and possible directions for blind MC research are briefly discussed.
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Wijanarko, Andri, i Yustina Chrismardani. "PASAR TENAGA KERJA KABUPATEN BANGKALAN". Media Trend 11, nr 2 (10.10.2016): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/mediatrend.v11i2.1748.
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<p>Kabupaten Bangkalan is a gateway that has been connected Madura island with Surabaya City, the capital city of East Java Province, through Suramadu bridge. This study investigates the pattern of labor demand in Bangkalan. The pattern of labor demand is very important to be known, especially by Division of Social, Manpower and Transmigration Bangkalan, the authorized which provide guidance and address the labor problems</p><p>The method used is technically primary data collection through surveys and interviews to the company (employer) in five main districts, namely District of Bangkalan, District of Socah, District of Kamal, District of Labang and District of Burneh. The purpose of this study to know the pattern of demand for labor in Bangkalan so that The Bangkalan Agency of Social, Manpower and Transmigration can use the results of such research in developing planning strategies more better targeted.</p>Based on the survey, in 2016 is expected to increase the labor demand at high school education level who initially was balanced between primary education and highschool education level of workers. Likewise, in 2017 and 2018 was still dominated by the high school education level of workers, followed by undergraduate level. Recommendations from this study is the need for attention and follow-up of the The Bangkalan Agency of Social, Manpower and Transmigration to be able to open a Training Center more in some locations, especially Training Centre at the district level to train the workforce skills at the level of high school education, and implement the Job Fair in order to facilitate labor undergraduate level to get a job.
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Pambudhi, Hario Danang, i Muhammad Arief Virgy. "KEWENANGAN PEMERINTAH DAERAH DALAM PENGELOLAAN KEHUTANAN PASCA UNDANG-UNDANG CIPTA KERJA [The Authority of Local Governments in the Context of Forestry Management after the Law on Job Creation]". Law Review 21, nr 3 (28.03.2022): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/lr.v0i3.4885.
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<p>The Indonesian government initiated a law called Job Creation which aims to facilitate the flow of licensing bureaucracy to increase investment in Indonesia. However, there are problems that have come to the attention of the author regarding the regulation of forestry matters in this regulation, namely the centralization of authority to issue permits in the central government, the role of local governments in the formation and assessment of environmental impact analysis (AMDAL) and Environmental Management Efforts-Environmental Monitoring Efforts (UKL-UPL), and regarding the features of the National Strategic Project (PSN). These problems are the main discussion of the authors in this study. By using normative juridical research through a statutory approach as well as descriptive analytical concepts, the authors conclude that forestry regulations in these laws tend to restore the dignity of centralization of authority in the context of forest management authority, particularly with regard to forest use. This is not in line with the constitutional design regulated in the constitution regarding the division of authority for forest use between the central and regional governments which must be carried out based on the spirit of autonomy as wide as possible in a fair and harmonious manner.</p><p><strong>Bahasa Indonesia Abstrak: </strong>Pemerintah Indonesia menginisiasi sebuah Undang-Undang dengan nama Cipta Kerja yang bertujuan untuk mempermudah alur birokrasi perizinan untuk meningkatkan investasi di Indonesia. Namun, terdapat permasalahan yang menjadi perhatian penulis terkait pengaturan soal kehutanan dalam regulasi ini, yaitu pemusatan kewenangan pemberian izin di pemerintah pusat, peran pemerintah daerah dalam pembentukan dan penilaian analisis mengenai dampak lingkungan (AMDAL) dan Upaya Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup-Upaya Pemantauan Lingkungan Hidup (UKL-UPL), dan perihal keistimewaan Proyek Strategis Nasional (PSN). Permasalahan tersebut menjadi bahasan utama penulis pada penelitian ini. Dengan menggunakan penelitian yuridis normatif melalui pendekatan perundang-undangan serta konsep yang bersifat deskriptif analitis, penulis berkesimpulan bahwa pengaturan kehutanan dalam undang-undang tersebut cenderung mengembalikan marwah sentralisasi kewenangan dalam konteks kewenangan pengelolaan hutan, khususnya berkaitan dengan pemanfaatan hutan. Hal ini tidak selaras dengan desain konstitusional yang diatur dalam konstitusi mengenai pembagian kewenangan pemanfaatan hutan antara pemerintah pusat dan daerah yang harus diselenggarakan berdasarkan semangat otonomi seluas-luasnya yang adil dan selaras.</p>
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Daskalova, Victoria. "Regulating Unfair Trading Practices in the EU Agri-food Supply Chain: a Case of Counterproductive Regulation?" Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 12, nr 21 (2020): 7–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2020.13.21.1.
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Unfair trading practices (UTPs) imposed by parties with superior power in the context of a vertical relationship are an issue at the periphery of competition law, private law, and, sometimes, sectoral regulation. For a long time, the mainstream competition law approach has been to relegate such issues to other areas of law and regulation. In the EU, where complaints about the prevalence of such practices in the agricultural and food supply chain have been voiced for decades, the approach of the European Commission has been to pursue a strict separation between competition issues and fair-trading issues. This article questions the reasonableness of such a strict division of labour. Taking the sum of various initiatives undertaken to regulate UTPs in the agri-food supply chain as a case study, it argues that the effect of limiting competition law enforcement on this issue has been counterproductive. The article firstly explains the background of the problem and the issue of UTPs in the agri-food supply chain. Secondly, it maps the various legislative developments which have taken place at the EU Member State level. Thirdly, by referring to Grabosky’s (1995) regulatory studies typology of counterproductive regulation, the article focuses attention on some of the perverse side effects which arise when regulation of power imbalances and UTPs occurs at the national level in the context of an integrated market like the EU. In light of the analysis, it expresses doubt that these pitfalls will be fully corrected by Directive 2019/633 on UTPs in the food supply chain. The conclusion is that national legislative developments have not been able to make up for the lack of supra-national enforcement of EU competition law on this issue and have possibly even exacerbated the problem at hand. The article concludes that supranational competition law enforcement can play a key role in addressing the fundamental problems underlying business-to-business unfair trading practices. It argues that this role cannot be played by other instruments in the context of an integrated market with multi-level governance. This article shows that while competition law may not be capable of solving all the problems with UTPs, it remains indispensable in safeguarding the proper functioning of the internal market as well as the interests of consumers and taxpayers.
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Chen, José Chiu-C., i Chen-Yang Cheng. "Solving social loafing phenomenon through Lean-Kanban". Journal of Organizational Change Management 31, nr 5 (13.08.2018): 984–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jocm-12-2016-0299.
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Purpose The commercialization of non-profit organization (NPOs) has become a trend. Nonetheless, during the process of providing services and manufacturing products, NPOs frequently encounter obstacles, such as distinctive organizational characteristics and social loafing, which hinder development. These obstacles impede effective production management process, especially in responding to market competitive logic and associated demands. The purpose of this paper is to assist NPOs in resolving the unique challenges posed by commercialization. Design/methodology/approach This study first examined related literature on the social loafing and Lean-Kanban model. Subsequently, existing service procedures of the Assistive Technology Resource Center were introduced, and the loafing situation and operational management issues within the organization were analyzed. Based on observed experiences in the case study, this study investigated the social loafing situation that NPOs are likely to encounter during the commercialization process. Adaptive strategies were then proposed to mitigate this situation. Finally, this study presents a summary and analysis of the study results, and offers recommendations regarding future research directions. Findings The findings of this study provide valuable information regarding NPOs commercialization, indicating that an understanding of the non-profit concept in relation to internal and external customers must be incorporated into the commercialization process. Social loafing is a sensitive topic in organizational research, particularly for NPOs without HR professionals. This study recommends that NPOs use Lean-management tools to reduce operational management issues caused by various social loafing situations. Further interdisciplinary, integrated research on the commercialization of NPOs of various types should be conducted to clarify concerns regarding the overall NPO commercialization environment. Originality/value This study examined a social welfare foundation and applied the Lean thinking model to investigate whether Lean-management tools alleviate and eliminate social loafing. The solution depends on interdisciplinary integrated research for improving NPO management practice. These management tools can be used to adjust the division of labor and reduce operational management problems caused by social loafing. These tools can provide NPOs with a reference for establishing a fair and equitable internal work environment and developing strategies that respond to market pressure and efficiency during commercialization.
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Nikolajchenko, Olga. "Civil Claim in Criminal Proceedings From the Standpoint of Res Judicata in Different Areas of Law". Russian Journal of Criminology 13, nr 2 (26.04.2019): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2019.13(2).283-290.
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The problems of a claim and a claim as a form of protection for a violated right have a fundamental significance not only in the traditional sense — for the civilistic areas of law - but, especially, for the theory of criminal, criminal procedure and penitentiary law. Economic aspects make it possible to consider a claim to be a preventative instrument of influencing lawbreakers. Procedural aspects of a claim show that it is effective for the observance of the principle of procedural economy. The criminological aspects of a claim lead to the conclusion regarding the necessity of taking into consideration the connections between different areas of law. The author proves that the value of criminal punishment should not be determined independently, but rather depending on the norms, institutions of criminal law and taking into consideration their interconnection and interdependence with the institutions of other areas of law. Such an approach makes it possible to conclude that the institute of claim, which is significant for interactions between different law areas, holds a special place in the legal sphere and acts as an important element of the crime prevention mechanism. It is a challenge for contemporary international and Russian law to strike a fair balance between the interests of the subjects of public relations. In this connection, the claim has another crucial significance — it ensures the right of the victim for the unhindered access to court by restoring his/her rights and compensating the moral damage inflicted by the criminal act. The realization of this right depends on the formulation of the object and grounds for the claim; their specific features are described by the author in the existing research concepts of the theory of claim developed in the civil procedure law research. The objective of protecting the violated rights of the victim is above the division of law into areas; it is formulated in view of the principle of optionality, which is reflected in both civil procedure and civil legislation of Russia. Taking into account the trends in the criminal policy of foreign countries aimed at the attenuation of the punitive side of the criminal justice system and the development of economic measures of influencing crime, the author presents arguments in support of the legal and actual appeal of a civil claim in criminal proceedings based on the established clauses of the procedural theory and the contemporary needs of the law enforcement practice.
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Singh, S., i S. Rajamani. "Issues of environmental compliance in developing countries". Water Science and Technology 47, nr 12 (1.06.2003): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0660.
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Environmental laws define the scarcity of environmental resources as they affect the factor endowment of a country and therefore its position in the international division of labour. There is now also a general agreement that applying the “polluter pays” principle should solve environmental problems. As the burden of abatement increases, as measured by the ratio of abatement expenditure to sales, there is definitely an incentive for firms to either invest in cleaner technology or more efficient abatement technology. There is also evidence that taxes and charges, designed to internalise externalities, can actually affect trade. It is interesting to know if the developing countries face particular market access problems in the face of stringent environmental standards and regulations. While it is true that stringent measures impose market access restrictions and cause limitations on competitiveness, this is much more widely felt by the developing countries because of lack of infrastructure and monitoring facilities, limited technology choices, inadequate access to environment-friendly raw materials, lack of complete information, presence of small-scale exporters and emergence of environmental standards in sectors of export interest to developing countries. The small and medium enterprises often divert sales either to the domestic market or to external markets where environmental requirements are less stringent, in order to save on their costs. In developing countries, 80% of the tanning industry is comprised of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) processing raw to semi-finished leather, usually less than 2 tons per day. In Europe and other developed countries the SMEs in the leather sector have vanished due to strict environmental legislation and this will likely occur in developing countries also. The environmental legislation has not always been practical, either because the laws are too ambitious or unrealistic in certain parameters, or because they have lacked effective instrumentation and institutional support. Some environmental regulations have not succeeded as they do not match the technical requirements and economic reality of the country or region, or because they do not take the institutional capabilities of the society that has to implement them into consideration. For the survival and sustenance of the SMEs in the leather industry, it may be a viable alternative to carry out the tanning process in a decentralized fashion such that the raw to semi-finished process is carried out in the large scale sector while the semi-finished to finished process could either be reserved or open to competition as per the countries' requirements. But the issue of concern is whether it is fair that the raw to semi-finished tanning process, containing 70% of the pollution discharge should be undertaken by developing countries alone, especially if it is at the cost of their survival! However, the game analysed in the paper reveals that tanning units in developing countries would prefer to comply with the regulations and stay in the industry, the alternatives being to collude or to compete!
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Solntseva, Khrystyna. "Policeman’s competence as a component of his administrative and legal status: experience of the Baltic countries and the USA". Law and innovations, nr 3 (35) (21.09.2021): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2021-3(35)-6.
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Problem setting. The priority of law enforcement agencies of any developed country is to ensure law and order, protect individuals, society and the state from crime, and combat crime. These functions stand out among others in the regulatory framework and are the starting point for the activities of the country's law enforcement system. However, it is fair to say that the extent to which primary and secondary police powers are exercised varies considerably across countries. The level of its efficiency depends on it to a greater extent. Having embarked on the path of European integration, Ukraine has adopted a lot of new things into the legal basis of the National Police of Ukraine, however, there is a need for further implementation of legal norms in national legislation. Target of research. The purpose of the study is to analyze the police powers in the United States, Ukraine and the Baltic countries, the search for new models of policing for further implementation in Ukrainian legislation. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Significant contribution to the study of the organization and legal support of policing in the world, its importance in ensuring public safety, areas of strategic development of the police have made such scientists as Bugaychuk K. L., Chumak V. V, Mashutina E. V., Filstein M. V. etc. Article’s main body. Police activities in Ukraine, first of all, is regulated by the Law of Ukraine «On the National Police» (02.07. 2015). It defines the principles of police activity, the police system, the measures applied by police officers, police powers, etc. Police powers are disclosed in the regulations quite fully and clearly, there is a division into basic, due to the appointment of a police body, and additional, which can be determined only by law. Nevertheless, the problem lies in the uncertainty of these powers given the police system. Given problems related to the normative component of policing, it is appropriate and relevant to refer to the foreign practice of the police, in particular to identify some features of their competence. We suggest that police competence is understood as a set of rights and responsibilities of a police officer, as well as the services provided by him. Analysing the experience of the Latvian police, it is necessary to note the differentiation of the police body depending on the field of activity and direct subordination. The Latvian police system has the following police units: the State Police, the Security Police, the Self-Government Police and the Port Police. Police activity in Lithuania has certain features of the stages of reforming the Lithuanian police such as depoliticization, professional development of the law enforcement system, active fight against corruption, provision of law enforcement services to the population, cooperation with the European community, deepening integration processes of internal security. Conclusions and prospects for the development. It is appropriate to establish a legal definition of each structural unit of the police and their main powers, as well as to propose the division of police powers depending on their rights, responsibilities and services. Specific changes should concern both the Law of Ukraine «On the National Police» and bylaws, in particular the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of 04.06.2007 «On approval of the list of paid services provided by units … of the National Police», the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of 28.10.2015. «On approval of the Regulations on the National Police».
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Solntseva, Khrystyna. "Policeman’s competence as a component of his administrative and legal status: experience of the Baltic countries and the USA". Law and innovations, nr 3 (35) (21.09.2021): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2021-3(35)-6.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Problem setting. The priority of law enforcement agencies of any developed country is to ensure law and order, protect individuals, society and the state from crime, and combat crime. These functions stand out among others in the regulatory framework and are the starting point for the activities of the country's law enforcement system. However, it is fair to say that the extent to which primary and secondary police powers are exercised varies considerably across countries. The level of its efficiency depends on it to a greater extent. Having embarked on the path of European integration, Ukraine has adopted a lot of new things into the legal basis of the National Police of Ukraine, however, there is a need for further implementation of legal norms in national legislation. Target of research. The purpose of the study is to analyze the police powers in the United States, Ukraine and the Baltic countries, the search for new models of policing for further implementation in Ukrainian legislation. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Significant contribution to the study of the organization and legal support of policing in the world, its importance in ensuring public safety, areas of strategic development of the police have made such scientists as Bugaychuk K. L., Chumak V. V, Mashutina E. V., Filstein M. V. etc. Article’s main body. Police activities in Ukraine, first of all, is regulated by the Law of Ukraine «On the National Police» (02.07. 2015). It defines the principles of police activity, the police system, the measures applied by police officers, police powers, etc. Police powers are disclosed in the regulations quite fully and clearly, there is a division into basic, due to the appointment of a police body, and additional, which can be determined only by law. Nevertheless, the problem lies in the uncertainty of these powers given the police system. Given problems related to the normative component of policing, it is appropriate and relevant to refer to the foreign practice of the police, in particular to identify some features of their competence. We suggest that police competence is understood as a set of rights and responsibilities of a police officer, as well as the services provided by him. Analysing the experience of the Latvian police, it is necessary to note the differentiation of the police body depending on the field of activity and direct subordination. The Latvian police system has the following police units: the State Police, the Security Police, the Self-Government Police and the Port Police. Police activity in Lithuania has certain features of the stages of reforming the Lithuanian police such as depoliticization, professional development of the law enforcement system, active fight against corruption, provision of law enforcement services to the population, cooperation with the European community, deepening integration processes of internal security. Conclusions and prospects for the development. It is appropriate to establish a legal definition of each structural unit of the police and their main powers, as well as to propose the division of police powers depending on their rights, responsibilities and services. Specific changes should concern both the Law of Ukraine «On the National Police» and bylaws, in particular the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of 04.06.2007 «On approval of the list of paid services provided by units … of the National Police», the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of 28.10.2015. «On approval of the Regulations on the National Police».
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Cieślik, Łukasz. "20 lat trzeciego sektora w Polsce – doświadczenia i perspektywy". Przegląd Politologiczny, nr 2 (2.11.2018): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2010.15.2.8.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Year 1989 marked a breakthrough in the presence and development of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Poland. The freedom of association was restored, and the society immediately took advantage of this freedom. Since the early 1990s, decentralization has been coupled with a revived activity of the civic sector, and a clear increase in the number of ‘grass-root’ initiatives, stimulated by the society itself. The number of NGOs has kept growing, including the associations, foundations, and church organizations. The scope of their activity, the number of employees and the tasks they undertake have been expanding. In order to understand the essence of social economy, and primarily to notice the opportunity to develop the state on the basis of the principles of social economy, it was necessary to change the definition of the essence of the state and society, their role, and to correlate their mutual objectives and needs. The administrative reform executed in Poland in 1999, resulted in moving the burden of public tasks from the central government to the units of territorial self-government. The administrative reform introduced three layers of territorial division in order to promote self-governance, facilitate the operation of local authorities, and bring them closer to citizens. Over the last twenty years, NGOs have become a valuable partner in territorial self-government by performing various kinds of public tasks and thus becoming an exceptionally significant element of social policy. The principles regulating the co-existence of the third sector and the state are laid down in the act of law of April 24, 2003 on public benefit and volunteer work, which provides a comprehensive regulation of the activity of NGOs in the realm of public life, the principles (subsidiarity, sovereignty of parties, partnership, efficiency, fair competition, and transparency), and the form of cooperation between such organizations and the organs of public administration with respect to the performance of public tasks. It should be emphasized, however, that while NGOs have taken over services rendered in some areas, their potential has not been fully utilized. The functioning of social organizations manifests civic freedom and society’s self-organization. The activities of the third sector organizations allow the fulfillment of important social needs, such as the need for spontaneous association, social initiative and organizational autonomy. The functioning of social organizations has an advantageous influence on the activity of public and private organizations. The NGOs in Poland and abroad play an increasingly significant role, both in the development of civic society of democratic states, and also in the process of performing public tasks and the development of economies. At present, forms of cooperation between NGOs and the territorial self-government are being sought. This may indicate that both local authorities and the third sector organizations have reached a point where they are ready to form a real partnership. This is an optimistic statement, especially given the opportunity to develop the sector of social economy using the financial means of the EU structural funds. Along with the ageing of affluent societies, social exclusion, poverty and unemployment are the fundamental social problems for Poland and the whole of modern Europe. The subjects of the third sector of an economy can play a key role in solving these problems.
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Rajando, Kristina, i Made Uus. "Konverents „Oma nahk“ / Conference Report: "Own Skin"". Studia Vernacula 13 (18.11.2021): 172–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sv.2021.13.172-185.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
On 19th November 2020, members of the Estonian Native Crafts programme of the University of Tartu Viljandi Culture Academy held a conference entitled ‘Own Skin’. It took place at the Estonian Traditional Music Centre in Viljandi, and focussed on the use of animal hide as a material in handicraft and applied arts. The conference addressed domestic, as well as wild, animal hide, and presentations were made by individual producers, producers’ associations, and representatives of higher educational establishments.
Vet, and President of the Kihnu Native Sheep Association, Anneli ÄrmpaluIdvand, asserted that all the products of that ancient breed are worthwhile. The most valuable is their double fleece, which has given them the reputation of providing warm sheepskin coats. She underlined the importance of an approach that makes use of all of the produce that can be derived from sheep.
The President of the Estonian Sheep and Goat Breeders Association, Vallo Seera, gave an overview of the mass production dimension of the sheep-breeding industry where shearing and skinning are not planned separately. Taking care of the fleece, skinning, taking the hide to the tannery and processing it further, is all quite expensive, and this is why the hides are usually thrown away. In order to reduce such waste, the awareness of the processors, as well as of consumers, needs to be raised.
A student of the leatherwork module at the University of Tartu Viljandi Culture Academy and an animal protection activist, Kadri Võrel, gave a presentation about the use of wild animal hides in the past and nowadays. She underlined the fact that game hide is a so-called ‘fair leather’ and this should be taken into account when valorising it. The Managing Director of the Estonian Hunters’ Society, Tõnis Korts, presented an overview of the problems relating to animal hides from the point of view of hunters. The Estonian Hunters’ Society has made efforts to promote the better use of hides: its export is supervised, and courses have been held on the correct skinning techniques and initial processing, as well as on making leather items.
The Head of the Native Craft Studies of the University of Tartu Viljandi Culture Academy, Ave Matsin, presented the results of investigations into the use of animal skin in Estonia, which proved to be a surprisingly complicated issue. In order to map the information, it is first necessary to establish the precise role of institutions and the division of responsibilities between the ministries and the state boards.
A member of the board of Skineks, Ingmar Baida, gave an overview of the only Estonian tannery, which is located in Jõgeva. Each year, Skineks tans approximately 50 000 lambskins and 100 goatskins. Hunters bring the animal hides to be tanned. Most often this is beaver hide. Out of the 7000–8000 beavers hunted per year, approximately 500 reach the Skineks tannery. A special feature of the vegetable tanning used by Skineks is that the skin is not pressed and therefore the leather maintains its unique surface structure.
The head of the leatherwork module and lecturer in traditional leatherwork at Viljandi Culture Academy, Kristina Rajando, gave a presentation about the module and the work of students. The module includes studying animal lifecycles, and continues with skinning and leatherwork. Eve Kaaret, a leather artist and artisan at an accessories and bookbinding studio, discussed the long traditions of making footwear, bags and binding at the Leather Art Department of the Estonian Academy of Arts where leather is still preferred despite the arrival of several other materials. The Director of the Leather Art Department at Pallas University of Applied Sciences, Professor Rene Haljasmäe, surveyed the trends through exhibition pieces made by the students and the professor. In addition to leather art and design, Pallas also teaches students how to restore leather items. Just as it is at the Estonian Art Academy, the vegetable-tanned leather produced by Skineks is highly valued at Pallas too.
The round-table discussion that followed the conference concentrated on what might be hindering the more widespread use of local skin and which steps might be taken to increase demand for Estonian local skin and the products that can be made from it.
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Rajando, Kristina, i Made Uus. "Konverents „Oma nahk“ / Conference Report: "Own Skin"". Studia Vernacula 13 (18.11.2021): 172–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sv.2021.13.172-185.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
On 19th November 2020, members of the Estonian Native Crafts programme of the University of Tartu Viljandi Culture Academy held a conference entitled ‘Own Skin’. It took place at the Estonian Traditional Music Centre in Viljandi, and focussed on the use of animal hide as a material in handicraft and applied arts. The conference addressed domestic, as well as wild, animal hide, and presentations were made by individual producers, producers’ associations, and representatives of higher educational establishments.
Vet, and President of the Kihnu Native Sheep Association, Anneli ÄrmpaluIdvand, asserted that all the products of that ancient breed are worthwhile. The most valuable is their double fleece, which has given them the reputation of providing warm sheepskin coats. She underlined the importance of an approach that makes use of all of the produce that can be derived from sheep.
The President of the Estonian Sheep and Goat Breeders Association, Vallo Seera, gave an overview of the mass production dimension of the sheep-breeding industry where shearing and skinning are not planned separately. Taking care of the fleece, skinning, taking the hide to the tannery and processing it further, is all quite expensive, and this is why the hides are usually thrown away. In order to reduce such waste, the awareness of the processors, as well as of consumers, needs to be raised.
A student of the leatherwork module at the University of Tartu Viljandi Culture Academy and an animal protection activist, Kadri Võrel, gave a presentation about the use of wild animal hides in the past and nowadays. She underlined the fact that game hide is a so-called ‘fair leather’ and this should be taken into account when valorising it. The Managing Director of the Estonian Hunters’ Society, Tõnis Korts, presented an overview of the problems relating to animal hides from the point of view of hunters. The Estonian Hunters’ Society has made efforts to promote the better use of hides: its export is supervised, and courses have been held on the correct skinning techniques and initial processing, as well as on making leather items.
The Head of the Native Craft Studies of the University of Tartu Viljandi Culture Academy, Ave Matsin, presented the results of investigations into the use of animal skin in Estonia, which proved to be a surprisingly complicated issue. In order to map the information, it is first necessary to establish the precise role of institutions and the division of responsibilities between the ministries and the state boards.
A member of the board of Skineks, Ingmar Baida, gave an overview of the only Estonian tannery, which is located in Jõgeva. Each year, Skineks tans approximately 50 000 lambskins and 100 goatskins. Hunters bring the animal hides to be tanned. Most often this is beaver hide. Out of the 7000–8000 beavers hunted per year, approximately 500 reach the Skineks tannery. A special feature of the vegetable tanning used by Skineks is that the skin is not pressed and therefore the leather maintains its unique surface structure.
The head of the leatherwork module and lecturer in traditional leatherwork at Viljandi Culture Academy, Kristina Rajando, gave a presentation about the module and the work of students. The module includes studying animal lifecycles, and continues with skinning and leatherwork. Eve Kaaret, a leather artist and artisan at an accessories and bookbinding studio, discussed the long traditions of making footwear, bags and binding at the Leather Art Department of the Estonian Academy of Arts where leather is still preferred despite the arrival of several other materials. The Director of the Leather Art Department at Pallas University of Applied Sciences, Professor Rene Haljasmäe, surveyed the trends through exhibition pieces made by the students and the professor. In addition to leather art and design, Pallas also teaches students how to restore leather items. Just as it is at the Estonian Art Academy, the vegetable-tanned leather produced by Skineks is highly valued at Pallas too.
The round-table discussion that followed the conference concentrated on what might be hindering the more widespread use of local skin and which steps might be taken to increase demand for Estonian local skin and the products that can be made from it.
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Mullenix, Linda. "The Short Unhappy Life of the Negotiation Class". University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, nr 56.3 (2023): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.56.3.short.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
On September 11, 2019, Judge Dan Aaron Polster of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio, Eastern Division, approved a novel negotiation class certification in the massive Opiate multidistrict litigation (MDL). Merely one year later on September 24, 2020, the Sixth Circuit reversed Judge Polster’s certification order. While the Opiate MDL has garnered substantial media and academic attention, less consideration has been directed to analyzing the significance of the negotiation class model and the appellate repudiation of this innovative procedural mechanism. This Article focuses on the development and fate of the negotiation class and considers the lessons to be gleaned from its attempted use in the Opiate MDL. The short unhappy life of the negotiation class raises questions whether its failure was a consequence of implementation or design. This is an important question because if the failure was the result of problematic implementation in the context of idiosyncratic circumstances, then the negotiation class model may live to see another day. On the other hand, if the failure was the consequence of deficient design and judicial overreaching, then the negotiation class may be consigned to the museum of good intentions gone awry. The novel proposal for a negotiation class did not come out of nowhere but was another chapter in a five-decade struggle between aggregationist attorneys and judges seeking creative solutions to mass litigation, pitted against jurists repudiating adventurous use of the class action rule. This Article provides the definitive narration of the historical evolution of expanding novel uses of Rule 23, anchored in the mass tort litigation crisis that emerged on federal court dockets in the late 1970s. The article illustrates how Judge Polster’s negotiation class was the logical culmination of decades of judicial and academic experimentation with innovative procedural means to accomplish the fair and expeditious resolution of aggregate litigation. It traces the role of the American Law Institute in advancing pro-aggregation initiatives, laying the groundwork for the Opiate negotiation class proposal. The discussion elucidates how the debate over the settlement class concept in the 1990s presaged the same debate over the negotiation class three decades later, and how criticisms of the ALI aggregate litigation proposals resurfaced in opposition to the Opiate negotiation class. The negotiation class model promised to ameliorate numerous problems inherent in heterogenous group litigation by infusing class litigation with collective action theories and democratic participatory features. The centerpiece of the negotiation class was to bring class claimants to the table and provide them with meaningful voice through group design of a settlement allocation metric, coupled with a franchise vote to approve or disapprove any offered settlement. Its other defining feature was to provide defendants at early juncture in proceedings with an accurate assessment of the class size as an incentive to enable defendants to secure global peace. The attempted implementation of the negotiation class in the Opiate litigation revealed numerous fault lines in the proposal. The negotiation class as applied failed to provide many claimants with comprehensible information regarding the devised allocation formula. Some claimants believed that it failed to ameliorate the kinds of intraclass conflicts it was designed to remedy. State attorneys general raised the specter of interference with state prerogatives. Furthermore, rather than empowering class members at the negotiation table, the development of the Opiate litigation defaulted to a traditional model of attorney empowerment and dominance in the resolution of aggregate proceedings. The promise of collective action and democratization proved illusory. The deployment of the negotiation class concept in the Opiate MDL also entailed problematic questions concerning the role of judicial surrogates in aggregate litigation and the increasing power and influence that courts delegate to non-party actors. Judge Polster’s embrace of the negotiation class in the Opiate litigation placed the judge, his court-appointed surrogates, and the array of plaintiff and defense attorneys in tension with the Supreme Court admonition to federal judges, at the end of the twentieth century, to cease adventurous use of the class action rule. It may well be that the Opiate MDL was a poor vehicle to test the negotiation class proposal and so the problem was one of implementation, rather than design. The failure of the Opiate negotiation class leaves open the question of whether those who crafted it could have done a better job to avoid appellate reversal. Nonetheless, if the array of special masters, expert academic professors, a seasoned senior judge, and highly experienced complex litigation attorneys were unable to successfully shepherd the first negotiation class, this experience raises doubts about its prospects. It should be remembered that the settlement class of the 1990s was a novel procedure in its day, yet it subsequently became a stock device in the class action toolbox. The history of the settlement class may foreshadow better days for the negotiation class or inspire further rulemaking by the federal judiciary to legitimate the negotiation class model.
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Andayani, Friska Tri, i Endang Ekowarni. "Peran Relasi Orang Tua-Anak dan Tekanan Teman Sebaya terhadap Kecenderungan Perilaku Pengambilan Risiko". Gadjah Mada Journal of Psychology (GamaJoP) 2, nr 2 (6.02.2018): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/gamajop.33097.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
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