Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Fagopyrum esculentum”

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a chronic disease characterized by cellular insulin resistance and consequent disturbances in glucose metabolism. Long-term consumption of buckwheat has been previously shown to improve glycemia in individuals with T2DM; however, the underlying mechanisms as well as the contribution of improved acute glycemic responses have not been fully characterized. The current study used cell culture and clinical studies to investigate the mechanisms and effectiveness of common buckwheat for acute modulation of glucose metabolism and glycemia. Glucose uptake was inhibited in H4IIE cells treated with a buckwheat extract (BWE), an effect attributed to the actions of an unknown compound(s). Reduced glucose uptake and transepithelial glucose transport was also present in Caco2 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells and monolayers. The mechanism behind inhibited glucose uptake did not involve modulation of several signaling pathways regulating glucose metabolism, including p38 MAPK, p42/44 ERK, PI3Kγ, PKC, PKA, mTOR and AMPK. Interestingly, BWE treatment was associated with other effects on glucose metabolism, including elevated glucose production and levels of gluconeogenic enzymes. However, these effects were not mediated through the classical pathway of CREB activation involving cyclic AMP and PKA. In a blinded, reference product-controlled study, consumption of a cracker product made from whole grain common buckwheat flour containing 50 grams of available carbohydrate was not associated with changes in post-prandial glucose or insulin concentrations in both healthy individuals and those with diet-controlled T2DM. However, consumption of buckwheat crackers was associated with changes in selected gastrointestinal satiety hormones. Interestingly, several significant correlations observed between fasting concentrations and the overall post-prandial response of these hormones were affected by T2DM. In conclusion, glucose-lowering effects of common buckwheat are not due to the actions of known bioactive compounds, and may involve direct inhibition of facilitative transporters by a novel compound. Although a buckwheat food product did not reduce post-prandial glycemia, identifying the compound responsible for inhibited glucose uptake will allow development of food products enriched with this compound, and may represent a more effective dietary approach to managing glycemia.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, 2014.
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Considerando o potencial forrageiro do Trigo Mourisco (FagopyrumesculentumMönch L.) e a escassez de informações na região do Cerrado referente ao comportamento agronômico, produtivo e da qualidade da forragem na alimentação de ruminantes, objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar três genótipos (IPR 91 BAILI, de ciclo precoce, e IPR 92 ALTAR, de ciclo tardio, e COMUM, de ciclo tardio), em três idades de corte (50,70 e 90 dias). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com os genótipos nas parcelas e as idades de corte nas subparcelas. Após o corte o material foi dividido em duas partes: forragem fresca e material para confecção de feno. O tempo de atingimento do ponto de feno aos 50 e 70 dias foi de 8 dias, enquanto o corte aos 90 dias foi de 6 dias. Foram determinados produtividade da forragem (Kg/ha de MS), teor de proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), matéria mineral (MM), fósforo (P), nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), e determinação de saponina. A produtividade foi superior (P<0.05) no genótipo COMUM em todas as idades de corte alcançando 7.451,7 Kg/ha de MS aos 90 dias. Os teores de PB foram maiores aos 50 dias em todos os três genótipos, e diminuíram nos cortes subsequentes, apresentando valor semelhante aos 70 e 90 dias. Os teores de FDN e FDA foram maiores aos 50 dias e menores nos cortes 70 e 90 dias, não apresentando incrementos aos constituintes fibrosos, mas sendo observado aumento nos carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) aos 70 e 90 dias. O NDT não apresentou interação com as idades de corte, e a média entre os tratamentos foi de 74,26%. Os teores de (P) foram maiores aos 50 e 70 dias, e diminuíram aos 90 dias. No ensaio de degradabilidadeIn Situ da matéria seca, o delineamento utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, sendo os animais os blocos, os genótipos as parcelas, e as idades de corte as subparcelas. Foram determinados valores de degradabilidade efetiva (DE), fração solúvel em água no qual é considerada completamente degradada no rúmen (a), (b): fração insolúvel em água, mas potencialmente degradável a uma taxa de degradação (c). Aos 70 dias o genótipo BAILI mostrou maior (P<0.05) taxa de (DE) (58,633%), seguido da ALTAR (52,29%), e COMUM a menor (50,32%). Aos 90 dias, a BAILI apresentou maior fração solúvel (a) (30,163%) e a COMUM o menor, (21,684%) e DE reduzida (49,597%). Os resultados mostram que a qualidade na forragem do trigo mourisco é melhor aos 50 e 70 dias de idade, tendo a BAILI se destacado entre às demais. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Considering the forage yield potential of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Möench L.) and the scarcity of information in the Cerrado Region related to agronomic performance, production and quality of forage in ruminant feeds, the objective of this study was to evaluate three genotypes (IPR 91 BAILI, early cycle; IPR 92 ALTAR, late cycle; and COMMON, late cycle) in three cut time (50,70 and 90 days).The experimental design used was completely randomized with the genotypes in the plots and in the subplots the different cutting ages. After the cut, the stuff was divided into two parts: fresh forage material and material for making hay. The time of attainment of point of hay at 50 and 70 days was 8 days, while cutting off at 90 days was 6 days.Have been determined of forage productivity (Kg/DM ha), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE), mineral matter (MM) phosphorus (P), and non fiber carbohydrates (NFC), total digestible nutrients (TDN) and the determination of saponins. The productivity was higher (P <0.05) in genotype COMMON in all ages Cutting reaching 7451.7 kg DM / ha at 90 days. Crude protein were highest at 50 days in all three genotypes, and decreased in subsequent sections, having value similarly at 70 and 90 days. NDF and ADF were highest at 50 days and smaller cuts in 70 and 90 days, not showing increases to the fibrous constituents, but being observed increase in non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) at 70 and 90 days. The TDN did not show interaction with the cutting age, and the mean between genotypes was 74.26%. The levels of (P) were higher at 50 and 70 days and decreased at 90 days. The test of degradability of dry matter In Situ, the design used was randomized blocks with split plots, with animals in the blocks, the genotypes in the parcels, and the cut time in the subplots. It was determined values of Effective Degradability (ED), (a): fraction soluble in water considered completely degraded in the rumen, (b): fraction insoluble in water but potentially degradable at the rate of degradation (c). After 70 days at genotype BAILI showed higher (P <0.05) rate of (ED) (58.63%), followed by the ALTAR (52.29%) and COMMON the lowest (50.32%). At 90 days, the BAILI presented more soluble fraction (a) (30,16%) and COMMON the lowest (21,68%) and the results show that the quality buckwheat forage is better at 50 and 70 days of age, and the genotype BAILI stood out among the others varieties.

Les polyphenols, specialement les flavanols et les flavonoides, sont deja connus comme antioxydants, diminuant notamment l'incidence de diverses pathologies cardiovasculaires dont l'atherosclerose. Deux plantes, l'une d'interet therapeutique, l'aubepine, l'autre d'interet alimentaire, le sarrasin, sont etudiees en tant que sources de phenols bioactifs. L'analyse phenolique qualitative et quantitative des differentes sources est completee par l'etude pharmacologique de leurs effets antioxydants, comparativement a des substances etalons dont certaines hors commerce (proanthocyanidines dimeres b 2 et b 5) qui ont ete isolees par gel filtration et identifiees par rmn. Les teneurs en polyphenols des colonies tissulaires d'aubepine ont ete augmentees par des modifications du milieu de culture et nous avons pu montrer que les anthocyanes sont des marqueurs visibles de la synthese d'autres phenols, specialement des flavanols et des flavonoides. L'application de ce milieu aux suspensions cellulaires induit une production en phenols totaux et en flavanols de 10 a 20 fois superieure a celle des colonies, faisant de ce materiel une source potentielle pour la production en masse et l'obtention de phenols a valeur ajoutee. Parmi les tissus d'aubepine testes, les fleurs et sommites fleuries montrent les meilleurs inhibitions de l'auto-oxydation des ldl humaines, qui semblent essentiellement liees aux teneurs en derives comme les flavanols (dont la proanthocyanidine dimere b 2 qui a presente une grande activite) et en flavonoides souvent moins actifs (hyperoside). Le sarrasin, tres etudie pour son contenu en rutine, montre des activites antioxydantes interessantes bien qu'inferieures a celles des fleurs d'aubepine, mais differant selon la variete et la partie de la graine etudiee
Pour la variete la harpe, la plus forte activite piegeuse d'especes oxygenees (h 2o 2, hocl, o 2 0 -) notee pour la farine semble nettement liee aux taux de flavanols. Les pericarpes, moins actifs, contiennent davantage de flavonoides. La comparaison des contenus polyphenoliques des trois varietes de sarrasin testees et de leur action protectrice des ldl montre une diminution des activites qui est le plus souvent liee a une diminution des flavanols, des proanthocyanidines et des flavonoides, mais aussi particulierement a un derive comme la proanthocyanidine dimere b 2. L'intervention d'autres substances actives en tant que temoins reste pour le moment difficile a interpreter. Si la farine de sarrasin presente un apport interessant en phenols antioxydants dans l'alimentation, les pericarpes, generalement inutilises, se sont reveles riches en flavonoides et sources potentielles de polyphenols bioactifs

Foram estudadas as caracteristicas quimicas nutricionais e tecnologicas das farinhas de trigo sarraceno e de trigo sarraceno sem prolamina em comparacao com o trigo comum para sua utilizacao por pessoas portadoras de doenca celiaca. Realizaram-se analises bromatologicas do perfil de aminoacidos de fatores antinutricionais, eletroforese dos extratos etanolicos do trigo sarraceno e do trigo comum, analises reologicas e teste imunologico. A qualidade da proteina da farinha de trigo sarraceno foi melhorada atraves de complementacoes com farinha de peixe e castanha do para e farinha de milho opaco-2 e de peixe, avaliadas atraves de ensaio biologico
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This study investigated understorey management in Canterbury, New Zealand, apple orchards for the enhancement of populations of Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron) (Braconidae) for leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) biological control. The first objective was to determine the influence of understorey plants on the abundance of D. tasmanica and leafroller parasitism, and to investigate the mechanisms behind this influence. The second was to determine the most suitable understorey plants in terms of their ability to enhance parasitoid abundance, leafroller parasitism, parasitoid longevity, parasitoid fecundity and its ability to not benefit leafroller. Results from three consecutive field trials showed that buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), alyssum (Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv), and, to a lesser extent, broad bean (Vicia faba L.), enhanced parasitoid abundance and leafroller parasitism. The mechanisms behind the effects of understorey plants had previously been unexplored. However, results here showed that it was the flowers or the buckwheat that 'attracted' the parasitoid to the plant and not the shelter, aphids or microclimate that the plant may also provide. Providing flowering plants in the orchard understorey also increased immigration of parasitoids and enhanced parasitoids and enhanced parasitoid longevity and fecundity in the laboratory. In contrast, the understorey plants had no influence on the female:male ratio of D. tasmanica. Although coriander enhanced leafroller parasitism three-fold in field experiments compared with controls, it failed to enhance the longevity of both sexes of D. tasmanica in the laboratory compared with water-only. Broad bean significantly enhanced parasitoid abundance three-fold and significantly increased parasitism from 0% to 75% compared with the controls on one leafroller release date. However, laboratory trials showed that of male D. tasmancia but it did not enhance female longevity. Also, female D. tasmanica foraging on broad bean produced a total of only three parasitoid cocoons, but this result was based on an overall 6.5% survival of larvae to pupae or to parasitoid cocoon. Furthermore, results suggested that extrafloral nectar secretion decreased as the plants matured. Phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth.) did not significantly enhance parasitism rate in the field compared with controls, and numbers of D. tasmanica captured by suction sampling were significantly lower in phacelia treatments compared with alyssum, buckwheat and control plots. Also, laboratory experiments showed that survival of D. tasmanica on phacelia flowers was equivalent to that on water-only and significantly lower than on buckwheat. These results suggest that phacelia does not provide nectar to D. tasmanica, only pollen, and therefore is not a suitable understorey plant for D. tasmanica enhancement in orchards. Buckwheat and alyssum showed the most potential as understorey plants for the enhancement of natural enemies. Buckwheat not only increased numbers of D. tasmanica seven-fold, but also increased numbers of beneficial lacewings (Micromus tasmaniae (Walker)) and hover flies (Syrphidae) captured on yellow sticky traps compared with the controls. It significantly increased leafroller parasitism by D. tasmanica from 0% to 86% compared with the controls (on one date only), and in the laboratory enhanced D. tasmanica longevity and increased fecundity compared with water-only. Similarly, alyssum significantly increased parasitism rate compared with controls, and two-fold more D. tasmanica were suction sampled in these plots compared with controls. It also enhanced longevity of both sexes of D. tasmanica compared with water, and showed the most favourable characteristics in terms of being of no benefit to leafrollers. This is because it was not preferred over apple by leafroller larvae and when they were forced to feed on it, it caused high mortality (94.3%) and low pupal weight (15 mg). Furthermore, alyssum did not enhance the number of fertile eggs produced by adult leafrollers compared with water only. However, further research is required to address the overall effect of buckwheat and alyssum on crop production and orchard management, including effects on fruit yield and quality, frost risk, disease incidence, soil quality, weeds and other pests. Also, research into the ability of these plants to survive in the orchard with little maintenance, and into the optimal sowing rates, would be useful. Sampling natural populations of leafroller within each treatment showed that damage from leafrollers and the number of leafroller larvae were respectively 20.3% and 29.3% lower in the flowering treatments compared with the controls. Furthermore, field trials showed up to a six-fold increase in leafroller pupae in controls compared with buckwheat and alyssum. This suggests that increasing leafroller parasitism rate from understorey management in orchards will translate into lower pest populations, although neither larval numbers/damage nor pupal numbers differed significantly between treatments. Trapping D. tasmanica at a gradient of distances showed that this parasitoid travels into rows adjacent to buckwheat plots, indicating that growers may be able to sow flowering plants in every second or third row of the orchard, and still enhance leafroller biocontrol while minimising the adverse effects of a cover crop. Sowing buckwheat and alyssum in orchard understoreys may enhance biological control of apple pests in organic apple production and reduce the number of insect growth regulators applied in IFP programmes. However, the challenge still remains to investigate whether conservation biological control can reduce leafroller populations below economic thresholds.

Arthropod species that have the potential to damage crops are food resources for communities of predators and parasitoids. From an agronomic perspective these species are pests and biocontrol agents respectively, and the relationships between them can be important determinants of crop yield and quality. The impact of biocontrol agents on pest populations may depend on the availability of other food resources in the agroecosystem. A scarcity of such resources may limit biological control and altering agroecosystem management to alleviate this limitation could contribute to pest management. This is a tactic of ‘conservation biological control’ and includes the provision of flowers for species that consume prey as larvae but require floral resources in their adult stage. The use of flowers for pest management requires an understanding of the interactions between the flowers, pests, biocontrol agents and non-target species. Without this, attempts to enhance biological control might be ineffective or detrimental. This thesis develops our understanding in two areas which have received relatively little attention: the role of flowers in biological control by true omnivores, and the implications of flower use by fourth-trophic-level life-history omnivores. The species studied were the lacewing Micromus tasmaniae and its parasitoid Anacharis zealandica. Buckwheat flowers Fagopyrum esculentum provided floral resources and aphids Acyrthosiphon pisum served as prey. Laboratory experiments with M. tasmaniae demonstrated that although prey were required for reproduction, providing flowers increased survival and oviposition when prey abundance was low. Flowers also decreased prey consumption by the adult lacewings. These experiments therefore revealed the potential for flowers to either enhance or disrupt biological control by M. tasmaniae. Adult M. tasmaniae were collected from a crop containing a strip of flowers. Analyses to determine the presence of prey and pollen in their digestive tracts suggested that predation was more frequent than foraging in flowers. It was concluded that the flower strip probably did not affect biological control by lacewings in that field, but flowers could be significant in other situations. The lifetime fecundity of A. zealandica was greatly increased by the presence of flowers in the laboratory. Providing flowers therefore has the potential to increase parasitism of M. tasmaniae and so disrupt biological control. A. zealandica was also studied in a crop containing a flower strip. Rubidium-marking was used to investigate nectar-feeding and dispersal from the flowers. In addition, the parasitoids’ sugar compositions were determined by HPLC and used to infer feeding histories. Although further work is required to develop the use of these techniques in this system, the results suggested that A. zealandica did not exploit the flower strip. The sugar profiles suggested that honeydew had been consumed by many of the parasitoids. A simulation model was developed to explore the dynamics of aphid, lacewing and parasitoid populations with and without flowers. This suggested that if M. tasmaniae and A. zealandica responded to flowers as in the laboratory, flowers would only have a small effect on biological control within a single period of a lucerne cutting cycle. When parasitoids were present, the direct beneficial effect of flowers on the lacewing population was outweighed by increased parasitism, reducing the potential for biological control in future crops. The results presented in this thesis exemplify the complex interactions that may occur as a consequence of providing floral resources in agroecosystems and re-affirm the need for agroecology to inform the development of sustainable pest management techniques.

10 ABSTRACT The subject of this study was to evaluate the efect of abiotc elicitor on rutn producton in callus and suspension cultures of buckwheat. The cultvar of buckwheat used for this research was Fagopyrum esculentum Moench var. Bambi, cultvated in Murashige and Skoog nutrient medium with the additon of growth regulator 2,4-dichlorfenoxyacetc acid (2,4-D) in concentraton of 1 mg/l. The elicitor used in this study was a soluton of methylviologen, 1 ml of it was added to the cultures in three diferent concentratons: c1 = 100.0 mg/100 ml, c2 = 10.0 mg/100 ml and c3 = 1.0 mg/100 ml. The elicitor was afectng the cultures for 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 or 168 hours. Afer the defned period of tme, cultures were collected, dried out and stored for further analysis of rutn content. To control samples (without elicitor treatment) 1 ml of ethanol 96% was added and they were collected afer 6, 24, 72 or 168 hours. Releasing of rutn into the nutrient medium was also investgated. Rutn content in each sample of cultures and in each sample of nutrient medium was later determined by HPLC. Any signifcant increase in the producton of rutn was not observed in this study. The maximum amount of rutn detected was 0.1 mg/g DW, thus the lowest quantty detectable, and was found in suspension cultures in three cases, afer the additon of...

Elicitation is one of the methods used for increasing the production of secondary metabolites in vitro cultures. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of abiotic elicitor methylviologen (paraquat) on the production of flavonoids in callus and suspension cultures of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench., variety Pyra. The cultures were cultivated in Murashige and Skoog nutrient medium with addition of 2,4-D in concentration of 1 mg/l as a growth regulator. Elicitor was added as a solution in three different concentrations (c1 = 2.1929 · 10-4 mol/l, c2 = 2.1929 · 10-3 mol/l and c3 = 2.1929 · 10-2 mol/l). The effect of elicitation on rutin production was monitored in six time intervals: 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 168 hours. The rutin content was determined by HPLC analysis. No rutin was produced in callus and suspension cultures without the presence of elicitor. Even after the elicitation, there was no statistically significant increase in the production of rutin. The maximum rutin content was detected in the suspension culture after 12 hours of elicitor treatment in c2 concentration, the content was 0.1 mg/g DW. The release of rutin into the nutrient medium was also not observed.

Plants are an important source of secondary metabolites, which are a valuable natural substance used in many fields. One way to increase their production is by the elicitation method. In this paper the effect of abiotic elicitor methylviologene in three different concentrations was studied on the rutin production in callus and suspension culture of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench variety Spačinki. The cultivation was carried out on Murashige and Skoog nutrient medium with the addition of a 1 mg/l 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid as growth regulator. Samples were taken at regular time intervals after 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 168 hours of elicitation. The rutin content was analyzed by HPLC. The maximum rutin production (0.3 mg/g DW) was recorded in the callus culture after 48 hours of methylviologene treatment at a concentration of 2.1929.10-4 mol/l. No increase in rutin content after methylviologene elicitation was observed in the suspension culture. The study also included monitoring of the rutin release into nutrient medium, but this was not demonstrated.

碩士
國立嘉義大學
食品科學暨生物藥學研究所(Graduate Institute of F
98
The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from buckwheat by different solvents extraction and further purified by the column fractionation. We also investigated the optimum roasting conditions of buckwheat and brewing conditions of roasted buckwheat tea, and storage stability of buckwheat tea can. Result showed that the order of extraction yield was methanol＞ethanol＞acetone＞ethyl acetate＞n-hexane. The buckwheat crude methanol extract (BCME) had the highest total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC) which was 12.43 RE mg/g dm and 7.72 FAE mg/g dm, respectively. The result of antioxidant activity determination showed that BCME had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferrous ion chelating capacity, reducing power and inhibitory power of conjugated dienes among the samples. The fractionation of BCME by using Amberlite XAD-2 column, the BCME was further eluted with water, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% methanol in sequence. After fractionating, results showed that the water fraction had the highest amount of eluate and the 60% methanol fraction had the highest TFC (786.06 RE mg/g dm) and TPC (707.64 FAE mg/g dm). In addition, the 60% methanol fraction also had the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power and inhibitory power of conjugated dienes. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of 60% methanol fraction was similar to BHT and α-tocopherol at 50ppm and its reducing power was similar to BHT and α-tocopherol at 500ppm and its inhibitory power of conjugated dienes was similar to BHT and α-tocopherol at 1000ppm while the ferrous ion chelating capacity was low. The main antioxidant compounds of 60% methanol fraction were rutin, catechin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid. When buckwheat was roasted at 140℃ for 1hr, the antioxidants content and antioxidant activity and sensory evaluation was the best. In the brewing test of roasted buckwheat tea, the results showed that the optimum conditions were the ratio of buckwheat to water 1:10 (w/v) and hot water of 100℃ and brewing time of 5min due to a high antioxidants content and antioxidant activity. In the storage test of the roasted buckwheat tea drink (bottled), the results showed that the antioxidants content and antioxidant activity of the can no markedly decreased after storage for 2~6 months. After 6 months storage, the overall score of the can still high by sensory evaluation.

62 10 ABSTRACT The object of this study was the influence of abiotic elicitor on the production of rutin in suspension culture of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. The culture was cultivated in Murashigeho and Skoog nutritive medium with growth regulator: 2,4−dichlorfenoxyacetic acid (1 ml/l). The ultrasound was used as abiotic elicitor (0,1 W/cm3 , 35 kHz) for time period of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 min. The samples were taken 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 168 hours after elicitation. The kontrol samples (without the influence of ultrasound) were taken 24 and 168 hours after elicitation. The amount of rutin was analyzed by HPLC. Suspension culture of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. didn't produce any rutin under the influence of ultrasound. No release of rutin into the nutritive medium was observed during this study.