Artykuły w czasopismach: „Faecol sterols”

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Nakamura, T., H. Kikuchi, K. Takebe, K. Kudoh, A. Terada, Y. Tan-Doh i N. Yamada. "Faecal Lipid Excretion Levels in Normal Japanese Females on an Unrestricted Diet and a Fat-Restricted Diet Measured by Simultaneous Analysis of Faecal Lipids". Journal of International Medical Research 20, nr 6 (listopad 1992): 461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030006059202000603.

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Faecal lipid excretion was determined in 16 females on an unrestricted diet and on a fat-restricted diet using a chromatographic method for the simultaneous analysis of faecal lipids. The fat-restricted diet reduced the total quantity of faeces and the amounts of fatty acids, neutral sterols and bile acids excreted were almost halved compared with when on an unrestricted diet. This indicates that dietary fat, fibre and cholesterol affect the amount of faecal bile acid, neutral sterol and fatty acid excretion. The amount of cholesterol/animal sterols excreted and the percentage of primary bile acids were, however, similar for both the fat-restricted and unrestricted diets.

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Lerch, Marcel, Tobias Bromm, Clemens Geitner, Jean Nicolas Haas, Dieter Schäfer, Bruno Glaser i Michael Zech. "Human and livestock faecal biomarkers at the prehistorical encampment site of Ullafelsen in the Fotsch Valley, Stubai Alps, Austria – potential and limitations". Biogeosciences 19, nr 4 (23.02.2022): 1135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1135-2022.

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Abstract. The Ullafelsen at 1869 m above sea level (a.s.l.) in the Tyrolean Stubai Alps next to Innsbruck is an important (geo)archeological reference site for the Mesolithic period. Buried fireplaces on the Ullafelsen plateau were dated at 10.9 to 9.5 ka cal BP and demonstrate together with thousands of flint stone artifacts the presence of hunter-gatherers during the Early Holocene. Grazing livestock has been a predominant anthropozoological impact in the Fotsch Valley presumably since the Bronze Age (4.2–2.8 ka). In order to study the human and/or livestock faeces input on the Ullafelsen, we carried out steroid analyses on 2 modern ruminant faeces samples from cattle and sheep, 37 soil samples from seven archeological soil profiles, and 9 soil samples from five non-archeological soil profiles from the Fotsch Valley used as reference sites. The dominance of 5β-stigmastanol and deoxycholic acid in modern cattle and sheep faeces can be used as markers for the input of ruminant faeces in soils. The OAh horizons, which have accumulated and developed since the Mesolithic, revealed high contents of steroids (sterols, stanols, stanones and bile acids); the eluvial light layer (E (LL)) horizon coinciding with the Mesolithic living floor is characterized by medium contents of steroids. By contrast, the subsoil horizons Bh, Bs and BvCv contain low contents of faecal biomarkers, indicating that leaching of steroids into the podsolic subsoils is not an important factor. High content of 5β-stigmastanol and deoxycholic acid in all soil samples gives evidence for faeces input of ruminants. The steroid patterns and ratios indicate a negligible input of human faeces on the Ullafelsen. In conclusion, our results reflect a strong faeces input by livestock, rather than by humans as found for other Anthrosols such as Amazonian dark earths. Further studies need to focus on the question of the exact timing of faeces deposition.

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Suprihatin, I., H. Fallowfield, R. Bentham i N. Cromar. "Determination of faecal pollutants in Torrens and Patawalonga catchment waters in South Australia using faecal sterols". Water Science and Technology 47, nr 7-8 (1.04.2003): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0700.

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This research investigated faecal pollution by sterol profiling in two Adelaide metropolitan catchments in winter 2000 and summer 2001. Water was sampled from five sites on the River Torrens and two sites on Patawalonga river catchment. The steroids detected were coprostanol, epicoprostanol, cholesterol, cholestanol, stigmasterol, betasitosterol, and stigmastanol. The concentrations range from 5 ng/L (of coprostanol) to 34 μmg/L (of stigmasterol), with cholesterol detected more frequently at relatively high concentrations (approximately 2 μmg/L). Sterol profiling suggested two sites on two occasions may have been impacted by human faecal contamination. Other steroid profiles suggested that sources of pollution consistently included dogs and birds. The steroid concentrations in the Torrens catchment were higher in winter, however, this was not observed in the Patawalonga catchment.

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Reddy, Sheela, T. A. B. Sanders, R. W. Owen i M. H. Thompson. "Faecal pH, bile acid and sterol concentrations in premenopausal Indian and white vegetarians compared with white omnivores". British Journal of Nutrition 79, nr 6 (czerwiec 1998): 495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19980087.

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Faecal bulk, pH, water content, the concentrations of neutral sterols and bile acids and dietary intakes were measured in twenty-two Indian vegetarian, twenty-two white omnivorous and eighteen white vegetarian premenopausal women. Faecal bulk and water content were greater and pH lower in the Indian vegetarians. Total faecal animal sterol and coprostanol concentrations expressed on a dry-weight basis were lower in the vegetarians compared with the omnivores. The faecal sterol concentrations were correlated with dietary cholesterol intake. Primary bile acids were detected in six Indian vegetarians, two white vegetarians and two white omnivores; secondary bile acids were detected in all the white omnivore and vegetarian subjects but not in two of the Indian vegetarians. Total faecal free bile acid and conjugated bile acid concentrations were lower in the white vegetarians compared with the omnivores. Faecal lithocholic acid concentrations were lower in both Indian and white vegetarians. The lithocholic: deoxycholic acid ratio and coprostanol: total animal sterols ratio were significantly lower in the Indian vegetarians compared with the omnivores. Both ratios were positively correlated with faecal pH. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were undertaken in order to identify which nutrients influenced faecal pH, lithocholic and deoxycholic acid concentrations. The intakes of starch and dietary fibre were negatively associated with faecal concentrations of lithocholic and deoxycholic acid. Starch intake alone was negatively associated with faecal pH. The results of this study confirm that diets high in dietary fibre decrease faecal bile acid concentrations and suggest that the complex carbohydrates present in Indian vegetarian diets influence faecal pH and inhibit the degradation of faecal steroids.

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Huanling, Yu, Li Yong, Wang Junbo, Zheng Liping i Yan Weixing. "Chinese soft-shelled turtle egg powder lowers serum cholesterol, increases faecal neutral steroids and bile acid excretion, and up-regulates liver cytochrome P450 mRNA level in rats". British Journal of Nutrition 94, nr 3 (wrzesień 2005): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051485.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Chinese soft-shelled turtle whole egg powder (TE) on cholesterol metabolism in Sprague–Dawley rats to determine whether it has a cholesterol-lowering effect. Forty male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet supplemented with TE (0, 0·75, 1·50 or 3·00 g/kg body weight) administrated by gavage for 24 weeks. Serum total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and faecal total bile acids levels were determined by enzymatic methods. Faecal steroid concentrations were measured by GC. Means and standard deviations were calculated where appropriate for values, and the data were tested by one-way ANOVA. After 24 weeks of feeding a high-fat diet with TE supplementation, serum TC and LDL-C levels, liver cholesterol and liver lipid levels were reduced in rats. TE supplementation did not affect the faecal output, but significantly increased steroid concentrations in faeces, indicating increased steroids excretion. The faecal bile acid excretion was also increased as evidence by elevated mRNA level of liver cytochrome P450, family 7, subfamily A, polypeptide 1. Our results demonstrated that the TE does have a cholesterol-lowering effect by increasing the excretion of total bile acids and neutral steroids.

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Sullivan, D., P. Brooks, N. Tindale, S. Chapman i W. Ahmed. "Faecal sterols analysis for the identification of human faecal pollution in a non-sewered catchment". Water Science and Technology 61, nr 5 (1.03.2010): 1355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.227.

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In this study, faecal sterols were used to identify human faecal pollution in a non-sewered catchment in Southeast Queensland, Australia. In all, 36 water samples were collected from six sites on six occasions and the concentration of sterols were determined using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The stanols concentration in water samples generally increased with increased catchment runoff. After moderate rainfall, high coprostanols levels found in water samples indicated human faecal pollution via defective septic systems. In contrast, it appears that during dry weather human faecal pollution is not occurring in the study catchment. Sterol profiles also pointed to a cattle farm polluting during modest catchment runoff. The method used in this study was able to identify the sources of faecal pollution to the catchment due to rainfall.

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Leeming, R., N. Bate, R. Hewlett i P. D. Nichols. "Discriminating faecal pollution: a case study of stormwater entering Port Phillip Bay, Australia". Water Science and Technology 38, nr 10 (1.11.1998): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0369.

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This investigation was designed to provide preliminary information to the Environment Protection Authority concerning the input of faecal matter to stormwater drains in the Rippleside area of Geelong, Victoria. Results derived from the combined use of sterol biomarkers (e.g. coprostanol and 24-ethylcoprostanol) and four sub-groups of bacterial indicators (e.g. thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli, faecal streptococci and enterococci) indicated that during wet weather, all sites sampled were affected by significant human faecal contamination. Ratios of coprostanol to bacterial indicators were similar to those for samples collected from nearby sewer mains. During dry weather, there were still severely elevated levels of faecal contamination based on bacterial indicators, but correspondingly low concentrations of faecal sterols suggesting minimal human or herbivore faecal contamination. The origin of the majority of the faecal pollution in dry weather therefore remains to be fully explained. It is clear from this and related studies that the combined measurement of faecal sterols and bacterial indicators can greatly assist distinguishing sources of faecal pollution. It is also shown for aquatic environments that the measurement of coprostanol or other single indicators alone, is inadequate to fully discern faecal contamination from human sources.

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Green, Graham, i Peter D. Nichols. "Hydrocarbons and sterols in marine sediments and soils at Davis Station, Antarctica: a survey for human-derived contaminants". Antarctic Science 7, nr 2 (czerwiec 1995): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102095000198.

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A survey of hydrocarbons and sterols in marine and shoreline sediments was undertaken adjacent to Davis Station in Princess Elizabeth Land, Prydz Bay, Eastern Antarctica to determine the impact of a human settlement, including a sewage outfall on the local marine environment. Soil samples from selected locations onshore were also analysed to ascertain the extent of hydrocarbon contamination emanating from fuel storage facilities and other potential sources. The faecal sterol coprostanol was detected at 13.2 μg g−1 (60% of total sterols) in sediment adjacent to the Davis sewage outfall and up to 5.0 μg g−1 on the shoreline at Davis Beach. These concentrations indicate significant faecal contamination. The absence of coprostanol in faeces from the local wildlife confirms a human origin for this sewage biomarker. Hydrocarbons on the shoreline near Davis were present at up to 5.5 μg g−1 (dry weight of sediment). Biomarker profiles indicate an anthropogenic origin for these hydrocarbons. Onshore, degraded hydrocarbons derived from Special Antarctic Blend distillate were found at relatively high levels in soils at the fuel storage depot (up to 220 μg g−1). The source of these hydrocarbons appeared to be spillage from fuel storage tanks with possible contributions from fuel pipeline leakage and vehicle useage. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soils were very low, generally below 1 ng g−1 (dry weight of sediment) for individual compounds.

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Leeming, Rhys, Jonathan S. Stark i James J. Smith. "Novel use of faecal sterols to assess human faecal contamination in Antarctica: a likelihood assessment matrix for environmental monitoring". Antarctic Science 27, nr 1 (25.06.2014): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102014000273.

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AbstractWastewater containing human sewage is often discharged with little or no treatment into the Antarctic marine environment. Faecal sterols (primarily coprostanol) in sediments have been used for assessment of human sewage contamination in this environment, butin situproduction and indigenous faunal inputs can confound such determinations. Using gas chromatography with mass spectral detection profiles of both C27and C29sterols, potential sources of faecal sterols were examined in nearshore marine sediments, encompassing sites proximal and distal to the wastewater outfall at Davis Station. Faeces from indigenous seals and penguins were also examined. Faeces from several indigenous species contained significant quantities of coprostanol but not 24-ethylcoprostanol, which is present in human faeces.In situcoprostanol and 24-ethylcoprostanol production was identified by co-production of their respectiveepi-isomers at sites remote from the wastewater source and in high total organic matter sediments. A C29sterols-based polyphasic likelihood assessment matrix for human sewage contamination is presented, which distinguishes human from local fauna faecal inputs andin situproduction in the Antarctic environment. Sewage contamination was detected up to 1.5 km from Davis Station.

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Volkman, John K., Teresa O'Leary, Rhys Leeming, Peter D. Nichols i John K. Volkman. "Assessment of the sources, transport and fate of sewage-derived organic matter in Port Phillip Bay, Australia, using the signature lipid coprostanol". Marine and Freshwater Research 50, nr 6 (1999): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf98051.

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To evaluate the distribution of faecal material in Port Phillip Bay, surface sediments from sites throughout the bay and inflowing water courses were analysed for fatty acids and sterols. Water samples were also collected to identify possible sources of faecal contamination. Bay sediments had total fatty acid concentrations between 4 and 183 µg g–1 (dry weight) and total sterol concentrations between 0.6 and 39.2 µg g–1. Creek sediments contained more sterols, ranging from 22.8–148 µg g–1. These lipid distributions suggest that the bulk of the labile organic matter derives from marine microalgae, primarily diatoms. Coprostanol (5β-cholestan-3β-ol), a sterol often used as an indicator of faecal contamination, was also present. Concentrations ranged from <0.01–0.55 µg g–1 in surface sediments, with values over 0.25 µg g–1 and 5β-/5α-C27 stanol ratios greater than 0.4, indicative of sewage inputs. A clearer picture of distributions of sewage-derived organic matter was obtained when coprostanol was normalized to total organic matter rather than sediment dry weight. Areas showing higher coprostanol concentrations included those adjacent to the main sewage treatment plant and several low-volume drains and creeks, indicating localized problems of sewage contamination.

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Trautwein, Elke A., Claudia Schulz, Dörte Rieckhoff, Angelika Kunath-Rau, Helmut F. Erbersdobler, W. Arjan de Groot i Gert W. Meijer. "Effect of esterified 4-desmethylsterols and -stanols or 4,4′-dimethylsterols on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in hamsters". British Journal of Nutrition 87, nr 3 (marzec 2002): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2001509.

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4-Desmethylsterols and -stanols reduce plasma total cholesterol (TC) and LDL cholesterol by inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption, while the cholesterol-lowering potential of 4,4′-dimethylsterols is less well defined. The present study aimed to compare the effects of 4-desmethylsterols, -stanols, and 4,4′-dimethylsterols on plasma and hepatic cholesterol, sterol excretion and bile acid metabolism. Male golden Syrian hamsters were fed diets containing 13 g/100 g fat, 0·08 g/100 g cholesterol and 0 (control), 0·24 or 0·48 % (w/w) esterified 4-desmethylsterols (sterols) and esterified hydrogenated 4-desmethylsterols (stanols) from common vegetable oils or esterified 4,4′-dimethylsterols from rice bran oil for 5 weeks. Sterol and stanol esters at the dose of 0·24 % were equally effective and significantly (P<0·05) lowered TC by 15 %, while 0·24 % 4,4-dimethylsterols reduced TC by 10 %. Liver total and esterified cholesterol concentrations were significantly (P<0·05) lowered by 40, 22, 43 and 31 % in hamsters fed 0·48 % sterols, 0·24 % stanols, 0·48 % stanols or 0·48 % dimethylsterols, respectively. Daily faecal bile acid excretion and hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activity were not altered, indicating that sterols, stanols and dimethylsterols had no effect on the intestinal re-absorption of bile acids or on hepatic bile acid synthesis. Daily excretion of cholesterol was significantly higher in hamsters fed esterified sterols and stanols, but was only slightly increased in those fed dimethylsterols. The results indicate that esterified sterols and stanols were equally effective in lowering plasma TC and LDL cholesterol, while dimethylsterol esters caused a weaker cholesterol-lowering effect. Sterols and stanols achieve their cholesterol-lowering effect by stimulating faecal cholesterol excretion through inhibiting intestinal cholesterol absorption, but do not affect bile acid excretion. Other mechanisms need to be considered to explain the effect on plasma and hepatic cholesterol of dimethylsterols.

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Oates, J. E., F. J. Bradshaw, S. D. Bradshaw i R. A. Lonsdale. "Sex identification and evidence of gonadal activity in the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) (Monotremata : Tachyglossidae): non-invasive analysis of faecal sex steroids". Australian Journal of Zoology 50, nr 4 (2002): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo02017.

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The sex of three short-beaked echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus), part of a captive colony in which no successful births have occurred, was determined by measuring levels of faecal sex steroids over a period of two months. Levels of faecal oestradiol-17β were found not to differ between male and female short-beaked echidnas. However, measurement of the oestradiol : androgen ratio (E : A ratio) and androgen concentrations successfully identified one male and two female echidnas. Mean E : A ratios for the two females were 18 ± 6 and 23 ± 8, compared with 1.3 ± 0.6 for the male. The mean androgen concentration for the male was 10.1 ± 2.3 ng g–1 dried faeces, and 1.7 ± 0.5 and 2.2 ± 0.6 ng g–1 dried faeces for the two females. The E : A ratio allowed correct identification of the sex of the echidnas 80% of the time, whereas the androgen concentration correctly identified the sex 75% of the time but was reliable only during the breeding season. Both the male and female echidnas showed evidence of gonadal activity; lack of breeding in captivity was therefore not due to all animals being of the same sex or lacking reproductive activity. The study has demonstrated that faecal steroid analysis is an accurate method for sex determination in the short-beaked echidna and further monitoring of these hormones may elucidate many of the unknown aspects of their reproductive biology.

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Bradshaw, Stuart A., Sean C. M. O'Hara, Eric D. S. Corner i Geoffrey Eglinton. "Effects on Dietary Lipids of the Marine Bivalve Scrobicularia Plana Feeding in Different Modes". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 71, nr 3 (sierpień 1991): 635–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400053200.

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Changes in dietary lipids were investigated in laboratory feeding experiments simulating herbivorous and coprophagous modes of feeding in the bivalve mollusc Scrobicularia plana (da Costa). The dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea (Stein) was used as the food in herbivory experiments while faeces from the crustaceanNeomysis integer (Leach) feeding on Scrippsiella were used as the food in coprophagy experiments. Changes in dietary total fatty acids, sterols and fatty alcohols were characterised by analyses of the food, faeces andanimal tissues using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).There is a net decrease in the total lipid of the digested material during both herbivory and coprophagy. However, while fatty acids are assimilated, sterols are contributed to the faeces, leading to a decrease in the fatty acid:sterol (FAST) ratio of the digested material. Coprophagy decreases the ratio still further, such that faeces have a FAST ratio of <1Scrobicularia preferentially assimilates dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Reworking of sedimentary material (as in coprophagy) will lead to PUFA-deficient sedimentary fatty acid distributions. Both herbivory and coprophagy lead to relative increases in 'bacterial' odd carbon-number normal and branched fatty acids in the digested material, though not the 'bacterial' marker 18:1 Benthic molluscan feeding, particularly coprophagy, contributes partly to the 'bacterial' fatty acid content of the sediments.Scrobicularia contributes its own sterols to the faeces, especially cholesterol. Such contributions aredependent on the dietary sterols present. With a cholesterol-poor diet (herbivory), A5 4–desmethyl sterols are contributed to the faeces and dietary A8(14) sterols decrease, suggesting a A8(14) U021e2; A5 conversion may occur. With a cholesterol-rich diet (coprophagy), the A5 sterol is taken up from the diet.

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ALI, H. A. M., R. W. MAYES, C. S. LAMB, B. L. HECTOR, A. K. VERMA i E. R. ØRSKOV. "The potential of long-chain fatty alcohols and long-chain fatty acids as diet composition markers: development of methods for quantitative analysis and faecal recoveries of these compounds in sheep fed mixed diets". Journal of Agricultural Science 142, nr 1 (luty 2004): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859604004034.

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Previous investigations have shown that the long-chain fatty alcohols and long-chain fatty acids of plant waxes have potential as diet composition markers. This study was conducted to measure faecal recoveries of long-chain fatty alcohols (C20–C30) and long-chain fatty acids (C20–C32) in sheep fed mixed diets. Methodology for quantitative analysis of these compounds in feed and faeces is also presented. The method was an extension of the original n-alkane method of Mayes et al. (1986) in which separate hydrocarbon (n-alkanes, n-alkenes and branched-chain alkanes), alcohol (free+esterified) and acid (free+esterified) fractions could be obtained from a single sample. A fraction containing alcohols and sterols was eluted from the silica gel column after removal of the hydrocarbons. Sterols were removed from alcohols using aminopropyl solid-phase extraction columns. Alcohols were converted to their trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers and run on a gas chromatograph (GC). Acids were extracted from the aqueous phase of saponification products after removal of hydrocarbons, alcohols and sterols, purified through silica gel columns and were converted into their methyl esters (FAMES) prior to analysis on a GC. Tests were carried out to evaluate the reproducibility of the results obtained from the analytical method developed for quantifying alcohols and acids. Twelve sheep, in metabolism crates, were offered (0·8 kg DM/animal/day) four different mixtures of hill grass (Agrostis capillaris), birch (Betula pendula) leaves and current season's growth of heather (Calluna vulgaris) and bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) for 17 days. Total daily faeces and feed refusals collections were carried out over the last 7 days. Faeces collections were bulked for each animal. Representative samples of feed, refusals and faeces were analysed for alcohols and acids using the described method. Faecal recoveries of alcohols and acids were calculated from the ratio of output and input of each marker. The results showed high, though incomplete, faecal recoveries for both alcohols and acids. Alcohols had consistently higher faecal recoveries compared with acids. Mean (±S.E.) faecal recovery values for alcohols C20, C22, C24, C26, C28 and C30 were 0·58±0·04, 0·67±0·01, 0·72±0·008, 0·80±0·007, 0·94±0·005 and 1·01±0·02, respectively, whereas those of acids C20, C22, C24, C26, C28, C30and C32 were 0·47±0·02, 0·57±0·02, 0·61±0·02, 0·77±0·017, 0·84±0·01, 0·79±0·015 and 0·84±0·013, respectively. Increasing chain-length had a significant effect (P<0·05) on the recoveries of both alcohols and acids (R2=0·808, 0·741, respectively). Different dietary plant mixtures had no effect (P>0·05) on the recoveries of alcohols and acids in faeces.

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Nakamura, T., K. Takebe, N. Yamada, Y. Arai, Y. Tandoh, A. Terada, M. Ishii i in. "Effects of FL-386 on Faecal Lipid Excretion in Humans". Journal of International Medical Research 21, nr 5 (wrzesień 1993): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030006059302100501.

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A newly synthesized inhibitor of pancreatic lipase and micelle formation, FL-386, was administered at a dose of 400 mg (in the diet, for seven consecutive days) to nine healthy adult volunteers, and changes in faecal mass, frequency of defaecation, and properties of the stools were observed. High performance liquid chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography were used to analyse the faeces for short-chain carboxylic acids, neutral sterols, bile acids, fats and hydroxyfatty acids. FL-386 had little effect on the amounts and composition of short-chain carboxylic acids, neutral sterols, and bile acids excreted, nor did it produce changes in the composition of fatty acids, or the percentages of hydroxyfatty acids in the stool. However, in those patients treated with FL-386, the faecal mass was increased, and stools were softer and contained increased amounts of fatty acids. The compound did not produce particularly fatty stools. It was concluded that FL-386 induces slight disturbance in the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids.

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Davies, Nicole, Amber Gillett, Clive McAlpine, Leonie Seabrook, Greg Baxter, Daniel Lunney i Adrian Bradley. "The effect of ACTH upon faecal glucocorticoid excretion in the koala". Journal of Endocrinology 219, nr 1 (9.07.2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-13-0123.

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Environmental changes result in physiological responses of organisms, which can adversely affect population dynamics and reduce resistance to disease. These changes are expressed in chronic levels of stress. The measurement of glucocorticoid (GC) concentrations in faeces is a non-invasive method for monitoring stress in wildlife. The metabolism and excretion of steroids differ significantly between species and, as a consequence, non-invasive methods must be physiologically validated for each species. Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) are declining in numbers through much of their range. The role of chronic stress in koala populations has not been identified. Prior to the assessment of faecal GC concentrations in wild koala populations, the excretion timing and concentrations of GCs need to be determined. In this study, we assessed a method for identifying and measuring the concentrations of GC metabolites in faecal pellets of captive koalas following ACTH treatment. The results show that an elevation of plasma cortisol concentrations, using sustained release of ACTH, results in elevated concentrations of faecal cortisol/cortisol metabolites. Taking into account the excretion time lag, an increase in faecal cortisol metabolite concentrations corresponds to the release of GCs from the adrenal cortex as early as 36 h before faecal pellet collection. The calculations of steroid partitioning of plasma cortisol showed that the ACTH-stimulated values were significantly different from the control values for the concentrations of free, corticosteroid-binding globulin-bound and albumin-bound cortisol. This study validates the use of faecal cortisol analysis to assess the activity of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical axis in freshly collected koala faecal pellets and indicates that the method should be suitable to assess the adrenocortical status of koalas in wild populations.

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MARTINS, C. C., M. I. VENKATESAN i R. C. MONTONE. "Sterols and linear alkylbenzenes in marine sediments from Admiralty Bay, King George Island, South Shetland Islands". Antarctic Science 14, nr 3 (wrzesień 2002): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102002000093.

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Selected sterols (coprostanol, epicoprostanol, cholesterol, cholestanol), stanone (5ßcoprostanone) and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) were measured in the surface sediments near Ferraz station sewage outfalls, in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, South Shetland Islands. during the summer of 1997/98 using GC-FID and GC-MS. Total sterol concentrations varied between 0.21 and 10.4 μg g−1 dry sediment. Cholesterol was the major sterol at all sites, except at the sewage outfall, where coprostanol predominated. The concentration of coprostanol varied between 0.03 and 6.14 μg g−1 dry sediment, but the majority of the samples contained levels below 0.13 μg g−1 dry sediment. The parameters coprostanol+epicoprostanol in total sterols, coprostanol/epicoprostanol ratio versus % of cholesterol in total sterols and versus 5ß-coprostanone concentration were used to identify the sewage impacted locations in the study area. Only sites extending to 50m from the sewage outfall exhibited a sterol signal indicating sewage input. Total LABs varied from <0.60 to 11.8 ng.g−1 dry sediment with the maximum level at the sewage outfall. Faeces from different species of seals all contained large amounts of cholesterol and some 5ßcoprostanone. Relatively low levels of coprostanol and high levels of cholesterol observed in distant sites could be attributed to natural sources such as marine mammals.

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Leikin-Frenkel, A., A. A. Weinbroum, D. Leikin-Gobbi, L. Krupitzky, I. Goldiner, L. Shafat, T. Gilat i F. M. Konikoff. "Faecal sterol output is increased by arachidyl amido cholanoic acid (Aramchol) in rats". Biochemical Society Transactions 32, nr 1 (1.02.2004): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0320131.

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Fatty acid–bile acid conjugates (FABACs) were shown recently to have important and multiple effects on cholesterol metabolism. In human fibroblasts, they were found to markedly enhance cholesterol efflux by an ATP-binding cassette transporter A1-dependent pathway. In C57L/J mice, they increased CYP7A1 activity and RNA expression, while decreasing moderately 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity. In C57L/J mice and in hamsters, they also decreased serum cholesterol levels, whereas in other animals, this effect was not seen in short-term experiments. In the present study, we investigated potential mechanisms of action of arachidyl amido cholanoic acid (Aramchol), with particular reference to biliary and faecal sterol outputs in rats. Supplementation with Aramchol at a dose of 150 mg·kg−1·day−1 increased neutral sterol output by approx. 50%, while the faecal outputs of bile salts and total sterols increased by almost 2-fold. Biliary lipid outputs were not significantly different between the control and FABAC-supplemented animals. These findings indicate an overall catabolic effect of FABACs on body cholesterol.

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Bento, Ofélia P., José M. Martins, Maria J. Lança, Manuel C. de Abreu, Ana M. Viegas-Crespo, João P. B. Freire, José A. A. Almeida i Michel Riottot. "Effects of ileo-rectal anastomosis on cholesterol metabolism in pigs fed either casein or extruded soya beans". British Journal of Nutrition 91, nr 5 (maj 2004): 689–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041102.

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The importance of legume proteins in cholesterol metabolism has been recognised, but the hindgut contribution is still unclear. The present work was undertaken to address the role of the caecum–colon in cholesterol metabolism in intact (I) and ileo-rectal anastomosed (IRA) pigs fed with casein or extruded soyabean (ES) diets. Four groups of six growing pigs were assigned to the treatments (casein–I, casein–IRA, ES–I, ES–IRA) for 3 weeks. Plasma total cholesterol, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol were not modified by surgery or diet. In the liver, the ES diet significantly depressed non-esterified, esterified and total cholesterol. The treatments did not affect hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase or sterol 27-hydroxylase activities. In the gallbladder bile of ES-fed pigs, total cholesterol was depressed while total bile acid concentration was increased. IRA and the ES diet markedly decreased the biliary bile acid microbial metabolites (namely hyodeoxycholic acid) and increased the primary bile acids (mainly hyocholic acid). The concentration of bile hydrophobic acids was decreased only by the ES diet. Faecal neutral sterol output was increased in ES-fed pigs, but the bile acid and the sum of neutral and acidic steroid outputs were not. Microbial transformation of neutral and acidic steroids was markedly reduced by IRA, especially in the ES-fed pigs. Thus, surgery and ES modulated the steroid profile but the caecum–colon did not seem to play a crucial role in determining cholesterolaemia in pigs.

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Smith, G. R., L. M. Wallace i D. E. Noakes. "Experimental observations on the pathogenesis of necrobacillosis". Epidemiology and Infection 104, nr 1 (luty 1990): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800054546.

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SUMMARYEarlier studies showed that the minimum infective dose (>106 organisms) of a virulent strain of Fusobacterium necrophorum could be greatly reduced by suspending the fusobacteria in sub-lethal doses of cultures of other bacteria such as Escherichia coli before inoculating mice subcutaneously.In the present study the infective dose of the same strain of F. necrophorum was reduced by a factor of >103 by suspending the fusobacteria in sub-lethal doses of 5% homogenate of gaur or wallaby faeces. Sterile faecal filtrate had no such effect. The sites of low grade infection produced by the prior subcutaneous injection of E. coli culture or gaur faecal suspension were susceptible to superinfection by doses of F. necrophorum far below those required to infect normal tissue.This work helps to explain the production of necrobacillosis by the faecal contamination of small wounds. It proved impossible, however, to produce necrobacillosis in mice by the subcutaneous injection of faecal suspensions from 33 farm cattle. This suggests that the proportion of cattle with virulent F. necrophorum in their faeces is low.

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Stoops, M. A., L. Vollmer i T. L. Roth. "167 FAECAL STEROID ANALYSES FOR MONITORING REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION IN POLAR BEARS (URSUS MARITIMUS)". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, nr 1 (2009): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv21n1ab167.

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Although there has been only limited research on polar bears (Ursus maritimus), it is known that they are seasonal breeders that mate in early spring and experience delayed implantation in the fall, giving birth to cubs in early winter. A non-invasive method for monitoring reproductive function in polar bears would facilitate the management of captive and wild polar bears while expanding the physiological database on this species. Longitudinal faecal steroid analyses were conducted on a captive female polar bear (8 years old) to identify suitable enzyme immunoassay (EIA) techniques for monitoring reproduction. Faecal samples were collected over 23 months (July 2006 to June 2008). In January 2007, the female was introduced to an intact male (17 years old) for breeding. For the first 6 months of the study, faecal samples were collected weekly. However, prior to introducing the male, collection frequency was increased to thrice weekly. Animal keeper staff recorded behaviour daily. Steroid hormones were extracted from 0.1 g of lyophilized faeces by mechanically shaking samples overnight in 3 mL 90% v/v ethanol. Samples were centrifuged at 500g for 10 minutes and the supernatant stored at –20°C until assayed. Immunoreactive progesterone (P4), estrogen (E2), progesterone metabolite (PdG) and androgen metabolite concentrations were measured in the faecal samples. Due to the established reproductive seasonality of the species, differences in faecal steroid excretion between breeding (January to June) and non-breeding (July to December) seasons were examined with ANOVA. Values are presented as mean ± SEM dry mass faeces (dmf). Seasonal differences in faecal androgen and PdG excretion were significant (P < 0.05). Baseline androgen metabolite concentrations during the breeding season (124.7 ± 4.8 ng g–1 dmf) were higher (P < 0.05) than during the non-breeding season (105.6 ± 4.7 ng g–1 dmf). Peak androgen metabolite concentrations during the breeding season averaged 1108.8 ± 171.2 ng g–1 dmf and coincided with oestrus behaviour and mating. There was no correlation (P ≥ 0.05) between faecal androgen and E2 patterns. In addition, there were no increases in faecal E2 coinciding with mating behaviour or copulation. Therefore, E2 was deemed unsuitable for oestrous cycle monitoring. Faecal P4 and PdG results were significantly correlated (P < 0.05). Prior to breeding, PdG concentrations were 167.5 ± 22.5 ng g–1 dmf. After a March 2007 breeding, the faecal PdG profile appeared to demonstrate a luteal phase (282.5 ± 25.8 ng g–1 dmf) followed by a PdG spike in mid-October (coinciding with expected implantation) lasting approximately 60 days (1025.5 ± 142.6 ng g–1 dmf). Concentrations of PdG declined precipitously to baseline in early December, but cubs were never observed with the female in her den. These preliminary data suggest that non-invasive faecal steroid analyses can be used to monitor reproductive function in female polar bears.

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Höglund, C., T. A. Stenström, H. Jönsson i A. Sundin. "Evaluation of faecal contamination and microbial die-off in urine separating sewage systems". Water Science and Technology 38, nr 6 (1.09.1998): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0232.

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An important feature for recirculated products from a sewage system is that the risk for transmission of disease is low. In a urine source separating system faeces may contaminate the collected urine through the toilet. The concentrations of faecal indicator organisms were measured in 14 urine collection tanks. The survival of these and some pathogenic microorganisms in source separated human urine was studied. Total coliforms, E. coli and clostridia were found in low concentrations while faecal streptococci occurred in concentrations up to 105/ml urine solution. The results from phenotyping of faecal streptococci and the high counts indicate growth within the system. The majority of the pathogenic microorganisms investigated had a rapid die-off. A higher temperature, a low degree of dilution and a pH far from neutral had a negative effect on survival. E. coli had a rapid die-off and is not suitable for indicating faecal contamination of the collected urine. Quantification of faecal sterols is a possible alternative to microbial analysis for this purpose. The amounts of coprostanol showed that the faecal contamination varied from not detected to up to 13.3 mg/ml urine solution with a concentration in the urine sludge of up to 417.5 mg/kg.

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Mitry, Patricia, Nina Wawro, Sapna Sharma, Jennifer Kriebel, Anna Artati, Jerzy Adamski, Margit Heier i in. "Associations between usual food intake and faecal sterols and bile acids: results from the Cooperative Health Research in the Augsburg Region (KORA FF4) study". British Journal of Nutrition 122, nr 03 (11.06.2019): 309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451900103x.

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AbstractAnimal sterols, plant sterols and bile acids in stool samples have been suggested as biomarkers of dietary intake. It is still unknown whether they also reflect long-term habitual dietary intake and can be used in aetiological research. In a subgroup of the Cooperative Health Research in the Augsburg Region (KORA FF4) study, habitual dietary intake was estimated based on repeated 24-h food list and a FFQ. Stool samples were collected according to a standard operating procedure and those meeting the quality criteria were extracted and analysed by means of a metabolomics technique. The present study is based on data from 513 men and 495 women with a mean age of 60 and 58 years, respectively, for which faecal animal and plant sterols and bile acids concentrations and dietary intake data were available. In adjusted regression models, the associations between food intake and log-normalised metabolite concentrations were analysed. Bonferroni correction was used to account for multiple testing. In this population-based sample, associations between habitual dietary intake and faecal concentrations of animal sterols were identified, while the impact of usual diet on bile acids was limited. A habitual diet high in ‘fruits’ and ‘nuts and seeds’ is associated with lower animal faecal sterols concentrations, whereas a diet high in ‘meat and meat products’ is positively related to faecal concentrations of animal sterols. A positive association between glycocholate and fruit consumption was found. Further studies are necessary for evaluation of faecal animal sterols as biomarkers of diet. The findings need to be confirmed in other populations with diverse dietary habits.

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USMAN i AKIYOSHI HOSONO. "Hypocholesterolemic effect of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT0270 in rats fed a cholesterol-enriched diet". Journal of Dairy Research 68, nr 4 (listopad 2001): 617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029901005179.

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The effects of administration of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT0270 on serum lipids and bile acids, faecal bile acids and microflora were estimated in hypercholesterolemic rats. An effective dose of strain SBT0270 to exert its hypocholesterolemic effect was 109 viable cells/d. The dose of 109 cells/d did not affect the faecal coliform counts, but the number of faecal lactobacilli in rats fed this dose was significantly higher than that in the control group observed at the end of feeding period. Hypocholesterolemic effect of Lb. gasseri SBT0270 was attributed to its ability to suppress the reabsorption of bile acids into the enterohepatic circulation and to enhance the excretion of acidic steroids in faeces of hypercholesterolemic rats.

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SAHU, P., S. Kumar, S. Jain, N. Singh Mohil, P. Sahni, S. Pal, N. Ranjan Das i in. "P209 Prospective validation of faecal calprotectin as a predictor of steroid failure in patients with acute severe colitis". Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 14, Supplement_1 (styczeń 2020): S244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz203.338.

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Abstract Background Optimal outcomes in acute severe colitis (ASC) are related to time-bound management based upon an early prediction of response to intravenous (IV) corticosteroids. We have demonstrated good diagnostic accuracy of day 3 faecal calprotectin (FCP) in this setting. The present study intended to validate these findings in a different cohort. Methods This prospective cohort study included IV steroid naïve (for this episode) patients with ASC, satisfying Truelove and Witts’ criteria, hospitalised from September 2018 to August 2019. Patients were subjected to baseline sigmoidoscopy, day 1 and day 3 faecal calprotectin, baseline hemogram and biochemistry, and day 3 CRP. All patients received IV steroids after hospitalisation, and the primary outcome measure was steroid-failure defined as colectomy and/or rescue therapy with ciclosporin or infliximab during admission. Results Of 47 patients with ASC, eight were excluded (four received steroids outside, 2-directly taken for surgery/infliximab therapy, 1-toxic megacolon on day 1, 1-infectious colitis), 39 were finally included [mean age−36.08 ± 12.58 years, male (30.7%)]. Fifteen patients (38.5%) failed IV steroids and required rescue therapy (10 infliximab, 2 cyclosporine, four surgery). On univariate analysis, the factors significantly different between steroid responders and steroid failure included UCEIS >6 at baseline, Day 1 and Day 3 FCP, day 5 stool frequency, day 5 ESR and CRP, and oxford criteria (Figure 1). On multivariate analysis, only D3 FCP, UCEIS at baseline and Oxford criteria were significant predictors of steroid failure. Like the previous study, on ROC curve analysis, the day 3 FCP had similar diagnostic accuracy [AUC-0.86(0.75–0.98), and 1120.61 μg/g as a cut-off could predict steroid failure with 87% sensitivity and 79% specificity. Similarly, a combination of baseline UCEIS>6 and day 3 FCP>1120.61 μg/g had 100% specificity and positive predictive value for steroid failure. Conclusion FCP retained its value as an objective predictor of steroid failure in ASC.

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Reeves, A. D., i D. Patton. "Faecal sterols as indicators of sewage contamination in estuarine sediments of the Tay Estuary, Scotland: an extended baseline survey". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 9, nr 1/2 (16.06.2005): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-9-81-2005.

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Abstract. Sterol ratios are used to identify sources, occurrence and partitioning of faecal matter in sediments of the Tay Estuary, Scotland. The 5β/(5α+5β) ratio is used to discriminate between sewage and biogenic sterol sources by comparing the concentrations of coprostanols to cholesterol plus coprostanols. This index shows unambiguous sewage pollution in the Invergowrie Bay area (values >0.7). The coprostanol/epicoprostanol index is used to differentiate between human and non-human faecal inputs. Ratios confirmed the primary source as human-derived faecal material. The coprostanol/cholesterol ratio was calculated in order to elucidate the contribution of different biogenic sources to the sedimentary sterol budget. Ratios of >1 clearly indicate faecal sterol sources. Invergowrie Bay displayed no sterol signature other than sewage. A biogenic source of cholesterol influenced total sterol concentrations upstream of the City of Dundee. Attention is directed to the potential role of density fronts in compartmentalization of faecal material in bottom sediments.

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Gilpin, B. J., J. E. Gregor i M. G. Savill. "Identification of the source of faecal pollution in contaminated rivers". Water Science and Technology 46, nr 3 (1.08.2002): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0043.

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Identifying the source of faecal pollution is important to enable appropriate management of faecal pollution of water. Four independent assays for faecal source discrimination have been developed and implemented in our lab. These assays detect fluorescent whitening agents, faecal sterols, Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Rhodococcus coprophilus. The combination of these indicators is able to identify human derived faecal pollution in rivers containing inputs from septic tanks, municipal oxidation ponds, farmed animals and feral animals.

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Hargan, Kathryn E., Emily M. Stewart, Neal Michelutti, Christopher Grooms, Linda E. Kimpe, Mark L. Mallory, John P. Smol i Jules M. Blais. "Sterols and stanols as novel tracers of waterbird population dynamics in freshwater ponds". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, nr 1877 (25.04.2018): 20180631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0631.

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With the expansion of urban centres in the mid-twentieth century and the post-1970 decrease in pesticides, populations of double-crested cormorants ( Phalacrocorax auritus ) and ring-billed gulls ( Larus delawarensis ) around Lake Ontario (Canada and USA) have rapidly rebounded, possibly to unprecedented numbers. Along with the use of traditional palaeolimnological methods (e.g. stable isotopes, biological proxies), we now have the capacity to develop specific markers for directly tracking the presence of waterbirds on nesting islands. Here, we apply the use of lipophilic sterols and stanols from both plant and animal-faecal origins as a reliable technique, independent of traditional isotopic methods, for pinpointing waterbird arrival and population growth over decadal timescales. Sterol and stanol concentrations measured in the guano samples of waterbird species were highly variable within a species and between the three species of waterbirds examined. However, cholesterol was the dominant sterol in guano, and phytosterols were also high in ring-billed gull guano. This variability highlights a specialist piscivorous diet for cormorants compared to a generalist, omnivorous diet for gulls, which may now often include grain and invertebrates from agricultural fields. A ratio that includes cholesterol and sitosterol plus their aerobically reduced products (cholestanol, stigmastanol) best explained the present range of bird abundance across the islands and was significantly correlated to sedimentary δ 15 N. Overall, we demonstrate the use of sterols and stanols as a direct means for tracking the spatial and temporal presence of waterbirds on islands across Lake Ontario, and probably elsewhere.

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Shah, Vikaskumar G., R. Hugh Dunstan, Phillip M. Geary, Peter Coombes, Timothy K. Roberts i Ellak Von Nagy-Felsobuki. "Evaluating potential applications of faecal sterols in distinguishing sources of faecal contamination from mixed faecal samples". Water Research 41, nr 16 (sierpień 2007): 3691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.04.006.

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GILLI, G., R. ROVERE, D. TRAVERSI, T. SCHILIRO i C. PIGNATA. "Faecal sterols determination in wastewater and surface water". Journal of Chromatography B 843, nr 1 (20.10.2006): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.05.022.

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Hakala, K., M. Vuoristo, P. Luukkonen, H. J. Järvinen i T. A. Miettinen. "Impaired absorption of cholesterol and bile acids in patients with an ileoanal anastomosis". Gut 41, nr 6 (1.12.1997): 771–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.41.6.771.

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Background—No data exist on cholesterol absorption in patients with an ileoanal anastomosis (IAA).Aims—To study cholesterol absorption and its effects on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in patients with an IAA.Patients and methods—Cholesterol absorption, and serum, biliary, and faecal lipids were studied in 24 patients with an IAA and 20 controls.Results—Fractional cholesterol absorption was significantly lower in the patients (36% versus 47% in controls). Surprisingly, the calculated intestinal influx of endogenous cholesterol was reduced so that the absolute absorption of cholesterol was decreased; elimination of cholesterol as faecal neutral steroids remained normal. Thus, the slightly increased cholesterol synthesis was mainly due to increased faecal bile acid excretion, which, in turn, was associated with reduced absorption and biliary secretion of bile acids. Serum total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and LDL triglycerides were lower in the patients. Molar percentage and saturation index of biliary cholesterol were slightly higher in patients with an IAA. Proportions of secondary bile acids in bile and faeces were diminished, and faecal unidentified bile acids were higher in patients.Conclusions—Cholesterol absorption is significantly impaired in patients with an IAA, and is closely related to changes in serum and biliary lipids observed in these patients.

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Florini, Styliano, Esmaeil Shahsavari, Arturo Aburto-Medina, Leadin S. Khudur, Stephen M. Mudge, David J. Smith i Andrew S. Ball. "Are Sterols Useful for the Identification of Sources of Faecal Contamination in Shellfish? A Case Study". Water 12, nr 11 (2.11.2020): 3076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113076.

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This work aimed to identify the major source(s) of faecal pollution impacting Salcott Creek oyster fisheries in the UK through the examination of the sterol profiles. The concentration of the major sewage biomarker, coprostanol, in water overlying the oysters varied between 0.01 µg L−1 and 1.20 µg L−1. The coprostanol/epicoprostanol ratio ranged from 1.32 (September) to 33.25 (February), suggesting that human sewage represents the key input of faecal material into the estuary. However, a correlation between the sterol profile of water above the oysters with that of water that enters from Tiptree Sewage Treatment Works (r = 0.82), and a sample from a site (Quinces Corner) observed to have a high population of Brent geese (r = 0.82), suggests that both sources contribute to the faecal pollution affecting the oysters. In identifying these key faecal inputs, sterol profiling has allowed targeted management practices to be employed to ensure that oyster quality is optimised.

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Resende, Michele F., Mellina D. R. Santos, Renato C. Matos i Maria A. C. Matos. "The analysis of faecal sterols in sediment samples by HPLC-UV using ultrasound-assisted treatment". Anal. Methods 6, nr 24 (2014): 9581–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ay01964d.

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Nagaoka, Satoshi, Hitoshi Miyazaki, Yoritaka Aoyama i Akira Yoshida. "Effects of dietary polychlorinated biphenyls on cholesterol catabolism in rats". British Journal of Nutrition 64, nr 1 (lipiec 1990): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19900018.

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Dietary polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) caused hypercholesterolaemia in rats. The concentration and output of biliary cholesterol was significantly lower than that of the control group. Biliary output of total bile acids was significantly decreased in rats given the PCB-supplemented diet. Faecal excretion of total steroids (sum of neutral steroids and acidic steroids) was not significantly changed in rats given the PCB-supplemented diet. The present results indicate that dietary PCBs cause hypercholesterolaemia without modifying the faecal total steroids excretion. These results suggest that PCBs produce hyper-cholesterolaemia accompanied by changes in biliary or faecal excretion of bile acids and neutral steroids in addition to an increase in hepatic cholesterol synthesis.

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35

Owen, R. W. "Faecal Steroids and Colorectal Carcinogenesis". Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 32, sup222 (styczeń 1997): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00365521.1997.11720725.

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Owen, R. W., D. W. Day i M. H. Thompson. "Faecal steroids and colorectal cancer". European Journal of Cancer Prevention 1, nr 2 (luty 1992): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008469-199202000-00003.

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37

Fadden, K., i R. W. Owen. "Faecal steroids and colorectal cancer". European Journal of Cancer Prevention 1, nr 2 (luty 1992): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008469-199202000-00004.

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Kingman, Susan M., Ann F. Walker, A. G. Low, I. E. Sambrook, R. W. Owen i T. J. Cole. "Comparative effects of four legume species on plasma lipids and faecal steroid excretion in hypercholesterolaemic pigs". British Journal of Nutrition 69, nr 2 (marzec 1993): 409–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19930043.

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The effect of four species of legume seeds on plasma cholesterol levels and faecal steroid excretion was studied in pigs. Thirty-six growing boars were randomly allocated in groups of six to six diets which they ate continuously for 42 d. The diets fed were: 1, a semi-purified (SP; control group 1) diet; 2, SP 10 g cholesterol/kg (control group 2); 3, 4, 5, 6, SP + cooked legumes (70:30, w/w; respectively baked beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), peas (Pisum sativum), lentils (Lens culinaris Medik.), butter beans (Phaseolus lunatus)) + 10 g cholesterol/kg. Fasting blood samples were taken on days 0, 14, 28, and 42 for the determination of total plasma cholesterol, high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and triacylglycerols. Between days 7 and 11 and days 28 and 32 complete 5 d faecal collections were made for the measurement of neutral, acidic and conjugated steroids. After 42 d total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels were raised significantly in all groups, but to different extents. In comparison with control group 2, diet-induced hypercholesterolaemia was significantly inhibited in the groups consuming baked beans, peas and butter beans, although HDL-cholesterol levels were maintained. Faecal steroid excretion by the legume groups was not significantly different from that of control group 2. The results suggest that the mechanism for the hypocholesterolaemic effect does not involve increased hepatic bile acid synthesis and thereby increased cholesterol clearance via the intestinal route.

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Saim, Norashikin, Rozita Osman, Dayang Ratena Sari Abg Spian, Mohd Zuli Jaafar, Hafizan Juahir, Md Pauzi Abdullah i Fuzziawati Ab Ghani. "Chemometric approach to validating faecal sterols as source tracer for faecal contamination in water". Water Research 43, nr 20 (grudzień 2009): 5023–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.08.052.

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40

Schönning, Caroline, Rhys Leeming i Thor Axel Stenström. "Faecal contamination of source-separated human urine based on the content of faecal sterols". Water Research 36, nr 8 (kwiecień 2002): 1965–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00427-4.

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41

Leeming, R., A. Ball, N. Ashbolt i P. Nichols. "Using faecal sterols from humans and animals to distinguish faecal pollution in receiving waters". Water Research 30, nr 12 (grudzień 1996): 2893–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(96)00011-5.

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Ball, Andrew S., Esmaeil Shahsavari, Leadin S. Khudur, Arturo Aburto-Medina i David J. Smith. "Factors Affecting Shellfish Quality in Terms of Faecal Contamination at Blakeney Point, East Anglia, UK". Water 13, nr 22 (11.11.2021): 3192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13223192.

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Relatively high E. coli and Faecal Streptococci (FS) numbers have been reported in the waters surrounding Blakeney Point, East Anglia, UK, an area containing significant shellfishery industries including mussels and cockles, despite the implementation of development works aimed at reducing residual contamination problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of using bacterial analyses and sterol profiling to assess the current levels and source of faecal pollution at Blakeney Point. No evidence of significant human faecal contamination of water in and around Blakeney Point could be found using either traditional microbiological analyses or sterol profile analysis. The presence of significant quantities of sitosterol, however, suggests that faecal contamination of water from birds does occur but at the concentration detected would not affect water quality. Analysis of cockles and mussels taken from the area show that negligible levels of coprostanol were present, confirming that faecal pollution was not causing any contamination issues. Apart from cholesterol, brassicasterol, an algal biomarker, as expected was dominant in shellfish flesh. The results confirm that current water treatment processes are successful in ensuring water quality at Blakeney Point and that a combination of microbial testing with sterol profile analysis confirmed that low microbial concentrations of faecal contaminants present in and around Blakeney Point most probably originate from migratory and/or resident bird species.

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Gilpin, B., T. James, F. Nourozi, D. Saunders, P. Scholes i M. Savill. "The use of chemical and molecular microbial indicators for faecal source identification". Water Science and Technology 47, nr 3 (1.02.2003): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0155.

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Identifying the source of faecal pollution is important to enable appropriate management of faecal pollution of water. We are developing and evaluating a combination of these microbial and chemical indicators better able to identify the source of faecal pollution. These assays make use of a combination of direct PCR, culturing, and colony hybridisation to identify source specific species of Bifidobacterium, Rhodococcus and Bacteroides. In conjunction with assays for (a) fluorescent whitening agents and (b) faecal sterols and stanols, these indicators were able to identify human derived faecal pollution in river water containing inputs from septic tanks, municipal oxidation ponds, farmed animals and feral animals. Differentiating amongst the animal sources was more difficult and will require development of molecular assays for organisms specific to each animal group.

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Vanhanen, H. T., J. Kajander, H. Lehtovirta i T. A. Miettinen. "Serum Levels, Absorption Efficiency, Faecal Elimination and Synthesis of Cholesterol during Increasing Doses of Dietary Sitostanol Esters in Hypercholesterolaemic Subjects". Clinical Science 87, nr 1 (1.07.1994): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0870061.

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1. Serum cholesterol reduction and changes in cholesterol metabolism were studied during rapeseed oil feeding without and with increasing amounts of sitostanol trans-esterified with rapeseed oil fatty acids and dissolved in rapeseed oil mayonnaise. Fifteen mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects replaced 50 g of their usual dietary fat by 50 g of rapeseed oil fat mayonnaise for 6 weeks followed by randomization so that eight subjects continued on rapeseed oil mayonnaise alone (control group) for 15 weeks and seven on rapeseed oil mayonnaise with a small dose of sitostanol ester (800 mg/day of sitostanol) for 9 weeks followed by 6 weeks with higher dose of sitostanol ester (2000 mg/day of sitostanol). 2. During the rapeseed oil period the reduction in serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was 14% from the home diet. The control-adjusted reduction by the low sitostanol ester dose was 7.4% (not significant) and by the higher dose it was 15.7%. 3. The low dose of sitostanol ester had no consistent effect on cholesterol precursors or cholestanol in serum, reduced serum levels of campesterol and sitosterol by 28.2% and 23.6%, respectively, and reduced cholesterol absorption efficiency significantly from 28.7% to 23.4%. In accordance, faecal excretion of neutral and particularly endogenous neutral sterols increased (16.7% and 19.7%, respectively), but faecal cholesterol elimination and cholesterol synthesis were only insignificantly increased. 4. During the high dose of sitostanol ester the high-density lipoprotein- to low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio increased. Serum levels of cholesterol precursor sterols, indicators of cholesterol synthesis, increased up to 12%, whereas those of cholestanol were slightly decreased and those of campesterol and sitosterol values were further reduced by 30% and 25.6%, respectively. 5. Associations of serum plant sterols and cholesterol precursors with cholesterol absorption efficiency and synthesis and the sitostanol-ester-induced changes in serum campesterol and lathosterol proportions with those in serum low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol suggest that reduced cholesterol absorption efficiency was the main reason for cholesterol reduction and that there was a compensatory increase in cholesterol synthesis. 6. The findings indicate that sitostanol ester dissolved in dietary fat is apparently unabsorbable and interferes with sterol absorption so that the serum levels of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol are reduced to the extent that sitostanol ester-fat mixture in reasonable daily amounts can be recommended to replace dietary fat for lowering of serum cholesterol.

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Scheun, Juan, Dominique Greeff i Andre Ganswindt. "Non-invasive monitoring of glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in urine and faeces of the Sungazer (Smaug giganteus)". PeerJ 6 (21.12.2018): e6132. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6132.

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Developing non-invasive techniques for monitoring physiological stress responses has been conducted in a number of mammal and bird species, revolutionizing field-based endocrinology and conservation practices. However, studies validating and monitoring glucocorticoid concentrations in reptiles are still limited. The aim of the study was to validate a method for monitoring glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in urine (uGCM) and faeces (fGCM) of the cordylid lizard, the Sungazer (Smaug giganteus). An adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge was conducted on one male and two females with both urine and faecal material being collected during baseline and post-injection periods. Steroid extracts were analysed with four enzyme immunoassays (EIAs)namely: 11-oxoaetiocholanolone, 5α-pregnane-3β-11β-21-triol-20-one, tetrahydrocorticosterone, and corticosterone. A considerable response in fGCM and uGCM concentrations following ACTH administration was observed in all subjects, with the 5α-pregnane-3β-11β-21-triol-20-one and tetrahydrocorticosterone EIAs appearing to be the most suited for monitoring alterations in glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in S. giganteus using faeces or urine as hormone matrix. Both EIAs showed a significantly higher concentration of glucocorticoid metabolites in faeces compared to urine for both sexes. Collectively, the findings of this study confirmed that both urine and faeces can be used to non-invasively assess adrenocortical function in S. giganteus.

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Roser, D., N. Ashbolt, M. Storey, R. Leeming, P. Scott, R. Bennetts, D. Ryken-Rapp i S. Toze. "Application of physico-chemical parameters and particle-bound biomarkers to indicate microbial contamination of aquifers". Water Supply 2, nr 5-6 (1.12.2002): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0199.

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Reliance on coliform monitoring of ground waters is slowly changing as is reflected in the proposed US EPA Ground Water Rule. In line with this we have investigated the use of an expanded range of faecal indicators and potential surrogate analytes within the Gwelup and Jandakot borefields in Perth, Western Australia. The aims of the study included comparing contamination in bores and surface waters in vulnerable locations, quantifying aquifer removal of microorganisms, trialing novel biochemical pollution indicators such as faecal sterols, assessing Escherichia coli as a measure of groundwater contamination and generating data for risk assessments. Sampling was undertaken of nine production bores, nine monitoring bores and four surface waters for 32 parameters comprising seven microbial indicators, 12 physico-chemical parameters and 13 biomarkers (including 8 faecal sterols and caffeine) at sampling stations potentially impacted by urban development. Concentrations of microbial indicators and biomarkers followed the pattern: basins >> monitoring bores >> production bores. Only one production bore sample contained bacterial indicators (0.1 enterococci.100 mL-1 on 1 occasion). Of the faecal biomarkers, coprostanol was generally at background levels. Cholesterol appeared to be a more sensitive measure of infiltration, but was also effectively removed. E. coli appeared to be a less sensitive indicator than enterococci. None of the physico-chemical parameters were useful surrogates. Overall apparent faecal microbial removal by aquifer filtration averaged >4-5 logs (not accounting for viruses). To maximise warning time and assay sensitivity it is suggested that enterococci be considered as the key bacterial indicator rather than E. coli and that different combinations of indicators and biomarkers be used to identify aquifer locations at risk, the presence of significant faecal material, and the likely presence of pathogens.

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Pigneur, Bénédicte, Patricia Lepage, Stanislas Mondot, Jacques Schmitz, Olivier Goulet, Joël Doré i Frank M. Ruemmele. "Mucosal Healing and Bacterial Composition in Response to Enteral Nutrition Vs Steroid-based Induction Therapy—A Randomised Prospective Clinical Trial in Children With Crohn’s Disease". Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 13, nr 7 (12.12.2018): 846–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy207.

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AbstractAimsExclusive enteral nutrition [EEN] is as efficacious as corticosteroids [CS] to induce remission in Crohn’s disease [CD], without their adverse effects. EEN seems to be more efficient than steroids to induce mucosal healing, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are only sparsely understood. We aimed in the present work to study the anti-inflammatory effects of EEN with Modulen IBD® vs CS in active paediatric CD, and to assess its modulatory effects on the intestinal microbiota as compared with steroids.Materials and MethodsNineteen patients with new-onset active CD (Harvey-Bradshaw index [HBI] >5), aged from 6 to 17 years, were included in this prospective randomised induction trial with CS [n = 6] or EEN [n = 13]. Patients were assessed at Weeks 0 and 8 using clinical parameters HBI, endoscopic findings (Crohn’s Disease Endoscopic Index of Severity [CDEIS] score) and analysis of faecal microbiota composition.ResultsAt 8 weeks, clinical remission [HBI <5] was achieved in 13/13 patients on EEN and 5/6 patients on steroids; the mucosal healing rate was significantly higher in the EEN [89%] compared with steroid group [17%]. There were no significant differences between groups regarding biological markers, but the intestinal microbiota profiles shifted upon EEN-induced remission to a higher proportion of Ruminococcus bacteria compared with steroid-induced remission [p = 0.049], and with higher proportions of bacteria belonging to Clostridium in EEN-treated patients.ConclusionsBoth steroid and EEN induced clinical remission. However, patients with EEN-induced remission showed a higher rate of mucosal healing and this was associated with a different gut microbiota compositional shift in these children.

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OWEN, R. W., i M. J. HILL. "Faecal steroids and colo-rectal cancer: faecal bile acids of Greenland Eskimos". Biochemical Society Transactions 13, nr 6 (1.12.1985): 1250–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0131250.

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Thomas Yeung, Chi Hang, Lin Yang, Yu Huang, Jun Wang i Zhen-Yu Chen. "Dietary conjugated linoleic acid mixture affects the activity of intestinal acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase in hamsters". British Journal of Nutrition 84, nr 6 (grudzień 2000): 935–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500002579.

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The present study was designed to study the mechanisms by which dietary conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) decrease serum cholesterol. Hamsters were fed a semi-synthetic diet containing 1 g cholesterol/kg diet with or without supplementation with 20 g linoleic acid (LA) and 20 g CLA/kg diet. After 8 weeks, serum fasting total cholesterol (TC) and triacylglycerol (TG) were significantly lower in the LA-supplemented and CLA-supplemented groups compared with those of the control (CTL) hamsters. In contrast to LA, CLA significantly lowered hepatic cholesterol but it increased the level of adipose tissue cholesterol, suggesting that the hypocholesterolaemic mechanism of CLA is different from that of LA. CLA decreased the activity of intestinal acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) whereas LA had no effect on this enzyme. Consequently, CLA supplementation increased the faecal excretion of total neutral sterols, but it had no or little effect on the faecal acidic sterols. If the ACAT is associated with cholesterol absorption, the part of mechanisms by which CLA decreases serum cholesterol may involve down-regulation of intestinal ACAT activity.

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HENLY, PAUL J., ROBERT W. OWEN, R. JOHN NICHOLLS i MICHAEL J. HILL. "Faecal steroid profiles in ileal reservoir patients". Biochemical Society Transactions 15, nr 3 (1.06.1987): 407–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0150407.

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