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Abdelaziz, Ahmed G., Hassan Nageh, Sara M. Abdo, Mohga S. Abdalla, Asmaa A. Amer, Abdalla Abdal-hay i Ahmed Barhoum. "A Review of 3D Polymeric Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Principles, Fabrication Techniques, Immunomodulatory Roles, and Challenges". Bioengineering 10, nr 2 (3.02.2023): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10020204.
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Over the last few years, biopolymers have attracted great interest in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to the great diversity of their chemical, mechanical, and physical properties for the fabrication of 3D scaffolds. This review is devoted to recent advances in synthetic and natural polymeric 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (BTE) and regenerative therapies. The review comprehensively discusses the implications of biological macromolecules, structure, and composition of polymeric scaffolds used in BTE. Various approaches to fabricating 3D BTE scaffolds are discussed, including solvent casting and particle leaching, freeze-drying, thermally induced phase separation, gas foaming, electrospinning, and sol–gel techniques. Rapid prototyping technologies such as stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, and 3D bioprinting are also covered. The immunomodulatory roles of polymeric scaffolds utilized for BTE applications are discussed. In addition, the features and challenges of 3D polymer scaffolds fabricated using advanced additive manufacturing technologies (rapid prototyping) are addressed and compared to conventional subtractive manufacturing techniques. Finally, the challenges of applying scaffold-based BTE treatments in practice are discussed in-depth.
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Kotrotsos, Athanasios, Prokopis Yiallouros i Vassilis Kostopoulos. "Fabrication and Characterization of Polylactic Acid Electrospun Scaffolds Modified with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles". Biomimetics 5, nr 3 (2.09.2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics5030043.
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The solution electrospinning process (SEP) is a cost-effective technique in which a wide range of polymeric materials can be electrospun. Electrospun materials can also be easily modified during the solution preparation process (prior SEP). Based on this, the aim of the current work is the fabrication and nanomodification of scaffolds using SEP, and the investigation of their porosity and physical and mechanical properties. In this study, polylactic acid (PLA) was selected for scaffold fabrication, and further modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanoparticles. After fabrication, porosity calculation and physical and mechanical characterization for all scaffold types were conducted. More precisely, the morphology of the fibers (in terms of fiber diameter), the surface properties (in terms of contact angle) and the mechanical properties under the tensile mode of the fabricated scaffolds have been investigated and further compared against pristine PLA scaffolds (without nanofillers). Finally, the scaffold with the optimal properties was proposed as the candidate material for potential future cell culturing.
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Dhandayuthapani, Brahatheeswaran, Yasuhiko Yoshida, Toru Maekawa i D. Sakthi Kumar. "Polymeric Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering Application: A Review". International Journal of Polymer Science 2011 (2011): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/290602.
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Current strategies of regenerative medicine are focused on the restoration of pathologically altered tissue architectures by transplantation of cells in combination with supportive scaffolds and biomolecules. In recent years, considerable interest has been given to biologically active scaffolds which are based on similar analogs of the extracellular matrix that have induced synthesis of tissues and organs. To restore function or regenerate tissue, a scaffold is necessary that will act as a temporary matrix for cell proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition, with subsequent ingrowth until the tissues are totally restored or regenerated. Scaffolds have been used for tissue engineering such as bone, cartilage, ligament, skin, vascular tissues, neural tissues, and skeletal muscle and as vehicle for the controlled delivery of drugs, proteins, and DNA. Various technologies come together to construct porous scaffolds to regenerate the tissues/organs and also for controlled and targeted release of bioactive agents in tissue engineering applications. In this paper, an overview of the different types of scaffolds with their material properties is discussed. The fabrication technologies for tissue engineering scaffolds, including the basic and conventional techniques to the more recent ones, are tabulated.
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Tan, K. H., C. K. Chua, K. F. Leong, M. W. Naing i C. M. Cheah. "Fabrication and characterization of three-dimensional poly(ether-ether-ketone)/-hydroxyapatite biocomposite scaffolds using laser sintering". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 219, nr 3 (1.03.2005): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095441105x9345.
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The ability to have precise control over porosity, scaffold shape, and internal pore architecture is critical in tissue engineering. For anchorage-dependent cells, the presence of three-dimensional scaffolds with interconnected pore networks is crucial to aid in the proliferation and reorganization of cells. This research explored the potential of rapid prototyping techniques such as selective laser sintering to fabricate solvent-free porous composite polymeric scaffolds comprising of different blends of poly(ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) and hydroxyapatite (HA). The architecture of the scaffolds was created with a scaffold library of cellular units and a corresponding algorithm to generate the structure. Test specimens were produced and characterized by varying the weight percentage, starting with 10 wt% HA to 40 wt% HA, of physically mixed PEEK-HA powder blends. Characterization analyses including porosity, microstructure, composition of the scaffolds, bioactivity, and in vitro cell viability of the scaffolds were conducted. The results obtained showed a promising approach in fabricating scaffolds which can produce controlled microarchitecture and higher consistency.
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Wang, Pei-Jiang, Nicola Ferralis, Claire Conway, Jeffrey C. Grossman i Elazer R. Edelman. "Strain-induced accelerated asymmetric spatial degradation of polymeric vascular scaffolds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, nr 11 (26.02.2018): 2640–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716420115.
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Polymer-based bioresorbable scaffolds (BRS) seek to eliminate long-term complications of metal stents. However, current BRS designs bear substantially higher incidence of clinical failures, especially thrombosis, compared with metal stents. Research strategies inherited from metal stents fail to consider polymer microstructures and dynamics––issues critical to BRS. Using Raman spectroscopy, we demonstrate microstructural heterogeneities within polymeric scaffolds arising from integrated strain during fabrication and implantation. Stress generated from crimping and inflation causes loss of structural integrity even before chemical degradation, and the induced differences in crystallinity and polymer alignment across scaffolds lead to faster degradation in scaffold cores than on the surface, which further enlarge localized deformation. We postulate that these structural irregularities and asymmetric material degradation present a response to strain and thereby clinical performance different from metal stents. Unlike metal stents which stay patent and intact until catastrophic fracture, BRS exhibit loss of structural integrity almost immediately upon crimping and expansion. Irregularities in microstructure amplify these effects and can have profound clinical implications. Therefore, polymer microstructure should be considered in earliest design stages of resorbable devices, and fabrication processes must be well-designed with microscopic perspective.
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Ito, Masashi, i Masami Okamoto. "Structure and properties of 3D resorbable scaffolds based on poly(L-lactide) via salt-leaching combined with phase separation". International Journal of Hydrology 7, nr 2 (10.05.2023): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijh.2023.07.00341.
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In tissue engineering, polymer-based scaffolds play an important role via cell adhesion, proliferation, and tissue regeneration in three-dimensional (3D) structures, exhibiting great potential in a variety of tissues. For fabrication of scaffolds, the particulate-leaching method and thermally-induced phase separation (TIPS) are popular procedures. However, a complete interconnectivity of the porous structure has not been ensured. We have prepared PLLA-based 3D scaffolds with high porosity by the combination of TIPS with NaCl salt-leaching technique. Interconnectivity and cellular infiltration were improved by humidity treatment in the preparation of the scaffolds. By optimization of the parameters of scaffold pore morphologies and cellular penetration, potent 3D resorbable polymeric scaffolds using combinatory method was demonstrated.
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Bikuna-Izagirre, Maria, Javier Aldazabal i Jacobo Paredes. "Gelatin Blends Enhance Performance of Electrospun Polymeric Scaffolds in Comparison to Coating Protocols". Polymers 14, nr 7 (24.03.2022): 1311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14071311.
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The electrospinning of hybrid polymers is a versatile fabrication technique which takes advantage of the biological properties of natural polymers and the mechanical properties of synthetic polymers. However, the literature is scarce when it comes to comparisons of blends regarding coatings and the improvements offered thereby in terms of cellular performance. To address this, in the present study, nanofibrous electrospun scaffolds of polycaprolactone (PCL), their coating and their blend with gelatin were compared. The morphology of nanofibrous scaffolds was analyzed under field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), indicating the influence of the presence of gelatin. The scaffolds were mechanically tested with tensile tests; PCL and PCL gelatin coated scaffolds showed higher elastic moduli than PCL/gelatin meshes. Viability of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) was evaluated by MTT assay, and cell proliferation on the scaffold was confirmed by fluorescence staining. The positive results of the MTT assay and cell growth indicated that the scaffolds of PCL/gelatin excelled in comparison to other scaffolds, and may serve as good candidates for tissue engineering applications.
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Scaffaro, Roberto, Francesco Lopresti, Andrea Maio, Fiorenza Sutera i Luigi Botta. "Development of Polymeric Functionally Graded Scaffolds: A Brief Review". Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials 15, nr 2 (16.12.2016): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/jabfm.5000332.
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Over recent years, there has been a growing interest in multilayer scaffolds fabrication approaches. In fact, functionally graded scaffolds (FGSs) provide biological and mechanical functions potentially similar to those of native tissues. Based on the final application of the scaffold, there are different properties (physical, mechanical, biochemical, etc.) which need to gradually change in space. Therefore, a number of different technologies have been investigated, and often combined, to customize each region of the scaffolds as much as possible, aiming at achieving the best regenerative performance. In general, FGSs can be categorized as bilayered or multilayered, depending on the number of layers in the whole structure. In other cases, scaffolds are characterized by a continuous gradient of 1 or more specific properties that cannot be related to the presence of clearly distinguished layers. Since each traditional approach presents peculiar advantages and disadvantages, FGSs are good candidates to overcome the limitations of current treatment options. In contrast to the reviews reported in the literature, which usually focus on the application of FGS, this brief review provides an overview of the most common strategies adopted to prepare FGS.
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Ratheesh, Greeshma, Jayarama Reddy Venugopal, Amutha Chinappan, Hariharan Ezhilarasu, Asif Sadiq i Seeram Ramakrishna. "3D Fabrication of Polymeric Scaffolds for Regenerative Therapy". ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering 3, nr 7 (5.01.2017): 1175–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00370.
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Li, Jia Shen, Yi Li, Lin Li, Arthur F. T. Mak, Frank Ko i Ling Qin. "Fabrication of Poly(L-Latic Acid) Scaffolds with Wool Keratin for Osteoblast Cultivation". Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (czerwiec 2008): 845–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.845.
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As a natural protein, wool keratin was used to improve the cell affinity of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA). Small keratin particles were prepared from keratin solution by the spray-drying process. Keratin particles were blended with PLLA/1,4 dioxane solution and paraffin micro-spheres which were used as progens. After the mixture was molded and dried, the paraffin micro-spheres were removed by cyclohexane. PLLA/keratin scaffolds with controlled pore size and well interconnectivity were fabricated. Keratin releasing rate was detected by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) after the scaffold was immersed into PBS up to 4 weeks. The surface chemical structure was examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS). The results suggested that the keratin could be held into the scaffold which was expected to improve the interactions between osteoblasts and the polymeric scaffolds.
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Liu, Tianqi, Bo Yang, Wenqing Tian, Xianglin Zhang i Bin Wu. "Cryogenic Coaxial Printing for 3D Shell/Core Tissue Engineering Scaffold with Polymeric Shell and Drug-Loaded Core". Polymers 14, nr 9 (22.04.2022): 1722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14091722.
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For decades, coaxial printing has been widely applied in 3D tissue engineering scaffold fabrication. However, there are few reports regarding polymeric materials application in shell production due to fabrication constraints. In this study, a combination of cryogenic printing and coaxial printing aims to approach the challenge. Polycaprolactone (PCL) and sodium alginate (SA) were selected as the representative shell and core materials to test the feasibility of the coaxial cryogenic printing by optimizing key parameters, including working temperature, air pressure, PCL, and SA concentration. According to the optical and SEM images, the SA core contracts a string inside the PCL shell, illustrating the shell/core structure of the 3D coaxial PCL/SA scaffolds. Besides, the shell/core 3D scaffold possesses a 38.39 MPa Young’s modulus in mechanical tests; the PCL shell could retain at least 8 h in 5 mol/L HCl solution, leading to a fabricated drug-loaded PCL/SA shell/core “responsive” to acidic pH. In summary, coaxial cryogenic printing was developed to fabricate 3D scaffolds with a PCL/SA shell/core scaffold, broadening the material range of coaxial printing and providing promising applications in drug release.
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Lari, Alireza, Naznin Sultana i Chin Fhong Soon. "Biocomposites conductive scaffold based on PEDOT:PSS/nHA/chitosan/PCL: Fabrication and characterization". Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 15, nr 2 (16.04.2019): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v15n2.1201.
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Biomaterial-based scaffolds with suitable characteristics are highly desired in tissue engineering (TE) application. Biocomposites based on polymer and ceramics increase the chance for modulating the properties of scaffold. In recent years, researchers have considered conductive polymers to be used in TE application, due to their conductivity. This property has a good impact on tissue regeneration. A suitable design for bone substitute that consists of considerations such as material component, fabrication technique and mechanical properties. The previous studies on PEDOT:PSS/nHA/CS showed high wettability rate but low mechanical properties. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer with a low wettability. The incorporation of PCL inside biocomposite can lead to the decrement in wettability and increment in mechanical property. In addition, this paper would examine the feasibility of blending of PCL and chitosan to fabricate PEDOT:PSS/nHA/CS composite scaffold. The fabrication technique of freezing/ lyophilization was used in this study. The scaffolds were characterized morphologically using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Wettability was studied using a contact angle instrument. The attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) spectra interpreted the presence of polymeric ingredients within composite scaffold. Conductivity of the scaffolds was measured using a Digital Multimeter. In-vitro biological evaluation of the scaffolds was studied using human skin Fibroblast (HSF) cell line. The morphological study of biocomposite PEDOT:PSS/nHA/CS/PCL scaffold revealed random pore sizes and 66% porosity. Contact angle of the scaffold was increased and the swelling property and pore sizes were decreased after blending of PCL polymer. The viability of HSF cells on biocomposite PEDOT:PSS/nHA/CS/PCL scaffold was 85%. After 7 days, SEM analysis revealed the presence of cells on the surface of scaffold. In conclusion, the results suggested that PEDOT:PSS/nHA/CS/PCL biocomposite scaffold was non-toxic to cells and has suitable properties.
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Minh, Ho Hieu, Nguyen Thi Hiep, Nguyen Dai Hai i Vo Van Toi. "Fabrication of Polycaprolactone/Polyurethane Loading Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Its Antiplatelet Adhesion". International Journal of Biomaterials 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5690625.
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Polycaprolactone/polyurethane (PCL/PU) fibrous scaffold was loaded with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) by electrospinning method to improve the hemocompatibility of the polymeric surface. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observation were employed to characterize the chemical structure and the changing morphology of electrospun PCL/PU and PCL/PU loaded with CLA (PCL/PU-CLA) scaffolds. Platelet adhesion and whole blood clot formation tests were used to evaluate the effect of CLA on antithrombotic property of PCL/PU-CLA scaffold. Endothelial cells (EC) were also seeded on the scaffold to examine the difference in the morphology of EC layer and platelet attachment with and without the presence of CLA. SEM results showed that CLA supported the spreading and proliferation of EC and PCL/PU-CLA surface induced lower platelet adhesion as well as attachment of other blood cells compared to the PCL/PU one. These results suggest that electrospinning method can successfully combine the antiplatelet effects of CLA to improve hemocompatibility of PCL/PU scaffolds for applications in artificial blood vessels.
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Bazgir, Morteza, Wei Zhang, Ximu Zhang, Jacobo Elies, Morvarid Saeinasab, Phil Coates, Mansour Youseffi i Farshid Sefat. "Fabrication and Characterization of PCL/PLGA Coaxial and Bilayer Fibrous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering". Materials 14, nr 21 (22.10.2021): 6295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216295.
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Electrospinning is an innovative new fibre technology that aims to design and fabricate membranes suitable for a wide range of tissue engineering (TE) applications including vascular grafts, which is the main objective of this research work. This study dealt with fabricating and characterising bilayer structures comprised of an electrospun sheet made of polycaprolactone (PCL, inner layer) and an outer layer made of poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and a coaxial porous scaffold with a micrometre fibre structure was successfully produced. The membranes’ propriety for intended biomedical applications was assessed by evaluating their morphological structure/physical properties and structural integrity when they underwent the degradation process. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to assess changes in the electrospun scaffolds’ structural morphology such as in their fibre diameter, pore size (μm) and the porosity of the scaffold surface which was measured with Image J software. During the 12-week degradation process at room temperature, most of the scaffolds showed a similar trend in their degradation rate except the 60 min scaffolds. The coaxial scaffold had significantly less mass loss than the bilayer PCL/PLGA scaffold with 1.348% and 18.3%, respectively. The mechanical properties of the fibrous membranes were measured and the coaxial scaffolds showed greater tensile strength and elongation at break (%) compared to the bilayer scaffolds. According to the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that a scaffold made with a coaxial needle is more suitable for tissue engineering applications due to the improved quality and functionality of the resulting polymeric membrane compared to the basic electrospinning process. However, whilst fabricating a vascular graft is the main aim of this research work, the biological data will not present in this paper.
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Aguado, María, Laura Saldaña, Eduardo Pérez del Río, Judith Guasch, Marc Parera, Alba Córdoba, Joaquín Seras-Franzoso i in. "Polylactide, Processed by a Foaming Method Using Compressed Freon R134a, for Tissue Engineering". Polymers 13, nr 20 (9.10.2021): 3453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13203453.
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Fabricating polymeric scaffolds using cost-effective manufacturing processes is still challenging. Gas foaming techniques using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) have attracted attention for producing synthetic polymer matrices; however, the high-pressure requirements are often a technological barrier for its widespread use. Compressed 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, known as Freon R134a, offers advantages over CO2 in manufacturing processes in terms of lower pressure and temperature conditions and the use of low-cost equipment. Here, we report for the first time the use of Freon R134a for generating porous polymer matrices, specifically polylactide (PLA). PLA scaffolds processed with Freon R134a exhibited larger pore sizes, and total porosity, and appropriate mechanical properties compared with those achieved by scCO2 processing. PLGA scaffolds processed with Freon R134a were highly porous and showed a relatively fragile structure. Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) attached to PLA scaffolds processed with Freon R134a, and their metabolic activity increased during culturing. In addition, MSCs displayed spread morphology on the PLA scaffolds processed with Freon R134a, with a well-organized actin cytoskeleton and a dense matrix of fibronectin fibrils. Functionalization of Freon R134a-processed PLA scaffolds with protein nanoparticles, used as bioactive factors, enhanced the scaffolds’ cytocompatibility. These findings indicate that gas foaming using compressed Freon R134a could represent a cost-effective and environmentally friendly fabrication technology to produce polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering approaches.
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Khan, Ferdous, Masaru Tanaka i Sheikh Rafi Ahmad. "Fabrication of polymeric biomaterials: a strategy for tissue engineering and medical devices". Journal of Materials Chemistry B 3, nr 42 (2015): 8224–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tb01370d.
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Fabrication of biomaterials scaffolds using various methods and techniques is discussed, utilising biocompatible, biodegradable and stimuli-responsive polymers and their composites. This review covers the lithography and printing techniques, self-organisation and self-assembly methods for 3D structural scaffolds generation, and smart hydrogels, for tissue regeneration and medical devices.
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Zhang, Junchuan, Hong Zhang, Linbo Wu i Jiandong Ding. "Fabrication of three dimensional polymeric scaffolds with spherical pores". Journal of Materials Science 41, nr 6 (17.02.2006): 1725–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-2873-7.
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Chung, Ren-Jei, Ming-Fa Hsieh, Li-Hsiang Perng, Yih-Lin Cheng i Tuan-Jung Hsu. "MESHED SCAFFOLDS MADE OF α, α′ -BIS(2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE) POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL) THROUGH 3D STEREOLITHOGRAPHY". Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 25, nr 05 (październik 2013): 1340002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237213400024.
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Recent development of tissue engineering scaffolds that mimic anatomical structures exhibits a tendency to use rapid prototyping technology, because it can be applied to precisely manufacture the designed objects from the computer-generated model. Among all of rapid prototyping approaches, combining with lithography is characterized with a high throughput of fabrication, especially for the fabrication of polymeric scaffolds. In this study, the aims were to: (1) synthesize the 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)-capped poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), which served as the cross-linker of the continuous phase of a poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) scaffold and (2) fabricate the composite scaffolds through stereolithography. The synthetic process of the cross-linker was traced, and the end-point of the process was found to lie in 3 to 4 h depending on the molecular weight of the PEG used. The chemical structure of the cross-linker was found to be linear and symmetric to PEG and with a 1:2 molar ratio of PEG and HEMA. It was anticipated to form an interpenetrating network upon irradiating under UV light with PLGA serving as the main body of the scaffold. PEG1000–HEMA had better biocompatibility than those with shorter PEG chains. Scaffolds with two structural variants, square and hexagonal pores, designed by computer were demonstrated. It may further combine medical images to reconstruct tissues and organs for regenerative medicine.
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Aslam Khan, Muhammad Umar, Hassan Mehboob, Saiful Izwan Abd Razak, Mohd Yazid Yahya, Abdul Halim Mohd Yusof, Muhammad Hanif Ramlee, T. Joseph Sahaya Anand, Rozita Hassan, Athar Aziz i Rashid Amin. "Development of Polymeric Nanocomposite (Xyloglucan-co-Methacrylic Acid/Hydroxyapatite/SiO2) Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications—In-Vitro Antibacterial, Cytotoxicity and Cell Culture Evaluation". Polymers 12, nr 6 (29.05.2020): 1238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061238.
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Advancement and innovation in bone regeneration, specifically polymeric composite scaffolds, are of high significance for the treatment of bone defects. Xyloglucan (XG) is a polysaccharide biopolymer having a wide variety of regenerative tissue therapeutic applications due to its biocompatibility, in-vitro degradation and cytocompatibility. Current research is focused on the fabrication of polymeric bioactive scaffolds by freeze drying method for nanocomposite materials. The nanocomposite materials have been synthesized from free radical polymerization using n-SiO2 and n-HAp XG and Methacrylic acid (MAAc). Functional group analysis, crystallinity and surface morphology were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques, respectively. These bioactive polymeric scaffolds presented interconnected and well-organized porous morphology, controlled precisely by substantial ratios of n-SiO2. The swelling analysis was also performed in different media at varying temperatures (27, 37 and 47 °C) and the mechanical behavior of the dried scaffolds is also investigated. Antibacterial activities of these scaffolds were conducted against pathogenic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Besides, the biological behavior of these scaffolds was evaluated by the Neutral Red dye assay against the MC3T3-E1 cell line. The scaffolds showed interesting properties for bone tissue engineering, including porosity with substantial mechanical strength, biodegradability, biocompatibility and cytocompatibility behavior. The reported polymeric bioactive scaffolds can be aspirant biomaterials for bone tissue engineering to regenerate defecated bone.
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Wibowo, Arie, Cian Vyas, Glen Cooper, Fitriyatul Qulub, Rochim Suratman, Andi Isra Mahyuddin, Tatacipta Dirgantara i Paulo Bartolo. "3D Printing of Polycaprolactone–Polyaniline Electroactive Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering". Materials 13, nr 3 (22.01.2020): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030512.
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Electrostimulation and electroactive scaffolds can positively influence and guide cellular behaviour and thus has been garnering interest as a key tissue engineering strategy. The development of conducting polymers such as polyaniline enables the fabrication of conductive polymeric composite scaffolds. In this study, we report on the initial development of a polycaprolactone scaffold incorporating different weight loadings of a polyaniline microparticle filler. The scaffolds are fabricated using screw-assisted extrusion-based 3D printing and are characterised for their morphological, mechanical, conductivity, and preliminary biological properties. The conductivity of the polycaprolactone scaffolds increases with the inclusion of polyaniline. The in vitro cytocompatibility of the scaffolds was assessed using human adipose-derived stem cells to determine cell viability and proliferation up to 21 days. A cytotoxicity threshold was reached at 1% wt. polyaniline loading. Scaffolds with 0.1% wt. polyaniline showed suitable compressive strength (6.45 ± 0.16 MPa) and conductivity (2.46 ± 0.65 × 10−4 S/cm) for bone tissue engineering applications and demonstrated the highest cell viability at day 1 (88%) with cytocompatibility for up to 21 days in cell culture.
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Morouço, Pedro, Sara Biscaia, Tânia Viana, Margarida Franco, Cândida Malça, Artur Mateus, Carla Moura, Frederico C. Ferreira, Geoffrey Mitchell i Nuno M. Alves. "Fabrication of Poly(ε-caprolactone) Scaffolds Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofibers, with and without the Addition of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles". BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1596157.
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Biomaterial properties and controlled architecture of scaffolds are essential features to provide an adequate biological and mechanical support for tissue regeneration, mimicking the ingrowth tissues. In this study, a bioextrusion system was used to produce 3D biodegradable scaffolds with controlled architecture, comprising three types of constructs: (i) poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) matrix as reference; (ii) PCL-based matrix reinforced with cellulose nanofibers (CNF); and (iii) PCL-based matrix reinforced with CNF and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HANP). The effect of the addition and/or combination of CNF and HANP into the polymeric matrix of PCL was investigated, with the effects of the biomaterial composition on the constructs (morphological, thermal, and mechanical performances) being analysed. Scaffolds were produced using a single lay-down pattern of 0/90°, with the same processing parameters among all constructs being assured. The performed morphological analyses showed a satisfactory distribution of CNF within the polymer matrix and high reliability was obtained among the produced scaffolds. Significant effects on surface wettability and thermal properties were observed, among scaffolds. Regarding the mechanical properties, higher scaffold stiffness in the reinforced scaffolds was obtained. Results from the cytotoxicity assay suggest that all the composite scaffolds presented good biocompatibility. The results of this first study on cellulose and hydroxyapatite reinforced constructs with controlled architecture clearly demonstrate the potential of these 3D composite constructs for cell cultivation with enhanced mechanical properties.
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Jordan, Alex M., Vidya Viswanath, Si-Eun Kim, Jonathan K. Pokorski i LaShanda T. J. Korley. "Processing and surface modification of polymer nanofibers for biological scaffolds: a review". Journal of Materials Chemistry B 4, nr 36 (2016): 5958–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tb01303a.
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This review discusses existing and emerging polymeric nanofiber fabrication techniques, fiber surface modification via post-processing, and their combined effects on cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration.
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Yang, Jiong, Hexin Yue, Wajira Mirihanage i Paulo Bartolo. "Multi-Stage Thermal Modelling of Extrusion-Based Polymer Additive Manufacturing". Polymers 15, nr 4 (8.02.2023): 838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15040838.
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Additive manufacturing is one the most promising fabrication strategies for the fabrication of bone tissue scaffolds using biodegradable semi-crystalline polymers. During the fabrication process, polymeric material in a molten state is deposited in a platform and starts to solidify while cooling down. The build-up of consecutive layers reheats the previously deposited material, introducing a complex thermal cycle with impacts on the overall properties of printed scaffolds. Therefore, the accurate prediction of these thermal cycles is significantly important to properly design the additively manufactured polymer scaffolds and the bonding between the layers. This paper presents a novel multi-stage numerical model, integrating a 2D representation of the dynamic deposition process and a 3D thermal evolution model to simulate the fabrication process. Numerical simulations show how the deposition velocity controls the spatial dimensions of the individual deposition layers and the cooling process when consecutive layers are deposited during polymer printing. Moreover, numerical results show a good agreement with experimental results.
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Pecorini, Gianni, Simona Braccini, Gianluca Parrini, Federica Chiellini i Dario Puppi. "Additive Manufacturing of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)/Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) Biphasic Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, nr 7 (31.03.2022): 3895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073895.
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Polyhydroxyalkanoates are biopolyesters whose biocompatibility, biodegradability, environmental sustainability, processing versatility, and mechanical properties make them unique scaffolding polymer candidates for tissue engineering. The development of innovative biomaterials suitable for advanced Additive Manufacturing (AM) offers new opportunities for the fabrication of customizable tissue engineering scaffolds. In particular, the blending of polymers represents a useful strategy to develop AM scaffolding materials tailored to bone tissue engineering. In this study, scaffolds from polymeric blends consisting of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) were fabricated employing a solution-extrusion AM technique, referred to as Computer-Aided Wet-Spinning (CAWS). The scaffold fibers were constituted by a biphasic system composed of a continuous PHBV matrix and a dispersed PLGA phase which established a microfibrillar morphology. The influence of the blend composition on the scaffold morphological, physicochemical, and biological properties was demonstrated by means of different characterization techniques. In particular, increasing the content of PLGA in the starting solution resulted in an increase in the pore size, the wettability, and the thermal stability of the scaffolds. Overall, in vitro biological experiments indicated the suitability of the scaffolds to support murine preosteoblast cell colonization and differentiation towards an osteoblastic phenotype, highlighting higher proliferation for scaffolds richer in PLGA.
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Capes, J. S., H. Y. Ando i R. E. Cameron. "Fabrication of polymeric scaffolds with a controlled distribution of pores". Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 16, nr 12 (grudzień 2005): 1069–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-005-4708-5.
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Boffito, Monica, Susanna Sartori i Gianluca Ciardelli. "Polymeric scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering: requirements and fabrication technologies". Polymer International 63, nr 1 (15.09.2013): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.4608.
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Mohammadzadehmoghadam, Soheila, Catherine F. LeGrand, Chee-Wai Wong, Beverley F. Kinnear, Yu Dong i Deirdre R. Coombe. "Fabrication and Evaluation of Electrospun Silk Fibroin/Halloysite Nanotube Biomaterials for Soft Tissue Regeneration". Polymers 14, nr 15 (25.07.2022): 3004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14153004.
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The production of nanofibrous materials for soft tissue repair that resemble extracellular matrices (ECMs) is challenging. Electrospinning uniquely produces scaffolds resembling the ultrastructure of natural ECMs. Herein, electrospinning was used to fabricate Bombyx mori silk fibroin (SF) and SF/halloysite nanotube (HNT) composite scaffolds. Different HNT loadings were examined, but 1 wt% HNTs enhanced scaffold hydrophilicity and water uptake capacity without loss of mechanical strength. The inclusion of 1 wt% HNTs in SF scaffolds also increased the scaffold’s thermal stability without altering the molecular structure of the SF, as revealed by thermogravimetric analyses and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. SF/HNT 1 wt% composite scaffolds better supported the viability and spreading of 3T3 fibroblasts and the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts into aligned myotubes. These scaffolds coated with decellularised ECM from 3T3 cells or primary human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) supported the growth of primary human keratinocytes. However, SF/HNT 1 wt% composite scaffolds with HDF-derived ECM provided the best microenvironment, as on these, keratinocytes formed intact monolayers with an undifferentiated, basal cell phenotype. Our data indicate the merits of SF/HNT 1 wt% composite scaffolds for applications in soft tissue repair and the expansion of primary human keratinocytes for skin regeneration.
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Demina, Tatiana S., Evgeniy N. Bolbasov, Maria A. Peshkova, Yuri M. Efremov, Polina Y. Bikmulina, Aisylu V. Birdibekova, Tatiana N. Popyrina i in. "Electrospinning vs. Electro-Assisted Solution Blow Spinning for Fabrication of Fibrous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering". Polymers 14, nr 23 (1.12.2022): 5254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235254.
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Biodegradable polymeric fibrous non-woven materials are widely used type of scaffolds for tissue engineering. Their morphology and properties could be controlled by composition and fabrication technology. This work is aimed at development of fibrous scaffolds from a multicomponent polymeric system containing biodegradable synthetic (polylactide, polycaprolactone) and natural (gelatin, chitosan) components using different methods of non-woven mats fabrication: electrospinning and electro-assisted solution blow spinning. The effect of the fabrication technique of the fibrous materials onto their morphology and properties, including the ability to support adhesion and growth of cells, was evaluated. The mats fabricated using electrospinning technology consist of randomly oriented monofilament fibers, while application of solution blow spinning gave a rise to chaotically arranged multifilament fibers. Cytocompatibility of all fabricated fibrous mats was confirmed using in vitro analysis of metabolic activity, proliferative capacity and morphology of NIH 3T3 cell line. Live/Dead assay revealed the formation of the highest number of cell–cell contacts in the case of multifilament sample formed by electro-assisted solution blow spinning technology.
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Sahi, Ajay Kumar, Neelima Varshney, Suruchi Poddar, Shravanya Gundu i Sanjeev Kumar Mahto. "Fabrication and Characterization of Silk Fibroin-Based Nanofibrous Scaffolds Supplemented with Gelatin for Corneal Tissue Engineering". Cells Tissues Organs 210, nr 3 (2021): 173–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000515946.
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Tissue engineering is a promising approach to overcome the severe worldwide shortage of healthy donor corneas. In this work, we have developed a silk-gelatin composite scaffold using electrospinning and permeation techniques to achieve the properties comparable to cornea analog. In particular, we present the fabrication and comparative evaluation of the novel gelatin sheets consisting of silk fibroin nanofibers, which are prepared using silk fibroin (SF) (in formic acid) and SF (in aqueous) electrospun scaffolds, for its suitability as corneal stromal analogs. All the fabricated samples were treated with ethanol vapor (T) to physically crosslink the silk nanofibers. Micro/nano-scale features of the fabricated scaffolds were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy micrographs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed characteristic peaks of polymeric functional groups and modifications upon ethanol vapor treatment. Transparency of the scaffolds was determined using UV-visible spectra. Among all the fabricated samples, the gelatin-permeated SF (in formic acid; T) scaffold showed the highest level of transparency, i.e., 77.75 ± 2.3%, which is similar to that of the native cornea (∼70%–90% [variable with age group]) with healthy acute vision. Contact angle of the samples was studied to estimate the hydrophilicity of the scaffolds. All the scaffolds except non-treated SF (in aqueous; NT) were found to be significantly stable up to 14 days when incubated in phosphate buffered saline at 37°C. Treated samples showed significantly better stability, both physically and microscopically, in comparison to nontreated samples. Proliferation and viability assays of rabbit corneal fibroblast cells (SIRC) and mouse fibroblast cells (L929 RFP) when cultured on fabricated scaffolds revealed remarkable cellular compatibility with gelatin-permeated SF (in formic acid; T) scaffolds compared to SF (in aqueous; T). Unlike other reports in the existing literature, this work presents the design and development of a nanofibrous silk-gelatin composite that exhibits acceptable transparency, cellular biocompatibility, as well as improved mechanical stability comparable to that of native cornea. Therefore, we anticipate that the fabricated novel scaffold is likely to be a good candidate for corneal tissue construct. Moreover, among the fabricated scaffolds, the outcomes depict gelatin-permeated SF (in formic acid; T) composite scaffold to be a better candidate as a corneal stromal analog that carries properties of both the silk and gelatin, i.e., optimal transparency, better stability, and enhanced cytocompatibility.
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Kandi, Rudranarayan, Pulak Mohan Pandey, Misba Majood i Sujata Mohanty. "Fabrication and characterization of customized tubular scaffolds for tracheal tissue engineering by using solvent based 3D printing on predefined template". Rapid Prototyping Journal 27, nr 2 (1.02.2021): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-08-2020-0186.
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Purpose This paper aims to discuss the successful fabrication of customized tubular scaffolds for tracheal tissue engineering with a novel route using solvent-based extrusion 3D printing. Design/methodology/approach The manufacturing approach involved extrusion of polymeric ink over a rotating predefined pattern to construct customized tubular structure of polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyurethane (PU). Dimensional deviation in thickness of scaffolds were calculated for various layer thicknesses of 3D printing. Physical and chemical properties of scaffolds were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), contact angle measurement, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mechanical characterizations were performed, and the results were compared to the reported properties of human native trachea from previous reports. Additionally, in vitro cytotoxicity of the fabricated scaffolds was studied in terms of cell proliferation, cell adhesion and hemagglutination assay. Findings The developed fabrication route was flexible and accurate by printing customized tubular scaffolds of various scales. Physiochemical results showed good miscibility of PCL/PU blend, and decrease in crystalline nature of blend with the addition of PU. Preliminary mechanical assessments illustrated comparable mechanical properties with the native human trachea. Longitudinal compression test reported outstanding strength and flexibility to maintain an unobstructed lumen, necessary for the patency. Furthermore, the scaffolds were found to be biocompatible to promote cell adhesion and proliferation from the in vitro cytotoxicity results. Practical implications The attempt can potentially meet the demand for flexible tubular scaffolds that ease the concerns such as availability of suitable organ donors. Originality/value 3D printing over accurate predefined templates to fabricate customized grafts gives novelty to the present method. Various customized scaffolds were compared with conventional cylindrical scaffold in terms of flexibility.
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Chung, Johnson H. Y., Sepidar Sayyar i Gordon G. Wallace. "Effect of Graphene Addition on Polycaprolactone Scaffolds Fabricated Using Melt-Electrowriting". Polymers 14, nr 2 (13.01.2022): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14020319.
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Melt-electrowriting (MEW) is an emerging method that combines electrospinning and extrusion printing, allowing the fabrication of micron-scale structures suitable for tissue engineering. Compared to other additive fabrication methods, melt-electro written structures can offer more appropriate substrates for cell culture due to filament size and mechanical characteristics of the fabricated scaffolds. In this study, polycaprolactone (PCL)/graphene composites were investigated for fabrication of micron-size scaffolds through MEW. It was demonstrated that the addition of graphene can considerably improve the processability of PCL to fabricate micron-scale scaffolds with enhanced resolution. The tensile strength of the scaffold prepared from PCL/graphene composite (with only 0.5 wt.% graphene) was proved significantly (by more than 270%), better than that of the pristine PCL scaffold. Furthermore, graphene was demonstrated to be a suitable material for tailoring the degradation process to avoid undesirable bulk degradation, rapid mass loss and damage to the internal matrix of the polymer. The findings of this study offer a promising route for the fabrication of high-resolution scaffolds with micron-scale resolution for tissue engineering.
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Domingos, Marco, Dinuccio Dinucci, Stefania Cometa, Michele Alderighi, Paulo Jorge Bártolo i Federica Chiellini. "Polycaprolactone Scaffolds Fabricated via Bioextrusion for Tissue Engineering Applications". International Journal of Biomaterials 2009 (2009): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/239643.
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The most promising approach in Tissue Engineering involves the seeding of porous, biocompatible/biodegradable scaffolds, with donor cells to promote tissue regeneration. Additive biomanufacturing processes are increasingly recognized as ideal techniques to produce 3D structures with optimal pore size and spatial distribution, providing an adequate mechanical support for tissue regeneration while shaping in-growing tissues. This paper presents a novel extrusion-based system to produce 3D scaffolds with controlled internal/external geometry for TE applications.The BioExtruder is a low-cost system that uses a proper fabrication code based on the ISO programming language enabling the fabrication of multimaterial scaffolds. Poly(ε-caprolactone) was the material chosen to produce porous scaffolds, made by layers of directionally aligned microfilaments. Chemical, morphological, and in vitro biological evaluation performed on the polymeric constructs revealed a high potential of the BioExtruder to produce 3D scaffolds with regular and reproducible macropore architecture, without inducing relevant chemical and biocompatibility alterations of the material.
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Álvarez-Suarez, Alan Saúl, Eduardo Alberto López-Maldonado, Olivia A. Graeve, Fabián Martinez-Pallares, Luis Enrique Gómez-Pineda, Mercedes Teresita Oropeza-Guzmán, Ana Leticia Iglesias, Theodore Ng, Eduardo Serena-Gómez i Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez. "Fabrication of porous polymeric structures using a simple sonication technique for tissue engineering". Journal of Polymer Engineering 37, nr 9 (27.11.2017): 943–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2016-0423.
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AbstractPorous polymeric scaffolds have been applied successfully in the biomedical field. This work explores the use of an ultrasonic probe to generate cavitation in a polymeric solution, thus producing pores in the polymeric scaffolds. Porous polymeric structures with average pore sizes ranging from 5 to 63 μm and porosity of 6–44% were fabricated by a process consisting of sonication, flash freezing, and lyophilization of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), gelatin (GEL), chitosan (CS) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVAL) solutions. Pore structure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and image analysis software. The infrared spectra were analyzed before and after the fabrication process to observe any change in the chemical structure of the polymers. A water absorption test indicated the susceptibility of the samples to retain water in their structure. TGA results showed that GEL experienced degradation at 225°C, CS had a decomposition peak at 280°C, the thermal decomposition of PLGA occurred at 375°C, and PVAL showed two degradation regions. The DSC analysis showed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of GEL, CS, PLGA and PVAL occurred at 70°C, 80°C, 60°C and 70°C, respectively. The fabricated porous structures demonstrated similar physical characteristics to those found in bone and cartilage.
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Rojas-Rojas, Laura, María Laura Espinoza-Álvarez, Silvia Castro-Piedra, Andrea Ulloa-Fernández, Walter Vargas-Segura i Teodolito Guillén-Girón. "Muscle-like Scaffolds for Biomechanical Stimulation in a Custom-Built Bioreactor". Polymers 14, nr 24 (11.12.2022): 5427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14245427.
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Tissue engineering aims to develop in-vitro substitutes of native tissues. One approach of tissue engineering relies on using bioreactors combined with biomimetic scaffolds to produce study models or in-vitro substitutes. Bioreactors provide control over environmental parameters, place and hold a scaffold under desired characteristics, and apply mechanical stimulation to scaffolds. Polymers are often used for fabricating tissue-engineering scaffolds. In this study, polycaprolactone (PCL) collagen-coated microfilament scaffolds were cell-seeded with C2C12 myoblasts; then, these were grown inside a custom-built bioreactor. Cell attachment and proliferation on the scaffolds were investigated. A loading pattern was used for mechanical stimulation of the cell-seeded scaffolds. Results showed that the microfilaments provided a suitable scaffold for myoblast anchorage and that the custom-built bioreactor provided a qualified environment for the survival of the myoblasts on the polymeric scaffold. This PCL-based microfilament scaffold located inside the bioreactor proved to be a promising structure for the study of skeletal muscle models and can be used for mechanical stimulation studies in tissue engineering applications.
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Contreras-Cáceres, Rafael, Laura Cabeza, Gloria Perazzoli, Amelia Díaz, Juan Manuel López-Romero, Consolación Melguizo i Jose Prados. "Electrospun Nanofibers: Recent Applications in Drug Delivery and Cancer Therapy". Nanomaterials 9, nr 4 (24.04.2019): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9040656.
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Polymeric nanofibers (NFs) have been extensively reported as a biocompatible scaffold to be specifically applied in several researching fields, including biomedical applications. The principal researching lines cover the encapsulation of antitumor drugs for controlled drug delivery applications, scaffolds structures for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, as well as magnetic or plasmonic hyperthermia to be applied in the reduction of cancer tumors. This makes NFs useful as therapeutic implantable patches or mats to be implemented in numerous biomedical researching fields. In this context, several biocompatible polymers with excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability including poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), poly butylcyanoacrylate (PBCA), poly ethylenglycol (PEG), poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) or poly lactic acid (PLA) have been widely used for the synthesis of NFs using the electrospun technique. Indeed, other types of polymers with stimuli-responsive capabilities has have recently reported for the fabrication of polymeric NFs scaffolds with relevant biomedical applications. Importantly, colloidal nanoparticles used as nanocarriers and non-biodegradable structures have been also incorporated by electrospinning into polymeric NFs for drug delivery applications and cancer treatments. In this review, we focus on the incorporation of drugs into polymeric NFs for drug delivery and cancer treatment applications. However, the principal novelty compared with previously reported publications is that we also focus on recent investigations concerning new strategies that increase drug delivery and cancer treatments efficiencies, such as the incorporation of colloidal nanoparticles into polymeric NFs, the possibility to fabricate NFs with the capability to respond to external environments, and finally, the synthesis of hybrid polymeric NFs containing carbon nanotubes, magnetic and gold nanoparticles, with magnetic and plasmonic hyperthermia applicability.
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Kamboj, Nikhil, Antonia Ressler i Irina Hussainova. "Bioactive Ceramic Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering by Powder Bed Selective Laser Processing: A Review". Materials 14, nr 18 (16.09.2021): 5338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185338.
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The implementation of a powder bed selective laser processing (PBSLP) technique for bioactive ceramics, including selective laser sintering and melting (SLM/SLS), a laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) approach is far more challenging when compared to its metallic and polymeric counterparts for the fabrication of biomedical materials. Direct PBSLP can offer binder-free fabrication of bioactive scaffolds without involving postprocessing techniques. This review explicitly focuses on the PBSLP technique for bioactive ceramics and encompasses a detailed overview of the PBSLP process and the general requirements and properties of the bioactive scaffolds for bone tissue growth. The bioactive ceramics enclosing calcium phosphate (CaP) and calcium silicates (CS) and their respective composite scaffolds processed through PBSLP are also extensively discussed. This review paper also categorizes the bone regeneration strategies of the bioactive scaffolds processed through PBSLP with the various modes of functionalization through the incorporation of drugs, stem cells, and growth factors to ameliorate critical-sized bone defects based on the fracture site length for personalized medicine.
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Hamedani, Yasaman, Samik Chakraborty, Akash Sabarwal, Soumitro Pal, Sankha Bhowmick i Murugabaskar Balan. "Novel Honokiol-eluting PLGA-based scaffold effectively restricts the growth of renal cancer cells". PLOS ONE 15, nr 12 (17.12.2020): e0243837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243837.
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Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) often becomes resistant to targeted therapies, and in addition, dose-dependent toxicities limit the effectiveness of therapeutic agents. Therefore, identifying novel drug delivery approaches to achieve optimal dosing of therapeutic agents can be beneficial in managing toxicities and to attain optimal therapeutic effects. Previously, we have demonstrated that Honokiol, a natural compound with potent anti-tumorigenic and anti-inflammatory effects, can induce cancer cell apoptosis and inhibit the growth of renal tumors in vivo. In cancer treatment, implant-based drug delivery systems can be used for gradual and sustained delivery of therapeutic agents like Honokiol to minimize systemic toxicity. Electrospun polymeric fibrous scaffolds are ideal candidates to be used as drug implants due to their favorable morphological properties such as high surface to volume ratio, flexibility and ease of fabrication. In this study, we fabricated Honokiol-loaded Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) electrospun scaffolds; and evaluated their structural characterization and biological activity. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance data proved the existence of Honokiol in the drug loaded polymeric scaffolds. The release kinetics showed that only 24% of the loaded Honokiol were released in 24hr, suggesting that sustained delivery of Honokiol is feasible. We calculated the cumulative concentration of the Honokiol released from the scaffold in 24hr; and the extent of renal cancer cell apoptosis induced with the released Honokiol is similar to an equivalent concentration of direct application of Honokiol. Also, Honokiol-loaded scaffolds placed directly in renal cell culture inhibited renal cancer cell proliferation and migration. Together, we demonstrate that Honokiol delivered through electrospun PLGA-based scaffolds is effective in inhibiting the growth of renal cancer cells; and our data necessitates further in vivo studies to explore the potential of sustained release of therapeutic agents-loaded electrospun scaffolds in the treatment of RCC and other cancer types.
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Xu, Shanglong, Yue Yang, Xibin Wang i Chaofeng Wang. "Branched Channel Scaffolds Fabricated by SFF for Direct Cell Growth Observations". Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 24, nr 1_suppl (maj 2009): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883911509103602.
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A β-TCP scaffold with a branched channel system was designed to create a novel micro-device that allowed culture perfusion and direct time observation of the cells attached. The scaffold was made by indirect solid free form fabrication (SFF) technology. The flow channel structure was exposed so that the perfusion of the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) culture could be viewed directly. The cell-seeded scaffolds were continuously perfused for 7 days in the micro-device; during this time, it was possible to observe the dynamic culture processes with cells adhering to the scaffolds and real time cell growth directly. This concept has great potential for use in bone tissue engineering and for versatile fabrication of enhanced scaffolds.
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Salehi, Majid, i Sahar Molzemi. "Fabrication and Mechanical Properties of Chitosan/FHA Scaffolds". Advances in Polymer Technology 2023 (4.07.2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/2758621.
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Fluor-hydroxyapatite (FHA) is a biomaterial with dental and orthopedic potential that is highly regarded as a result of bioactivity and high biocompatibility. Chitosan is used as a growth promoting agent in the tissues of the tooth and bone. Composite scaffold from these biomaterials is used as a pattern of natural bone and tooth grafts in tissue engineering. In this study FHA was synthesized through coprecipitation method. Then chitosan/FHA composites with different amounts of FHA (15 and 30 wt%) were prepared via freeze drying way. Structural and physical characteristics of the scaffolds were determined by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra, and morphological properties of the scaffolds were investigated using SEM evaluation. The compressive strength, water-uptake capacity, and biodegradation behavior of scaffolds were performed, as well. The results indicated that chitosan/30%FHA scaffold showed more compressive strength, lower biodegradation in phosphate buffer solution after 4 weeks. Therefore, it might be a suitable scaffold for tooth engineering.
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Awasthi, Ankit, Monica Gulati, Bimlesh Kumar, Jaskiran Kaur, Sukriti Vishwas, Rubiya Khursheed, Omji Porwal i in. "Recent Progress in Development of Dressings Used for Diabetic Wounds with Special Emphasis on Scaffolds". BioMed Research International 2022 (4.07.2022): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1659338.
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Diabetic wound (DW) is a secondary application of uncontrolled diabetes and affects about 42.2% of diabetics. If the disease is left untreated/uncontrolled, then it may further lead to amputation of organs. In recent years, huge research has been done in the area of wound dressing to have a better maintenance of DW. These include gauze, films, foams or, hydrocolloid-based dressings as well as polysaccharide- and polymer-based dressings. In recent years, scaffolds have played major role as biomaterial for wound dressing due to its tissue regeneration properties as well as fluid absorption capacity. These are three-dimensional polymeric structures formed from polymers that help in tissue rejuvenation. These offer a large surface area to volume ratio to allow cell adhesion and exudate absorbing capacity and antibacterial properties. They also offer a better retention as well as sustained release of drugs that are directly impregnated to the scaffolds or the ones that are loaded in nanocarriers that are impregnated onto scaffolds. The present review comprehensively describes the pathogenesis of DW, various dressings that are used so far for DW, the limitation of currently used wound dressings, role of scaffolds in topical delivery of drugs, materials used for scaffold fabrication, and application of various polymer-based scaffolds for treating DW.
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Ostrowska, B., J. Jaroszewicz, E. Zaczynska, W. Tomaszewski, W. Swieszkowski i K. J. Kurzydlowsk. "Evaluation of 3D hybrid microfiber/nanofiber scaffolds for bone tissue engineering". Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 62, nr 3 (1.09.2014): 551–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bpasts-2014-0059.
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Abstract Fabrication of scaffolds for tissue engineering (TE) applications becomes a very important research topic in present days. The aim of the study was to create and evaluate a hybrid polymeric 3D scaffold consisted of nano and microfibers, which could be used for bone tissue engineering. Hybrid structures were fabricated using rapid prototyping (RP) and electrospinning (ES) methods. Electrospun nanofibrous mats were incorporated between the microfibrous layers produced by RP technology. The nanofibers were made of poly(L-lactid) and polycaprolactone was used to fabricate microfibers. The micro- and nanostructures of the hybrid scaffolds were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). X-ray microtomographical (μCT) analysis and the mechanical testing of the porous hybrid structures were performed using SkyScan 1172 machine, equipped with a material testing stage. The scanning electron microscopy and micro-tomography analyses showed that obtained scaffolds are hybrid nanofibers/microfibers structures with high porosity and interconnected pores ranging from 10 to 500um. Although, connection between microfibrous layers and electrospun mats remained consistent under compression tests, addition of the nanofibrous mats affected the mechanical properties of the scaffold, particularly its elastic modulus. The results of the biocompatibility tests didn’t show any cytotoxic effects and no fibroblast after contact with the scaffold showed any damage of the cell body, the cells had proper morphologies and showed good proliferation. Summarizing, using RP technology and electrospinning method it is possible to fabricate biocompatible scaffolds with controllable geometrical parameters and good mechanical properties.
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Trifanova, Ekaterina M., Maria A. Khvorostina, Aleksandra O. Mariyanats, Anastasia V. Sochilina, Maria E. Nikolaeva, Evgeny V. Khaydukov, Roman A. Akasov i Vladimir K. Popov. "Natural and Synthetic Polymer Scaffolds Comprising Upconversion Nanoparticles as a Bioimaging Platform for Tissue Engineering". Molecules 27, nr 19 (3.10.2022): 6547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196547.
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Modern biocompatible materials of both natural and synthetic origin, in combination with advanced techniques for their processing and functionalization, provide the basis for tissue engineering constructs (TECs) for the effective replacement of specific body defects and guided tissue regeneration. Here we describe TECs fabricated using electrospinning and 3D printing techniques on a base of synthetic (polylactic-co-glycolic acids, PLGA) and natural (collagen, COL, and hyaluronic acid, HA) polymers impregnated with core/shell β-NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+/NaYF4 upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) for in vitro control of the tissue/scaffold interaction. Polymeric structures impregnated with core/shell β-NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+/NaYF4 nanoparticles were visualized with high optical contrast using laser irradiation at 976 nm. We found that the photoluminescence spectra of impregnated scaffolds differ from the spectrum of free UCNPs that could be used to control the scaffold microenvironment, polymer biodegradation, and cargo release. We proved the absence of UCNP-impregnated scaffold cytotoxicity and demonstrated their high efficiency for cell attachment, proliferation, and colonization. We also modified the COL-based scaffold fabrication technology to increase their tensile strength and structural stability within the living body. The proposed approach is a technological platform for “smart scaffold” development and fabrication based on bioresorbable polymer structures impregnated with UCNPs, providing the desired photoluminescent, biochemical, and mechanical properties for intravital visualization and monitoring of their behavior and tissue/scaffold interaction in real time.
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González-Henríquez, Carmen M., Fernando E. Rodríguez-Umanzor, Nicolas F. Acuña-Ruiz, Gloria E. Vera-Rojas, Claudio Terraza-Inostroza, Nicolas A. Cohn-Inostroza, Andrés Utrera, Mauricio A. Sarabia-Vallejos i Juan Rodríguez-Hernández. "Fabrication and Testing of Multi-Hierarchical Porous Scaffolds Designed for Bone Regeneration via Additive Manufacturing Processes". Polymers 14, nr 19 (27.09.2022): 4041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14194041.
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Bone implants or replacements are very scarce due to the low donor availability and the high rate of body rejection. For this reason, tissue engineering strategies have been developed as alternative solutions to this problem. This research sought to create a cellular scaffold with an intricate and complex network of interconnected pores and microchannels using salt leaching and additive manufacturing (3D printing) methods that mimic the hierarchical internal structure of the bone. A biocompatible hydrogel film (based on poly-ethylene glycol) was used to cover the surface of different polymeric scaffolds. This thin film was then exposed to various stimuli to spontaneously form wrinkled micropatterns, with the aim of increasing the contact area and the material’s biocompatibility. The main innovation of this study was to include these wrinkled micropatterns on the surface of the scaffold by taking advantage of thin polymer film surface instabilities. On the other hand, salt and nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) particles were included in the polymeric matrix to create a modified filament for 3D printing. The printed part was leached to eliminate porogen particles, leaving homogenously distributed pores on the structure. The pores have a mean size of 26.4 ± 9.9 μm, resulting in a global scaffold porosity of ~42% (including pores and microchannels). The presence of nHA particles, which display a homogeneous distribution according to the FE-SEM and EDX results, have a slight influence on the mechanical resistance of the material, but incredibly, despite being a bioactive compound for bone cells, did not show a significant increase in cell viability on the scaffold surface. However, the synergistic effect between the presence of the hydrogel and the pores on the material does produce an increase in cell viability compared to the control sample and the bare PCL material.
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Ahmad Hariza, Ahmad Mus’ab, Mohd Heikal Mohd Yunus, Mh Busra Fauzi, Jaya Kumar Murthy, Yasuhiko Tabata i Yosuke Hiraoka. "The Fabrication of Gelatin–Elastin–Nanocellulose Composite Bioscaffold as a Potential Acellular Skin Substitute". Polymers 15, nr 3 (3.02.2023): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15030779.
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Gelatin usage in scaffold fabrication is limited due to its lack of enzymatic and thermal resistance, as well as its mechanical weakness. Hence, gelatin requires crosslinking and reinforcement with other materials. This study aimed to fabricate and characterise composite scaffolds composed of gelatin, elastin, and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and crosslinked with genipin. The scaffolds were fabricated using the freeze-drying method. The composite scaffolds were composed of different concentrations of CNC, whereas scaffolds made of pure gelatin and a gelatin–elastin mixture served as controls. The physicochemical and mechanical properties of the scaffolds, and their cellular biocompatibility with human dermal fibroblasts (HDF), were evaluated. The composite scaffolds demonstrated higher porosity and swelling capacity and improved enzymatic resistance compared to the controls. Although the group with 0.5% (w/v) CNC recorded the highest pore size homogeneity, the diameters of most of the pores in the composite scaffolds ranged from 100 to 200 μm, which is sufficient for cell migration. Tensile strength analysis revealed that increasing the CNC concentration reduced the scaffolds’ stiffness. Chemical analyses revealed that despite chemical and structural alterations, both elastin and CNC were integrated into the gelatin scaffold. HDF cultured on the scaffolds expressed collagen type I and α-SMA proteins, indicating the scaffolds’ biocompatibility with HDF. Overall, the addition of elastin and CNC improved the properties of gelatin-based scaffolds. The composite scaffolds are promising candidates for an acellular skin substitute.
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Wang, Z., W. J. Lee, B. T. H. Koh, M. Hong, W. Wang, P. N. Lim, J. Feng, L. S. Park, M. Kim i E. S. Thian. "Functional regeneration of tendons using scaffolds with physical anisotropy engineered via microarchitectural manipulation". Science Advances 4, nr 10 (październik 2018): eaat4537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat4537.
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Structural and hierarchical anisotropy underlies the structure-function relationship of most living tissues. Attempts to exploit the interplay between cells and their immediate environment have rarely featured macroscale, three-dimensional constructs required for clinical applications. Furthermore, compromises to biomechanical robustness during fabrication often limit the scaffold’s relevance in translational medicine. We report a polymeric three-dimensional scaffold with tendon-like mechanical properties and controlled anisotropic microstructures. The scaffold was composed of two distinct portions, which enabled high porosity while retaining tendon-like mechanical properties. When tenocytes were cultured in vitro on the scaffold, phenotypic markers of tenogenesis such as type-I collagen, decorin, and tenascin were significantly expressed over nonanisotropic controls. Moreover, highly aligned intracellular cytoskeletal network and high nuclear alignment efficiencies were observed, suggesting that microstructural anisotropy might play the epigenetic role of mechanotransduction. When implanted in an in vivo micropig model, a neotissue that formed over the scaffold resembled native tendon tissue in composition and structure.
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Baskapan, Büsra, i Anthony Callanan. "Electrospinning Fabrication Methods to Incorporate Laminin in Polycaprolactone for Kidney Tissue Engineering". Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 19, nr 1 (29.10.2021): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13770-021-00398-1.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: Today’s treatment options for renal diseases fall behind the need, as the number of patients has increased considerably over the last few decades. Tissue engineering (TE) is one avenue which may provide a new approach for renal disease treatment. This involves creating a niche where seeded cells can function in an intended way. One approach to TE is combining natural extracellular matrix proteins with synthetic polymers, which has been shown to have many positives, yet a little is understood in kidney. Herein, we investigate the incorporation of laminin into polycaprolactone electrospun scaffolds. METHOD: The scaffolds were enriched with laminin via either direct blending with polymer solution or in a form of emulsion with a surfactant. Renal epithelial cells (RC-124) were cultured on scaffolds up to 21 days. RESULTS: Mechanical characterization demonstrated that the addition of the protein changed Young’s modulus of polymeric fibres. Cell viability and DNA quantification tests revealed the capability of the scaffolds to maintain cell survival up to 3 weeks in culture. Gene expression analysis indicated healthy cells via three key markers. CONCLUSION: Our results show the importance of hybrid scaffolds for kidney tissue engineering.
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Salerno, Aurelio, Giuseppe Cesarelli, Parisa Pedram i Paolo Antonio Netti. "Modular Strategies to Build Cell-Free and Cell-Laden Scaffolds towards Bioengineered Tissues and Organs". Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, nr 11 (1.11.2019): 1816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8111816.
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Engineering three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds for functional tissue and organ regeneration is a major challenge of the tissue engineering (TE) community. Great progress has been made in developing scaffolds to support cells in 3D, and to date, several implantable scaffolds are available for treating damaged and dysfunctional tissues, such as bone, osteochondral, cardiac and nerve. However, recapitulating the complex extracellular matrix (ECM) functions of native tissues is far from being achieved in synthetic scaffolds. Modular TE is an intriguing approach that aims to design and fabricate ECM-mimicking scaffolds by the bottom-up assembly of building blocks with specific composition, morphology and structural properties. This review provides an overview of the main strategies to build synthetic TE scaffolds through bioactive modules assembly and classifies them into two distinct schemes based on microparticles (µPs) or patterned layers. The µPs-based processes section starts describing novel techniques for creating polymeric µPs with desired composition, morphology, size and shape. Later, the discussion focuses on µPs-based scaffolds design principles and processes. In particular, starting from random µPs assembly, we will move to advanced µPs structuring processes, focusing our attention on technological and engineering aspects related to cell-free and cell-laden strategies. The second part of this review article illustrates layer-by-layer modular scaffolds fabrication based on discontinuous, where layers’ fabrication and assembly are split, and continuous processes.
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Arifin, Nurulhuda, Izman Sudin, Nor Hasrul Akhmal Ngadiman i Mohamad Shaiful Ashrul Ishak. "A Comprehensive Review of Biopolymer Fabrication in Additive Manufacturing Processing for 3D-Tissue-Engineering Scaffolds". Polymers 14, nr 10 (23.05.2022): 2119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14102119.
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The selection of a scaffold-fabrication method becomes challenging due to the variety in manufacturing methods, biomaterials and technical requirements. The design and development of tissue engineering scaffolds depend upon the porosity, which provides interconnected pores, suitable mechanical strength, and the internal scaffold architecture. The technology of the additive manufacturing (AM) method via photo-polymerization 3D printing is reported to have the capability to fabricate high resolution and finely controlled dimensions of a scaffold. This technology is also easy to operate, low cost and enables fast printing, compared to traditional methods and other additive manufacturing techniques. This article aims to review the potential of the photo-polymerization 3D-printing technique in the fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds. This review paper also highlights the comprehensive comparative study between photo-polymerization 3D printing with other scaffold fabrication techniques. Various parameter settings that influence mechanical properties, biocompatibility and porosity behavior are also discussed in detail.
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Özcan, Mutlu, Dachamir Hotza, Márcio Celso Fredel, Ariadne Cruz i Claudia Angela Maziero Volpato. "Materials and Manufacturing Techniques for Polymeric and Ceramic Scaffolds Used in Implant Dentistry". Journal of Composites Science 5, nr 3 (11.03.2021): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5030078.
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Preventive and regenerative techniques have been suggested to minimize the aesthetic and functional effects caused by intraoral bone defects, enabling the installation of dental implants. Among them, porous three-dimensional structures (scaffolds) composed mainly of bioabsorbable ceramics, such as hydroxyapatite (HAp) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) stand out for reducing the use of autogenous, homogeneous, and xenogenous bone grafts and their unwanted effects. In order to stimulate bone formation, biodegradable polymers such as cellulose, collagen, glycosaminoglycans, polylactic acid (PLA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL), polyglycolic acid (PGA), polyhydroxylbutyrate (PHB), polypropylenofumarate (PPF), polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), and poly L-co-D, L lactic acid (PLDLA) have also been studied. More recently, hybrid scaffolds can combine the tunable macro/microporosity and osteoinductive properties of ceramic materials with the chemical/physical properties of biodegradable polymers. Various methods are suggested for the manufacture of scaffolds with adequate porosity, such as conventional and additive manufacturing techniques and, more recently, 3D and 4D printing. The purpose of this manuscript is to review features concerning biomaterials, scaffolds macro and microstructure, fabrication techniques, as well as the potential interaction of the scaffolds with the human body.
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Ghosh, Sougata, i Thomas Jay Webster. "Metallic Nanoscaffolds as Osteogenic Promoters: Advances, Challenges and Scope". Metals 11, nr 9 (29.08.2021): 1356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11091356.
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Bone injuries and fractures are often associated with post-surgical failures, extended healing times, infection, a lack of return to a normal active lifestyle, and corrosion associated allergies. In this regard, this review presents a comprehensive report on advances in nanotechnology driven solutions for bone tissue engineering. The fabrication of metals such as copper, gold, platinum, palladium, silver, strontium, titanium, zinc oxide, and magnetic nanoparticles with tunable physico-chemical and opto-electronic properties for osteogenic scaffolds is discussed here in detail. Furthermore, the rational selection of a polymeric base such as chitosan, collagen, poly (L-lactide), hydroxyl-propyl-methyl cellulose, poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid, polyglucose-sorbitol-carboxymethy ether, polycaprolactone, natural rubber latex, and silk fibroin for scaffold preparation is also discussed. These advanced materials and fabrication strategies not only provide for appropriate mechanical strength but also render integrity, making them appealing for orthopedic applications. Further, such scaffolds can be functionalized with ligands or biomolecules such as hydroxyapatite, polypyrrole (PPy), magnesium, zinc dopants, and growth factors to stimulate osteogenic differentiation, mineralization, and neovascularization to aid in rapid healing. Future directions to co-incorporate bioceramics, biogenic nanoparticles, and fourth generation biomaterials to enhance biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and rapid recovery are also included in this review. Hence, the further development of such biomimetic metal-based nano-scaffolds at a lower cost with reduced risks and greater efficacy at regrowing bone can revolutionize the future of orthopedics.