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Pujol, Sophie. "Le bruit environnemental en milieu urbain : exposition d'une population d'enfants et performances scolaires". Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA3018/document.
The aim of this thesis was to quantify children's exposure to environmental ambient noise at home and at school and to assess the relation between noise exposure and school performance of 8-9 year-old-schoolchildren. This study was conducted among the 900 children living in a 120, 000 inhabitants city and attending one of the 35 public primary schools in key stage 2, year 4 in 2006-2007. Questionnaires were distributed to the families to locate the children's home and collect data on potential confounding factors associated with school achievement or failure. These questionnaires were completed by 724 families living in the city.A noise measurement campaign was performed at the residence of 44 randomly sampled schoolchildren (outdoor and indoor noise levels during one week) and a strategic noise map was built at the city scale to calculate the outdoor environmental ambient noise levels at home and at school. These noise levels were compared with the children's school performance at the national standardised assessment test in French and mathematics. A linear exposure-effect relation between noise exposure at school and impaired Mathematics score was found after adjustment for confounding factors. Furthermore, both the ambient noise exposure at school and at home individually considered were found to be associated with an impaired children French performance.This study mainly focused on the assessment of the noise exposure in an urban area. The magnitude of the effect we observed on school performance may seem to be modest, but, when considering the number of people potentially chronically exposed to similar environmental noise levels, this effect may be of importance
Schnackenberg, Ashley. "Les effets d’amendements sur la fonctionnalité des sols de potagers contaminés par les éléments métalliques et sur la réduction des dangers environnementaux et sanitaires". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILR055.
The need for nature in the city, the craze for "healthy eating" and difficult socio-economic contexts contribute to the development of gardening in (peri-)urban areas. Communities are regularly solicited for the creation of collective gardens. However, due to their environmental and historical contexts, the soils of vegetable gardens are complex environments, still little known; their functioning can be strongly disturbed by physical, chemical and biological degradation. Their contamination can even present health hazards, particularly in connection with the ingestion of soil particles or vegetables. Among the techniques that can improve the functioning of soils and influence the behavior of pollutants, especially metallic ones, the addition of amendments such as green waste compost, phosphate and carbonate products, natural or synthetic zeolites, or industrial by-products (red mud, iron shot, iron oxy-hydroxides) are cited as being able to reduce the mobility and bioavailability of metallic elements. However, the effectiveness of these amendments and their durability are still in question. The management of amendments, whether organic or mineral, raises questions since they may contain metallic and/or organic contaminants. However, the use of soil amendments as a method of managing vegetable garden soils and the health risks on amended soils are still relatively unstudied.The subject of this thesis is to study the interest of organic and mineral amendments to manage urban vegetable garden soils with moderate anthropogenic contamination. The aim is to evaluate the potential of these amendments (used alone or in mixtures) to reduce in a sustainable way the phyto-availability of metallic pollutants as well as the exposure of gardeners and their families. In situ experiments will be carried out in different environmental and urban contexts and will be based on ex situ experiments aimed at selecting the choice of the studied amendments
Tagne, Fotso Romuald. "Imprégnation aux métaux et métalloïdes en population générale du Nord–Pas-de-Calais : niveaux, déterminants et liens avec le débit de filtration glomérulaire". Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S031/document.
Human Biomonitoring allows us to evaluate our exposure to chemicals by measuring substances themselves or their metabolites or markers of health effects, from body fluids or tissues. The information collected through epidemiological surveys provide information on human exposure and are valuable databases in the research of exposure-response relationships in humans. This thesis is part of the cross-sectional IMePoGe survey conducted between 2008-2010 in the Nord–Pas-de-Calais region (in northern France), including 2,000 adult residents aged 20 to 59 years old, and aimed to quantify the impregnation levels of the population to 14 metals and metalloids (aluminum, antimony, total arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead, thallium, vanadium, zinc) chosen for their toxic effects and the frequency of occupational and environmental exposure. The specific objectives of this thesis were, which a special interest for lead and cadmium, two nephrotoxic metals known in the literature: i) to establish the distribution of impregnation metals into the northern population of France and compare the exposure regional level to metals and metalloids with the national and international data; ii) to identify the major factors of variation of the impregnation and the sources of exposure to lead and cadmium in the general population; iii) to study the relationship between the change in glomerular filtration rate and the impregnation levels to metals. Overall, blood and urinary concentrations of most metals and metalloids were higher than those found in the national nutritional health survey conducted during the same period in the French population, with the exception of urinary vanadium and blood lead. The regional mean of blood lead level (geometric mean) was 18.8 μg/L. Several sources of lead exposure existed in the population and were link to the occupational, environmental and consumption parameters. Regarding cadmium, smoking was the main source of recent or chronic exposure to metal: the geometric mean of blood cadmium, reflecting a recent exposure, was 0.39 μg/L and increased from 0.26 μg/L in non-smokers to 0.84 μg/L in smokers; the geometric mean of urinary cadmium, reflecting the chronic exposure, was 0.37 μg/L (0.33 μg/g creatinine) and increased from 0.33 μg/L (0.29 μg/g creatinine) in non-smokers to 0.46 μg/L (0.37 μg/g creatinine) in smokers. Finally, as part of the study of the relationship between the metal levels and the glomerular filtration rate, our study showed that taking into account the multiple exposure to the other potentially nephrotoxic metals and metalloids upset considerably the previous associations specifically reported with lead and cadmium, in the context of low levels exposure in the general population
Duché, Sarah. "La pollution de l'air en région parisienne : exposition et perception sur les sites touristiques". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00840818.
Pedrosa, João André da Mota. "Microevolutionary dynamics and genetic erosion in pollution-affected Chironomus populations". Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/17941.
As populações que vivem em ecossistemas de água doce extremamente contaminados por metais podem estar sujeitas a forte seleção e deriva genética. Este processo de erosão genética poderá ameaçar a sua sobrevivência a longo prazo, uma vez que a capacidade de adaptação das populações a alterações das condições ambientais está diretamente relacionada com os níveis de diversidade genética. Neste sentido, a procura por novos bioindicadores, que aumentem a relevância ecológica da avaliação de risco ambiental, tem levado a um crescente interesse pela toxicologia evolutiva e por medidas de diversidade genética. O trabalho aqui apresentado tem como objetivo último compreender de que forma os níveis de diversidade genética da espécie modelo em ecotoxicologia Chironomus riparius (Meigen) podem ser usados como indicadores de qualidade ecológica de sistemas de água doce. Para tal, avaliaram-se respostas microevolutivas à contaminação histórica por metais em populações de C. riparius, incluindo determinação dos níveis de diversidade genética, adaptação genética a metais e potenciais custos de fitness. A diversidade genética foi estimada com base na variação de sete marcadores de microssatélites enquanto que a adaptação genética a metais e potenciais custos de fitness foi avaliada através da tolerância aguda e crónica a diferentes stressores ambientais, medidas de balanço energético e mecanismos de defesa após manter as diferentes populações durante várias gerações em condições laboratoriais controlo. Por fim, as respostas microevolutivas de C. riparius à contaminação por metais foram comparadas com a diversidade e composição das comunidades de macroinvertebrados. Para determinar a relação de causa-efeito entre respostas microevolutivas e contaminação, os efeitos da poluição por metais foram investigados em diferentes locais historicamente contaminados por metais e comparados com várias referências. Os resultados demonstraram elevados níveis de diversidade genética e uma considerável homogeneidade genética entre as populações monitorizadas em condições naturais. No entanto, observaram-se evidências de adaptação genética a metais nas populações de locais contaminados, incluindo maior tolerância à exposição aguda por metais e elevados níveis basais de glutationas e metalotioninas que possivelmente aumentam a capacidade de resposta das populações à exposição a metais. Além do mais, observaram-se maiores custos energéticos em populações de locais contaminados quando expostas a metais, enquanto que uma das populações de locais contaminados apresentou também custos de fitness em condições controlo. Finalmente, verificou-se que a diversidade e composição das comunidades de macroinvertebrados dos locais contaminados foi fortemente afetada e muitos grupos taxonómicos sensíveis à contaminação foram eliminados e substituídos por outros mais oportunistas, tais como C. riparius. De um modo geral, as medidas de diversidade genética de populações naturais de C. riparius não mostraram ser ferramentas de biomonitorização particularmente vantajosas per se uma vez que não refletiram as respostas microevolutivas das diferentes populações à poluição histórica por metais. Tal facto poderá estar relacionado com a elevada densidade populacional e dinamismo da espécie em condições naturais, uma vez que se observou uma considerável perda de diversidade genética quando as populações foram mantidas em laboratório durante períodos de tempo relativamente longos. Não obstante, algumas linhas de evidência do presente trabalho sugerem o uso de medidas de diversidade genética de C. riparius em diversas situações experimentais como sejam: deteção de hibridização interespecífica; estabelecimento de níveis mínimos de diversidade genética em laboratório; e, finalmente, uso integrativo de medidas de diversidade genética em programas de biomonitorização com um foco mais direcionado para os efeitos ao nível da comunidade de macroinvertebrados. Os resultados apresentados pretendem estimular a discussão acerca da adequabilidade de C. riparius como espécie modelo em toxicologia evolutiva bem como a sensibilidade e robustez das medidas de diversidade genética como indicadores de qualidade ambiental em avaliação de risco ecológico.
Natural populations inhabiting heavily metal impacted freshwater ecosystems may face intense selection and genetic drift that conduct populations to severe reductions of genetic diversity, the so-called process of genetic erosion. Because the ability of populations to adapt to environmental change is directly related to the levels of genetic diversity, contaminant-driven genetic erosion may threaten the long-term survival of populations. The search for more robust and context-driven bio-indicators that add ecological relevance to the environmental risk assessments has increased interest in evolutionary toxicology and measures of genetic diversity. The research described in the present thesis was performed with the ultimate goal of understanding whether the levels of genetic diversity of the model ecotoxicological species Chironomus riparius (Meigen) may be used as ecological indicators of the health of freshwater systems. For that, an integrative study was undertaken investigating microevolutionary responses of C. riparius towards historical metal pollution. This included assessments of levels of genetic diversity as well as determination of genetic adaptation to metals and associated fitness costs. Genetic diversity was estimated based on the variation of seven microsatellite markers. Genetic adaptation and associated fitness costs were investigated through acute and chronic exposures to different environmental stressors, measurements of energy budget and biochemical mechanisms of tolerance to metals, after maintaining populations for several generations under standard laboratory conditions. Microevolutionary responses of C. riparius to metal pollution were, afterwards, compared with macroinvertebrate diversity and composition metrics. To draw general conclusions of causal-relationship between microevolutionary responses and pollution history, effects were investigated across multiple metal polluted and reference site. Globally, the levels of genetic diversity were globally high and there was a remarkable genetic homogeneity among all C. riparius populations in the field. However, C. riparius populations from metal polluted sites showed signs of genetic adaptation to metals as suggested by the increased tolerance to acute concentrations of metal and high basal levels of glutathiones and metallothioneins that likely enhance the fitness of populations to cope with metal toxicity. Furthermore, populations from metals contaminated sites had higher energetic costs when exposed to metals and one of the populations from contaminated sites showed also a poorer performance under control clean conditions. Finally, diversity and composition of macroinvertebrate communities from metal polluted sites was strongly affected and many sensitive taxonomic groups were eliminated and replaced by more opportunistic ones such as C. riparius. Overall, measures of genetic diversity of C. riparius natural populations do not seem to be particularly advantageous biomonitoring tools per se once they did not reflect the underlying microevolutionary responses of natural populations to historical metal pollution. This is likely because of the large population densities together with the highly dynamic nature of C. riparius in the field as we observed genetic erosion in population reared under laboratory conditions over relatively long periods of time. However, several lines of evidence indicate that measures of genetic diversity may accrue valuable information in several experimental situations: detection of interspecific hybridization; establishment of minimum levels of genetic diversity in laboratory-reared C. riparius populations; finally, integrative use of measures of genetic diversity in biomonitoring programs with more community-level focus. The results presented in this thesis aim to stimulate discussion on the suitability of C. riparius as a model species in evolutionary ecotoxicology studies as well as the sensitivity and robustness of genetic diversity measures as indicators of environmental quality in ecological risk assessment.
Youssouf, Hassani. "Effets respiratoires de la pollution atmosphérique : prise en compte de plusieurs niveaux de pollution". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066456/document.
The objectives of this thesis were to study the respiratory effects of air pollution by taking into account three levels of exposure: the macroscopic, semi-individual and individual levels. For the macroscopic level, we studied the health effects of emissions from forest fires in an ecological study. Through a literature review, we found that several epidemiological studies have shown the association between exposure to wildfire emissions and increase cardiopulmonary disease and mortality for the people living nearby. The main limitation of these studies is given by the exposure assessment. In a case study of the wildfire occurred in Marseille in the summer 2009, we observed effects at the limit of significance 8 and 9 days after exposure between concentrations of fine particles (PM2.5) from fire and respiratory effects .For semi-individual level, we have studied the link between domestic and occupational pollution and respiratory diseases among farmers from Auvergne using a cross-sectional study. We observed that the halogenated hydrocarbons and Etyl-butoxyacetate were significantly associated with the small airways disease. Benzene concentration in the living room of the farm was significantly associated with an increased risk of asthma. Finally, the use of a biomarker (the mercapturic acid) in the context of a case-control study allowed us to measure the internal dose of the exposure to benzene and its link with asthma among children included the study
Mills, Stephen William. "Sewage treatment in waste stabilisation ponds : physiological studies on the microalgal and faecal coliform populations". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328437.
Harrison, Adrian Briscoe. "Hydrocarbon pollution of soil : effects on microbial populations and biomediation methods". Thesis, University of York, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362025.
Molle, Romain. "Exposition des voyageurs aux polluants de l’air dans les autobus : caractérisation des sources et des transferts". Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1127.
This study can increase knowledge about the travelers' exposure to air pollution inside buses through measures based representative of rolling stock (Agora Long, Agora Standard), the air change rate, air outdoor quality and traffic parameters. The experiments were performed by studying the distribution of pollutants in the cabin, a subject little discussed in the literature. Some sources of pollution such as the material emissions and the transfer of bus exhaust in the cabin are quantified (self-pollution). As part of this approach, an unprecedented campaign was conducted to quantify the maximum and minimum self-pollution for both types of bus. In real traffic conditions, the pollutant concentrations (NO2, PM2.5, particle number concentration between 0.02-1µm) are higher in the instrumented buses compared to outdoors. Moreover the lowest concentrations of NO2 have been measured in the front of the cabin compared to the rear, the localization of exhaust pipe and the engine. This overexposure was explained by a self-pollution higher in the rear of the cabin compared to the front (0.13% against 0.05% in adverse conditions). Finally the influence of the material emissions, traffic, door openings, the wind speed on the pollutant concentrations inside buses have been demonstrated
Lebepe, Jeffrey. "Assessment of the effects of environmental contaminants on feral fish populations in the Olifants river system". Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2450.
Freshwater ecosystems are the most threatened systems globally, suffering from channel modification, over extraction of water and, of particular concern, pollution. In South Africa, Olifants River is categorised as the third most polluted river system. Acid mine drainage seeping from derelict and abandoned mines has been described as the primary stressor in the upper Olifants catchment. The increase of metal concentration in the water, sediment and fish tissues has been evident over the past few decades. As a result, there has been an increasing concern regarding the effects of increased metal concentrations on the health of fish and the safety of communities consuming fish from the polluted Olifants River system. This study used enzymatic and histopathologic biomarkers to assess the physiological response of Oreochromis mossambicus and Labeo rosae to environmental contaminants. The study further investigated the metal accumulation trend of across different fish tissues and assessed the edibility of O. mossambicus and L. rosae from Loskop and Flag Boshielo dams. Water, sediment and fish samplings were carried out concurrently during low flow and high flow seasons in 2014. Water and sediment sampling were done at the inflow, middle and dam wall. A minimum of 10 fish specimens for each species were collected from Loskop and Flag Boshielo dams during each sampling. For bioaccumulation analysis, liver, gill and muscle tissues were dissected out, wrapped with aluminium foil and frozen. Frozen samples were sent to SANAS accredited laboratory for metal analysis. For Histopathology, tissues were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin prior processing. Tissue processing was done at the Pathology laboratory of the University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort campus. For biomarker analysis, liver and brain tissues were fixed in liquid nitrogen in the field and transferred to the -80°C biofreezer at the University of Limpopo, Biotechnology Unit laboratory. Metal concentrations in the muscle tissue were used to calculate hazard quotient for human health risk assessment which was based on the assumptions that an adult weighting 70 kg consume 150 g portion once per week. Alkaline pH was observed in the water throughout the study. Most water constituents were within the guidelines at both dams. The water at Flag Boshielo Dam was oligotrophic with Loskop Dam showing mesotrophic conditions. Concentrations were below detection level for most metals; however, significant concentrations were recorded in the bottom sediment. Although Loskop Dam is being described as a repository for pollutants from the upper Olifants catchment, no significant differences (p>0.05) were observed for metal concentrations in sediment between the two dams. Coinciding with sediment metal concentrations, liver, gills and muscle have shown notable concentrations for both species at Loskop and Flag Boshielo dams. The common trend of liver accumulating higher metal concentration followed by gill and muscle (liver>gills>muscle) was observed for most metals on O. mossambicus and L. rosae at both dams. In contrast, lead, strontium and manganese showed higher concentrations in the gills. Muscle exhibited lowest concentrations for most metals. Remarkable trends on the activities of biomarkers, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were detected for both species at Loskop and Flag Boshielo dams. Labeo rosae population have shown a significantly high (p<0.05) LDH activities at Loskop Dam and no significant difference (p>0.05) was observed for Oreochromis mossambicus. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities exhibited no significant difference (p>0.05) for both species between the two dams. Labeo rosae have shown a significantly high (p<0.05) GST activities at Loskop Dam whereas Oreochromis mossambicus exhibited no significant difference (p>0.05) between the two dams. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has shown no significant difference (p>0.05) for both species between the Loskop and Flag Boshielo dams. LDH, G6PDH and GST activities have shown relationship with metal concentrations, which makes them good biomarkers of metal exposure.The condition factor indicated that overall conditions of O. mossambicus and L. rosae from Loskop and Flag Boshielo dams were good. Hepatosomatic index results were not conclusive. Most histopathological alterations were recorded on both species at both dams, but with different magnitude of severity. Regressive changes were more prominent in the liver and gills of both species at Loskop and Flag Boshielo dams followed by progressive change. Gills of Oreochromis mossambicus exhibited moderate modifications (score >20) at Loskop Dam and slight modification (score <20) at Flag Boshielo Dam. Labeo rosae populations have shown slight modifications (score <20) in the gills at both dams. Both species have shown significant difference (p<0.05) on the gill index between the two dams. Liver index has also exhibited significant difference (p<0.05) for each species between Loskop and Flag Boshielo dams. Slight modifications (score <20) were observed in the liver for both species at Loskop and Flag Boshielo dams. Both species have shown to accumulate metals within their tissues with liver accumulating higher concentration for most metals, followed by gills and muscle, respectively. Although muscle showed to accumulate lesser metal concentrations, it still raise a serious concern as it is the tissue consumed by human. Lead, chromium, cobalt and antimony concentrations have been the only metals of concern in this river system over the past few years; nevertheless, the present study has shown that other metals viz. arsenic, silver and selenium have exceeded international levels for safe consumption. Given the metal concentration trend reported over the past two decade in fish tissues, there is a need for urgent intervention to address the acid mine drainage problem to ensure sustainable development of the Olifants River and safety of communities depending on it for their livelihood.
NRFand RAD
Vautrin, Florian. "Milieux urbains et exposition aux Actinobactéries pathogènes : cas particulier des bassins d’infiltration". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1300.
In cities, runoff waters are collected and directed toward infiltration basins. They collect during flooding and soils or roofs leaching diverse pollutants: hydrocarbons, organic matter, heavy metals. These accumulated particles on the infiltration basins surface constitute a layer of urban sediments rich in pollutants that constitute a new ecological niche for opportunistic pathogens. Pathogenic Actinobacteria whose Nocardia cyriacigeorgica are found here. For the moment, physiopathological studies performed on this species were done only on clinical strains and don’t take into consideration environmental isolates. Main objectives of this thesis were to assess the spatial-temporal biodiversity of Actinobacteria present in the sediments of the infiltration basin with a more specific focus on Nocardia pathogenic species, and to establish phylogenetic links between strains from an urban environment and the ones arising from French patients affected by nocardiosis and so determine the hazardousness of these environmental clones. Three sampling campaigns were performed in the infiltration basin of the Lyon east area (Django-Reinhardt) during spring, summer and autumn. The actinobacterial biodiversity was described for the first time by next generation sequencing (NGS) tools with the hsp65 marker. The infraspecific diversity of the environmental isolates of N. cyriacigeorgica arising from the infiltration basin et clinical strains provided by the French Observatory of Nocardiosis was quantified by a multilocus analysis (rrs-hsp65-sodA-secA1). The virulence of the two model strains urban EML446 and clinical GUH-2 of N. cyriacigeorgica was assessed by comparative genomics on the virulence genes of the two genomes, then by animal testing on a murine model of transient immunoparalysis CLP 30 %. Results highlight the variability of the spatial-temporal diversity of the pathogenic and indigenous Actinobacteria species dominated by around 80 % of the genus Mycobacterium and Nocardia present too in the sediments of the Django-Reinhardt infiltration basin. Mercury, copper and humidity seem to favor the development of pathogenic species. The urban strain EML446, that doesn’t be part of the highly pathogenic GUH-2 phylogroup, harbors an important pathogenicity on the murine model of transient immunoparalysis at a dose of 1,0x106 CFU/mice, as well as a similar virulence genes content. To conclude, this thesis highlights the microbial risk due to the presence of the N. cyriacigeorgica pathogenic species in a polluted urban environment linked to the runoff water management. It also opens new perspectives on the N. cyriacigeorgica taxonomic reorganization and a potential split in three distinct species that could impact the virulence and antibiotic resistance, as well as the use of new tools for the fine identification of clinic or environmental isolates of Nocardia bacterial communities by hsp65 metabarcoding or by MALDI-ToF MS
Molle, Romain. "Exposition des voyageurs aux polluants de l’air dans les autobus : caractérisation des sources et des transferts". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1127.
This study can increase knowledge about the travelers' exposure to air pollution inside buses through measures based representative of rolling stock (Agora Long, Agora Standard), the air change rate, air outdoor quality and traffic parameters. The experiments were performed by studying the distribution of pollutants in the cabin, a subject little discussed in the literature. Some sources of pollution such as the material emissions and the transfer of bus exhaust in the cabin are quantified (self-pollution). As part of this approach, an unprecedented campaign was conducted to quantify the maximum and minimum self-pollution for both types of bus. In real traffic conditions, the pollutant concentrations (NO2, PM2.5, particle number concentration between 0.02-1µm) are higher in the instrumented buses compared to outdoors. Moreover the lowest concentrations of NO2 have been measured in the front of the cabin compared to the rear, the localization of exhaust pipe and the engine. This overexposure was explained by a self-pollution higher in the rear of the cabin compared to the front (0.13% against 0.05% in adverse conditions). Finally the influence of the material emissions, traffic, door openings, the wind speed on the pollutant concentrations inside buses have been demonstrated
Tenailleau, Quentin. "Multi-exposition en milieu urbain : approche multi-echelle de l'exposition humaine au bruit et à la pollution atmosphérique". Thesis, Besançon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BESA2052/document.
Every day, 15% of the European population is exposed to average noise or air pollution levels exceeding theEuropean legal threshold. Levels and distribution of each pollutant across the city depend of individual sourcesemissions, dispersion phenomenon, and urban environment. Consequently, spatial variability of multi-exposure levelremains mostly unknown. The aim of this Ph. D. thesis is to identify and describe multi-exposure situations in the cityof Besançon. Environmental noise levels, and concentrations of several air pollutants (NO2, benzene, PM10 and PM2.5),have been modeled using a fine scale grid (2m x 2m). Model compatibility has been maximized by the use of commoninput into the calculation software Mithra-SIG (for noise) and COPERT4/ADMS-urban (for air pollutants). In a firsttime, impact of the neighborhood definition on exposure levels has been explored for both pollutions. Twelveindicators, each representing a different definition of the exposure area in the dwelling vicinity, have been used toquantify exposure levels around the 10 865 inhabitable building of Besançon. Obtained results show a significantimpact of the neighborhood definition on the exposure levels. Different neighborhood definitions lead to a differentialbias caused by a different accounting for environmental variables. This bias exists for all studied pollutant, but indifferent proportion depending on the pollutant. In a second time, situations of multi-exposure to noise and NO2 havebeen identified in the city. Results indicate a complex relation between pollutants and allow the description of severalmulti-exposure situations across the city. This work constitute one of the firsts approaches of this kind in France andallow a better understanding of the existing relations between neighborhood, exposure area, environmental parametersand exposure levels
Dessimond, Boris. "Exposition individuelle à la pollution de l’air : mesure par capteurs miniatures, modélisation et évaluation des risques sanitaires associés". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS297.
Air pollution contributes to the degradation of the quality of life and the reduction of life expectancy of the populations. The World Health Organization estimates that air pollution is responsible for 7 million deaths per year worldwide. It contributes to the aggravation of respiratory diseases, causes lung cancer and heart attacks. Air pollution has therefore significant health consequences on human life and biodiversity. Over the last few years, considerable progress has been made in the field of microcontrollers and telecommunications modules. These are more energy efficient, powerful, affordable, accessible, and are responsible for the growth of connected objects. In the meantime, the recent development of microelectromechanical systems and electrochemical sensors has allowed the miniaturization of technologies measuring many environmental parameters including air quality. These technological breakthroughs have enabled the design and production in an academic environment, of portable, connected, autonomous air quality sensors capable of performing acquisitions at a high temporal frequency. Until recently, one of the major obstacles to understanding the impact of air pollution on human health was the inability to track the real exposure of individuals during their daily lives; air pollution is complex, and varies according to the habits, activities and environments in which individuals spend their lives. Portable air quality sensors completely remove this obstacle as well as a number of other important constraints. These are designed to be used in mobility, over long periods of time, and produce immediately available granular data, which describes the exposure to air pollution of the person wearing it. Although the measurement modules embedded in these sensors are not currently as reliable as reference tools or remote sensing, when it comes to assessing individual exposure to air pollution, because they are as close as possible to the wearer, they provide the most accurate information, and are therefore an indispensable tool for the future of epidemiological research. In this context, we have been involved in the development and improvement of two air quality sensors; the CANARIN II and the CANARIN nano. The CANARIN II is a connected sensor communicating via Wi-Fi, which reports the concentration of 10, 2.5 and 1 micrometer diameter particles, as well as the environmental parameters of temperature, humidity, and pressure, every minute, making them available in real time. The CANARIN nano is a smaller sensor with the same capabilities of the CANARIN II, while additionally sensing volatile organic compounds levels. The CANARIN nano is able to operate autonomously, as it communicates through the cellular network. Two types of results have been obtained with the CANARIN sensors; on one hand, results produced from their use in real life conditions, and on the other hand, results related to the interpretation and understanding of the measurements produced by the particle sensors. These two sensors were both used in two research projects, in which we have helped deploy several heterogeneous sensor fleets and analyzed the acquired data. Firstly, in the POLLUSCOPE project funded by the French National Research Agency, where 86 volunteers from the general population wore a set of air pollution sensors for a total of 101 weeks, 35 of which the volunteers were also equipped with health sensors. Secondly, in the POLLAR project, where 43 subjects underwent polysomnography and then wore one CANARIN sensor for 10 days, thus allowing for the first time to explore the link between sleep apnea and particulate matter exposure. [...]
Samia, Yasmine. "Persistence of River Populations". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34495.
Carrard, Julie. "Impact d'une exposition aux nanoparticules de carbone couplées au benzo(a)pyrène sur la réponse inflammatoire dans des modèles expérimentaux d'asthme". Thesis, Lille 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL2S004.
Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. It is characterized by therecruitment of inflammatory cells including CD4+ type 2 helper T-lymphocytes (Th), interleukin(IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13 producers, eosinophils as well as mast cells and basophils. The prevalenceof asthma has continued to increase in recent decades and genetic changes cannot be solelyresponsible Air pollution, especially particulate matter, is suspected to be part of this rising trend.Atmospheric particles can be classified according to their aerodynamic diameter, includingultrafine particles (< 100 nm). These particles are potentially more harmful because of their smallsize, which gives them the ability to settle deep in the bronchial tree. They are also able to adsorbmolecules such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. However, some of these hydrocarbons,such as benzo(a)pyrene, are known to be harmful to health and in particular to the respiratorysystem. We investigated the effects of exposure to benzo(a)pyrene-bound ultrafine particles onthe inflammatory response in two experimental models of allergen-induced asthma. For this, weused a simplified model of particles from an industrial process that we call « nanoparticles ».In our first model, chronic exposure to carbon nanoparticles coupled or not to benzo(a)pyrene,was performed in C57Bl/6 mice sensitized intranasally to the allergen Dermatophagoidespteronyssinus. Nanoparticles had no effect on cell recruitment in allergen-inducedbronchoalveolar lavage. Surprisingly, co-administration of nanoparticles with the allergendecreased bronchial hyperreactivity compared to allergen alone. In contrast, we observed aneffect on lung tissue when co-exposed to benzo(a)pyrene-coupled nanoparticles and allergen.Indeed, this co-exposure induced a strong increase in Th2 cytokine expression and cellrecruitment in lung tissue compared to sensitized mice. In addition, this co-exposure modify thetype of cells recruited by the allergen, with an increase in the number of neutrophils, NKT-likecells, CD8+ T cells, Ly6C+ and Ly6C- monocytes/macrophages. These results were not found inco-exposure to nanoparticles not coupled to benzo(a)pyrene.In our second model, exposure to carbon nanoparticles, coupled or not with benzo(a)pyrène, wasperformed in C57Bl/6 mice sensitized intranasally with a low dose of the allergenDermatophagoides farinae. Preliminary results showed an adjuvant effect of nanoparticles withthe allergen on immunoglobulin E production but also on the inflammatory infiltrate in thebroncho-alveolar lavage, mainly composed of eosinophils. The expression of Th2 cytokines isalso increased by the administration of allergen with nanoparticles uncoupled to benzo(a)pyreneand not with benzo(a)pyrene-coupled particles. But, co-exposure of allergen withbenzo(a)pyrene-coupled nanoparticles induces the expression of Il-33, an alarmin produced bythe epithelium, which is also pro-Th2. In conclusion, our results suggest that nanoparticles have an impact on inflammation in allergensensitizedmice in our two experimental models. However, the dose, the amount of allergen andthe nature of the inhaled nanoparticles appear to influence the induced response in vivo
Ingenbleek, Luc. "Exposition par voie alimentaire de populations du Bénin, Cameroun, Mali et Nigéria à un large panel de substances chimiques". Thesis, Nantes, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ONIR123F.
The Total Diet Study in Sub-Saharan Africa covered 90% of the average diet of 7291 households with 4020 samples of typical foods prepared as consumed. Persistent organic pollutants such as dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants, as well as perfluorinated compounds were quantified at very low concentrations. The exposure of a selection of 68 chemicals was assessed, individually or in group, following a semi-probabilistic approach. Among these, 24 substances were characterized as a potential public health concern. The co-exposure to aflatoxin B1 and hepatitis B is likely to induce a morbidity factor in additional cases of liver cancer/100 000 inhabitants/year ranging from 0.2 (Duala) to 23.9 (North Cameroon). The co-exposure to aflatoxin B1, sterigmatocystin and fumonisins is of concern in some of the studied areas. The co-exposure to ochratoxin A, citrinin and aluminium, each of which are nephrotoxic, represents a concern identified in Benin. High Chlorpyrifos concentrations in smoked fish from Mali represent chronic and acute risks for consumers. The 13 genotoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked fish and edible oils do not allow for safe margins of exposure. Lead exposure, particularly in Nigeria, might elevate blood pressure in adults and affect children neurodevelopment. The generated data will inform the risk managers and help them to better protect consumers. Additional studies, more specifically focusing on the infant and young child would be au beneficial perspective in terms of contribution to knowledge about food chemical risks in Sub-Saharan Africa
Larno, Valérie. "Réponses génétiques et physiologiques de populations de Chevaine (Leuciscus cephalus) à la contamination chimique dans le bassin du Rhône". Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10241.
Nowak, Carsten. "Consequences of environmental pollution on genetic diversity in populations of the midge Chironomus riparius". Göttingen Cuvillier, 2008. http://d-nb.info/989862658/04.
Heroult, Julien. "Etude de la biodisponibilité des organoétains en milieu agricole : persistance dans les sols et exposition des végétaux récoltés". Pau, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PAUU3032.
Due to their biocide and plastic stabilizing properties, organotin compounds (OTC) are widely used in various agricultural, industrial or household activities. In agriculture, direct pesticide spraying or spreading of sewage sludge can lead to soil contamination. As their biocide properties are non specific, OTC remain hazardous for ecosystems as well as for Humans. To assess risks linked to soil contamination, it is of major concern to evaluate OTC fate in the soil – soil solution – plant system. At first, this work dealt with the development and validation of an analytical method for the determination of organotins in soils. This method was then applied to (i) estimate the persistence and degradation schemes of the 6 OTC most frequently detected in the environment (i. E. Butyl- and phenyltins) and (ii) screen OTC in several French agricultural soils. It appeared that OTC half-life time ranged from 24 (TPhT) to 220 days (MBT) and studied orchard and vineyard soils were most of the time contaminated. Finally, OTC phytotoxicity, uptake and fate within maize were studied to estimate their bioavailability towards ultivated vegetables and hazard due to food chain contamination. Our first results point out a significative OTC accumulation in plant
Lambert, Anne-Sophie. "Influence de la température sur la réponse de communautés microbiennes périphytiques à une exposition métallique : cas du cuivre". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10235/document.
Many streams are impacted by metallic pollution. In such ecosystems, microbial communities, which grow preferentially as biofilms, can be affected by these pollutants. However, there is a need to better assess the impact of toxic substances under multi-stress interactions. In this context, the main aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of temperature on biofilm response to copper (Cu) exposure. Accordingly, we addressed the influence of temperature on microbial community sensitivity to Cu on the one hand, and its influence on biofilm exposure to this metal on the other hand. Microcosm experiments were performed under laboratory conditions using biofilms sampled in winter or summer. This work allowed us to set up new methodological developments, which were applied to improve the protocols used to measure (i) Cu tolerance levels of biofilm microbial communities and (ii) Cu bioaccumulation in biofilms. Results showed that temperature could modulate structural and functional effects of Cu on biofilms, notably due to a decrease in Cu bioaccumulation at higher temperatures. In addition, our findings indicate that temperature increase could influence the sensitivity of microbial communities to Cu, whether they have been previously chronically exposed (PICT) or not to this metal. Nonetheless, temperature effects on biofilms varied among experiments, revealing that the influence of temperature on the effects of Cu on microbial biofilms depends on many parameters, such as the initial composition of communities, the level of the applied stresses (temperature and Cu), the microbial compartment studied (i.e. phototrophic or heterotrophic), or the measured functional parameters
Dias, Victor. "Etude des réponses adaptatives d'une population d'invertébré benthique (Chironomus riparius) soumise à une exposition métallique chronique : le cas de l'uranium". Aix-Marseille 1, 2010. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2010AIX11048.pdf.
The intensity of selection on populations caused by polluted environment often exceeds which is caused by an unpolluted environment. Therefore, micro evolution can occur in response to this anthropic-directionnal force over a short period. In this context, this thesis focused on studying phenotypic changes in Chironomus riparius populations exposed during several consecutive generations to uranium-contaminated sediments. In laboratory-controled conditions experiments were conducted with same origin populations exposed to a range of uranium concentration inducing toxic effects. Over eigth-generations of exposure, life-history traits measures revealed micro evolution in exposed populations, including increase of adult reproductive success. Other experiments (acute toxicity test, common garden experiment) performed in parallel enabled to link these micro evolution with a tolerance induction, as a consequence of genetic adaptation. Nonetheless this adaptation also induced cost in terms of fitness and genetic diversity for pre-exposed populations. These results lead to the hypothesis of a selection by uranium that acted sequentially on populations. They also underline the need to better-understand the adaptive mechanisms to better assess the ecological consequences of chronic exposure of populations to a pollutant
Halbrook, Richard Scott. "Muskrat populations in Virginia's Elizabeth River: influence of environmental contaminants". Diss., Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37398.
Ph. D.
Bertrand, Carole. "Nanomatériaux à travers un gradient de salinité : exposition et effets écotoxicologiques au cours de leur cycle de vie". Thesis, Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT1013/document.
Due to numerous innovations and industrial opportunities, increased attention is given to nanotechnology. Nanomaterials present particular physico-chemical properties, largely different in comparison to the bulk material. A large number of uncertainties remains on accidental (or not) release of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) at different stages of the value chain (usage, end of life) in aquatic environment. In the framework of the ANR NanoSALT program, this PhD has been achieved in two partner laboratories (LIEC (Metz) and MMS (Angers-Nantes)). The aim was to assess the impact of silver and cerium dioxide ENM on two bivalve species living across a large salinity gradient, Corbicula fluminea and Scrobicularia plana. Organisms have been exposed to realistic and chronic ENM concentrations at different stage of the value chain and at different salinities. Research have been conducted in laboratory using more and more realistic exposure conditions (micro and mesocosm). This work highlight salinity impact on physico-chemical fate and behavior on ENM. Ecotoxicity assessment of ENM on both endobenthic species, using a battery of biochemical and behavioral biomarkers (multi-marker approach), allowed to highlight ENM effects through fresh-marine water continuum on both bivalves
Horri, Khaled. "Effets d’une exposition alimentaire chronique à un mélange environnemental de PCB et PBDE sur les traits d’histoire de vie, la bioénergétique et la dynamique des populations de poissons". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMLH09/document.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are two families of hydrophobic compounds sharing some similar environmental properties. Previous studies have demonstrated that these compounds could affect fish life-history traits. However, few studies have focused on environmental situations. This thesis is divided into three parts. The first part aimed to evaluate the effects of a realistic mixture of PCBs and PBDEs on the life-history traits of zebrafish. The results showed a slower growth, but to a larger asymptotic length, and delayed spawning probability in exposed fish. In addition, offspring issued from early spawning events of exposed fish exhibited a lower larval survival under starvation condition. The second part aimed to identify, on the basis of a bioenergetic model (DEB), the physiological modes of action (PMoA) of PCBs and PBDEs. Two potential PMoAs have been revealed: the first one was through an increase of the fraction of energy allocated to somatic maintenance and growth and the second one was through an increase of the cost of production of an egg. The third part focused on the population dynamical consequences of the individual life-history effects of PCBs and PBDEs. The results showed a lower abundance, a higher biomass and a higher risk of overexploitation in exposed population compared to control population. The results of this thesis could be a helpful tool for sustainable management of fish stocks that take into account the effects of multiple contaminations that are added to the fishing pressure
Genin, Guillaume Paris Christophe. "Suivi des salariés et retraités professionnellement exposés à l'amiante définition des populations cibles à partir des résultats d'une étude nationale /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCDMED_T_2007_GENIN_GUILLAUME.pdf.
Marie, Véronique. "Etude de la réponse des métallothionéines chez les bivalves, Corbicula fluminea, Dreissena polymorpha et Crassostrea gigas, après exposition au cadmium et au zinc : approches in situ et expérimentales". Bordeaux 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR12989.
Huot, Delphine. "Impact sanitaire du dioxyde d'azote : bilan des expositions humaines contrôlées". Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05P209.
Davoodi, Fariba. "Effet d'une exposition aux hydrocarbures sur la physiologie cardiaque, le métabolisme énergétique et les performances adaptatives de la sole commune Solea solea". La Rochelle, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LAROS159.
On December 12th, 1999, the oil tanker Erika sank South of Brittany (France). A total of 20 000-30 000 t of heavy oil drifted in the open sea and spread throughout the Northern Bay of Biscay spoiling 500 km of coastline, from western Brittany to the northern tips of the islands of Ré and Oléron. These areas comprise important nurseries for juveniles of numerous fish species, in particular the common sole Solea solea. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of a 5-day exposure to petroleum hydrocarbon (fuel No. 2; 1/200, vol/vol) in 15 °C-acclimated juvenile sole. Four biological integration levels were investigated. At organism level we observed that standard metabolic rate (SMR) and active metabolic rate (AMR) were reduced and as a result, metabolic scope (MS) was 30 % lower in contaminated than in control sole. The critical oxygen concentration i. E. , the minimum O2 level to sustain SMR, was 3. 5 mg O2 L-1 in fuel-exposed fish and 2. 3 mg O2 L-1 in control fish. At the heart level, changes in cardiac performance were analyzed during a challenge test which consisted in rising water temperature from 15 to 30 °C over a period of 6 hours. The results obtained showed that cardiac output, heart rate and stroke volume were lower in contaminated fish than in control fish. Moreover, fuel-exposed fish were less capable to tolerate quickly increasing water temperature. At the cellular level, the impact of oil exposure upon the contractility of ventricular muscle strips was investigated at 6 and 15 °C and efficiency of the adrenergic regulatory pathway was tested using a low (1 nM) and a high (1 µM) level of adrenaline. The results showed that the relative isometric tensions generated by ventricular muscle strips were lower in contaminated fish than in control fish. Contraction rate and rate of 50 % relaxation were faster in control fish than highly contaminated fish. Moreover, control fish had a higher Ca+2-handling capacity by the SR than contaminated fish. Regulation by adrenaline was impaired in highly contaminated fish. In the field, mesocosm experiments allowed the testing of the long-term effects of the functional and morphological alterations on fish ecological performance (survival and growth). After 3 months in the semi-natural mesocosms, growth of contaminated sole was half that of the control sole and no recovery was observed after 6 months. In summary exposure to hydrocarbons resulted in highly deleterious effects, at both the individual and population levels, due to subtle behavioural and morphological changes affecting feeding behaviours, reproductive success and ability to cope with environmental stressors. Therefore, these results indicate that although petroleum hydrocarbons exert their effects at the cellular level (alterations in the myocardium performance), these effects translate across levels of organismal organisation levels to influence the physiology of the whole animal, and eventually affect its fitness
Al, Zallouha Margueritta. "Étude prospective pilote des effets d'une exposition ex vivo de lymphocytes T humains à la pollution atmosphérique particulaire : recherche de biomarqueurs et influence de l'âge". Thesis, Littoral, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017DUNK0472/document.
Atmospheric fine particulate matter (FP) are able to enter the lungs where some compounds can interact with lung cells and reach the bloodstream . Exposure to FP affects in particular susceptible populations such as the elderly. This thesis is part of a project aiming to identify the effects of FP on human T lymphocytes (LT) while attempting to determine biomarkers related to exposure and to evaluate the variation of the cellular response as a function of age. LT were isolated from blood samples of 91 volunteers belonging to three age groups (20-30, 45-55, 70-85 years) then exposed ex vivo for 72h to 45 µg/µl of FP collected in Dunkirk. The steps of isolation, purification and activation of LT were first optimized. Following the characterization of the sampled population, a homogeneous study population was selected (10 subjects/age class). We have demonstrated an induction of the genes coding for the enzymes involved in the metabolic activation of PAH identified in the PF sample. Characterization of the LT profile made it possible to propose a mixed th1/th2 profile cause by the exposure. Teh transcriptomic study of miRNAs revealed an overexpression of miR-124-3p involved in the regulation of several functions in the immune system and miR-1290 involved in several types of cancer. As for the influence of age, overexpression of the genes coding for the antioxidant enzymes (NQO1 and HMOX1), an increase in the concentration of cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) as well as a modification of the expression profile of some miRNAs were noted on the elderly
Ranchou-Peyruse, Anthony. "Etude de populations bactériennes anaérobies d'un écosystème lagunaire impliquées dans la dégradation des hydrocarbures". Pau, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PAUU3023.
Coastal ecosystems are frequently exposed to oil contamination; a major part of compounds is trapped in sediments and tends to persist in anoxic conditions. Among the bacterial communities from these ecosystems, some microorganisms may degrade oil hydrocarbons and participate in the bioremediation of these ecosystems. The aim of this work was to increase our knowledge about the role and the cooperation of these different metabolic anaerobic bacterial groups during model hydrocarbons molecules degradation (alkanes, PAH). Anaerobic bacterial communities able to degrade hydrocarbons were selected in anoxic and light conditions (batch and continuous cultures) from a photosynthetic biofilm growing on a lagoon sediment surface contaminated with oil hydrocarbons (Etang de Berre, France). Both molecular (T-RFLP, cloning and sequencing) and cultural approaches (enrichment cultures, isolation and characterization) allowed determining bacterial communities diversity and the interactions. The identical composition in term of functional bacterial groups was systematically found such as sulfate-reducing, nitrate-reducing, purple anoxygenic phototrophic and fermentative bacteria, whatever the hydrocarbon molecule model used. The continuous culture allowed the select of bacteria implied in the hydrocarbon degradation faster than batch cultures. Several isolated bacterial strains from the community able to degrade hydrocarbons were isolated. The study of this bacterial community allowed associating the alkane degradation to denitrifying bacteria belonging to Pseudomonas balearica. Cooperation phenomena between the different bacterial functional groups, in particular between denitrifying bacteria and purple anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria, were highlighted. A diversity study of the purple phototrophic anoxygenic bacteria from sediments chronically contaminated showed the dominance of microorganisms closed to the Roseobacter clade (Purple phototrophic anoxygenic aerobic bacteria). This Roseobacter group is regularly found among the bacterial aerobic community able to degrade hydrocarbons. Two bacterial strains closed to this clade were isolated and were able to grow photosynthetically in anoxic conditions
Dutilleul, Morgan. "Réponses microévolutives et coûts adaptatifs de populations de Caenorhabditis elegans exposées à des stress environnementaux". Thèse, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5860/1/D2565.pdf.
Ouidir, Marion. "Exposition maternelle à la pollution de l’air au cours de la grossesse : caractérisation de l’exposition, de ses déterminants, et association avec la croissance fœtale dans deux cohortes complémentaires". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAS022/document.
The concept of DOHaD (Developmental Origins of Health and Disease) postulates that environmental exposures during the development phase (fetal life and early life) would have major consequences on future health. The reduction in birth weight is considered both as a marker of these aggressions suffered by the fetus during pregnancy and as an indicator of the future health of the child. Epidemiological studies of air pollution effect are challenging in terms of exposure assessment to air pollutants.The general objective of this thesis is to characterize the effect of air pollutants on fetal growth by improving the characterization of exposures and the control of potential confounding biases compared to previous studies.In a first part, we studied the socio-economic determinants of exposure to ambient air pollution in the French national ELFE study including 18000 mother-child couple. Maternal exposure to fine particulate (PM2.5), PM10 and NO2 was estimated using a dispersion model which combined a fine spatial (1x1km grid) and temporal (daily data) resolution. In France, in urban areas, pregnant women in the most socially deprived neighborhoods were the most exposed to air pollution.The second part of this work focused on the characterization of the association between maternal exposure to atmospheric pollution (estimated in outdoor air) and birth weight of the child in the ELFE cohort. Once the confounding factors were taken into account using the propensity score, we highlighted a deleterious effect of exposure to particulate matters during the third trimester of pregnancy on birth weight.In a third part, we compared different approaches to assess exposure to air pollution in pregnant women, including personal measures, in 40 women from the SEPAGES-feasibility cohort. Incorporation of space-time activity only slightly modified the estimated exposure levels in outdoor air to the home address. Conversely, exposure estimates were strongly affected by the incorporation of indoor levels of air pollution or when exposures were assessed using personal dosimeters.This justified, in a fourth part, the study of the association between the exposure to air pollution estimated by personal dosimeters and the fetal growth in the SEPAGES cohort including 471 couples-child triads from the Grenoble urban areas. Personal exposures to PM2.5 (n=174, more strongly during the 1st trimester) and to NO2 (n=327, more strongly during the 3rd trimester) were associated to decreases in birth weight. Our estimates of the association with PM2.5 were stronger than estimates from the ELFE cohort.In conclusion, this work comes to reinforce the literature on the deleterious effect of air pollution on birth weight. This thesis, based on two complementary cohorts, has also illustrated the concept of the compromise between bias and variance between studies using outdoor exposure models (which could be performed on large geographical areas allowing larges sample size and exposure contrasts and with possibly confounders and high degree of exposure misclassification) and cohorts using personal dosimeters (generally conducted on small sample size, in more homogeneous population, with less confounders and better estimation of exposure to air pollution)
Dechamps, Caroline. "Biologie des populations de Thlaspi caerulescens: étendue et structuration de la variation génétique et de la plasticité phénotypique de populations métallicoles et non métallicoles". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210522.
Trois expériences ont étudié les variations des traits d’histoire de vie des populations M et NM: (1) une culture en conditions contrôlées des populations sur un gradient de concentrations en Zn, (2) une expérience de transplantation réciproque in situ de populations M et NM et (3) un suivi démographique dans les populations M et NM. Enfin, une quatrième expérience (4) visait à évaluer les variations entre populations M et NM d’un trait particulier :la plasticité du système racinaire en réponse à une distribution hétérogène des métaux dans le sol.
Nos résultats montrent que les plantes M ont, en moyenne, des cycles de vie plus courts que les plantes NM (exp. 1, 3). Par ailleurs, les populations M sont capables de modifier leur stratégie de reproduction en fonction des teneurs en métaux dans le sol ou du site de transplantation (métallifère vs. non métallifère). Que ce soit sur des substrats non contaminés en Zn (exp. 1) ou sur des sites non métallifères (exp. 2), les plantes M produisent autant de graines au cours de leur vie que les plantes NM. Ces résultats suggèrent l’absence d’un coût adaptatif fort chez les plantes M. In situ (exp. 3), nous avons mis en évidence un effet structurant de l’hétérogénéité spatiale des sites métallifères sur les stratégies de vie des plantes M. Enfin, les plantes M ont exprimé une plasticité plus élevée du comportement d’exploration racinaire que les plantes NM (exp. 4).
L’existence de stratégies de vie plastiques, l’homéostasie de la fitness sur une large gamme de concentrations en Zn, ainsi que le faible coût adaptatif mis en évidence chez les populations M suggèrent que ces populations sont plus aptes à fonder de nouvelles populations que les populations NM. Nos résultats ont également clairement démontré que les populations M sont caractérisées par une plasticité plus élevée que les populations NM (génotype généraliste). Cette plasticité concerne à la fois les stratégies de vie et les mécanismes d’exploration racinaire. Cette plasticité élevée des plantes M a très probablement évolué en réponse à l’hétérogénéité spatiale des sites métallifères La sélection de génotypes généralistes sur les sites métallifères est une piste de recherche qui mérite, à présent, d’être approfondie chez les autres espèces colonisant les sites métallifères.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Lamendella, Regina. "Comparative Metagenomic Approaches to Reveal Swine-specific Populations Useful for Fecal Source Identification". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1258659531.
Cappello, Simone. "Analyse à méso-échelle de l’évolution des hydrocarbures dans l’environnement marin : rôle et optimisation des potentialités biodégradatives des populations bactériennes naturelles". Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20021.
Claon, Jean Stéphane. "Exposition au mercure, à l'arsenic et au sélénium de l'écosystème et des populations riveraines de la lagune Aby (Côte d'Ivoire - Ghana) : recherche de bioindicateurs". Montpellier 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON13505.
Price, David John. "USE OF IN-SITU FISH POPULATIONS FOR BIOMONITORING POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL AND METAL POLLUTION IN MODERATELY IMPACTED FRESHWATER STREAMS". UKnowledge, 2007. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/556.
Ndong, Awa. "Pollution de l'air extérieur et intérieur à Dakar (Sénégal) : caractérisation de la pollution, impact toxicologique et évaluation épidémiologique des effets sanitaires". Thesis, Littoral, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019DUNK0510/document.
Air pollution is nowadays a major societal challenge, as much for its harmful consequences on human health as on the environment. The general objective of this work was to determine the level of Dakar air pollution, outdoor and indoor, and to assess its health impact in the urban population. Fine particles (PM₂.₅) and a coarser fraction (PM>₂.₅) sampled at an urban site in Dakar (HLM), characterized by high road traffic emissions, were compared with particles sampled at a rural area, Toubab Dialaw located about 40 km from Dakar. The physicochemical characteristics of samples revealed that PMs differ for their physical (surface area) and chemical properties (in terms of CHN, metals, ions, paraffins, VOCs and PAHs) that were 65 to 75 % higher in urban samples. In accordance with the different sources and different physical and chemical properties, the inflammatory response (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) and the oxidative damage (total carbonylated proteins and 8-OHdG) were found higher in bronchial BEAS-2B cells exposed to urban PMs. The air quality measurement campaign showed that the bus interior was more polluted with PM₁₀, CO, CO₂ and NO than the market and the urban and rural indoor sites. The comparison of air quality between indoor and outdoor sites revealed that, particularly in urban areas, indoor air quality may be worse than the corresponding outdoor one. Monitoring individual exposure to pollutants showed that housewives in urban and rural sites were more exposed than professionals to air pollution, confirming previous observations of potential higher individual exposure level to pollutants in indoor environment. However, exposure level of traders and bus drivers that would result from the exhaust of traffic with often old, poorly maintained and uncontrolled vehicles has to be taken into consideration due the higher levels of gaseous pollutants here reported
Delmas, Philippe. "Etude des populations de Paracentrotus lividus (Lam. ) : (Echinodermata : Echinoidea) soumises à une pollution complexe en Provence Nord-occidentale : densités, structure, processus de détoxication (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Fe)". Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX30024.
Blanchard, Olivier. "Exposition aux composés organiques semi-volatils reprotoxiques et neurotoxiques dans l'habitat". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S088/document.
Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) include a large number of chemicals compounds used as active substances or additives in building materials and in many consumer products. SVOCs are ubiquitous in indoor environments and frequently detected in settled dust and indoor air. This work has investigated indoor concentrations of 57 target compounds in 30 French dwellings and measurements were used to test an equilibrium model to predict their partitioning in indoor compartments. The results showed a strong ubiquity of SVOCs in French dwellings. The highest concentrations were measured for phthalates and to a lesser extent for bisphenol A, synthetic musks, some pesticides and PAHs. These results confirm the interest to assess human exposure to SVOCs in the French dwellings. The work on the predictive model showed that octanol/air partitioning coefficient (Koa) is a good predictor to estimate SVOC concentrations in a large number of buildings. However, some limits were identified and a better estimation of the parameters used in these models is required
Jossé, Rozenn. "Recherche de gènes cibles de contaminants de l'environnement génotoxiques après exposition aiguë ou répétée des cellules hépatiques humaines HepaRG". Rennes 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1B079.
The lack of relevant in vitro models makes it challenging prediction of toxicity of chemicals in humans, particularly effects induced by reiterated exposure to low concentrations and mixtures. The present work aimed at determining whether human hepatoma HepaRG cells, which are able to metabolize chemicals to levels close to those found in primary human hepatocytes, could bring answers to these challenges. We first showed that these cells maintained their functional capacity for at least one month after differentiation and were suitable for the detection of DNA damage induced by promutagens using the comet and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assays. Then, we have studied mechanisms involved in AFB1 toxicity and identified FHIT tumor suppressor gene as a potent early biomarker for discriminating between genotoxic and nongenotoxic compounds
Meyer, Claire-Lise. "Évolution des populations métallicoles d’Arabidopsis halleri (Brassicaceae) : étude sur les traits et sur le génome en populations naturelles". Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10056/document.
Due to the high concentration of heavy metals and the important environmental modifications, ecological conditions of metalliferous sites are very stressing for most organisms. A few plant species, coined “metallophyte”, have acquired the capacity to grow on heavy metal contaminated soils. Among this group, the pseudometallophyte species (able to grow on contaminated as well as on non contaminated soils) constitute highly relevant models to study local adaptation and relative influence of evolutionary forces in shaping phenotypic differentiation among populations The pseudometallophyte plant Arabidopsis halleri is a model species for tolerance and hyperaccumulation of heavy metal because it is a close relative of the pre-eminent species A. thaliana. Previous studies on heavy metal tolerance and hyperaccumulation of A. halleri suggested evolution of metallicolous populations in response to high level of metal exposure. In order to investigate the evolutionary processes in neighboring metallicolous and non-metallicous A. halleri populations, we adopted population genomics and phenotyping approaches. First we explored the A. halleri genome to detect signatures of directional selection. We performed a genome-wide scan analysis using 820 AFLP markers. We identified some loci potentially under selection in metallicolous populations that constitute high-quality candidates for general adaptation to metalliferous sites. Interestingly, some candidates were population specifics, suggesting the possibility of convergent evolution or existence of different selection pressure in the different sites. Some of these candidates were mapped on A. thaliana genome to identify candidate genes. Our second objective was to evaluate the contribution of selection versus other forces in shaping distribution of zinc tolerance in A. halleri. We measured morphological and physiological traits to estimate zinc tolerance and role of selection was inferred using Qst/Fst approach. Our results suggest that, in the sampled populations, zinc tolerance has been increased in metallicolous populations through selection on standing variation within local non-metallicolous ancestral populations. The last part of this study focuses on looking for a link between genotype and phenotype of zinc tolerance
Hum, Stanley. "Detection of latent heritable genetic damage in populations of aquatic snails, Lymnaea stagnalis, exposed in situ to genotoxic pollution". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0035/MQ64374.pdf.
Hum, Stanley. "Detection of latent heritable genetic damage in populations of aquatic snails, Lymnaea stagnalis, exposed in situ to genotoxic pollution". Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30670.
Chaumot, Arnaud. "Écotoxicologie et modélisation spatiale en dynamique de population : exemple d'une population de truites exposée à une pollution dans un réseau de rivières". Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10066.
Hoffmann, Stefanie. "Einfluss der Exposition mit flüchtigen organischen Verbindungen im Innenraum auf akute Bronchitis und allergische Erkrankungen von Kindern im 4. Lebensjahr – LISA-Studie". Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-69368.
Brousseau, Jennifer Peterson. "Growth of natural phytoplankton populations of Wilson Bay : a nutrient bioassay approach /". Electronic version, 2005. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2005/brousseauj/jenniferbrousseau.html.
Egondi, Thaddaeus Wandera. "Making visible the invisible : Health risks from environmental exposures among socially deprived populations of Nairobi, Kenya". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Epidemiologi och global hälsa, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-106857.
Ratajczak, Mehdy. "Devenir des populations d'Escherichia coli dans les environnements aquatiques : structure, viabilité et attachement aux particules". Rouen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ROUES034.
The aim of this thesis was to understand the fate of Escherichia coli (E. Coli) populations, fecal indicator bacteria, in contrasted environmental water according to their structure, viability and particles association. In water impacted by recent fecal pollution, distribution of E. Coli in the four main phylo-groups (A, B1, B2 and D), shows that changes in E. Coli structure are dependent on human or bovine origin. In the absence of fecal pollution, the E. Coli mainly belong to phylo-group B1, corresponding to strains that better adapted to environmental water. Survival study in microcosm combined with the following phenotypes involved in persistence of strains in water shows the existence of subpopulations of E. Coli. Strains from water impacted by humans, are resistant to amoebae, pathogens, and characterized by low survival time. However, in the absence of contamination, strains are sensitive to antibiotics, able to degraded macromolecules, multiplying at 7°C, and are persistent in water. Study of the dynamics of E. Coli populations into viable but non culturable (VNC) associated to particles in environmental water, shows that near sources of fecal pollution, a permanent E. Coli population into VNC forms associated to non settleable organic particles were always detected. This proportion varies along the river systems and depends on sedimentary process. A predictive model combining bacteriological parameters, hydrological and sedimentary, was proposed to determine after a fecal pollution, the impacted areas and the resilience time of the aquatic environment